Gough Whitlam - Knowledge

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differently compared to the present, and did not include thousands of rural workers on Commonwealth-financed relief work). Inflation was also at its highest rate since the early 1950s. The government recovered slightly in the August Budget session of Parliament, proposing income tax cuts and increased spending. The Labor strategy for the run-up to the election was to sit back and allow the Coalition to make mistakes. Whitlam controversially stated in March "draft-dodging is not a crime" and that he would be open to a revaluation of the Australian dollar. With the Coalition sinking in the polls and his own personal approval ratings down as low as 28 per cent, McMahon waited as long as he could, finally calling

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television commercials with the title "The Three Dark Years" showing images from Whitlam government scandals. The ALP campaign concentrated on the issue of Whitlam's dismissal and did not address the economy until its final days. By that time Fraser was confident of victory and content to sit back, avoid specifics and make no mistakes. In the election, the Coalition won the largest majority government in Australian history, winning 91 seats to Labor's 36. Labor suffered a 6.5 per cent swing against it and its caucus was cut almost in half, suffering a 30-seat swing. Labor was left with five fewer seats than it had when Whitlam took the leadership. The Coalition also won a 37–25 majority in the Senate.

1840: 3022: 1496:, which would have expanded the powers of the federal government. Although the party was victorious, the referendum it advocated was defeated. In 1961, Whitlam said of the referendum defeat, "My hopes were dashed by the outcome and from that moment I determined to do all I could do to modernise the Australian Constitution." While still in uniform, Whitlam joined the ALP in Sydney in 1945. He was discharged from the RAAF on 17 October 1945, and continued to use Air Force log books to record all the flights he took until 2007. After the war, he obtained his Bachelor of Laws; he was admitted to the federal and New South Wales bars in 1947. 2104:" held office, Whitlam sought to fulfill those campaign promises that did not require legislation. Whitlam ordered negotiations to establish full relations with the People's Republic of China, and broke those with Taiwan. The diplomatic relations were established in 1972 and an embassy opened in Beijing in 1973. Legislation allowed the defence minister to grant exemptions from conscription. Barnard held this office, and exempted everyone. Seven men were at that time incarcerated for refusing conscription; Whitlam arranged for their liberation. The Whitlam government in its first days reopened the equal pay case pending before the 2349:(including Gair's) were at stake, the party would be likely to win a third. Possible control of the Senate was therefore at stake; Whitlam agreed to Gair's request and had Governor-General Sir Paul Hasluck appoint him ambassador to Ireland. Word leaked of Gair's pending resignation, and Whitlam's opponents attempted to counteract his manoeuvre. On what became known as the "Night of the Long Prawns", Country Party members secreted Gair at a small party in a legislative office as the ALP searched for him to secure his written resignation. As Gair enjoyed beer and prawns, Bjelke-Petersen advised the Queensland governor, 1748:. As a result, the Coalition easily defeated Labor on a 10-seat swing. Whitlam had hoped Calwell would step down after 1963, but he remained, reasoning that Evatt had been given three opportunities to win, and that he should be allowed a third try. Calwell dismissed proposals that the ALP leader and deputy leader should be entitled to membership of the party's conference (or on its governing 12-person Federal Executive, which had two representatives from each state), and instead ran successfully for one of the conference's Victoria seats. Labor did badly in a 1964 by-election in the Tasmanian 1422: 1881: 2306: 2947: 1299: 2021:", an echo of Menzies' successful 1949 slogan, "It's Time for a Change". Surveys showed that even Liberal voters approved of the Labor slogan. Whitlam pledged an end to conscription and the release of individuals who had refused the draft; an income tax surcharge to pay for universal health insurance; free dental care for students; and renovation of ageing urban infrastructure. The party pledged to eliminate university tuition fees and establish a schools commission to evaluate educational needs. The party benefited from the support of the proprietor of 3009:. On the 60th anniversary of his marriage to Margaret Whitlam, he called it "very satisfactory" and claimed a record for "matrimonial endurance". In 2010, it was reported that Whitlam had moved into an aged care facility in Sydney's inner east in 2007. Despite this, he continued to go to his office three days a week. Margaret Whitlam remained in the couple's nearby apartment. In early 2012, she suffered a fall there, leading to her death in hospital at the age of 92 on 17 March of that year, a month short of the Whitlams' 70th wedding anniversary. 56: 1994: 1256: 2062: 1986:, visited Beijing between 9–11 July (less than a week after Whitlam's visit), and, unknown to Whitlam, some of Kissinger's staff had been in Beijing at the same time as the Labor delegation. According to Whitlam biographer Jenny Hocking, the incident transformed Whitlam into an international statesman, while McMahon was seen as reacting defensively to Whitlam's foreign policy ventures. Other errors by McMahon, such as a confused ad-lib speech while visiting Washington, and a statement to Indonesia's President 2804: 2828: 1001: 730: 2436:

