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interest is converted into cDNA. Newer developments in single-cell transcriptomics allow for tissue and sub-cellular localization preservation through cryo-sectioning thin slices of tissues and sequencing the transcriptome in each slice. Another technique allows the visualization of single transcripts under a microscope while preserving the spatial information of each individual cell where they are expressed.
639:. With single-cell transcriptomics, subpopulations of cell types that constitute the tissue of interest are also taken into consideration. This approach allows to identify whether changes in experimental samples are due to phenotypic cellular changes as opposed to proliferation, with which a specific cell type might be overexpressed in the sample. Additionally, when assessing cellular progression through
420:"catalogue all species of transcript, including mRNAs, non-coding RNAs and small RNAs; to determine the transcriptional structure of genes, in terms of their start sites, 5′ and 3′ ends, splicing patterns and other post-transcriptional modifications; and to quantify the changing expression levels of each transcript during development and under different conditions".
801:. Genes involved in cell wall metabolism and cytoskeleton were found to be overexpressed. Transcriptome approaches also allowed to track changes in gene expression through different developmental stages of pollen, ranging from microspore to mature pollen grains; additionally such stages could be compared across species of different plants including
316:
map to a much larger fraction of the genome suggesting that the transcriptome contains spurious transcripts that do not come from genes. Some of these transcripts are known to be non-functional because they map to transcribed pseudogenes or degenerative transposons and viruses. Others map to unidentified regions of the genome that may be junk DNA.
643:, average expression profiles are only able to order cells by time rather than their stage of development and are consequently unable to show trends in gene expression levels specific to certain stages. Single-cell trarnscriptomic techniques have been used to characterize rare cell populations such as
557:
of two colors, usually green and red, for the two groups. The cDNA is spread onto the surface of the microarray where it hybridizes with oligonucleotides on the chip and a laser is used to scan. The fluorescence intensity on each spot of the microarray corresponds to the level of gene expression and
584:
The three main steps of sequencing transcriptomes of any biological samples include RNA purification, the synthesis of an RNA or cDNA library and sequencing the library. The RNA purification process is different for short and long RNAs. This step is usually followed by an assessment of RNA quality,
315:
Gene occupy most of prokaryotic genomes so most of their genomes are transcribed. Many eukaryotic genomes are very large and known genes may take up only a fraction of the genome. In mammals, for example, known genes only account for 40-50% of the genome. Nevertheless, identified transcripts often
658:
Although there are no standardized techniques for single-cell transcriptomics, several steps need to be undertaken. The first step includes cell isolation, which can be performed using low- and high-throughput techniques. This is followed by a qPCR step and then single-cell RNAseq where the RNA of
419:
and alternative transcription among others. Additionally, transcriptome techniques are capable of capturing transcription occurring in a sample at a specific time point, although the content of the transcriptome can change during differentiation. The main aims of transcriptomics are the following:
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Transcriptome analyses were used to discover the incidence of antisense transcription, their role in gene expression through interaction with surrounding genes and their abundance in different chromosomes. RNA-seq was also used to show how RNA isoforms, transcripts stemming from the same gene but
851:
based technologies, analysis of the transcriptome allows for an unbiased approach when validating hypotheses experimentally. This approach also allows for the discovery of novel mediators in signaling pathways. As with other -omics based technologies, the transcriptome can be analyzed within the
473:
Transcriptomics is the quantitative science that encompasses the assignment of a list of strings ("reads") to the object ("transcripts" in the genome). To calculate the expression strength, the density of reads corresponding to each object is counted. Initially, transcriptomes were analyzed and
742:
fertilization and embryo transfer (IVT-ET) revealed differences in genetic expression which are associated with higher frequency of adverse perinatal outcomes. Such insight can be used to optimize the practice. Transcriptome analyses can also be used to optimize cryopreservation of oocytes, by
580:
technology; as such it requires only a small amount of RNA and no previous knowledge of the genome. It allows for both qualitative and quantitative analysis of RNA transcripts, the former allowing discovery of new transcripts and the latter a measure of relative quantities for transcripts in a
141:
which can be seen as ome fields studying specific types of RNA transcripts. There are quantifiable and conserved relationships between the
Transcriptome and other -omes, and Transcriptomics data can be used effectively to predict other molecular species, such as metabolites. There are numerous
561:
One microarray usually contains enough oligonucleotides to represent all known genes; however, data obtained using microarrays does not provide information about unknown genes. During the 2010s, microarrays were almost completely replaced by next-generation techniques that are based on DNA
201:
and the subsequent increased computational power, it became increasingly efficient and easy to characterize and analyze enormous amount of data. Attempts to characterize the transcriptome became more prominent with the advent of automated DNA sequencing during the 1980s. During the 1990s,
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they code for. The number of protein molecules synthesized using a given mRNA molecule as a template is highly dependent on translation-initiation features of the mRNA sequence; in particular, the ability of the translation initiation sequence is a key determinant in the recruiting of
323:. Some scientists claim that if a transcript has not been assigned to a known gene then the default assumption must be that it is junk RNA until it has been shown to be functional. This would mean that much of the transcriptome in species with large genomes is probably junk RNA. (See
585:
with the purpose of avoiding contaminants such as DNA or technical contaminants related to sample processing. RNA quality is measured using UV spectrometry with an absorbance peak of 260 nm. RNA integrity can also be analyzed quantitatively comparing the ratio and intensity of
871:
differs from the transcriptome in that it includes only those RNA molecules found in a specified cell population, and usually includes the amount or concentration of each RNA molecule in addition to the molecular identities. Additionally, the transcritpome also differs from the
178:
to denote all studies conducted on a genome-wide scale in the fields of life sciences and technology. As such, transcriptome and transcriptomics were one of the first words to emerge along with genome and proteome. The first study to present a case of a collection of a
343:/lncRNA: Non-coding RNA transcripts that are more than 200 nucleotides long. Members of this group comprise the largest fraction of the non-coding transcriptome other than introns. It is not known how many of these transcripts are functional and how many are junk RNA.
