27:
6897:
171:
419:
536:
317:
756:
form one of two possible structures in regions encoding very short peptide sequences that are rich in the end product amino acid of the operon. A terminator structure forms when there is an excess of the regulatory amino acid and ribosome movement over the leader transcript is not impeded. When there
696:
The B2 RNA is a small noncoding RNA polymerase III transcript that represses mRNA transcription in response to heat shock in mouse cells. B2 RNA inhibits transcription by binding to core Pol II. Through this interaction, B2 RNA assembles into preinitiation complexes at the promoter and blocks RNA
129:
studies suggest that there are thousands of non-coding transcripts. Many of the newly identified ncRNAs have unknown functions, if any. There is no consensus on how much of non-coding transcription is functional: some believe most ncRNAs to be non-functional "junk RNA", spurious transcriptions,
1229:. A mouse model engineered to have a duplication of the SNORD115 cluster displays autistic-like behaviour. A recent small study of post-mortem brain tissue demonstrated altered expression of long non-coding RNAs in the prefrontal cortex and cerebellum of autistic brains as compared to controls.
1192:
tumor suppressor is arguably the most important agent in preventing tumor formation and progression. The p53 protein functions as a transcription factor with a crucial role in orchestrating the cellular stress response. In addition to its crucial role in cancer, p53 has been implicated in other
295:
Noncoding RNAs belong to several groups and are involved in many cellular processes. These range from ncRNAs of central importance that are conserved across all or most cellular life through to more transient ncRNAs specific to one or a few closely related species. The more conserved ncRNAs are
1196:
Another example of non-coding RNA dysregulated in cancer cells is the long non-coding RNA Linc00707. Linc00707 is upregulated and sponges miRNAs in human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells, in hepatocellular carcinoma, gastric cancer or breast cancer, and thus promotes osteogenesis,
229:
and identification of the 5' and 3' ends then helped arrange the fragments to establish the RNA sequence. Of the three structures originally proposed for this tRNA, the 'cloverleaf' structure was independently proposed in several following publications. The cloverleaf
613:
regulate gene expression. A single miRNA can reduce the expression levels of hundreds of genes. The mechanism by which mature miRNA molecules act is through partial complementarity to one or more messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules, generally in
1213:. Prader–Willi is a developmental disorder associated with over-eating and learning difficulties. SNORD116 has potential target sites within a number of protein-coding genes, and could have a role in regulating alternative splicing.
757:
is a deficiency of the charged tRNA of the regulatory amino acid the ribosome translating the leader peptide stalls and the antiterminator structure forms. This allows RNA polymerase to transcribe the operon. Known RNA leaders are
1193:
diseases including diabetes, cell death after ischemia, and various neurodegenerative diseases such as
Huntington, Parkinson, and Alzheimer. Studies have suggested that p53 expression is subject to regulation by non-coding RNA.
4959:
Xie M, Ma T, Xue J, Ma H, Sun M, Zhang Z, et al. (February 2019). "The long intergenic non-protein coding RNA 707 promotes proliferation and metastasis of gastric cancer by interacting with mRNA stabilizing protein HuR".
1127:. The miRNAs are involved in the large scale regulation of many protein coding genes, the Y RNAs are important for the initiation of DNA replication, telomerase RNA that serves as a primer for telomerase, an RNP that extends
969:, are RNAs that have two distinct functions. The majority of the known bifunctional RNAs are mRNAs that encode both a protein and ncRNAs. However, a growing number of ncRNAs fall into two different ncRNA categories; e.g.,
1284:. BACE1-AS regulates the expression of BACE1 by increasing BACE1 mRNA stability and generating additional BACE1 through a post-transcriptional feed-forward mechanism. By the same mechanism it also raises concentrations of
4317:
Pibouin L, Villaudy J, Ferbus D, Muleris M, Prospéri MT, Remvikos Y, Goubin G (February 2002). "Cloning of the mRNA of overexpression in colon carcinoma-1: a sequence overexpressed in a subset of colon carcinomas".
5348:
Bolton PF, Veltman MW, Weisblatt E, Holmes JR, Thomas NS, Youings SA, et al. (September 2004). "Chromosome 15q11-13 abnormalities and other medical conditions in individuals with autism spectrum disorders".
5731:
Mencía A, Modamio-Høybjør S, Redshaw N, Morín M, Mayo-Merino F, Olavarrieta L, et al. (May 2009). "Mutations in the seed region of human miR-96 are responsible for nonsyndromic progressive hearing loss".
382:, is an evolutionary relative of RNase MRP. RNase P matures tRNA sequences by generating mature 5'-ends of tRNAs through cleaving the 5'-leader elements of precursor-tRNAs. Another ubiquitous RNP called
5256:
Ding F, Prints Y, Dhar MS, Johnson DK, Garnacho-Montero C, Nicholls RD, Francke U (June 2005). "Lack of Pwcr1/MBII-85 snoRNA is critical for neonatal lethality in Prader-Willi syndrome mouse models".
1559:
Thind AS, Monga I, Thakur PK, Kumari P, Dindhoria K, Krzak M, et al. (November 2021). "Demystifying emerging bulk RNA-Seq applications: the application and utility of bioinformatic methodology".
2437:
Kim SH, Quigley GJ, Suddath FL, McPherson A, Sneden D, Kim JJ, et al. (January 1973). "Three-dimensional structure of yeast phenylalanine transfer RNA: folding of the polynucleotide chain".
4578:
Lim LP, Lau NC, Garrett-Engele P, Grimson A, Schelter JM, Castle J, et al. (February 2005). "Microarray analysis shows that some microRNAs downregulate large numbers of target mRNAs".
1197:
contributes to hepatocellular carcinoma progression, promotes proliferation and metastasis, or indirectly regulates expression of proteins involved in cancer aggressiveness, respectively.
6373:
Housman G, Ulitsky I (January 2016). "Methods for distinguishing between protein-coding and long noncoding RNAs and the elusive biological purpose of translation of long noncoding RNAs".
3659:
Zhang J, King ML (December 1996). "Xenopus VegT RNA is localized to the vegetal cortex during oogenesis and encodes a novel T-box transcription factor involved in mesodermal patterning".
934:, is a negative regulator of Xist. X chromosomes lacking Tsix expression (and thus having high levels of Xist transcription) are inactivated more frequently than normal chromosomes. In
4074:"The micro-ribonucleic acid (miRNA) miR-206 targets the human estrogen receptor-alpha (ERalpha) and represses ERalpha messenger RNA and protein expression in breast cancer cell lines"
1384:. This eliminates the ambiguity when addressing a gene "encoding a non-coding" RNA. Besides, there may be a number of ncRNAs that are misannoted in published literature and datasets.
865:. The repeats are separated by spacers of similar length. It has been demonstrated that these spacers can be derived from phage and subsequently help protect the cell from infection.
2225:
Zachau HG, Dütting D, Feldmann H, Melchers F, Karau W (1966). "Serine specific transfer ribonucleic acids. XIV. Comparison of nucleotide sequences and secondary structure models".
4353:
Fu X, Ravindranath L, Tran N, Petrovics G, Srivastava S (March 2006). "Regulation of apoptosis by a prostate-specific and prostate cancer-associated noncoding gene, PCGEM1".
1372:
are nearly synonymous, however others have pointed out that a large proportion of annotated ncRNAs likely have no function. It also has been suggested to simply use the term
3298:
Hirota K, Miyoshi T, Kugou K, Hoffman CS, Shibata T, Ohta K (November 2008). "Stepwise chromatin remodelling by a cascade of transcription initiation of non-coding RNAs".
693:
represses translation by binding to Shine-Dalgarno sequences thereby occluding ribosome binding. OxyS RNA is induced in response to oxidative stress in
Escherichia coli.
3833:
Candeias MM, Malbert-Colas L, Powell DJ, Daskalogianni C, Maslon MM, Naski N, et al. (September 2008). "P53 mRNA controls p53 activity by managing Mdm2 functions".
4527:
Farh KK, Grimson A, Jan C, Lewis BP, Johnston WK, Lim LP, et al. (December 2005). "The widespread impact of mammalian MicroRNAs on mRNA repression and evolution".
4878:
Tu J, Zhao Z, Xu M, Chen M, Weng Q, Wang J, Ji J (July 2019). "LINC00707 contributes to hepatocellular carcinoma progression via sponging miR-206 to increase CDK14".
3163:
Lerner MR, Boyle JA, Hardin JA, Steitz JA (January 1981). "Two novel classes of small ribonucleoproteins detected by antibodies associated with lupus erythematosus".
1288:, the main constituent of senile plaques. BACE1-AS concentrations are elevated in subjects with Alzheimer's disease and in amyloid precursor protein transgenic mice.
493:
Another group of introns can catalyse their own removal from host transcripts; these are called self-splicing RNAs. There are two main groups of self-splicing RNAs:
1361:
1245:, a disease associated with an array of symptoms such as short stature, sparse hair, skeletal abnormalities and a suppressed immune system that is frequent among
1447:
Cheng J, Kapranov P, Drenkow J, Dike S, Brubaker S, Patel S, et al. (May 2005). "Transcriptional maps of 10 human chromosomes at 5-nucleotide resolution".
1352:) from ncRNA, to describe regions functional at the RNA level that may or may not be stand-alone RNA transcripts. This implies that fRNA (such as riboswitches,
5054:
Yuan RX, Bao D, Zhang Y (May 2020). "Linc00707 promotes cell proliferation, invasion, and migration via the miR-30c/CTHRC1 regulatory loop in breast cancer".
4829:"Long noncoding RNA LINC00707 sponges miR-370-3p to promote osteogenesis of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells through upregulating WNT2B"
3255:
Espinoza CA, Allen TA, Hieb AR, Kugel JF, Goodrich JA (September 2004). "B2 RNA binds directly to RNA polymerase II to repress transcript synthesis".
370:
is restricted to eukaryotes. Both groups of ncRNA are involved in the maturation of rRNA. The snoRNAs guide covalent modifications of rRNA, tRNA and
1172:. Likewise, a screen of 17 miRNAs that have been predicted to regulate a number of breast cancer associated genes found variations in the microRNAs
326:. Proteins are shown in blue and the two RNA strands in orange and yellow. The small patch of green in the center of the subunit is the active site.
3349:
Park Y, Kelley RL, Oh H, Kuroda MI, Meller VH (November 2002). "Extent of chromatin spreading determined by roX RNA recruitment of MSL proteins".
2758:
Ban N, Nissen P, Hansen J, Moore PB, Steitz TA (August 2000). "The complete atomic structure of the large ribosomal subunit at 2.4 A resolution".
2535:
5643:"Variability of clinical and laboratory features among patients with ribonuclease mitochondrial RNA processing endoribonuclease gene mutations"
450:
or tri-snRNP. There are two different forms of the spliceosome, the major and minor forms. The ncRNA components of the major spliceosome are
1333:
1161:
3704:"Potential structural role of non-coding and coding RNAs in the organization of the cytoskeleton at the vegetal cortex of Xenopus oocytes"
284:
2728:
2566:"Computational Identification of piRNAs Using Features Based on RNA Sequence, Structure, Thermodynamic and Physicochemical Properties"
4025:"Temporal regulation of microRNA expression in Drosophila melanogaster mediated by hormonal signals and broad-Complex gene activity"
244:
was next to be discovered, followed by URNA in the early 1980s. Since then, the discovery of new non-coding RNAs has continued with
2089:
Holley RW, Apgar J, Everett GA, Madison JT, Marquisee M, Merrill SH, et al. (March 1965). "Structure of a
Ribonucleic Acid".
6492:
3402:"A dual function for a bacterial small RNA: SgrS performs base pairing-dependent regulation and encodes a functional polypeptide"
780:
3786:"Identification of conserved secondary structures and expansion segments in enod40 RNAs reveals new enod40 homologues in plants"
988:. However, a handful of other bifunctional RNAs are known to exist (e.g., steroid receptor activator/SRA, VegT RNA, Oskar RNA,
5684:"Expression of a noncoding RNA is elevated in Alzheimer's disease and drives rapid feed-forward regulation of beta-secretase"
5005:"MicroRNA-876 is sponged by long noncoding RNA LINC00707 and directly targets metadherin to inhibit breast cancer malignancy"
1659:
1423:
277:
700:
A recent study has shown that just the act of transcription of ncRNA sequence can have an influence on gene expression.
