385:, GC-MS and LC/MS spectra from more than 1,100 different metabolites. The clinical information includes data on >10,000 metabolite-biofluid concentrations, metabolite concentration information on more than 600 different human diseases and pathway data for more than 200 different inborn errors of metabolism. The biochemical information includes nearly 6,000 protein (and DNA) sequences and more than 5,000 biochemical reactions that are linked to these metabolite entries. The HMDB supports a wide variety of online queries including text searches, chemical structure searches, sequence similarity searches and spectral similarity searches. This makes it particularly useful for metabolomic researchers who are attempting to identify or understand metabolites in clinical metabolomic studies. The first version of the HMDB was released in Jan. 1 2007 and was compiled by scientists at the
237:. Because each chemical compound has a different chemical structure, each compound will have a unique (or almost unique) NMR spectrum. As a result, NMR is particularly useful for the characterization, identification and quantification of small molecules, such as metabolites. The widespread use of NMR for "classical" metabolic studies, along with its exceptional capacity to handle complex metabolite mixtures is likely the reason why NMR was one of the first technologies to be widely adopted for routine metabolome measurements. As an analytical technique, NMR is non-destructive, non-biased, easily quantifiable, requires little or no separation, permits the identification of novel compounds and it needs no chemical derivatization. NMR is particularly amenable to detecting compounds that are less tractable to
261:) or blasting them with a laser when they are placed on specially coated plates (matrix assisted laser desorption ionization). The charged molecules are then propelled through space using electrodes or magnets and their speed, rate of curvature, or other physical characteristics are measured to determine their mass-to-charge ratio. From these data the mass of the parent molecule can be determined. Further fragmentation of the molecule through controlled collisions with gas molecules or with electrons can help determine the structure of molecules. Very accurate mass measurements can also be used to determine the elemental formulas or elemental composition of compounds. Most forms of mass spectrometry require some form of separation using
486:
different metabolites. The biochemical information includes >1,600 protein (and DNA) sequences and >3,100 biochemical reactions that are linked to these metabolite entries. The ECMDB supports many different types of online queries including text searches, chemical structure searches, sequence similarity searches and spectral similarity searches. This makes it particularly useful for metabolomic researchers who are studying E. coli as a model organism.
22:
443:
different metabolites. The biochemical information in YMDB includes >1,100 protein (and DNA) sequences and >900 biochemical reactions. The YMDB supports a wide variety of queries including text searches, chemical structure searches, sequence similarity searches and spectral similarity searches. This makes it particularly useful for metabolomic researchers who are studying yeast as a model organism or who are looking into optimizing the production of
314:
different organs and biofluids associated with those organs and tissues can also have distinctly different metabolomes. The fact that different organisms and different tissues/biofluids have such different metabolomes has led to the development of a number of organism-specific and biofluid-specific metabolome databases. Some of the better known metabolome databases include the
354:. Metabolome databases can be distinguished from metabolite databases in that metabolite databases contain lightly annotated or synoptic metabolite data from multiple organisms while metabolome databases contain richly detailed and heavily referenced chemical, pathway, spectral and metabolite concentration data for specific organisms.
233:) at which a given atom or nucleus absorbs is highly dependent on the chemical environment (bonding, chemical structure nearest neighbours, solvent) of that atom in a given molecule. The NMR absorption patterns produce "resonance" peaks at different frequencies or different chemical shifts – this collection of peaks is called an
218:(CE) to facilitate compound separation. Each method is typically able to identify or characterize 50-5,000 different metabolites or metabolite "features" at a time, depending on the instrument or protocol being used. Currently it is not possible to analyze the entire range of metabolites by a single analytical method.
393:. At that time, they reported data on 2,500 metabolites, 1,200 drugs and 3,500 food components. Since then these scientists have greatly expanded the collection. The version 3.5 of the HMDB contains >16,000 endogenous metabolites, >1,500 drugs and >22,000 food constituents or food metabolites.
