134:
homologous chromosomes. The paternal and maternal paired chromosomes will align in order for the DNA sequences to undergo the process of crossing over. Transformation involves the uptake of exogenous DNA from the encircling environment. DNA fragments from a degraded bacterium will transfer into the surrounding, competent bacterium resulting in an exchange of DNA from the recipient. Transduction is associated with viral-mediated vectors transferring DNA material from one bacterium to another within the genome. Bacterial DNA is placed into the bacteriophage genome via bacterial transduction. In bacterial conjugation, DNA is transferred via cell-to-cell communication. Cell-to-cell communication may involve plasmids that allow for the transfer of DNA into another neighboring cell. The neighboring cells absorb the F-plasmid (fertility plasmid: inherited material that is present in the chromosome). The recipient and donor cell come into contact during a F-plasmid transfer. The cells undergo horizontal gene transfer in which the genetic material is transferred.
150:. involves the base pairs of the homologous DNA strands to continuously be interchanged at a Holliday junction. This results in the formation of two DNA duplexes. The RecBCD pathway undergoes helicase activity by unzipping the DNA duplex and stops when the nucleotide sequence reaches 5′-GCTGGTGG-3′. This nucleotide sequence is known as the Chi site. RecBCD enzymes will change after the nucleotide sequence reaches the Chi site. The RecF pathway repairs the degradation of the DNA strands.
125:, first discovered by the observation of mosaic genes at loci encoding antibiotic resistance. The discovery of homologous recombination has made an impact on the understanding of bacterial evolution. The importance of evolution in bacterial recombination is its adaptivity. For example, bacterial recombination has been shown to promote the transfer of multi drug resistance genes via homologous recombination that goes beyond levels purely obtained by mutation.
121:. Bacteria reproduces asexually, where daughter cells are clones of the parent. This clonal nature leads to random mutations that occur during DNA replication that potentially helps bacteria evolve. It was originally thought that only accumulated mutations helped bacteria evolve. In contrast, bacteria also import genes in a process called
133:
Bacterial recombination undergoes various different processes. The processes include: transformation, transduction, conjugation and homologous recombination. Homologous recombination relies on cDNA transferring genetic material. Complementary DNA sequences transport genetic material in the identical
843:
98:
capability provided by recombination during transformation facilitates survival of the infecting bacterial pathogen. Bacterial transformation is carried out by numerous interacting bacterial
142:
The RecBCD pathway in homologous recombination repairs the double-strand breaks in DNA that has degraded in bacteria. Base pairs attached to the DNA strands go through an exchange at a
61:, individuals that carry not only the genes they inherited from their parent cells but also the genes introduced to their genomes by conjugation, transduction, and/or transformation.
540:
Touchon, Marie; Perrin, Amandine; Sousa, Jorge André Moura de; Vangchhia, Belinda; Burn, Samantha; O’Brien, Claire L.; Denamur, Erick; Gordon, David; Rocha, Eduardo PC (2020-06-12).
113:
in bacteria was previously viewed as a result of mutation or genetic drift. Today, genetic exchange, or gene transfer is viewed as a major driving force in the evolution of
816:
648:"Bacteria are different: Observations, interpretations, speculations, and opinions about the mechanisms of adaptive evolution in prokaryotes"
1029:
795:
343:"Evolution of bacterial recombinase A (recA) in eukaryotes explained by addition of genomic data of key microbial lineages"
241:
270:
212:
187:
80:
34:
transfer from one organism called donor to another organism as recipient. This process occurs in three main ways:
715:"Bacterial recombination promotes the evolution of multi-drug-resistance in functionally diverse populations"
713:
Perron, Gabriel G.; Lee, Alexander E. G.; Wang, Yun; Huang, Wei E.; Barraclough, Timothy G. (2012-04-22).
870:"Plasmid Transfer by Conjugation in Gram-Negative Bacteria: From the Cellular to the Community Level"
91:
38:
324:
1024:
868:
Virolle, Chloé; Goldlust, Kelly; Djermoun, Sarah; Bigot, Sarah; Lesterlin, Christian (2020-10-22).
