22:
227:. It is known as a subclass 444 visa. Under the 1994 regulations New Zealand citizens entering Australia are treated as having applied for a temporary entry visa, which is automatically granted (subject to health and character considerations) and recorded electronically. Unlike other nationals, there is no requirement to obtain a visa prior to arrival. And unlike other temporary visas, this particular visa â known as Special Category Visa (SCV) subclass 444 â has no time limit for New Zealand citizens. A date stamp in their passport on arrival is all that New Zealand citizens would observe on entry to Australia. For
312:"During the 1990s, the Australian government sought to better target its migration program to skills needed in Australia. The resulting tight arrangements contrasted with the freedom of New Zealand citizens, regardless of age or skills, to move to Australia. Also, by this time about a third of the New Zealand citizens arriving in Australia were from third world countries who had gained New Zealand citizenship after the required three years of residence (now five years). As the New Zealand migration rules were less strict than those applying in Australia it was thought that this was a form of "back door" entry.
260:
completing the character section of the New
Zealand Passenger Arrival Card) and need to show a valid Australian passport on arrival in New Zealand (or if holding a foreign passport, this passport must show an Australian Citizen Endorsement or Australian Citizen Declaratory Visa (either with a label or a confirmation letter) as evidence of your Australian citizenship). Australian permanent residents also need to show they are of good character, but do not need a physical label in their passports as in most cases Immigration New Zealand will recognise Australian permanent resident visas issued electronically.
1102:
134:
264:
exit from New
Zealand, so travelling in and out of New Zealand can affect the requirement that the Resident Visa must be held for two years continuously. If an Australian citizen or permanent resident is in New Zealand on a Resident visa and wishes to stay long term and apply for a permanent resident visa in the future, they should make an application for a Variation of Travel Conditions (VOTC) if they wish to travel in the meantime to ensure that the resident visa does not expire when leaving New Zealand.
150:
to travel, the two Prime
Ministers agreed that citizens of each country and citizens of other Commonwealth countries who had resident status in either Australia or New Zealand should henceforth be able to travel between Australia and New Zealand, for a permanent or temporary stay, without passports or visas. They also agreed that talks between immigration officials of the two countries regarding practical arrangements for the implementation of the new policy would take place as soon as possible thereafter.
207:
TTTA. The exemptions were put into effect by regulations made under the Act, not the 1987 Act itself. It gives
Australian citizens an indefinite stay in New Zealand, without restriction on work, study or re-entry under immigration legislation. The holders of Australian permanent resident visas were granted New Zealand residence permits on arrival and to re-enter New Zealand, this group must have continued to hold a valid Australian permanent resident visa or obtain a New Zealand Returning Resident Visa.
70:
1112:
186:
police, security and immigration authorities had drawn attention to the ease with which the existing arrangement at the time could be exploited. People involved in terrorism, drug trafficking or other illegal activities, could too easily pass themselves off as
Australian or New Zealand citizens under the arrangement, representing a significant threat to society. The existing arrangement had also been exploited by people who had abducted children from Australia.
1535:
335:"There is substantial oversupply in metropolitan areas as indicated by the number of applications received for each advertised position in both the public and private sector, the proportion of full-time to part-time work available and the number of dentists who report difficulty in obtaining full-time work."