313:
Because an organism's metabolome is largely defined by its genome, different species will have different metabolomes. Indeed, the fact that the metabolome of a tomato is different from the metabolome of an apple is the reason why these two fruits taste so different. Furthermore, different tissues,
401:
Scientists at the
University of Alberta have been systematically characterizing specific biofluid metabolomes including the serum metabolome, the urine metabolome, the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) metabolome and the saliva metabolome. These efforts have involved both experimental metabolomic analysis
273:
separation (this is particularly true for GC-MS). As an analytical technique, MS is a very sensitive method that requires very little sample (<1 ng of material or <10 μL of a biofluid) and can generate signals for thousands of metabolites from a single sample. MS instruments can also be
442:
The chemical information in YMDB includes 2,027 metabolite structures with detailed metabolite descriptions, extensive chemical classifications, synthesis information and observed/calculated chemical properties. It also contains nearly 4,000 NMR, GC-MS and LC/MS spectra obtained from more than 500
485:
The chemical information includes more than 2,700 metabolite structures with detailed metabolite descriptions, extensive chemical classifications, synthesis information and observed/calculated chemical properties. It also contains nearly 5,000 NMR, GC-MS and LC-MS spectra from more than 600
305:, the metabolome is a highly dynamic entity that can change dramatically, over a period of just seconds or minutes. As a result, there is growing interest in measuring metabolites over multiple time periods or over short time intervals using modified versions of NMR or MS-based metabolomics.
410:
assays) as well as extensive literature mining. According to their data, the human serum metabolome contains at least 4,200 different compounds (including many lipids), the human urine metabolome contains at least 3,000 different compounds (including hundreds of volatiles and gut microbial
274:
configured for very high throughput metabolome analyses (hundreds to thousands of samples a day). Quantification of metabolites and the characterization of novel compound structures is more difficult by MS than by NMR. LC-MS is particularly amenable to detecting hydrophobic molecules (
457:
SESI-HRMS is a non-invasive analytical technique that allows us to monitor the yeast metabolic activities. SESI-HRMS has found around 300 metabolites in the yeast fermentation process, this suggests that a large number of glucose metabolites are not reported in the literature.
170:". It was constructed to imply that metabolites are indirectly encoded by genes or act on genes and gene products. The term "metabolome" was first used in 1998 and was likely coined to match with existing biological terms referring to the complete set of genes (the
269:. This separation step is required to simplify the resulting mass spectra and to permit more accurate compound identification. Some mass spectrometry methods also require that the molecules be derivatized or chemically modified so that they are more amenable for
144:
In other words, there is both an endogenous metabolome and an exogenous metabolome. The endogenous metabolome can be further subdivided to include a "primary" and a "secondary" metabolome (particularly when referring to plant or microbial metabolomes). A
153:
is not directly involved in those processes, but usually has important ecological function. Secondary metabolites may include pigments, antibiotics or waste products derived from partially metabolized xenobiotics. The study of the metabolome is called
245:
analysis, such as large molecules (>500 Da) or relatively non-reactive compounds. NMR is not a very sensitive technique with a lower limit of detection of about 5 μM. Typically 50-150 compounds can be identified by NMR-based metabolomic studies.
380:
The chemical data includes >40,000 metabolite structures with detailed descriptions, extensive chemical classifications, synthesis information and observed/calculated chemical properties. It also contains nearly 10,000 experimentally measured
366:(HMDB) is a freely available, open-access database containing detailed data on more than 40,000 metabolites that have already been identified or are likely to be found in the human body. The HMDB contains three kinds of information:
501:– and of an animal (a mammal) across different life stages – was released online. The data differentiates by brain regions and the metabolic changes could be "mapped to existing gene and protein brain atlases".
411:
metabolites), the human CSF metabolome contains nearly 500 different compounds while the human saliva metabolome contains approximately 400 different metabolites, including many bacterial products.
182:). The first book on metabolomics was published in 2003. The first journal dedicated to metabolomics (titled simply "Metabolomics") was launched in 2005 and is currently edited by Prof.
194:
The metabolome reflects the interaction between an organism's genome and its environment. As a result, an organism's metabolome can serve as an excellent probe of its
918:
Goodacre R, Vaidyanathan S, Dunn WB, Harrigan GG, Kell DB (May 2004). "Metabolomics by numbers: acquiring and understanding global metabolite data".
670:"Nonlinear data alignment for UPLC-MS and HPLC-MS based metabolomics: quantitative analysis of endogenous and exogenous metabolites in human serum"
489:
Secondary electrospray ionization (SESI-MS) can discriminate between eleven E. Coli strains thanks to the volatile organic compound profiling.
202:
and its environment). Metabolites can be measured (identified, quantified or classified) using a number of different technologies including
334:. The latter three databases are specific to human biofluids. A number of very popular general metabolite databases also exist including
1623:
Smith CA, O'Maille G, Want EJ, Qin C, Trauger SA, Brandon TR, et al. (December 2005). "METLIN: a metabolite mass spectral database".