1108:
1082:
6411:
5922:
Yarham JW, Elson JL, Blakely EL, McFarland R, Taylor RW (September 2010). "Mitochondrial tRNA mutations and disease".
6578:
4672:"Frequent deletions and down-regulation of micro- RNA genes miR15 and miR16 at 13q14 in chronic lymphocytic leukemia"
1916:
1165:
1041:
Non-coding RNAs are crucial in the development of several endocrine organs, as well as in endocrine diseases such as
1026:
can promote the expression of certain miRNAs. Furthermore, this regulation occurs at distinct temporal points within
6865:
1173:
1146:
1142:
3612:"Steroid receptor RNA activator (SRA1): unusual bifaceted gene products with suspected relevance to breast cancer"
6870:
725:
615:
6326:"Non-coding RNA fragments account for the majority of annotated piRNAs expressed in somatic non-gonadal tissues"
712:. Chromatin is progressively converted to an open configuration, as several species of ncRNAs are transcribed.
1188:
mutations, lending the possibility that familial breast cancer may be caused by variation in these miRNAs. The
1157:
721:
2966:"Structural insights into RNA quality control: the Ro autoantigen binds misfolded RNAs via its central cavity"
6767:
6653:
1242:
1169:
1012:
There is an important link between certain non-coding RNAs and the control of hormone-regulated pathways. In
501:. These ncRNAs catalyze their own excision from mRNA, tRNA and rRNA precursors in a wide range of organisms.
487:
483:
375:
543:
protein (white) binds the end of a double-stranded Y RNA (red) and a single stranded RNA (blue). (PDB: 1YVP
1222:
1206:
1150:
794:
570:
509:
139:
5543:"Mutations in the RNA component of RNase MRP cause a pleiotropic human disease, cartilage-hair hypoplasia"
5392:
Cook EH, Scherer SW (October 2008). "Copy-number variations associated with neuropsychiatric conditions".
5099:"Prader-Willi phenotype caused by paternal deficiency for the HBII-85 C/D box small nucleolar RNA cluster"
1504:"Identification and analysis of functional elements in 1% of the human genome by the ENCODE pilot project"
1049:
increased global transcription of the noncoding RNAs called lncRNAs near estrogen-activated coding genes.
6931:
6880:
6875:
6860:
6485:
6446:
6275:"Many lncRNAs, 5'UTRs, and pseudogenes are translated and some are likely to express functional proteins"
1132:
1116:
939:
638:
383:
5445:"Abnormal behavior in a chromosome-engineered mouse model for human 15q11-13 duplication seen in autism"
4227:
2715:
Poole A, Jeffares D, Penny D (October 1999). "Early evolution: prokaryotes, the new kids on the block".
2143:
3927:"Dual-function Spot 42 RNA encodes a 15-amino acid protein that regulates the CRP transcription factor"
562:
6114:
Pedersen JS, Bejerano G, Siepel A, Rosenbloom K, Lindblad-Toh K, Lander ES, et al. (April 2006).
2543:
791:. When iron concentration is low, IRPs bind the ferritin mRNA IRE leading to translation repression.
342:
are the 'factories' where translation takes place in the cell. The ribosome consists of more than 60%
2186:
1210:
1177:
951:
897:
892:. The telomeres contain condensed DNA material, giving stability to the chromosomes. The enzyme is a
709:
498:
354:. Ribosomal RNAs catalyse the translation of nucleotide sequences to protein. Another set of ncRNAs,
2164:
Madison JT, Everett GA, Kung H (July 1966). "Nucleotide sequence of a yeast tyrosine transfer RNA".
1594:
Washietl S, Pedersen JS, Korbel JO, Stocsits C, Gruber AR, Hackermüller J, et al. (June 2007).
5299:
Bazeley PS, Shepelev V, Talebizadeh Z, Butler MG, Fedorova L, Filatov V, Fedorov A (January 2008).
3067:"Dynamic interaction of Y RNAs with chromatin and initiation proteins during human DNA replication"
2780:
1091:, mutations or imbalances in the ncRNA repertoire within the body can cause a variety of diseases.
770:
494:
422:
Electron microscopy images of the yeast spliceosome. Note the bulk of the complex is in fact ncRNA.
5197:
Ding F, Li HH, Zhang S, Solomon NM, Camper SA, Cohen P, Francke U (March 2008). Akbarian S (ed.).
931:
6921:
5541:
Ridanpää M, van
Eenennaam H, Pelin K, Chadwick R, Johnson C, Yuan B, et al. (January 2001).
1499:
766:
758:
210:
6458:— a curated source of data related to over non-coding RNA databases available over the internet
4631:"A MicroRNA signature associated with prognosis and progression in chronic lymphocytic leukemia"
3569:
Ender C, Krek A, Friedländer MR, Beitzinger M, Weinmann L, Chen W, et al. (November 2008).
6900:
6593:
6478:
5301:"snoTARGET shows that human orphan snoRNA targets locate close to alternative splice junctions"
3743:
Jenny A, Hachet O, Závorszky P, Cyrklaff A, Weston MD, Johnston DS, et al. (August 2006).
2775:
2181:
1651:
1403:
1281:
802:
753:
331:
308:, and their current roles remain mostly in regulation of information flow from DNA to protein.
160:
51:
5146:
Skryabin BV, Gubar LV, Seeger B, Pfeiffer J, Handel S, Robeck T, et al. (December 2007).
4629:
Calin GA, Ferracin M, Cimmino A, Di Leva G, Shimizu M, Wojcik SE, et al. (October 2005).
835:
proteins. These piRNA complexes (piRCs) have been linked to transcriptional gene silencing of
6777:
6621:
6116:"Identification and classification of conserved RNA secondary structures in the human genome"
5682:
Faghihi MA, Modarresi F, Khalil AM, Wood DE, Sahagan BG, Morgan TE, et al. (July 2008).
5148:"Deletion of the MBII-85 snoRNA gene cluster in mice results in postnatal growth retardation"
1254:
893:
776:
762:
749:
387:
235:
5641:
Kavadas FD, Giliani S, Gu Y, Mazzolari E, Bates A, Pegoiani E, et al. (December 2008).
5097:
Sahoo T, del Gaudio D, German JR, Shinawi M, Peters SU, Person RE, et al. (June 2008).
1818:
Brosius J (May 2005). "Waste not, want not--transcript excess in multicellular eukaryotes".
6812:
6795:
6626:
6127:
5775:
Lewis MA, Quint E, Glazier AM, Fuchs H, De
Angelis MH, Langford C, et al. (May 2009).
5401:
5210:
5199:"SnoRNA Snord116 (Pwcr1/MBII-85) deletion causes growth deficiency and hyperphagia in mice"
4683:
4587:
4536:
4265:
4183:
3938:
3472:
3413:
3358:
3307:
3172:
2873:
2767:
2673:
2622:
2446:
2391:
2332:
2273:
2173:
2098:
2025:
2016:
Caspersson T, Schultz J (1939). "Pentose nucleotides in the cytoplasm of growing tissues".
1515:
1502:, Guigó R, Gingeras TR, Margulies EH, et al. (ENCODE Project Consortium) (June 2007).
1456:
817:
505:
305:
152:
4390:"GAS5, a non-protein-coding RNA, controls apoptosis and is downregulated in breast cancer"
1648:
Non-coding RNAs and
Epigenetic Regulation of Gene Expression: Drivers of Natural Selection
900:, which is used as a template when it elongates telomeres, which are shortened after each
8:
6807:
6790:
6648:
6531:
4480:"Noncoding human Y RNAs are overexpressed in tumours and required for cell proliferation"
1909:
RNA, The
Epicenter of Genetic Information : A New Understanding of Molecular Biology
1070:
752:
sequences are found upstream of the first gene of amino acid biosynthetic operons. These
731:
642:
265:
231:
163:; he reasoned that RNA is better suited to base-pair with an mRNA transcript than a pure
17:
6131:
5965:
Zifa E, Giannouli S, Theotokis P, Stamatis C, Mamuris Z, Stathopoulos C (January 2007).
5405:
5214:
4687:
4591:
4540:
4269:
4187:
3942:
3476:
3417:
3362:
3311:
3208:"A role for the catalytic ribonucleoprotein RNase P in RNA polymerase III transcription"
3176:
3065:
Zhang AT, Langley AR, Christov CP, Kheir E, Shafee T, Gardiner TJ, Krude T (June 2011).
2917:
Jones, Thomas A.; Otto, Wolfgang; Marz, Manja; Eddy, Sean R.; Stadler, Peter F. (2009).
2877:
2813:"Sequence analysis of RNase MRP RNA reveals its origination from eukaryotic RNase P RNA"
2771:
2677:
2626:
2450:
2395:
2336:
2277:
2177:
2102:
2029:
1519:
1460:
629:
is required for the normal and efficient transcription of various ncRNAs transcribed by
6701:
6696:
6571:
6350:
6325:
6301:
6274:
6250:
6225:
6201:
6174:
6150:
6115:
6042:
6015:
5996:
5947:
5899:
5874:
5850:
5825:
5801:
5776:
5757:
5708:
5683:
5582:
5518:
5493:
5469:
5444:
5425:
5374:
5325:
5300:
5281:
5233:
5198:
5174:
5147:
5123:
5098:
5079:
5031:
5004:
4985:
4941:
4933:
4903:
4855:
4828:
4809:
4755:
4730:
4670:
Calin GA, Dumitru CD, Shimizu M, Bichi R, Zupo S, Noch E, et al. (November 2002).
4611:
4560:
4504:
4479:
4455:
4430:
4299:
4286:
4253:
4204:
4171:
4147:
4114:
4054:
3961:
3926:
3902:
3877:
3858:
3810:
3785:
3684:
3636:
3611:
3546:
3519:
3495:
3460:
3436:
3401:
3382:
3331:
3280:
3232:
3207:
3145:
3091:
3066:
3042:
3017:
2990:
2965:
2899:
2837:
2812:
2740:
2697:
2646:
2590:
2565:
2516:
2470:
2207:
2122:
2041:
1963:
1884:
1857:
1757:
1730:
1706:
1679:
1620:
1595:
1536:
1503:
1480:
1301:
1258:
1135:
for more information). The direct function of the long mRNA-like ncRNAs is less clear.
1066:
946:(RNA on the X) RNAs are involved in dosage compensation. Both Xist and roX operate by
943:
679:
630:
148:
130:
while others expect that many non-coding transcripts have functions to be discovered.
107:
5559:
5542:
4706:
4671:
4446:
4331:
4172:"Functional roles of enhancer RNAs for oestrogen-dependent transcriptional activation"
4041:
4024:
4001:
2581:
2414:
2379:
2378:
Ladner JE, Jack A, Robertus JD, Brown RS, Rhodes D, Clark BF, Klug A (November 1975).
2355:
2320:
2296:
2261:
1934:"Long Noncoding RNAs and Repetitive Elements: Junk or Intimate Evolutionary Partners?"
1324:
A number of mutations within mitochondrial tRNAs have been linked to diseases such as
645:
genes. RNase P exerts its role in transcription through association with Pol III and
544:
221:) and then with takadiastase ribonuclease Tl (producing fragments which finished with
62:
sequence from which a functional non-coding RNA is transcribed is often called an RNA
6785:
6747:
6740:
6691:
6643:
6390:
6355:
6306:
6255:
6206:
6155:
6096:
6091:
6067:"A computational approach to identify genes for functional RNAs in genomic sequences"
6066:
6047:
5988:
5939:
5904:
5855:
5806:
5749:
5713:
5664:
5623:
5574:
5523:
5474:
5417:
5366:
5362:
5330:
5273:
5238:
5179:
5128:
5083:
5071:
5036:
4977:
4922:
4895:
4860:
4801:
4760:
4711:
4652:
4603:
4552:
4509:
4460:
4411:
4388:
Mourtada-Maarabouni M, Pickard MR, Hedge VL, Farzaneh F, Williams GT (January 2009).