Opposition contended he had misled Parliament, and a motion to censure Whitlam was defeated along party lines. The Opposition also attacked Whitlam for not allowing enough South Vietnamese refugees into Australia, with Fraser calling for the entry of 50,000. Freudenberg alleges that 1,026 Vietnamese refugees entered Australia in the final eight months of the Whitlam government, and only 399 in 1976 under Fraser. However, by 1977, Australia had accepted more than five thousand refugees.

2224: 2138: 2463: 8443: 1510: 3236: 2369:. The 1973 oil crisis had caused prices to spike and, according to government figures, inflation topped 13 per cent for over a year between 1973 and 1974. Part of the inflation was due to Whitlam's desire to increase wages and conditions of the Commonwealth Public Service as a pacesetter for the private sector. The Whitlam government had cut tariffs by 25 per cent in 1973; 1974 saw an increase in imports of 30 per cent and a $ 1.5 2579: 2565: 2329:, who was about to visit Australia, and feared ASIO might conceal or destroy them. The Opposition attacked the Government over the raid, terming Murphy a "loose cannon". A Senate investigation of the incident was cut short when Parliament was dissolved in 1974. According to journalist and author Wallace Brown, the controversy continued to dog the Whitlam government throughout its term, because the incident was "so silly". 1518: 2150:

duumvirate did its work, and on 18 December the caucus elected the Cabinet. The results were generally acceptable to Whitlam, and within three hours, he had announced the portfolios of the Cabinet members. To give himself greater control over the Cabinet, in January 1973 Whitlam established five Cabinet committees (with the members appointed by himself, not the caucus) and took full control of the Cabinet agenda.

2029:, who preferred Whitlam over McMahon. Labor was so dominant in the campaign that some of Whitlam's advisers urged him to stop joking about McMahon; people were feeling sorry for him. The election saw the ALP increase its tally by 12 seats, mostly in suburban Sydney and Melbourne, for a majority of nine in the House of Representatives. The ALP gained little beyond the suburban belts, however, losing a seat in 2963: 2272:, with its majority in the House of Representatives cut from seven to five and its Senate seats increased by three. It was only the second time since Federation that a Labor government had been elected to a second full term. The government and the opposition each had 29 Senators with two seats held by independents. The deadlock over the twice-rejected bills was broken, uniquely in Australian history, with a 1613: 2622:, was forced to resign when Khemlani released documents showing that Connor had made misleading statements. The continuing scandal bolstered the Coalition in their stance that they would not concede supply. Whitlam, convinced that he would win the battle, was glad of the distraction from the Loans Affair, and believed he would "smash" not only the Senate, but Fraser's leadership. 2085:, that he was no longer in a position to govern. Soon afterward, Whitlam advised Hasluck that he could form a government with his new majority. This was in accordance with longstanding Australian constitutional practice. Convention also held that McMahon would stay on as caretaker prime minister until the full results were in. However, Whitlam was unwilling to wait that long. On 5 1814:

considered Whitlam's remark disastrous, disputing the party line just five days before the election. The ALP suffered a crushing defeat; the party was reduced to 41 seats in the House of Representatives. Shortly after the election, Whitlam faced another expulsion vote for his stance on Vietnam, and survived. True to his word, Calwell resigned two months after the election. At the

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goals which were possible and worthwhile in the constitutional framework. Many Labor goals, such as nationalisation, ran contrary to the Constitution. Whitlam came to believe the Constitution – and especially Section 96 (which allowed the federal government to make grants to the states) – could be used to advance a worthwhile Labor programme.