238:
775:
253:
of molecules. Molecules or molecular fragments are typically charged or ionized by spraying them through a charged field (
278:, fatty acids) and peptides while GC-MS is best for detecting small molecules (<500 Da) and highly volatile compounds (
719:"Effect of slow growth on metabolism of Escherichia coli, as revealed by global metabolite pool ("metabolome") analysis"
1265:"Multi-platform characterization of the human cerebrospinal fluid metabolome: a comprehensive and quantitative update"
1774:"Detection of Escherichia coli via VOC profiling using secondary electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (SESI-MS)"
450:
791:
Fiehn O, Kloska S, Altmann T (February 2001). "Integrated studies on plant biology using multiparallel techniques".
221:
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is an analytical chemistry technique that measures the absorption of
547:
575:
Oliver SG, Winson MK, Kell DB, Baganz F (September 1998). "Systematic functional analysis of the yeast genome".
1910:
Louis P, Hold GL, Flint HJ (October 2014). "The gut microbiota, bacterial metabolites and colorectal cancer".
1527:"The MetaCyc database of metabolic pathways and enzymes and the BioCyc collection of pathway/genome databases"
1821:
1427:"MetaboLights--an open-access general-purpose repository for metabolomics studies and associated meta-data"
467:
323:
470:
is a freely accessible, online database of >2,700 small molecule metabolites found in or produced by
423:
is a freely accessible, online database of >2,000 small molecule metabolites found in or produced by
186:. Some of the more significant early papers on metabolome analysis are listed in the references below.
382:
326:
or ECMDB, the
Arabidopsis metabolome database or AraCyc as well as the Urine Metabolome Database, the
828:"Combining genomics, metabolome analysis, and biochemical modelling to understand metabolic networks"
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363:
331:
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126:
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339:
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114:
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Kopka J, Schauer N, Krueger S, Birkemeyer C, Usadel B, Bergmüller E, et al. (April 2005).
584:
888:
390:
386:
262:
211:
1715:
Tejero
Rioseras A, Garcia Gomez D, Ebert BE, Blank LM, Ibáñez AJ, Sinues PM (October 2017).
1425:
Haug K, Salek RM, Conesa P, Hastings J, de Matos P, Rijnbeek M, et al. (January 2013).
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150:
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8:
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radiation of specific nuclei when molecules containing those nuclei are placed in strong
1865:
1732:
1525:
Caspi R, Altman T, Dale JM, Dreher K, Fulcher CA, Gilham F, et al. (January 2010).
1334:
1317:
Psychogios N, Hau DD, Peng J, Guo AC, Mandal R, Bouatra S, et al. (February 2011).
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266:
146:
81:. The small molecule chemicals found in a given metabolome may include both endogenous
1402:
1377:
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743:
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598:
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207:
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Wishart DS, Jewison T, Guo AC, Wilson M, Knox C, Liu Y, et al. (January 2013).
1652:
1492:
1475:
1263:
Mandal R, Guo AC, Chaudhary KK, Liu P, Yallou FS, Dong E, et al. (April 2012).
1100:
Guo AC, Jewison T, Wilson M, Liu Y, Knox C, Djoumbou Y, et al. (January 2013).
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1113:
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1051:
Jewison T, Knox C, Neveu V, Djoumbou Y, Guo AC, Lee J, et al. (January 2012).
1023:
1015:
1002:
Wishart DS, Tzur D, Knox C, Eisner R, Guo AC, Young N, et al. (January 2007).
974:
966:
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70:
931:
1343:
1227:
1201:
Bouatra S, Aziat F, Mandal R, Guo AC, Wilson MR, Knox C, et al. (Sep 2013).
270:
226:
66:
1874:
1848:
Ding J, Ji J, Rabow Z, Shen T, Folz J, Brydges CR, et al. (October 2021).
1740:
768:
Metabolic
Profiling: Its Role in Biomarker Discovery and Gene Function Analysis
530:
510:
230:
222:
130:
58:
54:
1502:
1950:
1789:
498:
179:
94:
90:
30:
474:(E. coli strain K12, MG1655). The ECMDB contains two kinds of information:
166:
The word metabolome appears to be a blending of the words "metabolite" and "
149:
is directly involved in the normal growth, development, and reproduction. A
57:
chemicals found within a biological sample. The biological sample can be a
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1893:
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210:. Most mass spectrometry (MS) methods must be coupled to various forms of
183:
155:
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606:
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82:
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21:
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195:
62:
953:
Lu W, Su X, Klein MS, Lewis IA, Fiehn O, Rabinowitz JD (June 2017).