122:
84:
64:
44:
159:
58:
50:
23:
90:
The ability to undergo natural transformation is present in at least 67 bacterial species.
965:
659:
542:"Phylogenetic background and habitat drive the genetic diversification of Escherichia coli"
286:
57:
The final result of conjugation, transduction, and/or transformation is the production of
8:
969:
663:
927:
904:
869:
771:
747:
714:
628:
576:
541:
517:
484:
367:
342:
259:
230:
1001:
996:
983:
953:
909:
891:
791:
752:
734:
695:
690:
677:
647:
632:
620:
581:
563:
522:
504:
460:
416:
372:
266:
237:
208:
183:
143:
787:
991:
973:
899:
881:
783:
742:
726:
685:
667:
612:
600:
571:
553:
512:
496:
450:
406:
362:
354:
147:
118:
775:
558:
455:
438:
411:
394:
770:
Julin, Douglas A. (2017), Wells, Robert D.; Bond, Judith S.; Klinman, Judith;
500:
1018:
987:
895:
738:
681:
567:
508:
305:
53:, the transfer of DNA from one bacterium to another via cell-to-cell contact.
672:
978:
913:
756:
730:
699:
624:
585:
526:
464:
420:
376:
358:
99:
1005:
886:
182:. Institut za genetiÄŤko inĹľenjerstvo i biotehnologiju (INGEB) Sarajevo.
114:
95:
76:
395:"Natural genetic transformation: prevalence, mechanisms and function"
177:
616:
68:
27:
341:
Hofstatter PG, Tice AK, Kang S, Brown MW, Lahr DJ (October 2016).
94:
is common among pathogenic bacterial species. In some cases, the
117:. This driving force has been widely studied in organisms like
41:, the uptake of exogenous DNA from the surrounding environment.
261:
Glossary of genetics and cytogenetics: Classical and molecular
178:
Bajrović K, Jevrić-Čaušević A, Hadžiselimović R, eds. (2005).
867:
539:
72:
392:
203:
Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J, Raff M, Roberts K (2002).
31:
436:
128:
776:"Recombination: Mechanisms, Pathways, and Applications"
719:
Proceedings of the Royal
Society B: Biological Sciences
393:
Johnsborg O, Eldholm V, HĂĄvarstein LS (December 2007).
340:
202:
47:, the virus-mediated transfer of DNA between bacteria.
838:
836:
437:
Bernstein H, Bernstein C, Michod RE (January 2018).
954:"The kinetics of spontaneous DNA branch migration"
833:
780:Molecular Life Sciences: An Encyclopedic Reference
712:
646:Levin, Bruce R.; Bergstrom, Carl T. (2000-06-20).
483:Didelot, Xavier; Maiden, Martin C.J. (July 2010).
258:
229:
146:. In the second step of bacterial recombination,
1016:
485:"Impact of recombination on bacterial evolution"
432:
430:
336:
334:
75:type of recombinase. These recombinases promote
958:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
652:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
388:
386:
227:
645:
180:Uvod u genetiÄŤko inĹľenjerstvo i biotehnologiju
16:Type of bacterial reproduction by DNA transfer
951:
482:
427:
331:
236:. New York, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
383:
844:"7.11A: Generalized Recombination and RecA"
256:
265:. Heidelberg - New York: Springer-Verlag.
995:
977:
952:Panyutin, I. G.; Hsieh, P. (1994-03-15).
903:
885:
782:, New York, NY: Springer, pp. 1–28,
746:
689:
671:
575:
557:
516:
454:
410:
366:
322:
817:"Genetic Recombination: Transformation"
598:
303:
171:
1017:
196:
769:
478:
476:
474:
138:Mechanisms for double-stranded breaks
129:Mechanisms of bacterial recombination
601:"How clonal are bacteria over time?"
1030:Modification of genetic information
306:"Genetic Recombination in Bacteria"
221:
13:
471:
14:
1041:
443:Infection, Genetics and Evolution
250:
207:(4th ed.). Garland Science.
599:Shapiro, B. Jesse (2016-03-24).
347:Proceedings. Biological Sciences
228:King RC, Stransfield WD (1998).