961:, returning them to the House of Representatives with a demand that the government go to an election. Whitlam argued that his government, which held a clear majority in the House of Representatives, was being held to ransom by the Senate. The crisis ended in mid-November, when governor-general Sir John Kerr dismissed him from office and commissioned the opposition leader, 2169:, which set a goal to leave no urban home unsewered. The Whitlam government gave grants directly to local government units for urban renewal, flood prevention, and the promotion of tourism. Other federal grants financed highways linking the state capitals, and paid for standard-gauge rail lines between the states. The government attempted to set up a new city at 2545:. In interviews, Field made it clear he would not support Whitlam. Field was expelled from the ALP for standing against Colston, and Labor senators boycotted his swearing-in. Whitlam argued that, because of the manner of filling vacancies, the Senate was "corrupted" and "tainted", with the Opposition enjoying a majority they did not win at the ballot box. 2820:, Sydney, 30,000 people gathered for an ALP rally below a banner: "Shame Fraser Shame". Fraser's appearances drew protests, and a letter bomb sent to Kerr was defused by authorities. Instead of making a policy speech to keynote his campaign, Whitlam made a speech attacking his opponents and calling 11 November "a day which will live in infamy". 2411:

seats in the next half-Senate election but, if Murphy's seat were also contested, Labor was unlikely to win four out of six. Thus, a Murphy appointment meant the almost certain loss of a seat in the closely divided Senate at the next election. Whitlam appointed Murphy anyway. By convention, senators appointed by the state legislature to fill

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government, despite almost a quarter-century in opposition. However, Freudenberg noted that the rapid pace and public excitement caused by the duumvirate's actions caused the Opposition to be wary of giving Labor too easy a time, and gave rise to one post-mortem assessment of the Whitlam government: "We did too much too soon."

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government. Although the Coalition was returned for an eighth term in government, it was with a slim majority of three seats, down from 19 prior to the election. Labor actually won a bare majority of the two-party vote and only DLP preferences, especially in Melbourne-area seats, kept Whitlam from becoming prime minister. The

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branch of the party had long been a problem; its executive was far to the left of the rest of the ALP, and had little electoral success. Whitlam was able to reconstruct the Victoria party organisation against the will of its leaders, and the reconstituted state party proved essential to victory in the 1972 election.

1330:, and Whitlam senior's involvement in human rights issues was a powerful influence on his son. Since his maternal grandfather was also named Edward, from early childhood he was called by his middle name, Gough, which had come from his paternal grandfather who had been named after the British soldier Field-Marshal 1872:, which called for Parliament to receive "such plenary powers as are necessary and desirable" to achieve the ALP's goals in domestic and international affairs. Labor also pledged to abolish the Senate; this goal was not erased from the party platform until 1979, after Whitlam had stepped down as leader. 2244:, sought to block government legislation only when the obstruction would advance the Opposition's agenda. The Whitlam government also had troubles in relations with the states. New South Wales refused the government's request to close the Rhodesian Information Centre in Sydney. The Queensland premier, 1847:

Whitlam believed the Labor Party had little chance of being elected unless it could expand its appeal from the traditional working-class base to include the suburban middle class. He sought to shift control of the ALP from union officials to the parliamentary party, and hoped even rank-and-file party

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Sir John Kerr died in 1991. He and Whitlam never reconciled; indeed, Whitlam always saw his dismissal from office as a "constitutional coup d'état". Whitlam and Fraser became friends during the 1980s, though they never discussed the events of 1975. The two subsequently campaigned together in support