1826:
955:"Metabolite Measurement: Pitfalls to Avoid and Practices to Follow"
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199:
175:
118:
110:
78:
74:
38:
34:
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343:
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42:
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via their metabolome. In particular, the conversion of primary
663:
403:
351:
298:
291:
279:
275:
249:
Mass spectrometry is an analytical technique that measures the
171:
134:
106:
102:
26:
1473:
716:
242:
492:
461:
407:
335:
1717:"Comprehensive Real-Time Analysis of the Yeast Volatilome"
1622:
1573:
1151:"AraCyc: a biochemical pathway database for Arabidopsis"
1050:
717:
Tweeddale H, Notley-McRobb L, Ferenci T (October 1998).
241:
analysis, such as sugars, amines or volatile liquids or
1665:
1424:
875:
Weckwerth W (2003). "Metabolomics in systems biology".
257:), bombarding them with electrons from a hot filament (
125:, etc.) as well as exogenous chemicals (such as drugs,
574:
16:
Complete set of small molecules in a biological sample
1524:
1262:
1200:
1001:
1574:
Fahy E, Sud M, Cotter D, Subramaniam S (July 2007).
1316:
85:
that are naturally produced by an organism (such as
1099:
790:
141:) that are not naturally produced by an organism.
1668:"HMDB 3.0--The Human Metabolome Database in 2013"
1948:
1148:
765:
625:"Current progress in computational metabolomics"
357:
25:General schema showing the relationships of the
1847:
1378:"KEGG: kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes"
1312:
1310:
1258:
1256:
1196:
1194:
431:). The YMDB contains two kinds of information:
1909:
952:
1850:"A metabolome atlas of the aging mouse brain"
570:
568:
396:
1905:
1903:
1659:
1616:
1576:"LIPID MAPS online tools for lipid research"
1567:
1518:
1467:
1418:
1375:
1369:
1307:
1253:
1191:
1142:
1093:
1044:
995:
759:
525:to secondary bile acids as a consequence of
414:
911:
868:
819:
784:
657:
613:
189:
178:) and the complete set of transcripts (the
1822:"A map of mouse brain metabolism in aging"
1149:Mueller LA, Zhang P, Rhee SY (June 2003).
710:
565:
497:In 2021, the first brain metabolome atlas
1900:
1883:
1873:
1797:
1748:
1691:
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1501:
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1450:
1401:
1352:
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1236:
1226:
1174:
1125:
1076:
1027:
978:
874:
851:
742:
693:
640:
588:
493:Metabolome atlas of the aging mouse brain
1102:"ECMDB: the E. coli Metabolome Database"
889:10.1146/annurev.arplant.54.031902.135014
504:
462:The Escherichia coli Metabolome Database
20:
1771:
619:
308:
1949:
770:. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
766:Harrigan GG, Goodacre R, eds. (2003).
1053:"YMDB: the Yeast Metabolome Database"
1004:"HMDB: the Human Metabolome Database"
971:10.1146/annurev-biochem-061516-044952
825:
174:), the complete set of proteins (the
1376:Kanehisa M, Goto S (January 2000).
832:Comparative and Functional Genomics
330:(CSF) Metabolome Database and the
13:
1637:10.1097/01.ftd.0000179845.53213.39
14:
1978:
1942:
455:high resolution mass spectrometry
451:Secondary electrospray ionization
214:(LC), gas chromatography (GC) or
1476:": the Golm Metabolome Database"
793:Current Opinion in Biotechnology
735:10.1128/JB.180.19.5109-5116.1998
664:Nordström A, O'Maille G, Qin C,
1841:
1814:
1765:
1708:
946:
877:Annual Review of Plant Biology
53:refers to the complete set of
1:
1586:(Web Server issue): W606-12.
1493:10.1093/bioinformatics/bti236
959:Annual Review of Biochemistry
932:10.1016/j.tibtech.2004.03.007
805:10.1016/S0958-1669(00)00165-8
599:10.1016/S0167-7799(98)01214-1
558:
358:The Human Metabolome Database
1912:Nature Reviews. Microbiology
1772:Zhu J, Hill JE (June 2013).
1344:10.1371/journal.pone.0016957
1319:"The human serum metabolome"
1228:10.1371/journal.pone.0073076
1203:"The human urine metabolome"
7:
1625:Therapeutic Drug Monitoring
1112:(Database issue): D625-30.