326:
Successive
Australian governments have continued to better target the migration program to skills needed in Australia. The emphasis now is on employer sponsorship â on the grounds the employers are the best judge of the skills needed. The unregulated New Zealand flow is leaving a gaping hole in these
276:
immediately on arrival in
Australia. Similarly, Australian citizens were entitled to social security benefits in New Zealand. During the 1980s and 1990s, this became a hotly debated political issue. Starting in 1986, New Zealand citizens were required to be resident in Australia for six months before
263:
After arrival in New
Zealand under the TTTA, Australian citizens and permanent residents may qualify for a Permanent Resident Visa (PRV) provided they have held a Resident Visa continuously for more than 24 months, and have met the PRV criteria. However, Resident Visas held by Australians expire upon
77:
The arrangement was announced on 4 February 1973 and came into effect soon after. The arrangement is not expressed in the form of any binding bilateral treaty between
Australia and New Zealand, but rather is a series of immigration procedures applied by each country and underpinned by joint political
149:
respectively) announced the basis for what would become known as the Trans-Tasman Travel
Arrangement (or TTTA) in a joint communiqué that covered a wide range of issues including economic and defence cooperation, travel, South Pacific affairs, race relations and nuclear weapons testing. With regards
354:
to allow the cancellation of Australian visas for non-citizens on character grounds, including having been sentenced to prison for more than twelve months. The stricter character requirements also target non-citizens who have lived in Australia for most of their lives. By July 2018, about 1,300 New
319:
Few New Zealand citizens arriving since 2001 have accessed this permanent residence pathway. The changes have also not deterred New Zealand citizens (including those from third world countries) from moving to Australia. Their numbers continue to increase. New Zealand citizens are adding about a net
49:
of one of these countries to the other. The arrangement came into effect in 1973, and allows citizens of each country to reside and work in the other country indefinitely, with some restrictions. Other details of the arrangement have varied over time. From 1 July 1981, all people entering Australia
295:
While this still allowed the freedom to live and work indefinitely in Australia, it restricted access to certain privileges of holding a formal Australian permanent visa, such as access to certain social security payments and the ability to apply for naturalisation as an Australian citizen after a
288:
Those who were resident before or on 26 February 2001 may claim unemployment benefits as they are protected Special Category Visa holders under the Social Security Act. New Zealanders who arrive in Australia after 26 February 2001 must apply for and be granted a formal Australian permanent visa to
160:
The TTTA itself was then implemented on 1 March 1973. Two weeks later on 15 March 1973, the New Zealand Minister for Immigration, Mr. F. M. Colman, and Mr. A. J. Grassby reviewed the revised travel requirements in Canberra and issued a joint press release on the exercise. For the press release the
206:
In 1987, New Zealand introduced a new Immigration Act. The 1987 Act and regulations under it exempted Australian citizens and permanent residents from the requirements to hold a visa and/or residence permit to enter and stay in New Zealand in order to continue with the free movement regime of the
172:
It was also announced that in addition to the relaxed requirements for crossing the Tasman Sea all holders of New Zealand passports would in future be permitted to travel to Australia without prior authority. All Australian passport holders travelling to New Zealand from any part of the world had
199:
The Australian government had considered and rejected the alternative of instituting intensive interrogation and baggage search of people crossing the Tasman. It was also announced that arrangements for special lines at major airports exclusively for Australian and New Zealand citizens would be
185:
announced that all people entering Australia (including New Zealand citizens) would be required to carry a passport as from 1 July 1981. This measure was intended to curb abuses of the existing Trans-Tasman Travel Arrangement. The Australian Royal Commission of Inquiry into Drugs and Australian
259:
The 2009 Act and regulations re-confirmed the previous conditions necessary in order for Australian citizens and permanent residents to be allowed to live, work and study in New Zealand under the TTTA. Australian citizens would need to be of good character (a character declaration is made by
157:. Two special emissaries of the Australian government (Mr. G. E. Hitchins and Mr. T. A. Smith of the Department of Immigration) visited New Zealand from 5â9 February 1973 to arrange the details of the implementation of the open door policy agreed upon by Prime Ministers Whitlam and Kirk.
355:
Zealanders had been deported from Australia on character grounds. While Australian officials have defended the tougher deportation measures, their New Zealand counterparts have warned that these would damage the historical "bonds of mateship" between the two countries. See more at
277:
receiving benefits, and in 2000, New Zealand citizens were required to reside in Australia for two years before they could receive payments. This is also the case for Australian citizens residing in New Zealand. However, this was subsequently restricted further.
315:
The changes to the Trans-Tasman rules in 2001 reflected these concerns. The Australian governmentâs expectation was that the new rules would deter movement on the part of New Zealand citizens who could not meet the requirements for permanent skilled migration.