945:
920:
861:
809:
788:10.1007/978-1-4614-6436-5_366-1
763:
706:
639:
592:
533:
304:Kimball JW (10 February 2017).
316:
297:
279:
1:
323:Hiremath DS (16 April 2013).
205:Molecular Biology of the Cell
165:
71:is ordinarily catalyzed by a
559:10.1371/journal.pgen.1008866
456:10.1016/j.meegid.2017.10.024
439:"Sex in microbial pathogens"
412:10.1016/j.resmic.2007.09.004
257:Rieger RM, Green MM (1976).
105:
7:
153:
10:
1046:
772:Masters, Bettie Sue Siler
501:10.1016/j.tim.2010.04.002
325:"Bacterial recombination"
399:Research in Microbiology
123:homologous recombination
85:homologous recombination
928:"Bacterial Conjugation"
673:10.1073/pnas.97.13.6981
310:Kimball's Biology Pages
20:Bacterial recombination
979:10.1073/pnas.91.6.2021
731:10.1098/rspb.2011.1933
489:Trends in Microbiology
359:10.1098/rspb.2016.1453
232:Dictionary of genetics
92:Natural transformation
887:10.3390/genes11111239
160:Genetic recombination
24:genetic recombination
59:genetic recombinants
970:1994PNAS...91.2021P
725:(1733): 1477–1484.
664:2000PNAS...97.6981L
932:Biology Dictionary
848:Biology LibreTexts
821:faculty.ccbcmd.edu
797:978-1-4614-6436-5
658:(13): 6981–6985.
291:TheFreeDictionary
144:Holliday junction
30:characterized by
1037:
1010:
1009:
999:
981:
964:(6): 2021–2025.
949:
943:
942:
940:
939:
924:
918:
917:
907:
889:
865:
859:
858:
856:
855:
840:
831:
830:
828:
827:
813:
807:
806:
805:
804:
767:
761:
760:
750:
710:
704:
703:
693:
675:
643:
637:
636:
596:
590:
589:
579:
561:
537:
531:
530:
520:
480:
469:
468:
458:
434:
425:
424:
414:
390:
381:
380:
370:
338:
329:
328:
320:
314:
313:
301:
295:
294:
283:
277:
276:
264:
254:
248:
247:
235:
225:
219:
218:
200:
194:
193:
175:
148:branch migration
1045:
1044:
1040:
1039:
1038:
1036:
1035:
1034:
1025:Gene expression
1015:
1014:
1013:
950:
946:
937:
935:
926:
925:
921:
866:
862:
853:
851:
842:
841:
834:
825:
823:
815:
814:
810:
802:
800:
798:
768:
764:
711:
707:
644:
640:
597:
593:
552:(6): e1008866.
538:
534:
481:
472:
435:
428:
391:
384:
339:
332:
321:
317:
302:
298:
287:"Recombination"
285:
284:
280:
273:
255:
251:
244:
226:
222:
215:
201:
197:
190:
176:
172:
168:
156:
131:
108:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1043:
1033:
1032:
1027:
1012:
1011:
944:
934:. May 18, 2017
919:
860:
832:
808:
796:
762:
705:
638:
617:10.1101/036780
591:
532:
495:(7): 315–322.
470:
426:
405:(10): 767–78.
382:
330:
315:
296:
278:
271:
249:
243:0-19-50944-1-7
242:
220:
213:
195:
188:
169:
167:
164:
163:
162:
155:
152:
130:
127:
107:
104:
55:
54:
48:
42:
39:Transformation
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1042:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1022:
1020:
1007:
1003:
998:
993:
989:
985:
980:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
948:
933:
929:
923:
915:
911:
906:
901:
897:
893:
888:
883:
879:
875:
871:
864:
849:
845:
839:
837:
822:
818:
812:
799:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
766:
758:
754:
749:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
709:
701:
697:
692:
687:
683:
679:
674:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
642:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
595:
587:
583:
578:
573:
569:
565:
560:
555:
551:
547:
546:PLOS Genetics
543:
536:
528:
524:
519:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
479:
477:
475:
466:
462:
457:
452:
448:
444:
440:
433:
431:
422:
418:
413:
408:
404:
400:
396:
389:
387:
378:
374:
369:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
337:
335:
326:
319:
311:
307:
300:
292:
288:
282:
274:
272:3-540-07668-9
268:
263:
262:
253:
245:
239:
234:
233:
224:
216:
214:0-8153-4072-9
210:
206:
199:
191:
189:9958-9344-1-8
185:
181:
174:
170:
161:
158:
157:
151:
149:
145:
140:
139:
135:
126:
124:
120:
116:
112:
103:
101:
100:gene products
97:
93:
88:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
65:Recombination
62:
60:
52:
49:
46:
43:
40:
37:
36:
35:
33:
29:
25:
22:is a type of
21:
961:
957:
947:
936:. Retrieved
931:
922:
880:(11): 1239.