1063:(Database issue): D815-20.
629:Briefings in Bioinformatics
536:
468:E. Coli Metabolome Database
324:E. coli Metabolome Database
229:. The frequency (i.e. the
10:
1983:
1875:10.1038/s41467-021-26310-y
1741:10.1038/s41598-017-14554-y
1678:(Database issue): D801-7.
1537:(Database issue): D473-9.
1437:(Database issue): D781-6.
1014:(Database issue): D521-6.
397:Human biofluid metabolomes
161:
127:environmental contaminants
421:Yeast Metabolome Database
415:Yeast Metabolome Database
364:Human Metabolome Database
332:Serum Metabolome Database
320:Yeast Metabolome Database
316:Human Metabolome Database
216:capillary electrophoresis
198:(i.e. the product of its
1790:10.1016/j.fm.2012.12.008
481:Biochemical information.
478:Chemical information and
438:Biochemical information.
435:Chemical information and
425:Saccharomyces cerevisiae
376:Biochemical information.
373:Clinical information and
340:Golm Metabolome Database
190:Measuring the metabolome
920:Trends in Biotechnology
723:Journal of Bacteriology
577:Trends in Biotechnology
548:Protein electrophoresis
402:(involving NMR, GC-MS,
255:electrospray ionization
1672:Nucleic Acids Research
1580:Nucleic Acids Research
1531:Nucleic Acids Research
1431:Nucleic Acids Research
1382:Nucleic Acids Research
1106:Nucleic Acids Research
1057:Nucleic Acids Research
1008:Nucleic Acids Research
529:in the colon promotes
73:, a tissue extract, a
46:
1854:Nature Communications
1167:10.1104/pp.102.017236
505:Intestinal metabolome
391:University of Calgary
387:University of Alberta
370:Chemical information,
263:liquid chromatography
212:liquid chromatography
24:
674:Analytical Chemistry
527:bacterial metabolism
338:, MetaboLights, the
309:Metabolome databases
251:mass-to-charge ratio
151:secondary metabolite
1924:10.1038/nrmicro3344
1866:2021NatCo..12.6021D
1733:2017NatSR...714236T
1684:10.1093/nar/gks1065
1443:10.1093/nar/gks1004
1394:10.1093/nar/28.1.27
1335:2011PLoSO...616957P
1219:2013PLoSO...873076B
445:fermented beverages
328:Cerebrospinal Fluid
259:electron ionization
1721:Scientific Reports
1592:10.1093/nar/gkm324
1543:10.1093/nar/gkp875
1503:20.500.11850/33179
1118:10.1093/nar/gks992
1069:10.1093/nar/gkr916
1020:10.1093/nar/gkl923
642:10.1093/bib/bbm030
623:(September 2007).
553:Protein sequencing
513:contribute to the
499:of the mouse brain
267:gas chromatography
147:primary metabolite
47:
37:, and metabolome (
1778:Food Microbiology
777:978-1-4020-7370-0
686:10.1021/ac060245f
519:colorectal cancer
509:Human intestinal
208:mass spectrometry
1974:
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1155:Plant Physiology
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992:
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826:Fiehn O (2001).
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746:
714:
708:
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661:
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572:
543:Tumor metabolome
472:Escherichia coli
204:NMR spectroscopy
1982:
1981:
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1962:Systems biology
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1423:
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1374:
1370:
1315:
1308:
1269:Genome Medicine
1261:
1254:
1199:
1192:
1147:
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1098:
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951:
947:
916:
912:
873:
869:
824:
820:
789:
785:
778:
764:
760:
729:(19): 5109–16.
715:
711:
680:(10): 3289–95.
662:
658:
618:
614:
573:
566:
561:
539:
507:
495:
464:
417:
399:
360:
311:
271:chromatographic
227:magnetic fields
192:
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17:
12:
11:
5:
1980:
1970:
1969:
1967:Bioinformatics
1964:
1959:
1944:
1943:External links
1941:
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1937:
1918:(10): 661–72.
1899:
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1480:Bioinformatics
1466:
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1141:
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994:
965:(1): 277–304.
945:
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867:
844:10.1002/cfg.82
818:
783:
776:
758:
709:
656:
612:
590:10.1.1.33.5221
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531:carcinogenesis
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310:
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231:chemical shift
223:radiofrequency
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131:food additives
55:small-molecule
15:
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1631:(6): 747–51.
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1282:10.1186/gm337
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1161:(2): 453–60.
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926:(5): 245–52.