946:
However, the analysis of relative mRNA expression levels can be complicated by the fact that relatively small changes in mRNA expression can produce large changes in the total amount of the corresponding protein present in the cell. One analysis method, known as
899:). As with transcriptome analyses, the meiome can be studied at a whole-genome level using large-scale transcriptomic techniques. The meiome has been well-characterized in mammal and yeast systems and somewhat less extensively characterized in plants.
500:
There are two general methods of inferring transcriptome sequences. One approach maps sequence reads onto a reference genome, either of the organism itself (whose transcriptome is being studied) or of a closely related species. The other approach,
3134:
Subramanian A, Tamayo P, Mootha VK, Mukherjee S, Ebert BL, Gillette MA, Paulovich A, Pomeroy SL, Golub TR, Lander ES, Mesirov JP. (2005). Gene set enrichment analysis: a knowledge-based approach for interpreting genome-wide expression profiles.
66:
libraries published in the 1980s. Subsequently, the advent of high-throughput technology led to faster and more efficient ways of obtaining data about the transcriptome. Two biological techniques are used to study the transcriptome, namely
593:
reported in the RNA Integrity Number (RIN) score. Since mRNA is the species of interest and it represents only 3% of its total content, the RNA sample should be treated to remove rRNA and tRNA and tissue-specific RNA transcripts.
552:
When performing microarray analyses, mRNA is collected from a control and an experimental sample, the latter usually representative of a disease. The RNA of interest is converted to cDNA to increase its stability and marked with
307:
Almost all functional transcripts are derived from known genes. The only exceptions are a small number of transcripts that might play a direct role in regulating gene expression near the prompters of known genes. (See
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consists of all RNA transcripts that continue to be expressed or that start getting re-expressed in internal organs of a dead body 24–48 hours following death. Some genes include those that are inhibited after
681:
fragments. The cDNA fragments are then sequenced using high-throughput sequencing technology and aligned to a reference genome or transcriptome which is then used to create an expression profile of the genes.
3548:
895:, synapse and recombination. Since meiosis in most organisms occurs in a short time period, meiotic transcript profiling is difficult due to the challenge of isolation (or enrichment) of meiotic cells (
667:
A number of organism-specific transcriptome databases have been constructed and annotated to aid in the identification of genes that are differentially expressed in distinct cell populations.
2369:
Godoy, Patricio; Schmidt-Heck, Wolfgang; Hellwig, Birte; Nell, Patrick; Feuerborn, David; Rahnenführer, Jörg; Kattler, Kathrin; Walter, Jörn; Blüthgen, Nils; G. Hengstler, Jan (5 July 2018).
187:
mRNA was published in 1979. The first seminal study to mention and investigate the transcriptome of an organism was published in 1997 and it described 60,633 transcripts expressed in
617:
is used to convert the RNA templates into cDNA and three priming methods can be used to achieve it, including oligo-DT, using random primers or ligating special adaptor oligos.
730:
is used to understand the molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways controlling early embryonic development, and could theoretically be a powerful tool in making proper
954:
Although microarray studies can reveal the relative amounts of different mRNAs in the cell, levels of mRNA are not directly proportional to the expression level of the
232:(RNA) transcripts present in a given organism or experimental sample. RNA is the main carrier of genetic information that is responsible for the process of converting
330:
The transcriptome includes the transcripts of protein-coding genes (mRNA plus introns) as well as the transcripts of non-coding genes (functional RNAs plus introns).
275:
takes place usually several hundred nuclecotides away from the termination sequence and cleavage takes place. This process occurs in the nucleus of a cell along with
1334:
E Velculescu, Victor; Zhang, Lin; Zhou, Wei; Vogelstein, Jacob; A Basrai, Munira; E Bassett Jr., Douglas; Hieter, Phil; Vogelstein, Bert; W Kinzler, Kenneth (1997).
2009:
Schena, M.; Shalon, D.; Davis, R. W.; Brown, P. O. (20 October 1995). "Quantitative monitoring of gene expression patterns with a complementary DNA microarray".
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were sequenced. The protein coding sequences were subsequently compared to infer phylogenetic relationships between plants and to characterize the time of their
2845:
D. Bovill, William; Deveshwar, Priyanka; Kapoor, Sanjay; A. Able, Jason (2009). "Whole genome approaches to identify early meiotic gene candidates in cereals".
435:), the transcriptome can vary with external environmental conditions. Because it includes all mRNA transcripts in the cell, the transcriptome reflects the
597:
The step of library preparation with the aim of producing short cDNA fragments, begins with RNA fragmentation to transcripts in length between 50 and 300
459:
etc.), examines the expression level of RNAs in a given cell population, often focusing on mRNA, but sometimes including others such as tRNAs and sRNAs.
2535:
Transcriptomic biomarkers in safety and risk assessment of chemicals. In Ramesh Gupta, editors:Gupta - Biomarkers in
Toxicology, Oxford:Academic Press
2375:
635:. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) is a recently developed technique that allows the analysis of the transcriptome of single cells, including
758:
103:
408:.) The transcriptome consists of coding regions of mRNA plus non-coding UTRs, introns, non-coding RNAs, and spurious non-functional transcripts.
206:
sequencing was used to identify genes and their fragments. This was followed by techniques such as serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE),
3146:
Laule O, Hirsch-Hoffmann M, Hruz T, Gruissem W, and P Zimmermann. (2006) Web-based analysis of the mouse transcriptome using
Genevestigator.
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based on the color of the fluorophores selected, it can be determined which of the samples exhibits higher levels of the mRNA of interest.
1933:
Chomczynski P, Sacchi N (April 1987). "Single-step method of RNA isolation by acid guanidinium thiocyanate-phenol-chloroform extraction".
925:
mapping can be used to complement genomics with transcriptomics; genetic variants at DNA level and gene expression measures at RNA level.
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2792:
Crismani, Wayne; Baumann, Ute; Sutton, Tim; Shirley, Neil; Webster, Tracie; Spangenberg, German; Langridge, Peter; A Able, Jason (2006).
1853:
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508:, uses software to infer transcripts directly from short sequence reads and is used in organisms with genomes that are not sequenced.
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to increase their stability before being subsequently taken to the cytoplasm. The mRNA gives rise to proteins through the process of
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Manzoni, Claudia; A Kia, Demis; Vandrovcova, Jana; Hardy, John; W Wood, Nicholas; A Lewis, Patrick; Ferrari, Raffaele (March 2018).