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to proclaim the dissolution from the front steps. A large, angry crowd had gathered, and Smith was nearly drowned out by their noise. He concluded by taking the unilateral step of re-instating the traditional ending for a royal proclamation "God save the Queen", a practice the Whitlam government had

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In October 1975, the Opposition, led by Malcolm Fraser, determined to withhold supply by deferring consideration of appropriation bills. With Field on leave (his Senate appointment having been challenged), the Coalition had an effective majority of 30–29 in the Senate. The Coalition believed that if

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By the time of the 1969 party conference, Whitlam had gained considerable control over the ALP. That conference passed 61 resolutions, including broad changes to party policy and procedures. It called for the establishment of an Australian Schools Commission to consider the proper level of state aid

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Whitlam supported fixed four-year terms for both houses of Parliament. In 2006, he accused the ALP of failing to press for this change. In April 2007, he and Margaret Whitlam were both made life members of the Australian Labor Party. This was the first time anyone had been made a life member of the

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Well may we say "God save the Queen", because nothing will save the Governor-General! The Proclamation which you have just heard read by the Governor-General's Official Secretary was countersigned Malcolm Fraser, who will undoubtedly go down in Australian history from Remembrance Day 1975 as Kerr's

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pm. Unknown to Whitlam, Fraser was waiting in an ante-room; Whitlam later said he would not have set foot in the building if he had known Fraser was there. Whitlam, as he had told Kerr by phone earlier that day, came prepared to advise a half-Senate election, to be held on 13 December. Kerr instead

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November, after a meeting with Kerr, Fraser proposed that if the government agreed to hold a House of Representatives election at the same time as the half-Senate election, the Coalition would concede supply. Whitlam rejected this offer, stating that he had no intention of advising a House election

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Let me place my government's position clearly on the record. I shall not advise the Governor-General to hold an election for the House of Representatives on behalf of the Senate. I shall tender no advice for an election of either House or both Houses until this constitutional issue is settled. This

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July 1970. Whitlam knew that, given the ALP's poor position after the 1966 election, victory was unlikely. Nevertheless, Whitlam scored an 18-seat swing, Labor's best performance since losing government in 1949. It also scored a 7.1 per cent two-party swing, the largest to not result in a change of

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Since 1918, Labor had called for the abolition of the existing Australian Constitution, and the vesting of all political power in Parliament, a plan which would turn the states into powerless geographic regions. Beginning in 1965, Whitlam sought to change this goal. He finally succeeded at the 1971

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in 1948 and 1949 (he was runner-up in 1950). He sought to make a career in the ALP there, but local Labor supporters were sceptical of Whitlam's loyalties, given his privileged background. In the postwar years, he practised law, concentrating on landlord/tenant matters, and sought to build his bona

981:, a position he filled with distinction, and was elected a member of the UNESCO Executive Board. He remained active into his nineties. The propriety and circumstances of his dismissal and the legacy of his government have been frequently debated in the decades since he left office. Whitlam is often 2823:

Polls from the first week of campaigning showed a nine-point swing against Labor. Whitlam's campaign team disbelieved the results at first, but additional polling returns clearly showed that the electorate had turned against Labor. The Coalition attacked Labor for economic conditions, and released

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Kerr was following the crisis closely. At a luncheon with Whitlam and several of his ministers on 30 October, Kerr suggested a compromise: if Fraser conceded supply, Whitlam would agree not to call the half-Senate election until May or June 1976, or alternatively would agree not to call the Senate

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Whitlam appointed Senator Murphy to the High Court, even though Murphy's Senate seat would not be up for election if a half-Senate election were held. Labor then held three of the five short-term New South Wales Senate seats. Under proportional representation, Labor could hold its three short-term

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Despite these economic indicators, the Budget presented in August 1974 saw large increases in spending, especially in education. Treasury officials had advised a series of tax and fee increases, ranging from excise taxes to the cost of posting a letter; their advice was mostly rejected by Cabinet.