4370:
4335:
4303:
4291:
4209:
4152:
4095:
4046:
4005:
3966:
3907:
3850:
3815:
3766:
3725:
3676:
3641:
3592:
3551:
3500:
3441:
3374:
3323:
3272:
3237:
3188:
3137:
3096:
3047:
2995:
2946:
2938:
2891:
2842:
2793:
2732:
2689:
2638:
2595:
2508:
2462:
2419:
2360:
2301:
2242:
2199:
2114:
2068:
1998:
1967:
1955:
1912:
1889:
1835:
1797:
1762:
1711:
1655:
1625:
1576:
1541:
1472:
1393:
1042:
806:
701:
664:
661:
335:
99:
31:
6000:
5951:
5777:"An ENU-induced mutation of miR-96 associated with progressive hearing loss in mice"
5761:
5586:
5378:
5285:
4989:
4907:
4813:
4058:
3688:
3386:
3284:
3149:
2903:
2744:
2701:
2520:
2474:
2126:
1780:
Hüttenhofer A, Schattner P, Polacek N (May 2005). "Non-coding RNAs: hope or hype?".
1484:
6611:
6450:
6382:
6345:
6337:
6296:
6286:
6245:
6237:
6196:
6186:
6145:
6135:
6086:
6078:
6037:
6027:
5978:
5931:
5894:
5886:
5845:
5841:
5837:
5796:
5788:
5741:
5703:
5695:
5654:
5613:
5564:
5554:
5513:
5505:
5464:
5456:
5443:
Nakatani J, Tamada K, Hatanaka F, Ise S, Ohta H, Inoue K, et al. (June 2009).
5429:
5409:
5358:
5320:
5312:
5265:
5228:
5218:
5169:
5159:
5118:
5110:
5063:
5026:
5016:
4969:
4914:
4887:
4850:
4840:
4791:
4750:
4742:
4701:
4691:
4642:
4615:
4595:
4564:
4544:
4499:
4491:
4450:
4442:
4401:
4362:
4327:
4281:
4273:
4199:
4191:
4142:
4134:
4126:
4085:
4036:
3997:
3956:
3946:
3897:
3889:
3862:
3842:
3805:
3797:
3756:
3715:
3668:
3631:
3623:
3582:
3541:
3531:
3490:
3480:
3431:
3421:
3366:
3335:
3315:
3264:
3227:
3219:
3180:
3127:
3086:
3078:
3037:
3029:
2985:
2977:
2930:
2881:
2832:
2824:
2785:
2724:
2681:
2650:
2630:
2585:
2577:
2500:
2454:
2409:
2399:
2350:
2340:
2291:
2281:
2234:
2211:
2191:
2106:
2045:
2033:
1990:
1945:
1879:
1869:
1827:
1789:
1752:
1742:
1701:
1691:
1615:
1607:
1568:
1531:
1523:
1464:
1023:
683:
678:
specificity factor. This interaction represses expression from a sigma70-dependent
634:
297:
191:
187:
6241:
3018:"Functional requirement of noncoding Y RNAs for human chromosomal DNA replication"
2110:
601:, transcribed from the enhancer region of a gene, act to promote gene expression.
190:, its structure was published in 1965. To produce a purified alanine tRNA sample,
121:
The number of non-coding RNAs within the human genome is unknown; however, recent
6735:
6706:
6386:
6140:
5223:
5164:
5067:
4973:
3587:
3570:
3536:
3485:
2789:
2458:
2195:
1747:
1297:
844:
836:
788:
582:
554:
513:
395:
122:
6465:
6441:
2862:"The snoRNA HBII-52 regulates alternative splicing of the serotonin receptor 2C"
2238:
1994:
6827:
6730:
5659:
5642:
5460:
5316:
4676:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
4254:"C. elegans interprets bacterial non-coding RNAs to learn pathogenic avoidance"
3931:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
3406:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
2981:
2384:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
2325:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
2266:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1329:
1325:
1120:
1063:
919:
743:
524:
269:
226:
126:
6341:
5509:
5269:
4845:
4277:
4252:
Kaletsky R, Moore RS, Vrla GD, Parsons LR, Gitai Z, Murphy CT (October 2020).
3461:"Differentiating protein-coding and noncoding RNA: challenges and ambiguities"
2664:
Poole AM, Jeffares DC, Penny D (January 1998). "The path from the RNA world".
1950:
1933:
1831:
1793:
1356:, and other cis-regulatory regions) is not ncRNA. Yet fRNA could also include
283:
Recent discoveries of ncRNAs have been achieved through both experimental and
6915:
6762:
6752:
6633:
6588:
6566:
6082:
6032:
4731:"Genetic variants of miRNA sequences and non-small cell lung cancer survival"
3459:
Dinger ME, Pang KC, Mercer TR, Mattick JS (November 2008). McEntyre J (ed.).
2942:
1874:
1696:
1377:
1357:
1353:
1149:
primary precursors have been shown to be much more frequent in patients with
927:
798:
598:
406:(tmRNA) is an RNP involved in rescuing stalled ribosomes, tagging incomplete
241:
156:
75:
6175:"GraphDNA: a Java program for graphical display of DNA composition analyses"
4548:
4366:
4130:
3951:
3672:
3426:
3370:
3184:
2918:
2886:
2861:
2613:
Jeffares DC, Poole AM, Penny D (January 1998). "Relics from the RNA world".
2404:
1468:
1360:, as this is RNA coding for protein, and hence is functional. Additionally
6926:
6845:
6665:
6638:
6583:
6502:
6437:
6415:
6394:
6359:
6310:
6259:
6210:
6191:
6159:
6100:
6051:
5992:
5943:
5908:
5859:
5810:
5753:
5717:
5668:
5627:
5578:
5527:
5478:
5421:
5370:
5334:
5277:
5242:
5183:
5132:
5075:
5040:
4981:
4926:
4899:
4864:
4805:
4764:
4715:
4696:
4656:
4607:
4556:
4513:
4495:
4464:
4415:
4374:
4339:
4295:
4213:
4170:
Li W, Notani D, Ma Q, Tanasa B, Nunez E, Chen AY, et al. (June 2013).
4156:
4099:
4050:
4009:
3970:
3911:
3854:
3819:
3770:
3745:"A translation-independent role of oskar RNA in early Drosophila oogenesis"
3729:
3645:
3596:
3555:
3504:
3445:
3378:
3327:
3276:
3241:
3141:
3100:
3051:
2999:
2950:
2895:
2846:
2797:
2736:
2729:
10.1002/(SICI)1521-1878(199910)21:10<880::AID-BIES11>3.0.CO;2-P
2599:
2512:
2345:
2118:
2072:
2002:
1959:
1893:
1839:
1801:
1766:
1715:
1629:
1580:
1545:
1476:
1398:
1313:
1285:
911:
828:
675:
590:
431:
355:
144:
71:
67:
5618:
5601:
4930:. If this is an intentional citation to a retracted paper, please replace
4228:"Researchers discover how worms pass knowledge of a pathogen to offspring"
3680:
3192:
3132:
3115:
2693:
2642:
2491:
Eddy SR (December 2001). "Non-coding RNA genes and the modern RNA world".
2466:
2423:
2364:
2305:
2286:
2246:
2203:
1572:
6757:
6603:
6470:
6434:— a free database of all kinds of noncoding RNAs (except tRNAs and rRNAs)
6420:
This database is a comprehensive mammalian noncoding RNA database (RNAdb)
5983:
5966:
5826:"Little but loud: small RNAs have a resounding affect on ear development"
5021:
4647:
4630:
4406:
4389:
4138:
4090:
4073:
3893:
3801:
3702:
Kloc M, Wilk K, Vargas D, Shirato Y, Bilinski S, Etkin LD (August 2005).
3033:
2934:
1729:
van Bakel H, Nislow C, Blencowe BJ, Hughes TR (May 2010). Eddy SR (ed.).
1225:
gene cluster has been duplicated in approximately 5% of individuals with
997:
947:
889:
625:
has also been shown to influence gene expression. In the human nucleus,
443:
427:
347:
316:
273:
164:
6558:
6291:
5413:
4599:
4195:
3832:
3319:
2828:
1527:
674:, specifically associates with RNA polymerase holoenzyme containing the
6817:
6526:
6521:
6516:
6173:
Thomas JM, Horspool D, Brown G, Tcherepanov V, Upton C (January 2007).
5569:
4387:
3223:
3082:
2685:
2634:
1981:
Dahm R (February 2005). "Friedrich Miescher and the discovery of DNA".
1611:
1413:
1305:
1261:
1058:
1014:
935:
901:
873:
739:
594:
399:
351:
322:
257:
206:
26:
4918:
4891:
4796:
4779:
3761:
3744:
3720:
3703:
3627:
2319:
Cramer F, Doepner H, Haar F VD, Schlimme E, Seidel H (December 1968).
1364:
also fall under the fRNA umbrella term. Some publications state that
1339:
805:
initiation in the middle of a mRNA sequence as part of the process of
170:
6681:
5967:"Mitochondrial tRNA mutations: clinical and functional perturbations"
4780:"Novel genetic variants in microRNA genes and familial breast cancer"
4746:
4023:
Sempere LF, Sokol NS, Dubrovsky EB, Berger EM, Ambros V (July 2003).
2504:
2037:
1238:
1046:
1001:
923:
705:
646:
558:
475:
471:
391:
367:
330:
Many of the conserved, essential and abundant ncRNAs are involved in
222:
5935:
5890:
4429:
Dong XY, Guo P, Boyd J, Sun X, Li Q, Zhou W, Dong JT (August 2009).
3846:
3268:
1596:"Structured RNAs in the ENCODE selected regions of the human genome"
667:, and that this activity is influenced by stress response pathways.
597:. There is increasing evidence that a special type of ncRNAs called
6835:
6686:
6616:
6461:
6455:
5792:
5745:
5699:
5114:
4729:
Hu Z, Chen J, Tian T, Zhou X, Gu H, Xu L, et al. (July 2008).
3985:
2380:"Structure of yeast phenylalanine transfer RNA at 2.5 A resolution"
1418:
1273:
1138:
1128:
1104:
1035:
1019:
981:
915:
885:
858:
840:
690:
657:
618:. The main function of miRNAs is to down-regulate gene expression.
610:
479:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
339:
214:
198:
79:
5540:
3205:
1497:
1000:.) Bifunctional RNAs were the subject of a 2011 special issue of
418:
6840:
5730:
3876:
Gimpel M, Preis H, Barth E, Gramzow L, Brantl S (December 2012).
1309:
1264:. However, many other mutations within RNase MRP also cause CHH.
1250:
1088:
1031:
993:
862:
653:
626:
622:
407:
379:
245:
218:
183:
103:
55:
6375:
Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Gene Regulatory Mechanisms
6113:
5298:
1731:"Most "dark matter" transcripts are associated with known genes"
504:
In mammals it has been found that snoRNAs can also regulate the
438:
sequences, this process is required for the formation of mature
6855:
6850:
6800:
1428:
1226:
1100:
989:
985:
970:
877:
850:
824:
821:
738:
and influence their expression in various ways. For example, a
671:
566:
540:
435:
363:
253:
238:
analysis performed by two independent research groups in 1974.
115:
91:
6172:
5964:
5494:"Aberrant expression of long noncoding RNAs in autistic brain"
3568:
3206:
Reiner R, Ben-Asouli Y, Krilovetzky I, Jarrous N (June 2006).
1593:
23:
Class of ribonucleic acid that is not translated into proteins
6658:
4827:
Jia B, Wang Z, Sun X, Chen J, Zhao J, Qiu X (February 2019).