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Cavicchioli, Maria
Vittoria; Santorsola, Mariangela; Balboni, Nicola; Mercatelli, Daniele; Giorgi, Federico Manuel (January 2022).
976:
2939:
Javan, G. T.; Can, I.; Finley, S. J.; Soni, S (2015). "The apoptotic thanatotranscriptome associated with the liver of cadavers".
951:, identifies coregulated gene networks rather than individual genes that are up- or down-regulated in different cell populations.
211:
3585:
3160:"Dynamic changes in gene expression during human early embryo development: From fundamental aspects to clinical applications"
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1972:
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and aids in the positioning of RNA polymerase at the appropriate start site. To finish the production of the RNA transcript,
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in the process of evolution. Transcriptome studies have been used to characterize and quantify gene expression in mature
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2424:"The placental transcriptome of the first-trimester placenta is affected by in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer"
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922:
194:
2890:"Analysis of anther transcriptomes to identify genes contributing to meiosis and male gametophyte development in rice"
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1268:
319:
Spurious transcription is very common in eukaryotes, especially those with large genomes that might contain a lot of
673:
is emerging (2013) as the method of choice for measuring transcriptomes of organisms, though the older technique of
1690:
Sverdlov, Eugene (2017). "Transcribed Junk
Remains Junk If It Does Not Acquire A Selected Function in Evolution".
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3563:
1066:
915:), it can be referred to as the apoptotic thanatotranscriptome. Analyses of the thanatotranscriptome are used in
355:/miRNA: 19-24 nucleotides (nt) long. Micro RNAs up- or downregulate expression levels of mRNAs by the process of
207:
1293:"Use of a cDNA library for studies on evolution and developmental expression of the chorion multigene families"
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is still used. RNA-seq measures the transcription of a specific gene by converting long RNAs into a library of
502:
404:
In the human genome, all genes get transcribed into RNA because that's how the molecular gene is defined. (See
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2099:"Advances in bacterial transcriptome understanding: From overlapping transcription to the excludon concept"
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482:
468:
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2984:"Genome, transcriptome and proteome: the rise of omics data and their integration in biomedical sciences"
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and requires at least three independent gene expression data from the former cell type and mature cells.
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80:
3207:"Processing and transcriptome expansion at the mRNA 3′ end in health and disease: finding the right end"
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Govindarajan, Rajeshwar; Duraiyan, Jeyapradha; Kaliyappan, Karunakaran; Palanisamy, Murugesan (2012).
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to describe the meiotic transcriptome or the set of RNA transcripts produced during the process of
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techniques (also known as DNA chips). Microarrays consist of thin glass layers with spots on which
95:
87:
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Deveshwar, Priyanka; D Bovill, William; Sharma, Rita; A Able, Jason; Kapoor, Sanjay (9 May 2011).
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711:. A pipeline using RNA-seq or gene array data can be used to track genetic changes occurring in
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Data obtained from the transcriptome is used in research to gain insight into processes such as
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Eroglu, Binnur; A. Szurek, Edyta; Schall, Peter; E. Latham, Keith; Eroglu, Ali (6 April 2020).
1245:"Chapter 4 - Omics Tools for the Genome-Wide Analysis of Methylation and Histone Modifications"
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738:. Analyses of the transcriptome content of the placenta in the first-trimester of pregnancy in
735:
644:
203:
111:
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Assou, S.; Boumela, I.; Haouzi, D.; Anahory, T.; Dechaud, H.; De Vos, J.; Hamamah, S. (2010).
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techniques, followed by its separation from other cellular components and enrichment of mRNA.
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Several factors render the content of the transcriptome difficult to establish. These include
55:; it is associated with the process of transcript production during the biological process of
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3558:
3512:
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Szabo, David (2014). "Transcriptomic biomarkers in safety and risk assessment of chemicals".
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GK, Sim; FC, Kafatos; CW, Jones; MD, Koehler; A, Efstratiadis; T., Maniatis (December 1979).
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Drost, Hajk-Georg; Gabel, Alexander; Grosse, Ivo; Quint, Marcel; Grosse, Ivo (2018-05-01).
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2018:
1984:
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2794:"Microarray expression analysis of meiosis and microsporogenesis in hexaploid bread wheat"
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There are several -ome fields that can be seen as subcategories of the transcriptome. The
8:
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427:, or to the specific subset of transcripts present in a particular cell type. Unlike the
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cells are of particular interest to researchers who seek to understand the processes of
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1211:
1177:"Prediction of Metabolic Profiles from Transcriptomics Data in Human Cancer Cell Lines"
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75:, a sequence-based approach. RNA-seq is the preferred method and has been the dominant
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among individuals or to detect evolutionary patterns of transcriptome conservation.
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was completed in which the transcriptomes of 1,124 plant species from the families
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2371:"Assessment of stem cell differentiation based on genome-wide expression profiles"
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911:. If the thanatotranscriptome is related to the process of programmed cell death (
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244:; this mRNA is complementary to the strand of DNA it originated from. The enzyme
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with different structures, can produce complex phenotypes from limited genomes.
259:, located upstream (5') of the gene. In eukaryotes, this process is mediated by
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Zhao, L; Zheng, X; Liu, J; Zheng, R; Yang, R; Wang, Y; Sun, L (1 July 2019).
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Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometer
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at any given time, with the exception of mRNA degradation phenomena such as
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but contrary to proteomics, a direct association between a transcript and
549:, known as "probes" are arrayed; each spot contains a known DNA sequence.
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In order to initiate its function, RNA polymerase II needs to recognize a
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2694:"One thousand plant transcriptomes and the phylogenomics of green plants"
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allows tracking of transcript changes over time within individual cells.
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Transcriptome
Analysis: Introduction and Examples from the Neurosciences
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2209:"Computational and analytical challenges in single-cell transcriptomics"
1548:"Similar Ratios of Introns to Intergenic Sequence across Animal Genomes"
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into an organism's phenotype. A gene can give rise to a single-stranded
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Jiménez-Chillarón, Josep C.; Díaz, Rubén; Ramón-Krauel, Marta (2014).