877:
873:
863:
852:. Retrieved
850:. 2017-05-17
847:
824:. Retrieved
820:
811:
801:, retrieved
779:
765:
722:
718:
708:
655:
651:
641:
608:
604:
594:
549:
545:
535:
492:
488:
446:
442:
402:
398:
350:
346:
318:
309:
299:
290:
281:
260:
252:
231:
223:
204:
198:
179:
173:
141:
137:
136:
132:
110:
109:
89:
63:
56:
45:Transduction
19:
18:
611:: 116–123.
115:prokaryotes
81:DNA damages
51:Conjugation
1019:Categories
938:2021-04-21
854:2021-04-21
826:2021-04-21
803:2021-04-21
166:References
96:DNA repair
988:0027-8424
896:2073-4425
739:0962-8452
682:0027-8424
633:196619031
568:1553-7404
509:0966-842X
111:Evolution
106:Evolution
914:33105635
774:(eds.),
757:22048956
700:10860960
625:27057964
586:32530914
527:20452218
465:29111273
449:: 8–25.
421:17997281
377:27708147
353:(1840).
154:See also
69:bacteria
28:bacteria
1006:8134343
966:Bibcode
905:7690428
748:3282345
660:Bibcode
605:bioRxiv
577:7314097
518:3985120
368:5069510
119:E. coli
1004:
994:
986:
912:
902:
894:
794:
755:
745:
737:
698:
688:
680:
631:
623:
584:
574:
566:
525:
515:
507:
463:
419:
375:
365:
269:
240:
211:
186:
77:repair
997:43301
874:Genes
691:34373
629:S2CID
1002:PMID
984:ISSN
910:PMID
892:ISSN
792:ISBN
753:PMID
735:ISSN
696:PMID
678:ISSN
621:PMID
582:PMID
564:ISSN
523:PMID
505:ISSN
461:PMID
417:PMID
373:PMID
267:ISBN
238:ISBN
209:ISBN
184:ISBN
73:RecA
992:PMC
974:doi
900:PMC
882:doi
784:doi
743:PMC
727:doi
723:279
686:PMC
668:doi
613:doi
572:PMC
554:doi
513:PMC
497:doi
451:doi
407:doi
403:158
363:PMC
355:doi
351:283
83:by
79:of
67:in
32:DNA
26:in
1021::
1000:.
990:.
982:.
972:.
962:91
960:.
956:.
930:.
908:.
898:.
890:.
878:11
876:.
872:.
846:.
835:^
819:.
790:,
778:,
751:.
741:.
733:.
721:.
717:.
694:.
684:.
676:.
666:.
656:97
654:.
650:.
627:.
619:.
609:31
607:.
603:.
580:.
570:.
562:.
550:16
548:.
544:.
521:.
511:.
503:.
493:18
491:.
487:.
473:^
459:.
447:57
445:.
441:.
429:^
415:.
401:.
397:.
385:^
371:.
361:.
349:.
345:.
333:^
308:.
289:.
102:.
87:.
1008:.
976::
968::
941:.
916:.
884::
857:.
829:.
786::
759:.
729::
702:.
670::
662::
635:.
615::
588:.
556::
529:.
499::
467:.
453::
423:.
409::
379:.
357::
327:.
312:.
293:.
275:.
246:.
217:.
192:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.