3016:
Christov CP, Gardiner TJ, Szüts D, Krude T (September 2006).
2224:
1728:
1277:
1246:
1185:
1181:
1124:
974:
910:(X-inactive-specific transcript) is a long ncRNA gene on the
550:
447:
403:
371:
261:
95:
87:
83:
5347:
5096:
4316:
4115:"Long non-coding RNAs as regulators of the endocrine system"
3742:
2262:"Primary structure of wheat germ phenylalanine transfer RNA"
1257:
at nucleotide 70 that is in a loop region two bases 5' of a
569:
which is a target of autoimmune antibodies in patients with
535:
386:
recognizes and transports specific nascent proteins to the
5921:
5145:
4628:
4577:
4352:
4022:
2964:
Stein AJ, Fuchs G, Fu C, Wolin SL, Reinisch KM (May 2005).
2318:
1779:
1408:
1112:
907:
832:
784:
735:
586:
439:
359:
343:
301:
249:
202:
111:
63:
6431:
6428:— a curated list of hundreds of families of related ncRNAs
5681:
3878:"SR1--a small RNA with two remarkably conserved functions"
3520:"snoRNA, a novel precursor of microRNA in Giardia lamblia"
3015:
2436:
1680:"The non-coding oncogene: a case of missing DNA evidence?"
6720:
6541:
6013:
5640:
5442:
3297:
3064:
2088:
1189:
1083:
Long noncoding RNA § Long non-coding RNAs in disease
881:
854:
851:
Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats
746:; the binding of the target affects the gene's activity.
520:
59:
47:
5056:
European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences
4669:
4251:
3518:
Saraiya AA, Wang CC (November 2008). Goldberg DE (ed.).
1446:
1316:
mice and humans progressively lose the ability to hear.
3875:
3458:
3162:
2377:
1045:. Specifically in the MCF-7 cell line, addition of 17β-
950:
regulation of transcription through the recruitment of
589:
are regulated by ncRNAs. This regulation can occur in
5774:
3254:
2260:
Dudock BS, Katz G, Taylor EK, Holley RW (March 1969).
2259:
1858:"Non-coding RNA: what is functional and what is junk?"
1558:
6064:
5255:
3924:
3701:
2810:
470:. The ncRNA components of the minor spliceosome are
6226:"What is an RNA? A top layer for RNA classification"
4477:
2757:
1205:
The deletion of the 48 copies of the C/D box snoRNA
182:
The first non-coding RNA to be characterised was an
178:) and the 3D structure determined by X-ray analysis.
159:
predicted a functional RNA component which mediated
6425:
4526:
4435:
Journal of Genetics and Genomics = Yi Chuan Xue Bao
3925:Aoyama JJ, Raina M, Zhong A, Storz G (March 2022).
2227:
Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology
1376:, since the distinction from a protein coding RNA (
1340:
Distinction between functional RNA (fRNA) and ncRNA
1304:, progressive hearing loss in humans and mice. The
888:regions, which are found at the ends of eukaryotic
6065:Carter RJ, Dubchak I, Holbrook SR (October 2001).
5196:
4431:"Implication of snoRNA U50 in human breast cancer"
4071:
3348:
3113:
2714:
2663:
2612:
2163:
1673:
1671:
378:between 18S and 5.8S rRNAs. The ubiquitous ncRNA,
6323:
6273:Ji Z, Song R, Regev A, Struhl K (December 2015).
6272:
4777:
2963:
2916:
2811:Zhu Y, Stribinskis V, Ramos KS, Li Y (May 2006).
2015:
1851:
1849:
1099:Many ncRNAs show abnormal expression patterns in
980:Two well known examples of bifunctional RNAs are
6913:
4169:
3399:
2804:
2144:"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1968"
2061:Symposia of the Society for Experimental Biology
1677:
410:and promoting the degradation of aberrant mRNA.
256:and many more. Recent notable additions include
209:tRNA was sequenced by first being digested with
6014:Abbott JA, Francklyn CS, Robey-Bond SM (2014).
3986:"Coding or non-coding: Need they be exclusive?"
3783:
3011:
3009:
1668:
1069:after exposure to a single non-coding RNA of a
6372:
5875:"Mitochondrial DNA mutations in human disease"
5872:
5647:The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
4826:
4728:
4478:Christov CP, Trivier E, Krude T (March 2008).
4428:
4112:
3983:
2540:The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2006
1931:
1846:
1319:
1253:. The best characterised variant is an A-to-G
884:sequence repeats ("TTAGGG" in vertebrates) to
6486:
3571:"A human snoRNA with microRNA-like functions"
2563:
1906:
1308:mutant mice were profoundly deaf, showing no
1180:patients; these patients were noncarriers of
6456:The Non-coding RNA Databases Resource (NRDR)
6223:
5817:
5768:
5724:
5675:
5634:
5593:
5534:
5491:
5436:
5385:
5341:
5292:
5249:
5190:
5139:
5090:
5053:
4877:
4771:
4722:
4622:
4571:
4520:
4471:
4422:
4381:
4346:
4310:
3918:
3826:
3777:
3736:
3695:
3603:
3562:
3511:
3452:
3393:
3342:
3291:
3248:
3199:
3114:Hall AE, Turnbull C, Dalmay T (April 2013).
3006:
2957:
2859:
2708:
1334:chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia
1232:
783:(IRP). The IRE is found in UTRs of various
366:are ncRNAs found in archaea and eukaryotes.
6324:Tosar JP, Rovira C, Cayota A (2018-01-22).
5391:
4778:Shen J, Ambrosone CB, Zhao H (March 2009).
4072:Adams BD, Furneaux H, White BA (May 2007).
3652:
3517:
2657:
2606:
2157:
1932:Lee H, Zhang Z, Krause HM (December 2019).
1773:
1587:
1491:
1440:
1296:Variation within the seed region of mature
1276:is transcribed from the opposite strand to
660:ncRNA, acts as a negative regulator of the
6500:
6493:
6479:
5602:"RNase MRP RNA and human genetic diseases"
4958:
4944:|...|intentional=yes}}
3400:Wadler CS, Vanderpool CK (December 2007).
2138:
2136:
1855:
1641:
1639:
1291:
1209:has been shown to be the primary cause of
1052:
730:A number of ncRNAs are embedded in the 5'
201:of commercial baker's yeast to give just 1
151:, and by 1939, RNA had been implicated in
34:are shown in red, non-coding RNAs in blue.
6349:
6300:
6290:
6249:
6200:
6190:
6149:
6139:
6090:
6041:
6031:
5982:
5898:
5849:
5800:
5707:
5658:
5617:
5568:
5558:
5517:
5468:
5324:
5232:
5222:
5173:
5163:
5122:
5030:
5020:
4854:
4844:
4795:
4754:
4705:
4695:
4646:
4503:
4454:
4405:
4285:
4203:
4146:
4089:
4040:
3960:
3950:
3901:
3809:
3760:
3719:
3658:
3635:
3586:
3545:
3535:
3494:
3484:
3435:
3425:
3257:Nature Structural & Molecular Biology
3231:
3131:
3090:
3041:
2989:
2885:
2836:
2779:
2589:
2413:
2403:
2354:
2344:
2295:
2285:
2185:
2059:Crick FH (1958). "On protein synthesis".
1949:
1883:
1873:
1756:
1746:
1705:
1695:
1619:
1535:
320:Atomic structure of the 50S Subunit from
5599:
4113:Knoll M, Lodish HF, Sun L (March 2015).
2536:"Advanced Information: RNA interference"
2486:
2484:
2084:
2082:
1200:
704:transcription of ncRNAs is required for
534:
417:
315:
174:The cloverleaf structure of Yeast tRNA (
169:
133:
25:
6440:Prediction and classification of ncRNA
5002:
2853:
2133:
1817:
1813:
1811:
1636:
1344:Scientists have started to distinguish
868:
561:and initiation proteins (including the
78:(rRNAs), as well as small RNAs such as
6914:
6464:- a database of small non-coding RNAs
5823:
3984:Francastel C, Hubé F (November 2011).
3609:
1645:
1267:
205:of purified tRNA for analysis. The 80
66:. Abundant and functionally important
6474:
6224:Brosius J, Raabe CA (February 2015).
4735:The Journal of Clinical Investigation
2564:Monga I, Banerjee I (November 2019).
2557:
2481:
2321:"On the conformation of transfer RNA"
2079:
2058:
1424:RNAs present in environmental samples
1221:The chromosomal locus containing the
1168:has been found to be associated with
576:
530:
523:ncRNA appears to be involved in mRNA
358:, form an 'adaptor molecule' between
278:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
5924:Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. RNA
2533:
2490:
1980:
1808:
1552:
1380:) is already given by the qualifier
1280:and is upregulated in patients with
812:
5873:Taylor RW, Turnbull DM (May 2005).
5492:Ziats MN, Rennert OM (March 2013).
4635:The New England Journal of Medicine
2860:Kishore S, Stamm S (January 2006).
2751:
1076:
957:
918:that acts as major effector of the
565:). They are also components of the
346:; these are made up of 3 ncRNAs in
290:
13:
6449:Non-coding RNA characterization.
1156:It has been suggested that a rare
853:(CRISPR) are repeats found in the
649:of active tRNA and 5S rRNA genes.
446:is another RNP often known as the
413:
268:associated with the latter earned
14:
6943:
6617:Micro
6404:
5498:Journal of Molecular Neuroscience
2582:10.2174/1389202920666191129112705
1498:Birney E, Stamatoyannopoulos JA,
1153:compared to control populations.
434:reactions essential for removing
311:
147:were first discovered in 1868 by
6896:
6895:
6366:
6317:
6266:
6217:
6166:
6016:"Transfer RNA and human disease"
5363:10.1097/00041444-200409000-00002
5003:Li T, Li Y, Sun H (2019-06-06).
4833:Stem Cell Research & Therapy
4320:Cancer Genetics and Cytogenetics
831:form RNA-protein complexes with
6572:precursor, heterogenous nuclear
6107:
6058:
6007:
5958:
5915:
5866:
5485:
5047:
4996:
4952:
4871:
4820:
4784:International Journal of Cancer
4663:
4245:
4220:
4163:
4106:
4065:
4016:
3977:
3869:
3784:Gultyaev AP, Roussis A (2007).
3156:
3107:
3058:
2919:"A survey of nematode SmY RNAs"
2910:
2527:
2430:
2371:
2312:
2253:
2218:
2052:
2009:
1974:
1925:
1900:
1678:Shahrouki P, Larsson E (2012).
1062:was shown to learn and inherit
1007:
787:whose products are involved in
726:Three prime untranslated region
604:
567:Ro60 ribonucleoprotein particle
213:(producing fragments ending in
6702:Trans-acting small interfering
6666:Enhancer RNAs
6584:Transfer
5842:10.1016/j.brainres.2009.02.027
5600:Martin AN, Li Y (March 2007).
5009:Cancer Management and Research
4880:Journal of Cellular Physiology
3022:Molecular and Cellular Biology
2666:Journal of Molecular Evolution
2615:Journal of Molecular Evolution
1722:
839:and other genetic elements in
722:Five prime untranslated region
553:are stem loops, necessary for
302:last universal common ancestor
30:The roles of non-coding RNAs:
1:
6589:Ribosomal
6567:Messenger
6242:10.1080/15476286.2015.1128064
5560:10.1016/S0092-8674(01)00205-7
4447:10.1016/S1673-8527(08)60134-4
4332:10.1016/S0165-4608(01)00634-3
4119:Nature Reviews. Endocrinology
4042:10.1016/S0012-1606(03)00208-2
4002:10.1016/S0300-9084(11)00322-1
3116:"Y RNAs: recent developments"
2111:10.1126/science.147.3664.1462
1434:
1170:non-small cell lung carcinoma
843:cells, particularly those in
795:Internal ribosome entry sites
715:
376:internal transcribed spacer 1
364:H/ACA box and C/D box snoRNAs
6387:10.1016/j.bbagrm.2015.07.017
6141:10.1371/journal.pcbi.0020033
5224:10.1371/journal.pone.0001709
5165:10.1371/journal.pgen.0030235
5068:10.26355/eurrev_202005_21175
4974:10.1016/j.canlet.2018.11.032
3588:10.1016/j.molcel.2008.10.017
3537:10.1371/journal.ppat.1000224
3486:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000176
2790:10.1126/science.289.5481.905
2459:10.1126/science.179.4070.285
2196:10.1126/science.153.3735.531
1907:Mattick J, Amaral P (2022).