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Transcription can also be studied at the level of individual cells by
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The term can be applied to the total set of transcripts in a given
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attaches to the template DNA strand and catalyzes the addition of
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libraries and serial and cap analysis of gene expression (SAGE).
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Transcriptomics is an emerging and continually growing field in
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discovery for use in assessing the safety of drugs or chemical
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Stegle, Oliver; A. Teichmann, Sarah; C. Marioni, John (2015).
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to the 3' end of the growing sequence of the mRNA transcript.
2887:
2475:"Probing lasting cryoinjuries to oocyte-embryo transcriptome"
1896:. Methods in Molecular Biology. Vol. 86. pp. 61–4.
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Wang, Zhong; Gerstein, Mark; Snyder, Michael (January 2009).
943:, that is, the entire set of proteins expressed by a genome.
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based biological fields of study; it is complementary to the
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16:
Set of all RNA molecules in one cell or a population of cells
3035:"Global quantification of mammalian gene expression control"
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2791:
2368:
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3248:
1892:
Bryant S, Manning DL (1998). "Isolation of messenger RNA".
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Transcriptomics technologies § Transcriptome databases
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and diversification process of plant species. In 2014, the
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436:
405:
180:
63:
2258:"Defining cell types and states with single-cell genomics"
1598:
van Bakel H, Nislow C, Blencowe BJ, and Hughes TR (2011).
431:, which is roughly fixed for a given cell line (excluding
337:/rRNA: Usually the most abundant RNA in the transcriptome.
197:(SAGE). With the rise of high-throughput technologies and
3157:
233:
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62:
The early stages of transcriptome annotations began with
24:
2634:"Antisense Transcription in the Mammalian Transcriptome"
1735:"Spurious transcription and its impact on cell function"
1539:
3205:
Ogorodnikov, A; Kargapolova, Y; Danckwardt, S. (2016).
2320:"Single Cell Transcriptomics: Methods and Applications"
2148:"Single Cell Transcriptomics: Methods and Applications"
1973:"Transcriptomics today: Microarrays, RNA-seq, and more"
1854:"Transcriptome: Connecting the Genome to Gene Function"
1648:
2008:
1784:"Non-coding RNA: what is functional and what is junk?"
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1726:
1600:"Response to "the reality of pervasive transcription"
1007:
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family and have a function in targeting and cleaving
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1775:
1593:
1591:
1126:"RNA-Seq: a revolutionary tool for transcriptomics"
887:. Meiosis is a key feature of sexually reproducing
876:, which is the set of RNAs undergoing translation.
773:Transcriptome analysis have been used to study the
43:, depending on the particular experiment. The term
2938:
1123:
35:. The term can also sometimes be used to refer to
2421:
2376:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B
1932:
1495:Brown, TA (2018). "Chapter 12: Transcriptomics".
939:The transcriptome can be seen as a subset of the
3643:
2741:Rutley, Nicholas; Twell, David (12 March 2015).
2146:Kanter, Itamar; Kalisky, Tomer (10 March 2015).
2096:
1732:
1588:
827:General schema showing the relationships of the
493:. Both techniques require RNA isolation through
117:. The transcriptome is closely related to other
1875:
1873:
1545:
1518:
1516:
818:
743:lowering injuries associated with the process.
102:among others. Transcriptome-obtained data also
3033:Schwanhäusser, Björn; et al. (May 2011).
2068:
2066:
2064:
1835:
1833:
1831:
1829:
1781:
1642:
1390:"The Human Transcriptome: An Unfinished Story"
620:
541:The first transcriptome studies were based on
3264:
3032:
2525:
2317:
2145:
1891:
1437:
1435:
1336:"Characterization of the Yeast Transcriptome"
2690:One Thousand Plant Transcriptomes Initiative
2577:"myTAI: evolutionary transcriptomics with R"
2090:
1894:RNA Isolation and Characterization Protocols
1870:
1683:
1513:
1097:Weighted gene co-expression network analysis
240:(mRNA) through a molecular process known as
142:publicly available transcriptome databases.
3544:Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization
2740:
2078:
2061:
1826:
1649:Jensen TH, Jacquier A, and Libri D (2013).
1238:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1181:International Journal of Molecular Sciences
302:
3612:
3271:
3257:
1449:Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences
1432:
970:
462:
3230:
3183:
3009:
2941:Forensic Science, Medicine, and Pathology
2915:
2905:
2821:
2811:
2768:
2758:
2717:
2608:
2508:
2498:
2449:
2439:
2398:
2388:
2345:
2335:
2313:
2311:
2291:
2183:
2165:
2122:
1970:
1966:
1964:
1809:
1799:
1758:
1666:
1625:
1615:
1571:
1488:
1471:
1461:
1415:
1405:
1351:
1310:
1210:
1192:
1151:
1119:
1117:
1115:
1113:
647:, cancer stem cells in solid tumors, and
529:used to detect gene expression in human (
3200:
3130:
2255:
1926:
1885:
1851:
1845:
1689:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1290:
1227:
822:
722:Analysis of the transcriptomes of human
605:), chemical (trismagnesium salt buffer,
521:
145:
2318:Kanter, Itamar; Kalisky, Tomer (2015).
1494:
1387:
928:
212:massively parallel signature sequencing
110:during the process of evolution and in
3644:
2428:Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology
2308:
1961:
1651:"Dealing with pervasive transcription"
1522:
1499:. New York, NY, USA: Garland Science.
1110:
601:. Fragmentation can be enzymatic (RNA
228:The transcriptome encompasses all the
71:, a hybridization-based technique and
31:, in an individual or a population of
3586:European Molecular Biology Laboratory
3252:
2847:Functional & Integrative Genomics
2531:
2097:Toledo-Arana A, Lasa I (March 2020).
1376:
377:/piRNA: 24-31 nt. They interact with
3096:Cellerino, A; Sanguanini, M (2018),
2743:"A decade of pollen transcriptomics"
1546:Francis WR, Wörheide G (June 2017).
757:Transcriptomes may also be used to
13:
3153:
3142:
3123:
2544:10.1016/B978-0-12-404630-6.00062-2
1261:10.1016/B978-0-444-62651-6.00004-0
1249:Comprehensive Analytical Chemistry
1077:Serial analysis of gene expression
511:
359:at the post-transcriptional level.