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429:Baker's yeast
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322:or YMDB, the
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318:or HMDB, the
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96:
95:nucleic acids
92:
91:organic acids
88:
84:
80:
77:or an entire
76:
72:
68:
64:
61:, a cellular
60:
56:
52:
44:
40:
36:
32:
31:transcriptome
28:
23:
19:
1915:
1911:
1857:
1853:
1843:
1831:. Retrieved
1825:
1816:
1784:(2): 412–7.
1781:
1777:
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1727:(1): 14236.
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1388:(1): 27–30.
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677:
673:
668:(May 2006).
659:
632:
628:
615:
583:(9): 373–8.
580:
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508:
496:
488:
484:
465:
449:
441:
418:
406:, LC-MS and
400:
379:
361:
312:
301:or even the
296:
248:
235:NMR spectrum
220:
193:
184:Roy Goodacre
165:
156:metabolomics
143:
50:
48:
18:
1860:(1): 6021.
1833:15 November
799:(1): 82–6.
297:Unlike the
139:xenobiotics
123:antibiotics
99:fatty acids
87:amino acids
83:metabolites
1957:Metabolism
1951:Categories
883:: 669–89.
621:Wishart DS
559:References
523:bile acids
511:microbiota
282:, amines,
168:chromosome
137:and other
115:co-factors
51:metabolome
1275:(4): 38.
666:Siuzdak G
585:CiteSeerX
348:LipidMaps
196:phenotype
63:organelle
1932:25198138
1894:34654818
1827:UC Davis
1808:23541210
1759:29079837
1702:23161693
1653:14774455
1645:16404815
1610:17584797
1561:19850718
1512:15613389
1461:23109552
1412:10592173
1363:21359215
1323:PLOS ONE
1301:22546835
1247:24023812
1207:PLOS ONE
1185:12805578
1136:23109553
1087:22064855
1038:17202168
989:28654323
940:15109811
897:14503007
862:18628911
813:11167078
704:16689529
651:17626065
537:See also
515:etiology
389:and the
303:proteome
200:genotype
176:proteome
119:pigments
111:vitamins
79:organism
75:biofluid
39:lipidome
35:proteome
1885:8519999
1862:Bibcode
1799:4425455
1750:5660155
1729:Bibcode
1693:3531200
1601:1933166
1552:2808959
1452:3531110
1354:3040193
1331:Bibcode
1292:3446266
1238:3762851
1215:Bibcode
1127:3531117
1078:3245085
1029:1899095
980:5734093
905:1197884
853:2447208
753:9748443
695:3705959
607:9744112
344:MetaCyc
288:alkanes
284:ketones
162:Origins
43:glycome
1930:
1892:
1882:
1806:
1796:
1757:
1747:
1700:
1690:
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1643:
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744:107546
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587:
404:ICP-MS
352:Metlin
299:genome
292:thiols
280:esters
276:lipids
172:genome
135:toxins
107:sugars
103:amines
71:tissue
27:genome
1649:S2CID
901:S2CID
243:GC-MS
239:LC-MS
67:organ
65:, an
1928:PMID
1890:PMID
1835:2021
1804:PMID
1755:PMID
1698:PMID
1641:PMID
1606:PMID
1557:PMID
1508:PMID
1457:PMID
1408:PMID
1359:PMID
1297:PMID
1243:PMID
1181:PMID
1132:PMID
1083:PMID
1034:PMID
985:PMID
936:PMID
893:PMID
858:PMID
809:PMID
772:ISBN
749:PMID
700:PMID
647:PMID
603:PMID
466:The
419:The
408:HPLC
362:The
350:and
336:KEGG
206:and
69:, a
59:cell
49:The
1920:doi
1880:PMC
1870:doi
1794:PMC
1786:doi
1745:PMC
1737:doi
1688:PMC
1680:doi
1633:doi
1596:PMC
1588:doi
1547:PMC
1539:doi
1498:hdl
1488:doi
1447:PMC
1439:doi
1398:PMC
1390:doi
1349:PMC
1339:doi
1287:PMC
1277:doi
1233:PMC
1223:doi
1171:PMC
1163:doi
1159:132
1122:PMC
1114:doi
1073:PMC
1065:doi
1024:PMC
1016:doi
975:PMC
967:doi
928:doi
885:doi
848:PMC
840:doi
801:doi
739:PMC
731:doi
727:180
690:PMC
682:doi
637:doi
595:doi
517:of
383:NMR
294:).
265:or
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