1748:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000371
1223:small nucleolar RNA SNORD115
1151:chronic lymphocytic leukemia
571:systemic lupus erythematosus
508:of mRNA, for example snoRNA
264:; the discovery of the RNAi
140:History of molecular biology
7:
2239:10.1101/SQB.1966.031.01.054
1995:10.1016/j.ydbio.2004.11.028
1856:Palazzo AF, Lee ES (2015).
1561:Briefings in Bioinformatics
1387:
1320:Mitochondrial transfer RNAs
1211:Prader–Willi syndrome
940:XY sex-determination system
10:
6948:
6768:Multicopy single-stranded
6612:Interferential
6120:PLOS Computational Biology
5660:10.1016/j.jaci.2008.07.036
5461:10.1016/j.cell.2009.04.024
5317:10.1016/j.gene.2007.10.037
3616:Nuclear Receptor Signaling
3465:PLOS Computational Biology
2982:10.1016/j.cell.2005.03.009
1080:
1034:is a crucial regulator of
734:(Untranslated Regions) of
719:
563:origin recognition complex
557:through interactions with
512:regulates the splicing of
137:
15:
6891:
6826:
6776:
6719:
6682:Guide
6674:
6602:
6557:
6540:
6509:
6442:BMC Genomics 2014, 15:127
6342:10.1038/s42003-017-0001-7
5510:10.1007/s12031-012-9880-8
5270:10.1007/s00335-005-2460-2
4846:10.1186/s13287-019-1161-9
4484:British Journal of Cancer
4278:10.1038/s41586-020-2699-5
1951:10.1016/j.tig.2019.09.006
1832:10.1016/j.tig.2005.02.014
1794:10.1016/j.tig.2005.03.007
1429:VA (viral associated) RNA
1362:artificially evolved RNAs
1300:has been associated with
1243:cartilage–hair hypoplasia
1241:have been shown to cause
1233:Cartilage–hair hypoplasia
1216:
1094:
1030:development. In mammals,
952:histone-modifying enzymes
920:X chromosome inactivation
710:Schizosaccharomyces pombe
689:Another bacterial ncRNA,
499:group II catalytic intron
234:was finalised following
6644:Small nuclear
6033:10.3389/fgene.2014.00158
5879:Nature Reviews. Genetics
3610:Leygue E (August 2007).
2493:Nature Reviews. Genetics
1875:10.3389/fgene.2015.00002
1697:10.3389/fgene.2012.00170
1131:at chromosome ends (see
771:Tryptophan operon leader
665:elongation factor P-TEFb
495:group I catalytic intron
374:; RNase MRP cleaves the
68:types of non-coding RNAs
6758:Genomic
6447:ENCODE threads explorer
5824:Soukup GA (June 2009).
4549:10.1126/science.1121158
4367:10.1089/dna.2006.25.135
4131:10.1038/nrendo.2014.229
4078:Molecular Endocrinology
3952:10.1073/pnas.2119866119
3673:10.1242/dev.122.12.4119
3427:10.1073/pnas.0708102104
3371:10.1126/science.1076686
3212:Genes & Development
3185:10.1126/science.6164096
3071:Journal of Cell Science
2887:10.1126/science.1118265
2405:10.1073/pnas.72.11.4414
1646:Morris KV, ed. (2012).
1469:10.1126/science.1108625
1292:miR-96 and hearing loss
1103:tissues. These include
1053:In pathogenic avoidance
767:Threonine operon leader
759:Histidine operon leader
652:It has been shown that
633:. These include tRNA,
338:(RNP) particles called
211:Pancreatic ribonuclease
6861:Artificial chromosomes
6649:Small nucleolar
6330:Communications Biology
6192:10.1186/1471-2105-8-21
6083:10.1093/nar/29.19.3928
6071:Nucleic Acids Research
4697:10.1073/pnas.242606799
4496:10.1038/sj.bjc.6604254
3882:Nucleic Acids Research
3790:Nucleic Acids Research
2346:10.1073/pnas.61.4.1384
1652:Caister Academic Press
1404:Nucleic acid structure
1028:Caenorhabditis elegans
820:(piRNAs) expressed in
781:iron response proteins
777:Iron response elements
547:
423:
404:Transfer-messenger RNA
327:
323:Haloarcula marismortui
179:
35:
6654:Small Cajal Body RNAs
6020:Frontiers in Genetics
5619:10.1038/sj.cr.7310120
4936:|...}}
4913:(Retracted, see
4029:Developmental Biology
3133:10.1515/bmc-2012-0050
3120:Biomolecular Concepts
2287:10.1073/pnas.62.3.941
1983:Developmental Biology
1862:Frontiers in Genetics
1684:Frontiers in Genetics
1201:Prader–Willi syndrome
1133:telomeres and disease
1109:long mRNA-like ncRNAs
894:reverse transcriptase
818:Piwi-interacting RNAs
763:Leucine operon leader
744:small target molecule
670:The bacterial ncRNA,
609:In higher eukaryotes
585:of many thousands of
538:
514:serotonin receptor 2C
421:
388:endoplasmic reticulum
319:
285:bioinformatic methods
236:X-ray crystallography
173:
155:. Two decades later,
138:Further information:
134:History and discovery
50:molecule that is not
29:
6707:Subgenomic messenger
6622:Small interfering
6594:Transfer-messenger
5984:10.4161/rna.4.1.4548
5351:Psychiatric Genetics
5022:10.2147/cmar.s210845
4648:10.1056/NEJMoa050995
4407:10.1038/onc.2008.373
4355:DNA and Cell Biology
4091:10.1210/me.2007-0022
3077:(Pt 12): 2058–2069.
3034:10.1128/MCB.01060-06
2935:10.4161/rna.6.1.7634
938:, which also use an
869:Chromosome structure
742:can directly bind a
736:protein coding genes
506:alternative splicing
18:untranslated regions
6466:Bioinformatics 2018
6292:10.7554/eLife.08890
6132:2006PLSCB...2...33P
5414:10.1038/nature07458
5406:2008Natur.455..919C
5215:2008PLoSO...3.1709D
4688:2002PNAS...9915524C
4682:(24): 15524–15529.
4600:10.1038/nature03315
4592:2005Natur.433..769L
4541:2005Sci...310.1817F
4535:(5755): 1817–1821.
4270:2020Natur.586..445K
4196:10.1038/nature12210
4188:2013Natur.498..516L
3943:2022PNAS..11919866A
3937:(10): e2119866119.
3888:(22): 11659–11672.
3835:Nature Cell Biology
3477:2008PLSCB...4E0176D
3418:2007PNAS..10420454W
3412:(51): 20454–20459.
3363:2002Sci...298.1620P
3357:(5598): 1620–1623.
3320:10.1038/nature07348
3312:2008Natur.456..130H
3177:1981Sci...211..400L
2878:2006Sci...311..230K
2829:10.1261/rna.2284906
2772:2000Sci...289..905B
2678:1998JMolE..46....1P
2627:1998JMolE..46...18J
2451:1973Sci...179..285K
2396:1975PNAS...72.4414L
2337:1968PNAS...61.1384C
2278:1969PNAS...62..941D
2178:1966Sci...153..531M
2103:1965Sci...147.1462H
2097:(3664): 1462–1465.
2030:1939Natur.143..602C
1573:10.1093/bib/bbab259
1528:10.1038/nature05874
1520:2007Natur.447..799B
1461:2005Sci...308.1149C
1455:(5725): 1149–1154.
1282:Alzheimer's disease
1272:The antisense RNA,
1268:Alzheimer's disease
1018:, hormones such as
880:that adds specific
779:(IRE) are bound by
708:remodelling in the
426:In eukaryotes, the
300:or relics from the
232:secondary structure
6932:Molecular genetics
6736:Chloroplast
6579:modified Messenger
6542:Ribonucleic acids
6179:BMC Bioinformatics
4886:(7): 10615–10624.
3894:10.1093/nar/gks895
3802:10.1093/nar/gkm173
3224:10.1101/gad.386706
3083:10.1242/jcs.086561
2686:10.1007/PL00006275
2635:10.1007/PL00006280
2146:. Nobel Foundation
1938:Trends in Genetics
1820:Trends in Genetics
1782:Trends in Genetics
1612:10.1101/gr.5650707
1302:autosomal dominant
1071:bacterial pathogen
967:dual-function RNAs
631:RNA polymerase III
577:In gene regulation
548:
531:In DNA replication
519:In nematodes, the
424:
328:
180:
149:Friedrich Miescher
46:) is a functional
36:
32:Ribonucleoproteins
6909:
6908:
6786:Xeno
6748:Complementary
6721:Deoxyribonucleic
6715:
6714:
6692:Small hairpin
6426:The Rfam Database
6077:(19): 3928–3938.
5400:(7215): 919–923.
4919:10.1002/jcp.30712
4892:10.1002/jcp.27737
4797:10.1002/ijc.24008
4641:(17): 1793–1801.
4586:(7027): 769–773.
4264:(7829): 445–451.
4182:(7455): 516–520.
3762:10.1242/dev.02456
3755:(15): 2827–2833.
3721:10.1242/dev.01919
3714:(15): 3445–3457.
3667:(12): 4119–4129.
3628:10.1621/nrs.05006
3306:(7218): 130–134.
3218:(12): 1621–1635.
3171:(4480): 400–402.
3028:(18): 6993–7004.
2872:(5758): 230–232.
2766:(5481): 905–920.
2445:(4070): 285–288.
2390:(11): 4414–4418.
2172:(3735): 531–534.
1661:978-1-904455-94-3
1514:(7146): 799–816.
1394:Extracellular RNA
1237:Mutations within
1129:telomeric regions
1043:diabetes mellitus
1038:-receptor-alpha.
963:Bifunctional RNAs
916:placental mammals
902:replication cycle
813:In genome defense
807:protein synthesis
702:RNA polymerase II
662:RNA polymerase II
362:and protein. The
336:Ribonucleoprotein
298:molecular fossils
153:protein synthesis
6939:
6899:
6898:
6876:Yeast
6697:Small temporal
6627:Piwi-interacting
6555:
6554:
6551:
6532:Deoxynucleotides
6495:
6488:
6481:
6472:
6471:
6451:Nature (journal)
6422:
6414:. Archived from
6399:
6398:
6370:
6364:
6363:
6353:
6321:
6315:
6314:
6304:
6294:
6270:
6264:
6263:
6253:
6221:
6215:
6214:
6204:
6194:
6170:
6164:
6163:
6153:
6143:
6111:
6105:
6104:
6094:
6062:
6056:
6055:
6045:
6035:
6011:
6005:
6004:
5986:
5962:
5956:
5955:
5919:
5913:
5912:
5902:
5870:
5864:
5863:
5853:
5821:
5815:
5814:
5804:
5772:
5766:
5765:
5728:
5722:
5721:
5711:
5679:
5673:
5672:
5662:
5653:(6): 1178–1184.
5638:
5632:
5631:
5621:
5597:
5591:
5590:
5572:
5562:
5538:
5532:
5531:
5521:
5489:
5483:
5482:
5472:
5455:(7): 1235–1246.
5440:
5434:
5433:
5389:
5383:
5382:
5345:
5339:
5338:
5328:
5311:(1–2): 172–179.
5296:
5290:
5289:
5258:Mammalian Genome
5253:
5247:
5246:
5236:
5226:
5194:
5188:
5187:
5177:
5167:
5143:
5137:
5136:
5126:
5094:
5088:
5087:
5062:(9): 4863–4872.