195:serial analysis of gene expression
27:transcripts, including coding and
14:
3678:
2632:S, Katayama; et al. (2005).
2631:
2256:Trapnell, Cole (1 October 2015).
2017:(5235). New York, N.Y.: 467–470.
1971:Tachibana, Chris (31 July 2015).
1733:Wade JT, and Grainger DC (2018).
1444:"Microarray and its applications"
856:approach. It is complementary to
565:
399:
3624:
3623:
3611:
1041:
1029:
1017:
759:infer phylogenetic relationships
217:
3564:Chromosome conformation capture
3026:
2975:
2932:
2881:
2838:
2785:
2734:
2682:
2625:
2568:
2466:
2415:
2362:
2249:
2200:
2139:
2085:Cellerino & Sanguanini 2018
2073:Cellerino & Sanguanini 2018
2002:
1880:Cellerino & Sanguanini 2018
1840:Cellerino & Sanguanini 2018
1782:Palazzo AF, and Lee ES (2015).
1067:List of omics topics in biology
685:
208:cap analysis of gene expression
166:. It appeared along with other
1327:
1284:
1168:
891:, and involves the pairing of
47:is a portmanteau of the words
1:
3592:National Institutes of Health
3088:
1751:10.1080/21541264.2017.1381794
1353:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81845-0
267:(TFIID) which recognizes the
3278:
2500:10.1371/journal.pone.0231108
2031:10.1126/science.270.5235.467
1947:10.1016/0003-2697(87)90021-2
1668:10.1016/j.molcel.2013.10.032
1617:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001102
1552:Genome Biology and Evolution
1312:10.1016/0092-8674(79)90241-1
1082:Transcriptomics technologies
949:gene set enrichment analysis
819:Relation to other ome fields
469:Transcriptomics technologies
279:by which mRNA molecules are
7:
3508:Structure-based drug design
2989:Briefings in Bioinformatics
1003:
879:The term meiome is used in
662:
633:single-cell transcriptomics
627:Single-cell transcriptomics
621:Single-cell transcriptomics
445:transcriptional attenuation
81:Single-cell transcriptomics
10:
3683:
974:
932:
779:1000 Plant Genomes Project
690:
624:
578:next-generation sequencing
569:
515:
483:transcriptomics techniques
466:
221:
170:formed using the suffixes
108:phylogenetic relationships
3607:
3598:Wellcome Sanger Institute
3572:
3521:
3481:
3369:
3286:
3223:10.1007/s00424-016-1828-3
3164:Human Reproduction Update
3106:10.1007/978-88-7642-642-1
2953:10.1007/s12024-015-9704-6
2859:10.1007/s10142-008-0097-4
2760:10.1007/s00497-015-0261-7
2710:10.1038/s41586-019-1693-2
2441:10.1186/s12958-019-0494-7
1388:Peralta, Mihaela (2012).
768:
265:Transcription factor II D
77:transcriptomics technique
3554:Microfluidic-based tools
3399:Human Connectome Project
3331:Human Microbiome Project
1902:10.1385/0-89603-494-1:61
1801:10.3389/fgene.2015.00002
1523:Clancy, Suzanne (2008).
1463:10.4103/0975-7406.100283
1103:
705:cellular differentiation
481:Currently, the two main
439:that are being actively
303:Types of RNA transcripts
96:transcription regulation
88:cellular differentiation
3539:Electrospray ionization
3411:Human Epigenome Project
2907:10.1186/1471-2229-11-78
2813:10.1186/1471-2164-7-267
2660:10.1126/science.1112009
2337:10.3389/fonc.2015.00053
2214:Nature Reviews Genetics
2167:10.3389/fonc.2015.00053
1935:Analytical Biochemistry
1852:U. Adams, Jill (2008).
1131:Nature Reviews Genetics
992:Transcriptome Browser:
971:Transcriptome databases
864:cannot be established.
645:circulating tumor cells
476:expressed sequence tags
463:Methods of construction
457:splice variant analysis
224:Transcription (biology)
3580:DNA Data Bank of Japan
3496:Human proteome project
3299:Computational genomics
3137:Proc Natl Acad Sci USA
2538:. pp. 1033–1038.
2390:10.1098/rstb.2017.0221
1704:10.1002/bies.201700164
844:
736:in vitro fertilisation
695:The transcriptomes of
538:
506:transcriptome assembly
204:expressed sequence tag
3559:Isotope affinity tags
3513:Expression proteomics
3176:10.1093/humupd/dmq036
2593:10.1093/molbev/msv012
2324:Frontiers in Oncology
2276:10.1101/gr.190595.115
2153:Frontiers in Oncology
1788:Frontiers in Genetics
933:Further information:
893:homologous chromosome
826:
615:Reverse transcription
525:
363:small interfering RNA
261:transcription factors
146:Etymology and history
3319:Human Genome Project
3304:Comparative genomics
1407:10.3390/genes3030344
1194:10.3390/ijms23073867
929:Relation to proteome
904:thanatotranscriptome
651:(ESCs) in mammalian
649:embryonic stem cells
576:RNA sequencing is a
453:expression profiling
413:alternative splicing
375:Piwi-interacting RNA
295:that takes place in
139:thanatotranscriptome
129:and encompasses the
3529:2-D electrophoresis
3503:Call-map proteomics
3361:Structural genomics
3348:Population genomics
3309:Functional genomics
3062:10.1038/nature10098
3054:2011Natur.473..337S
2692:(23 October 2019).
2652:2005Sci...309.1564R
2491:2020PLoSO..1531108E
2023:1995Sci...270..467S
1989:2015Sci...349..544T
1525:"DNA Transcription"
1057:Functional genomics
881:functional genomics
607:chemical hydrolysis
369:small nucleolar RNA
341:Long non-coding RNA
100:biomarker discovery
3483:Structural biology
3294:Cognitive genomics
3148:BMC Bioinformatics
3002:10.1093/bib/bbw114
2747:Plant Reproduction
2383:(1750): 20170221.
1564:10.1093/gbe/evx103
845:
539:
451:, (which includes
104:finds applications
23:is the set of all
3639:
3638:
3534:Mass spectrometer
3343:Personal genomics
3139:102(43):15545-50.