234:
In 2009 New Zealand introduced a new Immigration Act, which provided for a universal visa system similar to Australia's. The 2009 Act also reflected Australia's Special Category Visa system in that it provided for Australians to be automatically granted an
218:
Prior to 1 September 1994, Australia generally treated New Zealanders as exempt non-citizens. Since 1 September 1994 Australia has had a universal visa requirement. To specifically cater for the continued free movement of New Zealanders to Australia, the
189:
The new measures were also aimed at preventing people from other countries circumventing Australia's normal migration requirements by significantly curbing the ability of people to falsely represent themselves as Australian or New Zealand citizens.
103:
280:
In 2001, Australian legislation classified New Zealanders living in Australia into two categories: those who were resident in Australia on 26 February 2001 (Protected Special Category Visas), and those who arrived in Australia after that date
604:
50:(including New Zealand citizens) have been required to carry a passport. Since 1 September 1994, Australia has had a universal visa requirement, and to specifically cater for the continued free movement of New Zealanders to Australia the
99:
196:"The passport requirement represents the option involving least delay and inconvenience to travellers among the various approaches which might have been taken to close off this loophole in Australian entry controls", the Minister said.
341:"Overseas qualified dentists who have met registration requirements in New Zealand receive automatic recognition in Australia .... Achieving registration in New Zealand is seen by many as a means of 'back door' entry into Australia"
1068:
471:"People who hold current Australian permanent residence visas or current Australian resident return visas may be granted residence permits on arrival in New Zealand, provided they have not been excluded under section 7 of the
78:
support. Although the exact nature of the arrangement has been varied from time to time, it still allows citizens of Australia or New Zealand to live in the other country indefinitely and take on most employment.
1137:
95:
1401:
1152:
1142:
1127:
1098:
542:
362:
Under Sections 15 and 16 of New Zealand's 2009 Immigration Act, any person (including Australian citizens and permanent residents) may be denied resident visas and entry into the country if they:
193:"The new measures will preserve a uniquely privileged position for New Zealanders in Australiaâs immigration policies in allowing them to enter Australia without visas", the Minister said.
111:
793:
256:
Australian citizens and Australian permanent residents are considered to be holding a residence class visa for the purposes of the Act and based on regulations made under the Act.
1389:
292:
They may qualify for benefits after applying to the Department of Immigration and Citizenship for a permanent visa and serving the two-year newly arrived resident waiting period.
91:
153:
The negotiation of the details of the Arrangement (or Open Door Policy as it was then called) was announced on 4 February 1973 by the Australian Minister for Immigration, Mr.
1090:
203:
By 1981, when these new changes to the TTTA were announced the number of New Zealanders living in Australia had approximately doubled to around 177,000 from 80,000 in 1971.
323:
The reason is that the gap in GDP per capita in Australia and New Zealand is growing and is currently over 20%. New Zealanders will keep on coming while this gap persists.
161:
Ministers recalled that under the relaxed procedures passports and prior authority to enter were not required for direct travel between Australia and New Zealand by:
1147:
1132:
923:
472:
90:. The arrangement itself is linked to and grounded by a system of other agreements and treaties such as the New Zealand Australia Free Trade Agreement (1966),
605:"Agreement on Social Security Between the Government of Australia and the Government of New Zealand - Department of Social Services, Australian Government"
210:
As a result of higher wages and the greater economic market in Australia, the vast majority of trans-Tasman migration is from New Zealand to Australia.
622:
289:
obtain certain social security benefits not covered by the bilateral Social Security Agreement, despite being able to live indefinitely in Australia.
1083:
122:
Prior to 1973, neither New Zealand nor Australia exercised systematic control over immigration from the main Commonwealth countries (principally the
579:
790:
454:, a proposal for free movement between Canada, Australia, New Zealand and the United Kingdom using the Trans-Tasman Travel Arrangement as a model
356:
446:
239:
on arrival to New Zealand to facilitate entry without any additional administrative requirements such as completing visa application forms.
1573:
1538:
1076:
853:
905:
674:
168:(2) Citizens of other Commonwealth countries who have been granted permission to reside indefinitely in either Australia or New Zealand;
1598:
1348:
955:
397:
761:
733:
1578:
1322:
835:
242:
The 2009 Act entitled someone to reside in New Zealand indefinitely if the person holds one of the following residence class visas:
200:
developed, further facilitating the traditional right of Australians and New Zealanders to travel freely between the two countries.