5051:
5045:
5044:
5034:
5024:
5000:
4994:
4993:
4956:
4950:
4949:
4947:
4945:
4937:
4911:
4875:
4869:
4868:
4858:
4848:
4824:
4818:
4817:
4799:
4790:(5): 1178–1182.
4775:
4769:
4768:
4758:
4747:10.1172/JCI34934
4741:(7): 2600–2608.
4726:
4720:
4719:
4709:
4699:
4667:
4661:
4660:
4650:
4626:
4620:
4619:
4575:
4569:
4568:
4524:
4518:
4517:
4507:
4475:
4469:
4468:
4458:
4426:
4420:
4419:
4409:
4385:
4379:
4378:
4350:
4344:
4343:
4314:
4308:
4307:
4289:
4249:
4243:
4242:
4240:
4238:
4224:
4218:
4217:
4207:
4167:
4161:
4160:
4150:
4110:
4104:
4103:
4093:
4084:(5): 1132–1147.
4069:
4063:
4062:
4044:
4020:
4014:
4013:
3981:
3975:
3974:
3964:
3954:
3922:
3916:
3915:
3905:
3873:
3867:
3866:
3841:(9): 1098–1105.
3830:
3824:
3823:
3813:
3796:(9): 3144–3152.
3781:
3775:
3774:
3764:
3740:
3734:
3733:
3723:
3699:
3693:
3692:
3656:
3650:
3649:
3639:
3607:
3601:
3600:
3590:
3566:
3560:
3559:
3549:
3539:
3530:(11): e1000224.
3515:
3509:
3508:
3498:
3488:
3471:(11): e1000176.
3456:
3450:
3449:
3439:
3429:
3397:
3391:
3390:
3346:
3340:
3339:
3295:
3289:
3288:
3252:
3246:
3245:
3235:
3203:
3197:
3196:
3160:
3154:
3153:
3135:
3111:
3105:
3104:
3094:
3062:
3056:
3055:
3045:
3013:
3004:
3003:
2993:
2961:
2955:
2954:
2914:
2908:
2907:
2889:
2857:
2851:
2850:
2840:
2808:
2802:
2801:
2783:
2755:
2749:
2748:
2712:
2706:
2705:
2661:
2655:
2654:
2610:
2604:
2603:
2593:
2570:Current Genomics
2561:
2555:
2554:
2552:
2551:
2542:. Archived from
2531:
2525:
2524:
2505:10.1038/35103511
2488:
2479:
2478:
2434:
2428:
2427:
2417:
2407:
2375:
2369:
2368:
2358:
2348:
2331:(4): 1384–1391.
2316:
2310:
2309:
2299:
2289:
2257:
2251:
2250:
2222:
2216:
2215:
2189:
2187:10.1.1.1001.2662
2161:
2155:
2154:
2152:
2151:
2140:
2131:
2130:
2086:
2077:
2076:
2056:
2050:
2049:
2038:10.1038/143602c0
2013:
2007:
2006:
1978:
1972:
1971:
1953:
1929:
1923:
1922:
1904:
1898:
1897:
1887:
1877:
1853:
1844:
1843:
1815:
1806:
1805:
1777:
1771:
1770:
1760:
1750:
1726:
1720:
1719:
1709:
1699:
1675:
1666:
1665:
1643:
1634:
1633:
1623:
1591:
1585:
1584:
1556:
1550:
1549:
1539:
1495:
1489:
1488:
1444:
1164:) that overlaps
1077:Roles in disease
1024:juvenile hormone
971:H/ACA box snoRNA
958:Bifunctional RNA
922:process forming
837:retrotransposons
684:stationary phase
350:and 4 ncRNAs in
291:Biological roles
192:Robert W. Holley
6947:
6946:
6942:
6941:
6940:
6938:
6937:
6936:
6912:
6911:
6910:
6905:
6887:
6828:Cloning vectors
6822:
6808:Locked
6772:
6722:
6711:
6670:
6598:
6545:
6544:
6536:
6505:
6499:
6418:on 2007-08-29.
6410:
6407:
6402:
6371:
6367:
6322:
6318:
6271:
6267:
6222:
6218:
6171:
6167:
6112:
6108:
6063:
6059:
6012:
6008:
5963:
5959:
5936:10.1002/wrna.27
5920:
5916:
5891:10.1038/nrg1606
5871:
5867:
5822:
5818:
5781:Nature Genetics
5773:
5769:
5734:Nature Genetics
5729:
5725:
5688:Nature Medicine
5680:
5676:
5639:
5635:
5598:
5594:
5539:
5535:
5490:
5486:
5441:
5437:
5390:
5386:
5346:
5342:
5297:
5293:
5254:
5250:
5195:
5191:
5144:
5140:
5103:Nature Genetics
5095:
5091:
5052:
5048:
5001:
4997:
4957:
4953:
4939:
4931:
4929:
4912:
4876:
4872:
4825:
4821:
4776:
4772:
4727:
4723:
4668:
4664:
4627:
4623:
4576:
4572:
4525:
4521:
4476:
4472:
4427:
4423:
4386:
4382:
4351:
4347:
4315:
4311:
4250:
4246:
4236:
4234:
4226:
4225:
4221:
4168:
4164:
4111:
4107:
4070:
4066:
4021:
4017:
3982:
3978:
3923:
3919:
3874:
3870:
3847:10.1038/ncb1770
3831:
3827:
3782:
3778:
3741:
3737:
3700:
3696:
3657:
3653:
3608:
3604:
3567:
3563:
3516:
3512:
3457:
3453:
3398:
3394:
3347:
3343:
3296:
3292:
3269:10.1038/nsmb812
3253:
3249:
3204:
3200:
3161:
3157:
3112:
3108:
3063:
3059:
3014:
3007:
2962:
2958:
2915:
2911:
2858:
2854:
2809:
2805:
2756:
2752:
2723:(10): 880–889.
2713:
2709:
2662:
2658:
2611:
2607:
2562:
2558:
2549:
2547:
2532:
2528:
2499:(12): 919–929.
2489:
2482:
2435:
2431:
2376:
2372:
2317:
2313:
2258:
2254:
2223:
2219:
2162:
2158:
2149:
2147:
2142:
2141:
2134:
2087:
2080:
2057:
2053:
2024:(3623): 602–3.
2014:
2010:
1979:
1975:
1944:(12): 892–902.
1930:
1926:
1919:
1905:
1901:
1854:
1847:
1816:
1809:
1778:
1774:
1741:(5): e1000371.
1727:
1723:
1676:
1669:
1662:
1644:
1637:
1600:Genome Research
1592:
1588:
1557:
1553:
1496:
1492:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1390:
1342:
1322:
1294:
1270:
1235:
1227:autistic traits
1219:
1203:
1097:
1085:
1079:
1055:
1010:
960:
871:
845:spermatogenesis
815:
801:that allow for
789:iron metabolism
728:
720:Main articles:
718:
607:
579:
555:DNA replication
533:
416:
414:In RNA splicing
402:. In bacteria,
396:plasma membrane
314:
293:
142:
136:
24:
21:
12:
11:
5:
6945:
6935:
6934:
6929:
6924:
6922:Non-coding RNA
6907:
6906:
6904:
6903:
6892:
6889:
6888:
6886:
6885:
6884:
6883:
6878:
6873:
6868:
6858:
6853:
6848:
6843:
6838:
6832:
6830:
6824:
6823:
6821:
6820:
6815:
6813:Peptide
6810:
6805:
6804:
6803:
6798:
6793:
6791:Glycol
6782:
6780:
6774:
6773:
6771:
6770:
6765:
6760:
6755:
6750:
6745:
6744:
6743:
6738:
6727:
6725:
6717:
6716:
6713:
6712:
6710:
6709:
6704:
6699:
6694:
6689:
6684:
6678:
6676:
6672:
6671:
6669:
6668:
6663:
6662:
6661:
6656:
6651:
6646:
6636:
6631:
6630:
6629:
6624:
6619:
6608:
6606:
6600:
6599:
6597:
6596:
6591:
6586:
6581:
6576:
6575:
6574:
6563:
6561:
6552:
6538:
6537:
6535:
6534:
6529:
6524:
6519:
6513:
6511:
6507:
6506:
6503:nucleic acids
6498:
6497:
6490:
6483:
6475:
6469:
6468:
6459:
6453:
6444:
6435:
6429:
6423:
6406:
6405:External links
6403:
6401:
6400:
6365:
6316:
6265:
6236:(2): 140–144.
6216:
6165:
6106:
6057:
6006:
5957:
5930:(2): 304–324.
5914:
5885:(5): 389–402.
5865:
5830:Brain Research
5816:
5793:10.1038/ng.369
5787:(5): 614–618.
5767:
5746:10.1038/ng.355
5740:(5): 609–613.
5723:
5700:10.1038/nm1784
5694:(7): 723–730.
5674:
5633:
5612:(3): 219–226.
5592:
5553:(2): 195–203.
5533:
5504:(3): 589–593.
5484:
5435:
5384:
5357:(3): 131–137.
5340:
5291:
5264:(6): 424–431.
5248:
5189:
5138:
5115:10.1038/ng.158
5109:(6): 719–721.
5089:
5046:
4995:
4962:Cancer Letters
4951:
4870:
4819:
4770:
4721:
4662:
4621:
4570:
4519:
4490:(5): 981–988.
4470:
4441:(8): 447–454.
4421:
4400:(2): 195–208.
4380:
4361:(3): 135–141.
4345:
4309:
4244:
4219:
4162:
4125:(3): 151–160.
4105:
4064:
4015:
3996:(11): vi–vii.
3976:
3917:
3868:
3825:
3776:
3735:
3694:
3651:
3602:
3581:(4): 519–528.
3575:Molecular Cell
3561:
3524:PLOS Pathogens
3510:
3451:
3392:
3341:
3290:
3263:(9): 822–829.
3247:
3198:
3155:
3126:(2): 103–110.
3106:
3057:
3005:
2976:(4): 529–539.
2956:
2909:
2852:
2823:(5): 699–706.
2803:
2781:10.1.1.58.2271
2750:
2707:
2656:
2605:
2576:(7): 508–518.
2556:
2526:
2480:
2429:
2370:
2311:
2272:(3): 941–945.
2252:
2217:
2156:
2132:
2078:
2051:
2008:
1989:(2): 274–288.
1973:
1924:
1917:
1899:
1845:
1826:(5): 287–288.
1807:
1788:(5): 289–297.
1772:
1721:
1667:
1660:
1635:
1606:(6): 852–864.