3115:978-88-7642-641-4
3048:(7347): 337–342.
2894:BMC Plant Biology
2704:(7780): 679–685.
2553:978-0-12-404630-6
2270:(10): 1491–1498.
2115:10.1111/mmi.14456
1911:978-0-89603-494-5
1882:, p. preface
917:forensic medicine
909:fetal development
847:Similar to other
831:, transcriptome,
613:, nebulisation).
609:) or mechanical (
257:promoter sequence
246:RNA polymerase II
79:since the 2010s.
3674:
3627:
3626:
3615:
3614:
3458:Pharmacogenomics
3453:Pharmacogenetics
3273:
3266:
3259:
3250:
3249:
3244:
3234:
3203:
3197:
3187:
3156:
3145:
3133:
3118:
3082:
3081:
3039:
3030:
3024:
3023:
3013:
2979:
2973:
2972:
2936:
2930:
2929:
2919:
2909:
2885:
2879:
2878:
2842:
2836:
2835:
2825:
2815:
2789:
2783:
2782:
2772:
2762:
2738:
2732:
2731:
2721:
2686:
2680:
2679:
2646:(5740): 1564–6.
2629:
2623:
2622:
2612:
2587:(9): 1589–1590.
2572:
2566:
2565:
2529:
2523:
2522:
2512:
2502:
2470:
2464:
2463:
2453:
2443:
2419:
2413:
2412:
2402:
2392:
2366:
2360:
2359:
2349:
2339:
2315:
2306:
2305:
2295:
2253:
2247:
2246:
2204:
2198:
2197:
2187:
2169:
2143:
2137:
2136:
2126:
2094:
2088:
2082:
2076:
2070:
2059:
2058:
2006:
2000:
1999:
1997:
1995:
1977:Science Magazine
1968:
1959:
1958:
1930:
1924:
1923:
1889:
1883:
1877:
1868:
1867:
1859:Nature Education
1849:
1843:
1837:
1824:
1823:
1813:
1803:
1779:
1773:
1772:
1762:
1730:
1724:
1723:
1687:
1681:
1680:
1670:
1646:
1640:
1639:
1629:
1619:
1595:
1586:
1585:
1575:
1558:(6): 1582–1598.
1543:
1537:
1536:
1529:Nature Education
1520:
1511:
1510:
1492:
1486:
1485:
1475:
1465:
1439:
1430:
1429:
1419:
1409:
1385:
1374:
1373:
1355:
1331:
1325:
1324:
1314:
1288:
1282:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1240:
1225:
1224:
1214:
1196:
1172:
1166:
1165:
1155:
1121:
1046:
1045:
1034:
1033:
1022:
1021:
1013:
732:embryo selection
547:oligonucleotides
365:/siRNA: 20-24 nt
357:RNA interference
230:ribonucleic acid
106:in establishing
3682:
3681:
3677:
3676:
3675:
3673:
3672:
3671:
3652:Gene expression
3642:
3641:
3640:
3635:
3603:
3568:
3517:
3477:
3473:Transcriptomics
3463:Systems biology
3448:Paleopolyploidy
3384:Cheminformatics
3365:
3282:
3277:
3247:
3217:(6): 993–1012.
3126:
3124:Further reading
3121:
3116:
3091:
3086:
3085:
3037:
3031:
3027:
2980:
2976:
2937:
2933:
2886:
2882:
2843:
2839:
2790:
2786:
2739:
2735:
2687:
2683:
2630:
2626:
2573:
2569:
2554:
2530:
2526:
2485:(4): e0231108.
2471:
2467:
2420:
2416:
2367:
2363:
2316:
2309:
2263:Genome Research
2254:
2250:
2227:10.1038/nrg3833
2205:
2201:
2144:
2140:
2095:
2091:
2083:
2079:
2071:
2062:
2007:
2003:
1993:
1991:
1969:
1962:
1931:
1927:
1912:
1890:
1886:
1878:
1871:
1850:
1846:
1838:
1827:
1780:
1776:
1731:
1727:
1698:(12): 1700164.
1688:
1684:
1647:
1643:
1610:(7): e1001102.
1596:
1589:
1544:
1540:
1521:
1514:
1507:
1493:
1489:
1440:
1433:
1386:
1377:
1332:
1328:
1289:
1285:
1275:
1273:
1271:
1241:
1228:
1173:
1169:
1144:10.1038/nrg2484
1122:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1062:Gene expression
1052:
1040:
1028:
1016:
1008:
1006:
979:
973:
937:
931:
821:
795:diversification
771:
752:risk assessment
717:precursor cells
693:
688:
675:DNA microarrays
665:
641:differentiation
629:
623:
574:
568:
520:
514:
512:DNA microarrays
487:DNA microarrays
471:
465:
449:transcriptomics
447:. The study of
402:
305:
263:, most notably
250:ribonucleotides
226:
220:
148:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3680:
3670:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3637:
3636:
3634:
3633:
3621:
3608:
3605:
3604:
3602:
3601:
3595:
3589:
3583:
3576:
3574:
3570:
3569:
3567:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3525:
3523:
3522:Research tools
3519:
3518:
3516:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3499:
3498:
3487:
3485:
3479:
3478:
3476:
3475:
3470:
3468:Toxicogenomics
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3414:
3413:
3403:
3402:
3401:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3375:
3373:
3371:Bioinformatics
3367:
3366:
3364:
3363:
3358:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3334:
3333:
3323:
3322:
3321:
3314:Genome project
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3290:
3288:
3284:
3283:
3276:
3275:
3268:
3261:
3253:
3246:
3245:
3198:
3170:(2): 272–290.
3151:
3140:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3119:
3114:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3084:
3083:
3025:
2996:(2): 286–302.
2974:
2947:(4): 509–516.
2931:
2880:
2837:
2784:
2733:
2681:
2624:
2581:Bioinformatics
2567:
2552:
2524:
2465:
2414:
2361:
2307:
2248:
2199:
2138:
2109:(3): 593–602.
2089:
2077:
2060:
2001:
1960:
1925:
1910:
1884:
1869:
1844:
1825:
1774:
1745:(3): 182–189.