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million at the time of payment), which was about a third of its annual budget. This required Whitlam's personal permission, which he gave on the condition the price was publicised. The purchase created a political and media scandal, and was said to symbolise, alternatively, Whitlam's foresight and

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But what the Whitlam haters forget is that Labor had the misfortune to inherit government just as all the developed economies were about to cross a fault-line dividing the post-war Golden Age of automatic growth and full employment from today's world of always high unemployment and obsession with

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Whitlam died on the morning of 21 October 2014. His family announced that there would be a private cremation and a public memorial service. He was the longest-lived Australian Prime Minister, dying at the age of 98 years and 102 days. He predeceased his successor Malcolm Fraser by just under five

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as the colonial Dutch departed, Calwell responded by declaring that Indonesia must be stopped by force. Calwell's statement was called "crazy and irresponsible" by Prime Minister Menzies, and the incident reduced public support for the ALP. At that time, the Federal Conference of the Labor Party,

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Whitlam and his ministers repeatedly claimed that the Opposition was damaging not only the constitution, but the economy as well. The Coalition senators remained united, though several became increasingly concerned about the tactic of blocking supply. As the crisis dragged into November, Whitlam

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With the ALP's governing bodies unwilling to reform themselves, Whitlam worked to build support for change among ordinary party members. He successfully reduced union influence in the party, though he was never able to give the rank and file a direct vote in selecting the executive. The Victoria

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calls his service on the committee, which included members from all parties in both chambers of Parliament, one of the "great influences in his political development". According to Hocking, service on the committee caused Whitlam to focus not on internal conflicts consuming the ALP, but on Labor

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was a major issue. Calwell called for an "immediate and unconditional withdrawal" of Australian troops from Vietnam. Whitlam, however, said this would deprive Australia of any voice in a settlement, and that regular troops, rather than conscripts, should remain under some circumstances. Calwell

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In early 1966, the 36-member conference, with Calwell's assent, banned any ALP parliamentarian from supporting federal assistance to the states for spending on both government and private schools, commonly called "state aid". Whitlam broke with the party on the issue, and was charged with gross

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which dictated policy to parliamentary members, consisted of six members from each state, but not Calwell or Whitlam. In early 1963 a special conference met in a Canberra hotel to determine Labor policy regarding a proposed US base in northern Australia; Calwell and Whitlam were photographed by

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In March 1971, the resentment against Gorton came to a head when a confidence vote in the Liberal caucus resulted in a tie. Declaring that this was a sign he no longer had the confidence of the party, Gorton resigned, and William McMahon was elected his successor. With the Liberals in turmoil,

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killed in East Timor in October 1975. Whitlam indicated he had warned Peters' colleague, Greg Shackleton, who was also killed, that the Australian government could not protect them in East Timor and that they should not go there. He also said Shackleton was "culpable" if he had not passed on

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Soon after Fraser's accession, controversy arose over the Whitlam government's actions in trying to restart peace talks in Vietnam. As the North prepared to end the civil war, Whitlam sent cables to both Vietnamese governments, telling Parliament both cables were substantially the same. The

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signalled his willingness to leave the Senate for a diplomatic post. Gair's term would not expire until the following half-Senate election or upon a double dissolution election. With five Queensland seats at stake in the half-Senate election, the ALP was expected to win only two, but if six

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The McMahon government had consisted of 27 ministers, twelve of whom comprised the Cabinet. In the run-up to the election, the Labor caucus had decided that if the party took power all 27 ministers were to be Cabinet members. Intense canvassing took place amongst ALP parliamentarians as the

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By early 1972, Labor had established a clear lead in the polls; indeed, for the first time since 1955 its support was greater than the combined vote for the Coalition and DLP. Unemployment was at a ten-year peak, rising to 2.14 per cent in August (though the unemployment rate was calculated

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home from Vietnam, ending Australia's involvement in the war; most troops, including all conscripts, had been withdrawn by McMahon. According to Whitlam's speechwriter Graham Freudenberg, the duumvirate was a success, as it showed that the Labor government could manipulate the machinery of