1586:
1551:
1490:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1432:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1389:
1386:
1354:SECIS elements
1346:functional RNA
1341:
1338:
1330:MERRF syndrome
1326:MELAS syndrome
1321:
1318:
1293:
1290:
1269:
1266:
1234:
1231:
1218:
1215:
1202:
1199:
1166:hsa-mir-196a-2
1121:telomerase RNA
1096:
1093:
1078:
1075:
1054:
1051:
1009:
1006:
959:
956:
898:Telomerase RNA
870:
867:
814:
811:
799:RNA structures
717:
714:
606:
603:
578:
575:
541:Ro autoantigen
532:
529:
525:trans-splicing
415:
412:
313:
312:In translation
310:
296:thought to be
292:
289:
270:Craig C. Mello
227:Chromatography
186:tRNA found in
135:
132:
123:transcriptomic
76:ribosomal RNAs
40:non-coding RNA
22:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6944:
6933:
6930:
6928:
6925:
6923:
6920:
6919:
6917:
6902:
6894:
6893:
6890:
6882:
6879:
6877:
6874:
6872:
6869:
6867:
6864:
6863:
6862:
6859:
6857:
6854:
6852:
6849:
6847:
6844:
6842:
6839:
6837:
6834:
6833:
6831:
6829:
6825:
6819:
6816:
6814:
6811:
6809:
6806:
6802:
6799:
6797:
6796:Threose
6794:
6792:
6789:
6788:
6787:
6784:
6783:
6781:
6779:
6775:
6769:
6766:
6764:
6761:
6759:
6756:
6754:
6753:Deoxyribozyme
6751:
6749:
6746:
6742:
6741:Mitochondrial
6739:
6737:
6734:
6733:
6732:
6729:
6728:
6726:
6724:
6718:
6708:
6705:
6703:
6700:
6698:
6695:
6693:
6690:
6688:
6685:
6683:
6680:
6679:
6677:
6673:
6667:
6664:
6660:
6657:
6655:
6652:
6650:
6647:
6645:
6642:
6641:
6640:
6637:
6635:
6632:
6628:
6625:
6623:
6620:
6618:
6615:
6614:
6613:
6610:
6609:
6607:
6605:
6601:
6595:
6592:
6590:
6587:
6585:
6582:
6580:
6577:
6573:
6570:
6569:
6568:
6565:
6564:
6562:
6560:
6559:Translational
6556:
6553:
6549:
6543:
6539:
6533:
6530:
6528:
6525:
6523:
6520:
6518:
6515:
6514:
6512:
6508:
6504:
6496:
6491:
6489:
6484:
6482:
6477:
6476:
6473:
6467:
6463:
6460:
6457:
6454:
6452:
6448:
6445:
6443:
6439:
6436:
6433:
6430:
6427:
6424:
6421:
6417:
6413:
6409:
6408:
6396:
6392:
6388:
6384:
6380:
6376:
6369:
6361:
6357:
6352:
6347:
6343:
6339:
6335:
6331:
6327:
6320:
6312:
6308:
6303:
6298:
6293:
6288:
6284:
6280:
6276:
6269:
6261:
6257:
6252:
6247:
6243:
6239:
6235:
6231:
6227:
6220:
6212:
6208:
6203:
6198:
6193:
6188:
6184:
6180:
6176:
6169:
6161:
6157:
6152:
6147:
6142:
6137:
6133:
6129:
6125:
6121:
6117:
6110:
6102:
6098:
6093:
6088:
6084:
6080:
6076:
6072:
6068:
6061:
6053:
6049:
6044:
6039:
6034:
6029:
6025:
6021:
6017:
6010:
6002:
5998:
5994:
5990:
5985:
5980:
5976:
5972:
5968:
5961:
5953:
5949:
5945:
5941:
5937:
5933:
5929:
5925:
5918:
5910:
5906:
5901:
5896:
5892:
5888:
5884:
5880:
5876:
5869:
5861:
5857:
5852:
5847:
5843:
5839:
5835:
5831:
5827:
5820:
5812:
5808:
5803:
5798:
5794:
5790:
5786:
5782:
5778:
5771:
5763:
5759:
5755:
5751:
5747:
5743:
5739:
5735:
5727:
5719:
5715:
5710:
5705:
5701:
5697:
5693:
5689:
5685:
5678:
5670:
5666:
5661:
5656:
5652:
5648:
5644:
5637:
5629:
5625:
5620:
5615:
5611:
5607:
5606:Cell Research
5603:
5596:
5588:
5584:
5580:
5576:
5571:
5566:
5561:
5556:
5552:
5548:
5544:
5537:
5529:
5525:
5520:
5515:
5511:
5507:
5503:
5499:
5495:
5488:
5480:
5476:
5471:
5466:
5462:
5458:
5454:
5450:
5446:
5439:
5431:
5427:
5423:
5419:
5415:
5411:
5407:
5403:
5399:
5395:
5388:
5380:
5376:
5372:
5368:
5364:
5360:
5356:
5352:
5344:
5336:
5332:
5327:
5322:
5318:
5314:
5310:
5306:
5302:
5295:
5287:
5283:
5279:
5275:
5271:
5267:
5263:
5259:
5252:
5244:
5240:
5235:
5230:
5225:
5220:
5216:
5212:
5208:
5204:
5200:
5193:
5185:
5181:
5176:
5171:
5166:
5161:
5157:
5153:
5152:PLOS Genetics
5149:
5142:
5134:
5130:
5125:
5120:
5116:
5112:
5108:
5104:
5100:
5093:
5085:
5081:
5077:
5073:
5069:
5065:
5061:
5057:
5050:
5042:
5038:
5033:
5028:
5023:
5018:
5015:: 5255–5269.
5014:
5010:
5006:
4999:
4991:
4987:
4983:
4979:
4975:
4971:
4967:
4963:
4955:
4943:
4935:
4928:
4924:
4920:
4916:
4909:
4905:
4901:
4897:
4893:
4889:
4885:
4881:
4874:
4866:
4862:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4842:
4838:
4834:
4830:
4823:
4815:
4811:
4807:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4789:
4785:
4781:
4774:
4766:
4762:
4757:
4752:
4748:
4744:
4740:
4736:
4732:
4725:
4717:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4689:
4685:
4681:
4677:
4673:
4666:
4658:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4640:
4636:
4632:
4625:
4617:
4613:
4609:
4605:
4601:
4597:
4593:
4589:
4585:
4581:
4574:
4566:
4562:
4558:
4554:
4550:
4546:
4542:
4538:
4534:
4530:
4523:
4515:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4497:
4493:
4489:
4485:
4481:
4474:
4466:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4448:
4444:
4440:
4436:
4432:
4425:
4417:
4413:
4408:
4403:
4399:
4395:
4391:
4384:
4376:
4372:
4368:
4364:
4360:
4356:
4349:
4341:
4337:
4333:
4329:
4325:
4321:
4313:
4305:
4301:
4297:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4279:
4275:
4271:
4267:
4263:
4259:
4255:
4248:
4233:
4229:
4223:
4215:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4197:
4193:
4189:
4185:
4181:
4177:
4173:
4166:
4158:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4140:
4139:1721.1/116703
4136:
4132:
4128:
4124:
4120:
4116:
4109:
4101:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4083:
4079:
4075:
4068:
4060:
4056:
4052:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4034:
4030:
4026:
4019:
4011:
4007:
4003:
3999:
3995:
3991:
3987:
3980:
3972:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3944:
3940:
3936:
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3921:
3913:
3909:
3904:
3899:
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3887:
3883:
3879:
3872:
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3860:
3856:
3852:
3848:
3844:
3840:
3836:
3829:
3821:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3803:
3799:
3795:
3791:
3787:
3780:
3772:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3754:
3750:
3746:
3739:
3731:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3713:
3709:
3705:
3698:
3690:
3686:
3682:
3678:
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3670:
3666:
3662:
3655:
3647:
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3638:
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3621:
3617:
3613:
3606:
3598:
3594:
3589:
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3497:
3492:
3487:
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3423:
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3325:
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3309:
3305:
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3278:
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3270:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3251:
3243:
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3217:
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3194:
3190:
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3147:
3143:
3139:
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2609:
2601:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2560:
2546:on 2007-01-20
2545:
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2256:
2248:
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2240:
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2228:
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2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2188:
2183:
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2175:
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2160:
2145:
2139:
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2128:
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2112:
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2100:
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2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2055:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2012:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1977:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1928:
1920:
1918:9780367623920
1914:
1911:. CRC Press.
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1407:
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1397:
1395:
1392:
1391:
1385:
1383:
1379:
1378:messenger RNA
1375:
1371:
1367:
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1359:
1355:
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1263:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1230:
1228:
1224:
1214:
1212:
1208:
1198:
1194:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1154:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1141:mutations in
1140:
1136:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1092:
1090:
1084:
1074:
1072:
1068:
1065:
1061:
1060:
1050:
1048:
1044:
1039:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1016:
1005:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
978:
976:
972:
968:
964:
955:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
928:antisense RNA
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
903:
899:
896:that carries
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
866:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
829:somatic cells
826:
823:
819:
810:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
772:
768:
764:
760:
755:
751:
747:
745:
741:
737:
733:
727:
723:
713:
711:
707:
703:
698:
694:
692:
687:
685:
681:
677:
673:
668:
666:
663:
659:
655:
650:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
619:
617:
612:
602:
600:
599:enhancer RNAs
596:
592:
588:
584:
574:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
545:
542:
537:
528:
526:
522:
517:
515:
511:
507:
502:
500:
496:
491:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
430:performs the
429:
420:
411:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
356:Transfer RNAs
353:
349:
345:
344:ribosomal RNA
341:
337:
333:
325:
324:
318:
309:
307:
303:
299:
288:
286:
281:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
242:Ribosomal RNA
239:
237:
233:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
193:
189:
188:baker's yeast
185:
177:
172:
168:
166:
162:
158:
157:Francis Crick
154:
150:
146:
145:Nucleic acids
141:
131:
128:
127:bioinformatic
124:
119:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
72:transfer RNAs
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
33:
28:
19:
6871:Bacterial
6846:Lambda phage
6547:
6510:Constituents
6419:
6416:the original
6381:(1): 31–40.
6378:
6374:
6368:
6333:
6329:
6319:
6282:
6278:
6268:
6233:
6229:
6219:
6182:
6178:
6168:
6123:
6119:
6109:
6074:
6070:
6060:
6023:
6019:
6009:
5977:(1): 38–66.
5974:
5970:
5960:
5927:
5923:
5917:
5882:
5878:
5868:
5833:
5829:
5819:
5784:
5780:
5770:
5737:
5733:
5726:
5691:
5687:
5677:
5650:
5646:
5636:
5609:
5605:
5595:
5550:
5546:
5536:
5501:
5497:
5487:
5452:
5448:
5438:
5397:
5393:
5387:
5354:
5350:
5343:
5308:
5304:
5294:
5261:
5257:
5251:
5209:(3): e1709.
5206:
5202:
5192:
5158:(12): e235.
5155:
5151:
5141:
5106:
5102:
5092:
5059:
5055:
5049:
5012:
5008:
4998:
4965:
4961:
4954:
4940:{{
4932:{{
4883:
4879:
4873:
4836:
4832:
4822:
4787:
4783:
4773:
4738:
4734:
4724:
4679:
4675:
4665:
4638:
4634:
4624:
4583:
4579:
4573:
4532:
4528:
4522:
4487:
4483:
4473:
4438:
4434:
4424:
4397:
4393:
4383:
4358:
4354:
4348:
4326:(1): 55–60.
4323:
4319:
4312:
4261:
4257:
4247:
4235:. Retrieved
4231:
4222:
4179:
4175:
4165:
4122:
4118:
4108:
4081:
4077:
4067:
4032:
4028:
4018:
3993:
3989:
3979:
3934:
3930:
3920:
3885:
3881:
3871:
3838:
3834:
3828:
3793:
3789:
3779:
3752:
3748:
3738:
3711:
3707:
3697:
3664:
3660:
3654:
3619:
3615:
3605:
3578:
3574:
3564:
3527:
3523:
3513:
3468:
3464:
3454:
3409:
3405:
3395:
3354:
3350:
3344:
3303:
3299:
3293:
3260:
3256:
3250:
3215:
3211:
3201:
3168:
3164:
3158:
3123:
3119:
3109:
3074:
3070:
3060:
3025:
3021:
2973:
2969:
2959:
2926:
2922:
2912:
2869:
2865:
2855:
2820:
2816:
2806:
2763:
2759:
2753:
2720:
2716:
2710:
2669:
2665:
2659:
2621:(1): 18–36.
2618:
2614:
2608:
2573:
2569:
2559:
2548:. Retrieved
2544:the original
2539:
2534:Daneholt B.