1583:
1472:
1413:
1377:
304:
In a 2013 article entitled "Tougher policy needed for New Zealanders wanting to work in Australia", Bob Birrell, an academic at
1291:
1225:
1063:
488:
25:
A New Zealand resident visa stamp granted on arrival under Trans-Tasman Travel Arrangement on an Australian travel document.
1286:
1603:
1558:
1509:
1106:
1020:
891:
1514:
989:
561:
1249:
817:
1563:
1477:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1204:
417:
930:
1588:
1332:
387:
are deemed by the Minister of Immigration to be a threat or risk to security, public order, or the public interest
1593:
1519:
1260:
626:
503:
21:
1467:
1255:
130:), and New Zealanders and Australians were thus free to move between each country under informal arrangements.
1504:
640:
58:
1016:
1568:
1427:
592:
366:
have been convicted and sentenced to five or more years of imprisonment, even if the conviction was later
1432:
972:
871:
273:
79:
1442:
1359:
909:
83:
1296:
87:
718:
252:
a resident permit issued under the Immigration Act 1987 (these were issued before 29 November 2010).
375:
have been prohibited entry by sections 179 or 180 of the Immigration Act or by any other enactment
1209:
381:
are a member of a group designated as a terrorist entity under the Terrorism Suppression Act 2002
857:
372:
have been convicted and sentenced to one or more years of imprisonment within the past ten years
1371:
1183:
766:
738:
681:
1327:
1188:
839:
476:
402:
282:
220:
51:
1492:
1482:
331:
The Australian Dental Association has expressed in 2014 about the dental occupation that:
8:
1353:
1042:
698:
426:
1064:
Trans-Tasman Travel Arrangement at the New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade
384:
are deemed by the Minister of Immigration to be likely to commit an imprisonable offence
1437:
994:
422:
407:
351:
320:
27,000 to the number of Australian residents each year â more than any other country.
1406:
949:
573:
305:
1365:
1270:
797:
236:
133:
1498:
888:
593:
Council of Australian Governments - Trans-Tasman Mutual Recognition Arrangement
173:
been able to enter New Zealand without prior authority for the past two years.
123:
623:"Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade: The Trans-Tasman Travel Arrangement"
560:
Queensland, Queensland Government Statistician's Office, Queensland Treasury.
524:
246:
a resident visa with entry permission issued under the Immigration Act 2009 or
1552:
1394:
1301:
1178:
412:
142:
69:
1418:
1168:
117:
1111:
432:
367:
182:
146:
86:
may not work in Australia in areas involving national security or in the
42:
489:"Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade: Trans-Tasman Travel Arrangement"
272:
Originally, New Zealand citizens arriving in Australia were entitled to
1487:
1382:
1317:
906:"Tougher policy needed for New Zealanders wanting to work in Australia"
525:"Australian Government Department of Immigration and Border Protection"
357:
New Zealand Australians#2014 character test and subsequent developments
154:
141:
On 22 January 1973, the Prime Ministers of Australia and New Zealand (
1265:
1231:
1101:
228:
107:
38:
836:"Are there any special rules for Australian citizens and residents?"
100:
various Social Security agreements between Australia and New Zealand
562:"Australian and New Zealand Standard Classification of Occupations"
46:
249:
a permanent resident visa issued under the Immigration Act 2009 or
1244:
990:"Why New Zealand Is Furious About Australia's Deportation Policy"
436:
104:
Australia and New Zealand Standard Classification of Occupations
451:
440:
127:
92:
Australia New Zealand Closer Economic Relations Trade Agreement
1238:
1009:
854:"Can Australians get a New Zealand Permanent Resident Visa?"
543:"Homepage - Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment"
299:
713:
711:
699:"The Trans-Tasman Relationship: A New Zealand Perspective"
477:
http://www.immigration.govt.nz/opsmanual/archive/i6356.htm
137:
An Australian visa stamp on a New Zealand travel document.