1725:
1682:
1661:(4): 473–484.
1655:Molecular Cell
1641:
1587:
1538:
1512:
1505:
1487:
1431:
1400:(3): 344–360.
1375:
1346:(88): 243–51.
1326:
1305:(4): 1303–16.
1283:
1269:
1226:
1167:
1108:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1053:
1051:
1050:
1038:
1026:
1005:
1002:
1001:
1000:
997:ArrayExpress:
995:
990:
985:
972:
969:
930:
927:
820:
817:
770:
767:
709:carcinogenesis
692:
689:
687:
684:
664:
661:
625:Main article:
622:
619:
570:Main article:
567:
566:RNA sequencing
564:
527:DNA microarray
518:DNA microarray
516:Main article:
513:
510:
495:RNA extraction
474:studied using
467:Main article:
464:
461:
401:
400:Scope of study
398:
397:
396:
390:
372:
366:
360:
350:
344:
338:
325:Non-coding RNA
304:
301:
289:polyadenylated
277:RNA processing
219:
216:
199:bioinformatics
147:
144:
92:carcinogenesis
69:DNA microarray
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3679:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3649:
3647:
3632:
3631:
3622:
3620:
3619:
3610:
3609:
3606:
3599:
3596:
3593:
3590:
3587:
3584:
3581:
3578:
3577:
3575:
3573:Organizations
3571:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3526:
3524:
3520:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3497:
3494:
3493:
3492:
3489:
3488:
3486:
3484:
3480:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3443:Nutrigenomics
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3412:
3409:
3408:
3407:
3404:
3400:
3397:
3396:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3389:Chemogenomics
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3376:
3374:
3372:
3368:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3355:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3332:
3329:
3328:
3327:
3324:
3320:
3317:
3316:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3291:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3274:
3269:
3267:
3262:
3260:
3255:
3254:
3251:
3242:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3211:Eur J Physiol
3208:
3202:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3155:
3152:
3149:
3144:
3141:
3138:
3132:
3129:
3128:
3117:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3094:
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2891:
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2876:
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2853:(2): 219–29.
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2848:
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2103:Mol Microbiol
2100:
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2069:
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2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
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2016:
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1978:
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1739:Transcription
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1456:(6): S310-2.
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783:viridiplantae
780:
776:
766:
762:
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755:
753:
749:
744:
741:
737:
733:
729:
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628:
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603:endonucleases
600:
595:
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588:
582:
579:
573:
563:
559:
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550:
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533:) and mouse (
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394:
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379:Piwi proteins
376:
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354:
351:
348:
345:
342:
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335:Ribosomal RNA
333:
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243:
242:transcription
239:
238:messenger RNA
235:
231:
225:
218:Transcription
215:
213:
209:
205:
200:
196:
192:
191:
190:S. cerevisiae
186:
182:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
158:of the words
157:
153:
152:transcriptome
143:
140:
137:, meiome and
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
115:fertilization
114:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
84:
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78:
74:
70:
65:
60:
58:
57:transcription
54:
50:
46:
45:transcriptome
42:
38:
34:
30:
26:
22:
21:transcriptome
3667:RNA splicing
3628:
3616:
3438:Microbiomics
3433:Metabolomics
3394:Connectomics
3353:
3326:Metagenomics
3214:
3210:
3201:
3167:
3163:
3154:
3147:
3143:
3136:
3131:
3097:
3045:
3041:
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2987:
2977:
2944:
2940:
2934:
2897:
2893:
2883:
2850:
2846:
2840:
2806:(267): 267.
2803:
2799:BMC Genomics
2797:
2787:
2753:(2): 73–89.
2750:
2746:
2736:
2701:
2697:
2684:
2643:
2637:
2627:
2584:
2580:
2570:
2534:
2527:
2482:
2478:
2468:
2431:
2427:
2417:
2380:
2374:
2364:
2327:
2323:
2267:
2261:
2251:
2218:
2212:
2202:
2157:
2151:
2141:
2106:
2102:
2092:
2087:, p. 18
2080:
2075:, p. 13
2014:
2010:
2004:
1992:. Retrieved
1980:
1976:
1941:(1): 156–9.
1938:
1934:
1928:
1893:
1887:
1863:
1857:
1847:
1842:, p. 12
1791:
1787:
1777:
1742:
1738:
1728:
1695:
1691:
1685:
1658:
1654:
1644:
1607:
1604:PLOS Biology
1603:
1555:
1551:
1541:
1532:
1528:
1496:
1490:
1453:
1447:
1397:
1393:
1343:
1339:
1329:
1302:
1296:
1286:
1274:. Retrieved
1252:
1248:
1184:
1180:
1170:
1138:(1): 57–63.
1135:
1129:
963:for protein
953:
945:
938:
921:
901:
878:
866:
858:metabolomics
846:
802:
772:
763:
756:
745:
739:
721:
694:
686:Applications
669:
666:
657:
630:
596:
583:
575:
562:sequencing.
560:
555:fluorophores
551:
540:
534:
530:
503:
499:
480:
472:
422:
410:
403:
393:enhancer RNA
347:transfer RNA
329:
318:
314:
310:Enhancer RNA
306:
254:
227:
210:(CAGE), and
188:
183:library for
175:
171:
163:
159:
151:
149:
112:
85:
61:
52:
48:
44:
20:
18:
3406:Epigenomics
3338:Pangenomics
1187:(7): 3867.
1092:Transpogene
1087:Translatome
987:OmicTools:
965:translation
874:translatome
852:scope of a
804:Arabidopsis
787:glaucophyta
653:blastocysts
417:RNA editing
387:transposons
293:translation
273:termination
156:portmanteau
131:translatome
3646:Categories
3491:Proteomics
3428:Lipidomics
3423:Immunomics
3089:References
2900:(78): 78.
2330:(13): 53.
1255:: 81–110.
1072:Metabolome
1048:Technology
975:See also:
889:eukaryotes
862:metabolite
854:multiomics
837:metabolome
791:rhodophyta
697:stem cells
611:sonication
599:base pairs
543:microarray
222:See also:
168:neologisms
160:transcript
127:metabolome
49:transcript
39:, or just
29:non-coding
3418:Glycomics
3078:205224972
2601:0737-4038
2434:(1): 50.