2529:. The election on 28 June proved a disaster for Labor, which lost the seat with a swing against it of 17 per cent. The next week, Whitlam removed deputy prime minister Cairns, who had misled Parliament about the Loans Affair amid controversy about his relationship with his office manager, 2635:

attempted to make arrangements for public servants and suppliers to be able to cash cheques at banks. These transactions would be temporary loans which the government would repay once supply was restored. This plan to prolong government without supply was presented to Kerr unsigned on 6

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What Labor's True Believers don't want to accept is that the inexperience, impatience and indiscipline with which the Whitlam government changed Australia forever, and for the better, cost a lot of ordinary workers their jobs. Many would have spent months, even a year or more without

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Kerr refused to receive Scholes, keeping him waiting for more than an hour. In that time Kerr rang Justice Anthony Mason to ask for advice. Mason told him the no confidence motion in the House was "irrelevant". Kerr then dissolved Parliament by proclamation: his Official Secretary,

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showing the Whitlams huddled together in bed with Margaret Whitlam saying, "Did the earth move for you too, dear?" This cartoon prompted a page full of outraged letters from Labor partisans and a telegram from Gough Whitlam, safe in Tokyo, requesting the original of the cartoon.

3306:... Whitlam rivalled Menzies in his passion for the House of Representatives and ability to use it as his stage, and yet his parliamentary skills were rhetorical and not tactical. He could devise a strategy and then often botch the tactics in trying to implement that strategy. 1360:, and the Whitlam family moved there. As of 2008, Whitlam was the only prime minister to have spent his formative years in Canberra. At the time, conditions remained primitive in what was dubbed "the bush capital" and "the land of the blowflies". Gough attended the government 3281:, who wrote an official history of the ALP, notes that Whitlam remains greatly admired by many Labor supporters because of his reform efforts and inspiring leadership. Some rankings have put Whitlam high on the list of Australia's better prime ministers. Economist and writer 3277:, for a period of at least a decade, the Whitlam era was viewed almost entirely negatively, but that has changed. Still, she feels Australians take for granted programmes and policies initiated by the Whitlam government, such as recognition of China, legal aid, and Medicare. 2897:, based in Paris. He served for three years in this post, defending UNESCO against allegations of corruption. At the end of his term as ambassador Whitlam was elected to the Executive Board of UNESCO for a three-year term, until 1989. In 1985, he was appointed to Australia's 1852:, a Whitlam supporter who was considered a right-wing extremist. Whitlam resigned the leadership, demanding a vote of confidence from caucus. He defeated Cairns for the leadership in an unexpectedly close 38–32 vote. Despite the vote, the executive refused to seat Harradine. 3210:

In January 2021, the Whitlams' purpose-built home from 1956 to 1978 at 32 Albert Street, Cabramatta, designed by architect Roy Higson Dell Appleton, came up for sale. It was eventually sold at for $ 1.15 million to a group of Labor supporters, including former NSW Premier

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reporting off-the-record comments Whitlam had made that his leader was "too old and weak" to win office, and that the party might be gravely damaged by an "old-fashioned" 70-year-old Calwell seeking his first term as prime minister. Later that year, at Whitlam's and

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As the ALP began the 1975 campaign, it seemed that its supporters would maintain their rage. Early rallies drew huge crowds, with attendees handing Whitlam money to pay election expenses. The crowds greatly exceeded those in any of Whitlam's earlier campaigns; in

2647:). It proposed that public employees, including members of the armed forces and police, "could assign arrears of pay by way of mortgage". The government's refusal to formalise this and other "advice" was a factor justifying Kerr's resort to advice from elsewhere. 2116:, announced major grants for the arts, and appointed an interim schools commission. The duumvirate barred racially discriminatory sports teams from Australia, and instructed the Australian delegation at the United Nations to vote in favour of sanctions on 2074:. Historically, when Labor won government, the parliamentary caucus chose the ministers, with the party leader having the power only to assign portfolios. However, the new Labor caucus would not meet until after the final results came in on 15 December. 1703:, were in their sixties, twenty years older than Whitlam. In 1960, after losing three elections, Evatt resigned and was replaced by Calwell, with Whitlam defeating Ward for deputy leader. Calwell came within a handful of votes of winning the cliffhanger 1904:

saw a moderate swing to Labor and against the Coalition, compared with the general election the previous year. These federal victories, in which both Whitlam and Holt campaigned, helped give Whitlam the leverage he needed to carry out party reforms.