889:
Welfare Payments To Be Restricted For Kiwis In Australia
597:
846:
708:
669:
667:
665:
663:
661:
659:
657:
655:
653:
118:
Pre-1973 procedures and introduction of the Arrangement
1035:
641:"JOINT COMMUNIQUE - AUSTRALIA-NEW ZEALAND COOPERATION"
181:
On 24 April 1981, Australian Minister for Immigration
1239:
Australia, New Zealand, United States Security Treaty
975:
Refusal or cancellation of visa on character grounds.
864:
786:
784:
734:"To stay or go to Australia - it's all down to money"
791:
Trans-Tasman Review: Cross border movement of people
650:
231:holders who use SmartGate, there is no date stamp.
781:
753:
725:
1550:
517:
443:, similar to the Trans-Tasman Travel Arrangement
429:, similar to the Trans-Tasman Travel Arrangement
73:Countries in the Trans-Tasman Travel Arrangement
675:"Trans Tasman Travel Arrangement News Releases"
633:
350:In 2014, the Australian Government amended the
345:
223:was also introduced on 1 September 1994 by the
1148:High commissioners of New Zealand to Australia
1133:High commissioners of Australia to New Zealand
983:
981:
731:
691:
495:
447:1950 Indo-Nepal Treaty of Peace and Friendship
425:an arrangement between the United Kingdom and
378:have been removed or deported from any country
1084:
1043:"New Zealand Visas - Immigration New Zealand"
872:"New Zealand Visas - Immigration New Zealand"
811:
809:
807:
805:
16:Arrangement between Australia and New Zealand
759:
578:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1138:Consulate General of New Zealand, Melbourne
987:
978:
553:
96:Trans-Tasman Mutual Recognition Arrangement
1091:
1077:
828:
802:
719:"Immigration Act Review: Background Paper"
501:
398:Central America-4 Border Control Agreement
267:
57:New Zealand's arrangement extends also to
856:. Immigration New Zealand. Archived from
838:. Immigration New Zealand. Archived from
615:
586:
535:
300:Employment of New Zealanders in Australia
165:(1) Citizens of Australia or New Zealand;
1539:Category:AustraliaâNew Zealand relations
1473:Australian rules football in New Zealand
1153:Consulate General of Australia, Auckland
1143:Consulate General of New Zealand, Sydney
1128:High Commission of Australia, Wellington
481:
132:
68:
20:
988:O'Regan, Sylvia Varnham (3 July 2018).
903:
176:
1551:
1349:AustraliaâNew Zealand sports rivalries
1292:Exclusive economic zone of New Zealand
954:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
818:"Residency status or type - StudyLink"
762:"Record numbers leaving for Australia"
559:
45:which allows for the free movement of
1323:AustraliaâNew Zealand Maritime Treaty
1226:Australian and New Zealand Army Corps
1072:
1287:Exclusive economic zone of Australia
213:
1510:Proposals for new Australian states
1021:Australian Broadcasting Corporation
112:Trans-Tasman Patent Attorney Regime
54:was introduced for New Zealanders.
13:
1250:Southeast Asia Treaty Organization
14:
1615:
1599:Expedited border crossing schemes
1478:Commonwealth Pacific Cable System
1205:Underarm bowling incident of 1981
1057:
904:Birrell, Bob (19 February 2013).
418:Visa policy in the European Union
61:or resident return visa holders.
1534:
1533:
1515:MÄori voting rights in Australia
1333:Territorial claims in Antarctica
1110:
1100:
760:Tan, Lincoln (23 October 2008).
732:Collins, Simon (21 March 2006).
296:sufficient period of residence.
1584:1973 in international relations
1574:AustraliaâNew Zealand relations
1520:Commonwealth Franchise Act 1902
1261:Five Power Defence Arrangements
1174:Trans-Tasman Travel Arrangement
1107:AustraliaâNew Zealand relations
962:
916:
897:
882:
815:
31:Trans-Tasman Travel Arrangement
1447:Rugby League World Cup finals
1256:New Zealand Memorial, Canberra
502:headhoncho (23 January 2015).