2284:1088-9051
2243:205486032
2176:2234-943X
2039:0036-8075
1866:(1): 195.
1692:BioEssays
1535:(11): 41.
1497:Genomes 4
1203:1422-0067
982:Ensembl:
961:ribosomes
913:apoptosis
897:meiocytes
775:evolution
748:biomarker
537:) samples
441:expressed
433:mutations
383:Argonaute
353:micro RNA
297:ribosomes
185:silk moth
150:The word
3630:Category
3356:genomics
3280:Genomics
3241:27220521
3194:20716614
3070:21593866
3020:27881428
2969:21583165
2961:26318598
2926:21554676
2875:22854431
2867:18836753
2832:17052357
2779:25761645
2728:31645766
2676:34559885
2668:16141073
2619:29309527
2562:89396307
2519:32251418
2479:PLOS ONE
2460:31262321
2409:29786556
2356:25806353
2302:26430159
2235:25628217
2194:25806353
2133:32185833
1820:25674102
1769:28980880
1720:35346807
1712:29071727
1677:24267449
1636:15680321
1582:28633296
1482:23066278
1426:22916334
1370:11430660
1276:25 April
1221:35409231
1162:19015660
1004:See also
956:proteins
941:proteome
935:Proteome
841:lipidome
833:proteome
740:in vitro
663:Analysis
637:bacteria
581:sample.
485:include
425:organism
321:junk DNA
269:TATA box
214:(MPSS).
125:and the
123:proteome
113:in vitro
37:all RNAs
3379:Biochip
3232:4893057
3185:3189516
3050:Bibcode
3011:6018996
2917:3112077
2823:1647286
2770:4432081
2719:6872490
2648:Bibcode
2639:Science
2610:5925770
2510:7135251
2487:Bibcode
2451:6604150
2400:5974444
2347:4354386
2293:4579334
2185:4354386
2124:7154746
2055:6720459
2047:7569999
2019:Bibcode
2011:Science
1985:Bibcode
1955:2440339
1920:9664454
1811:4306305
1760:5927700
1627:3134445
1573:5534336
1473:3467903
1417:3422666
1362:9008165
1212:8998886
1153:2949280
1036:Science
1024:Biology
1010:Portals
885:meiosis
813:tobacco
728:embryos
724:oocytes
691:Mammals
671:RNA-seq
591:18S RNA
587:28S RNA
572:RNA-Seq
504:de novo
491:RNA-Seq
381:of the
371:/snoRNA
285:spliced
73:RNA-seq
3287:Fields
3239:
3229:
3192:
3182:
3112:
3076:
3068:
3042:Nature
3018:
3008:
2967:
2959:
2924:
2914:
2873:
2865:
2830:
2820:
2777:
2767:
2726:
2716:
2698:Nature
2674:
2666:
2617:
2607:
2599:
2560:
2550:
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2458:
2448:
2407:
2397:
2354:
2344:
2300:
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2160:: 53.
2131:
2121:
2053:
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2037:
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1918:
1908:
1818:
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1757:
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1710:
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1321:519770
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1219:
1209:
1201:
1160:
1150:
835:, and
829:genome
799:pollen
769:Plants
701:cancer
429:genome
395:/eRNA:
281:capped
193:using
176:-omics
164:genome
53:genome
3657:Omics
3594:(USA)
3354:Socio
3150:7:311
3074:S2CID
3038:(PDF)
2965:S2CID
2871:S2CID
2672:S2CID
2558:S2CID
2239:S2CID
2051:S2CID
1994:2 May
1794:: 2.
1716:S2CID
1632:S2CID
1394:Genes
1366:S2CID
1104:Notes
869:exome
535:right
437:genes
349:/tRNA
154:is a
135:exome
33:cells
3618:List
3600:(UK)
3588:(EU)
3582:(JP)
3237:PMID
3190:PMID
3110:ISBN
3066:PMID
3016:PMID
2957:PMID
2922:PMID
2863:PMID
2828:PMID
2775:PMID
2724:PMID
2664:PMID
2615:PMID
2597:ISSN
2548:ISBN
2515:PMID
2456:PMID
2405:PMID
2352:PMID
2298:PMID
2280:ISSN
2231:PMID
2190:PMID
2172:ISSN
2129:PMID
2043:PMID
2035:ISSN
1996:2020
1951:PMID
1916:PMID
1906:ISBN
1816:PMID
1765:PMID
1708:PMID
1673:PMID
1578:PMID
1501:ISBN
1478:PMID
1422:PMID
1358:PMID
1340:Cell
1317:PMID
1298:Cell
1278:2020
1265:ISBN
1217:PMID
1199:ISSN
1158:PMID
923:eQTL
902:The
849:-ome
811:and
809:rice
789:and
726:and
715:and
713:stem
707:and
699:and
679:cDNA
531:left
489:and
406:Gene
287:and
181:cDNA
174:and
172:-ome
162:and
119:-ome
98:and
64:cDNA
51:and
41:mRNA
19:The
3662:RNA
3227:PMC
3219:doi
3215:468
3180:PMC
3172:doi
3102:doi
3058:doi
3046:473
3006:PMC
2998:doi
2949:doi
2912:PMC
2902:doi
2855:doi
2818:PMC
2808:doi
2765:PMC
2755:doi
2714:PMC
2706:doi
2702:574
2656:doi
2644:309
2605:PMC
2589:doi
2540:doi
2505:PMC
2495:doi
2446:PMC
2436:doi
2395:PMC
2385:doi
2381:373
2342:PMC
2332:doi
2288:PMC
2272:doi
2223:doi
2180:PMC
2162:doi
2119:PMC
2111:doi
2107:113
2027:doi
2015:270
1981:349
1943:doi
1939:162
1898:doi
1806:PMC
1796:doi
1755:PMC
1747:doi
1700:doi
1663:doi
1622:PMC
1612:doi
1568:PMC
1560:doi
1468:PMC
1458:doi
1412:PMC
1402:doi
1348:doi
1307:doi
1257:doi
1207:PMC
1189:doi
1148:PMC
1140:doi
734:in
589:to
312:.)
234:DNA
25:RNA
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