2529:
2496:
2492:
2442:
2438:
2432:
2387:
2383:
2373:
2328:
2324:
2314:
2269:
2265:
2255:
2230:
2226:
2220:
2169:
2165:
2159:
2148:. Retrieved
2094:
2090:
2064:
2060:
2054:
2021:
2017:
2011:
1986:
1982:
1976:
1941:
1937:
1927:
1908:
1902:
1865:
1861:
1823:
1819:
1785:
1781:
1775:
1738:
1735:PLOS Biology
1734:
1724:
1687:
1683:
1647:
1603:
1599:
1589:
1564:
1560:
1554:
1511:
1507:
1493:
1452:
1448:
1442:
1399:List of RNAs
1381:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1349:
1345:
1343:
1323:
1314:Heterozygous
1295:
1286:beta amyloid
1271:
1236:
1220:
1204:
1195:
1155:
1137:
1098:
1086:
1057:
1056:
1040:
1027:
1013:
1011:
1008:As a hormone
979:
966:
962:
961:
936:drosophilids
912:X chromosome
906:
872:
849:
816:
793:
775:
754:RNA elements
748:
729:
699:
695:
688:
669:
651:
620:
608:
605:Trans-acting
580:
549:
518:
503:
492:
425:
408:polypeptides
329:
321:
294:
282:
258:riboswitches
240:
194:
181:
175:
143:
120:
74:(tRNAs) and
43:
39:
37:
6866:P1-derived
6634:Antisense
6527:Nucleotides
6522:Nucleosides
6517:Nucleobases
6432:NONCODE.org
6230:RNA Biology
5971:RNA Biology
5836:: 104–114.
5570:2066/185709
4035:(1): 9–18.
3749:Development
3708:Development
3661:Development
2923:RNA biology
2672:(1): 1–17.
2233:: 417–424.
2067:: 138–163.
1312:responses.
1178:miR-30c-1of
998:Spot 42 RNA
924:Barr bodies
890:chromosomes
803:translation
797:(IRES) are
697:synthesis.
444:spliceosome
428:spliceosome
400:prokaryotes
348:prokaryotes
332:translation
274:Andrew Fire
165:polypeptide
161:translation
108:long ncRNAs
6916:Categories
6818:Morpholino
6731:Organellar
6639:Processual
6604:Regulatory
6548:non-coding
6285:: e08890.
6126:(4): e33.
4237:11 October
2929:(1): 5–8.
2550:2007-01-25
2150:2007-07-28
1435:References
1414:Riboswitch
1306:homozygous
1262:pseudoknot
1255:transition
1162:rs11614913
1081:See also:
1064:pathogenic
1059:C. elegans
1015:Drosophila
992:, p53 RNA
948:epigenetic
876:is an RNP
874:Telomerase
750:RNA leader
740:riboswitch
716:Cis-acting
621:The ncRNA
583:expression
392:eukaryotes
352:eukaryotes
207:nucleotide
52:translated
6778:Analogues
6763:Hachimoji
6546:(coding,
6501:Types of
5084:218759508
4968:: 67–79.
4942:retracted
4934:retracted
4839:(1): 67.
4304:221626129
3990:Biochimie
2943:1555-8584
2776:CiteSeerX
2717:BioEssays
2182:CiteSeerX
1968:204975291
1259:conserved
1239:RNase MRP
1101:cancerous
1067:avoidance
1047:estradiol
1002:Biochimie
886:telomeric
822:mammalian
706:chromatin
647:chromatin
641:RNA, and
611:microRNAs
559:chromatin
368:RNase MRP
340:ribosomes
306:RNA world
276:the 2006
266:mechanism
223:Guanosine
80:microRNAs
6901:Category
6836:Phagemid
6687:Ribozyme
6395:26265145
6360:30271890
6336:(1): 2.
6311:26687005
6260:26818079
6211:17244370
6160:16628248
6101:11574674
6052:24917879
6001:11965790
5993:17617745
5952:43123827
5944:21935892
5909:15861210
5860:19245798
5811:19363478
5762:11113852
5754:19363479
5718:18587408
5669:18804272
5628:17189938
5587:13977736
5579:11207361
5528:22949041
5479:19563756
5422:18923514
5379:37344935
5371:15318025
5335:18160232
5286:12256515
5278:16075369
5243:18320030
5203:PLOS ONE
5184:18166085
5133:18500341
5076:32432749
5041:31239777
4990:54611497
4982:30502359
4927:35297045
4908:54119752
4900:30488589
4865:30795799
4814:20960029
4806:19048628
4765:18521189
4716:12434020
4657:16251535
4608:15685193
4557:16308420
4514:18283318
4465:19683667
4416:18836484
4394:Oncogene
4375:16569192
4340:11890990
4296:32908307
4232:phys.org
4214:23728302
4157:25560704
4100:17312270
4059:17249847
4051:12812784
4010:21963143
3971:35239441
3912:23034808
3855:19160491
3820:17452360
3771:16835436
3730:16000384
3689:28462527
3646:17710122
3622:: e006.
3597:19026782
3556:19043559
3505:19043537
3446:18042713
3387:27167367
3379:12446910
3328:18820678
3285:22199826
3277:15300239
3242:16778078
3150:12575326
3142:25436569
3101:21610089
3052:16943439
3000:15907467
2951:19106623
2904:44527461
2896:16357227
2847:16540690
2798:10937989
2745:45607498
2737:10497339
2702:17968659
2600:32655289
2521:18347629
2513:11733745
2475:28916938
2127:40989800
2119:14263761
2073:13580867
2003:15680349
1960:31662190
1894:25674102
1840:15851065
1802:15851066
1767:20502517
1716:22988449
1630:17568003
1581:34329375
1546:17571346
1485:13047538
1477:15790807
1419:Ribozyme
1388:See also
1310:cochlear
1274:BACE1-AS
1207:SNORD116
1143:miR-16-1
1139:Germline
1089:proteins
1087:As with
1036:estrogen
1020:ecdysone
982:SgrS RNA
859:bacteria
857:of many
841:germline
769:and the
691:OxyS RNA
680:promoter
658:metazoan
643:U6 snRNA
432:splicing
394:and the
304:and the
215:Cytosine
197:used 140
110:such as
106:and the
70:include
16:Compare
6841:Plasmid
6412:"RNAdb"
6351:6052916
6302:4739776
6251:4829331
6202:1783863
6151:1440920
6128:Bibcode
6043:4042891
6026:: 158.
5900:1762815
5851:2700218
5802:2705913
5709:2826895
5519:3566384
5470:3710970
5430:4377899
5402:Bibcode
5326:6800007
5234:2248623
5211:Bibcode
5175:2323313
5124:2705197
5032:6559252
4856:6387535
4756:2402113
4684:Bibcode
4616:4430576
4588:Bibcode
4565:1849875
4537:Bibcode
4529:Science
4505:2266855
4456:2854654
4287:8547118
4266:Bibcode
4205:3718886
4184:Bibcode
4148:4376378
3962:8916003
3939:Bibcode
3903:3526287
3863:5122088
3811:1888808
3681:9012531
3637:1948073
3547:2583053
3496:2518207
3473:Bibcode
3437:2154452
3414:Bibcode
3359:Bibcode
3351:Science
3336:4416402
3308:Bibcode
3233:1482482
3193:6164096
3173:Bibcode
3165:Science
3092:3104036
3043:1592862
2991:1769319
2874:Bibcode
2866:Science
2838:1440897
2768:Bibcode
2760:Science
2694:9419221
2674:Bibcode
2651:2029318
2643:9419222
2623:Bibcode
2591:7327968
2467:4566654
2447:Bibcode
2439:Science
2424:1105583
2392:Bibcode
2365:4884685
2333:Bibcode
2306:5257014
2274:Bibcode
2247:5237198
2212:9265016
2204:5938777
2174:Bibcode
2166:Science
2099:Bibcode
2091:Science
2046:4140563
2026:Bibcode
1885:4306305
1758:2872640
1707:3439828
1690:: 170.
1621:1891344
1537:2212820
1516:Bibcode
1500:Dutta A
1457:Bibcode
1449:Science
1251:Finnish
1117:SNORD50
1032:miR-206
994:SR1 RNA
914:of the
863:archaea
682:during
676:sigma70
654:7SK RNA
635:5S rRNA
627:RNase P
623:RNase P
616:3' UTRs
510:HBII-52
442:. The
380:RNase P
246:snoRNAs
219:Uridine
184:alanine
104:scaRNAs
92:snoRNAs
56:protein
54:into a
6856:Fosmid
6851:Cosmid
6801:Hexose
6723:acids
6675:Others
6438:RNAcon
6393:
6358:
6348:
6309:
6299:
6258:
6248:
6209:
6199:
6185:: 21.
6158:
6148:
6099:
6089:
6050:
6040:
5999:
5991:
5950:
5942:
5907:
5897:
5858:
5848:
5809:
5799:
5760:
5752:
5716:
5706:
5667:
5626:
5585:
5577:
5526:
5516:
5477:
5467:
5428:
5420:
5394:Nature
5377:
5369:
5333:
5323:
5284:
5276:
5241:
5231:
5182:
5172:
5131:
5121:
5082:
5074:
5039:
5029:
4988:
4980:
4925:
4921:,
4906:
4898:
4863:
4853:
4812:
4804:
4763:
4753:
4714:
4707:137750
4704:
4655:
4614:
4606:
4580:Nature
4563:
4555:
4512:
4502:
4463:
4453:
4414:
4373:
4338:
4302:
4294:
4284:
4258:Nature
4212:
4202:
4176:Nature
4155:
4145:
4098:
4057:
4049:
4008:
3969:
3959:
3910:
3900:
3861:
3853:
3818:
3808:
3769:
3728:
3687:
3679:
3644:
3634:
3595:
3554:
3544:
3503:
3493:
3444:
3434:
3385:
3377:
3334:
3326:
3300:Nature
3283:
3275:
3240:
3230:
3191:
3148:
3140:
3099:
3089:
3050:
3040:
2998:
2988:
2949:
2941:
2902:
2894:
2845:
2835:
2796:
2778:
2743:
2735:
2700:
2692:
2649:
2641:
2598:
2588:
2519:
2511:
2473:
2465:
2422:
2415:388732
2412:
2363:
2356:225267
2353:
2304:
2297:223689
2294:
2245:
2210:
2202:
2184:
2125:
2117:
2071:
2044:
2018:Nature
2001:
1966:
1958:
1915:
1892:
1882:
1838:
1800:
1765:
1755:
1714:
1704:
1658:
1628:
1618:
1579:
1544:
1534:
1508:Nature
1483:
1475:
1332:, and
1298:miR-96
1217:Autism
1174:miR-17
1147:miR-15
1125:Y RNAs
1105:miRNAs
1095:Cancer
996:, and
990:ENOD40
986:RNAIII
942:, the
878:enzyme
825:testes
672:6S RNA
593:or in
551:Y RNAs
488:U6atac
484:U4atac
466:, and
436:intron
372:snRNAs
254:CRISPR
195:et al.
116:HOTAIR
100:exRNAs
96:snRNAs
88:piRNAs
84:siRNAs
58:. The
6881:Human
6659:Y RNA
6462:DASHR
6279:eLife
6092:60242
5997:S2CID
5948:S2CID
5758:S2CID
5583:S2CID
5426:S2CID
5375:S2CID
5282:S2CID
5080:S2CID
4986:S2CID
4938:with
4904:S2CID
4810:S2CID
4612:S2CID
4561:S2CID
4300:S2CID
4055:S2CID
3859:S2CID
3685:S2CID
3383:S2CID
3332:S2CID
3281:S2CID
3146:S2CID
2900:S2CID
2741:S2CID
2698:S2CID
2647:S2CID
2517:S2CID
2471:S2CID
2208:S2CID
2123:S2CID
2042:S2CID
1964:S2CID
1868:: 2.
1567:(6).
1481:S2CID
1366:ncRNA
1278:BACE1
1247:Amish
1186:BRCA2
1182:BRCA1
975:miRNA
965:, or
926:. An
785:mRNAs
591:trans
587:genes
448:snRNP
262:miRNA
176:inset
44:ncRNA
6391:PMID
6379:1859
6356:PMID
6307:PMID
6256:PMID
6207:PMID
6156:PMID
6097:PMID
6048:PMID
5989:PMID
5940:PMID
5905:PMID
5856:PMID
5834:1277
5807:PMID
5750:PMID
5714:PMID
5665:PMID
5624:PMID
5575:PMID
5547:Cell
5524:PMID
5475:PMID
5449:Cell
5418:PMID
5367:PMID
5331:PMID
5305:Gene
5274:PMID
5239:PMID
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