465:
59:Australian permanent residents
1:
1505:Join Australia Movement Party
458:
102:(1994, 1995, 1998 and 2002),
1579:AustraliaâNew Zealand border
1428:2015 Cricket World Cup final
1047:glossary.immigration.govt.nz
1017:"Don't Call Australia Home!"
876:glossary.immigration.govt.nz
346:Removal on character grounds
37:) is an arrangement between
7:
1468:2023 FIFA Women's World Cup
1433:Australasia at the Olympics
391:
10:
1620:
1604:Trans-Tasman organisations
1559:Immigration to New Zealand
1443:2015 Rugby World Cup final
225:Migration Regulations 1994
64:
1530:
1341:
1310:
1297:Closer Economic Relations
1279:
1218:
1197:
1161:
1120:
435:, an arrangement between
88:Australian Public Service
1564:Australian migration law
796:27 February 2014 at the
1589:1973 in New Zealand law
268:Entitlement to benefits
1594:1973 in Australian law
1360:ChappellâHadlee Trophy
1184:Nauru Island Agreement
767:The New Zealand Herald
739:The New Zealand Herald
511:Asian Development Bank
504:"ADB Institute (ADBI)"
343:
329:
138:
74:
26:
1402:rugby union (women's)
1368:(women's ODI crikcet)
1328:Special Category Visa
1189:Pacific Islands Forum
822:www.studylink.govt.nz
403:Nordic Passport Union
333:
310:
283:Special Category Visa
274:unemployment benefits
221:Special Category Visa
136:
72:
52:Special Category Visa
24:
1493:Tasman Global Access
1483:Southern Cross Cable
473:Immigration Act 1987
177:Changes in the 1980s
80:New Zealand citizens
1569:1973 in New Zealand
1390:Rugby union (men's)
1372:Laurie O'Reilly Cup
1354:Trans-Tasman Trophy
1210:CarrâPeters scandal
936:on 18 December 2014
860:on 31 January 2016.
566:www.qgso.qld.gov.au
84:Australian citizens
1438:Crossing the Ditch
1280:Economic relations
1219:Military relations
995:The New York Times
969:Migration Act 1958
894:, 26 February 2001
687:on 21 August 2014.
529:www.customs.gov.au
423:Common Travel Area
408:Schengen Agreement
139:
75:
27:
1546:
1545:
1407:Constellation Cup
1362:(ODI/T20 cricket)
629:on 1 August 2014.
306:Monash University
214:Visa requirements
82:who are not also
1611:
1537:
1536:
1366:Rose Bowl series
1121:Diplomatic posts
1115:
1114:
1105:
1104:
1093:
1086:
1079:
1070:
1069:
1051:
1050:
1039:
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1004:
1002:
985:
976:
966:
960:
959:
953:
945:
943:
941:
935:
929:. Archived from
928:
920:
914:
913:
910:The Conversation
901:
895:
886:
880:
879:
868:
862:
861:
850:
844:
843:
842:on 6 April 2016.
832:
826:
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748:
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706:
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695:
689:
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680:. Archived from
679:
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631:
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625:. Archived from
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1271:UKUSA Agreement
1214:
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979:
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933:
926:
924:"Archived copy"
922:
921:
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902:
898:
887:
883:
870:
869:
865:
852:
851:
847:
834:
833:
829:
814:
803:
798:Wayback Machine
789:
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742:
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547:www.med.govt.nz
541:
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487:
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394:
348:
302:
270:
237:electronic visa
216:
179:
120:
67:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1617:
1607:
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1601:
1596:
1591:
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1544:
1543:
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1528:
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1523:
1522:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1499:Patriot Brains
1495:
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1485:
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1369:
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1357:
1356:(Test cricket)
1345:
1343:
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110:(2007) and
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1553:Categories
1488:PacRimWest
1383:Anzac Test
1318:Tasman Sea
973:s 501
459:References
1374:(netball)
1266:Five Eyes
1232:Anzac Day
1198:Incidents
1162:Diplomacy
327:efforts."
229:ePassport
108:SmartGate
39:Australia
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106:(2006),
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1342:Related
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1245:N Force
1241:(ANZUS)
1027:19 July
1001:19 July
437:Belarus
427:Ireland
65:History
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128:Canada
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