2873:. Although Labor managed to pick up five seats, the Coalition still enjoyed a majority of 48. According to Freudenberg, "The meaning and the message were unmistakable. It was the Australian people's rejection of Edward Gough Whitlam." Whitlam's son 1917:

won the vote and became prime minister. The leadership campaign was conducted mostly by television, and Gorton appeared to have the visual appeal needed to keep Whitlam out of office. Gorton resigned his seat in the Senate, and in February 1968 won

2681:, had lunch and conferred with his advisers. Immediately after his meeting with Whitlam, Kerr commissioned Fraser as caretaker Prime Minister, on the assurance he could obtain supply and would then advise Kerr to dissolve both houses for election. 2381:

as short-term rates rose to extremely high levels. Unemployment also rose significantly. Unease within the ALP led to Barnard's defeat when Jim Cairns challenged him for his deputy leadership. Whitlam gave little help to his embattled deputy.

1409:, Whitlam remained at St Paul's to study law. He had originally contemplated an academic career, but his lacklustre marks made that unlikely. Dropping out of Greek classes, he professed himself unable to care for the "dry as dust" lectures of 2069:

Whitlam took office with a majority in the House of Representatives, but without control of the Senate (elected in the 1967 and 1970 half-elections). The Senate at that time consisted of ten members from each of the six states, elected by

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Whitlam stayed on as Opposition leader, surviving a leadership challenge. In early 1976, an additional controversy broke when it was reported that Whitlam had been involved in ALP attempts to raise $ 500,000 during the election from the

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did not result in a loan, according to author and Whitlam speechwriter Graham Freudenberg, "The only cost involved was the cost to the reputation of the Government. That cost was to be immense – it was government itself."

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members of the conference and executive, along with the party's leader and deputy leader in the Senate. As Whitlam considered the Senate unrepresentative, he opposed the admission of its ALP leaders to the party's governing bodies.

2541:, resulting in a deadlock. The unicameral Queensland legislature twice voted against Colston, and the party refused to submit any alternatives. Bjelke-Petersen finally convinced the legislature to elect a low-level union official, 2343:

By early 1974, the Senate had rejected nineteen government bills, ten of them twice. With a half-Senate election due by mid-year, Whitlam looked for ways to shore up support in that body. Queensland senator and former DLP leader

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in December 1973, transferring control of wages and prices from the states to the federal government. The two propositions failed to attract a majority of voters in any state, and were rejected by over 800,000 votes nationwide.

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and potentially have him removed, the Governor-General gave Whitlam no prior hint. Against Whitlam's advice, he conferred with High Court Chief Justice Sir Garfield Barwick, who agreed that he had the power to dismiss Whitlam.

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fees, and established the Schools Commission to allocate funds to schools. Whitlam founded the Department of Urban Development and, having lived in developing Cabramatta, most of which lacked sewage facilities, established the

2928:. In March 2010, Fraser visited Whitlam at his Sydney office while on a book tour to promote his memoirs. Whitlam accepted an autographed copy of the book and presented Fraser with a copy of his 1979 book about the dismissal, 2252:, came within half a kilometre of the Papuan mainland. Liberal state governments in New South Wales and Victoria were re-elected by large margins in 1973. Whitlam and his majority in the House of Representatives proposed a 1752:, and lost seats in the 1964 half-Senate election. The party was also defeated in the state elections in the most populous state, New South Wales, surrendering control of the state government for the first time since 1941. 1737:". The Liberals seized on it, issuing a leaflet called "Mr Calwell and the Faceless Men" which accused Calwell and Whitlam of taking direction from "36 unknown men, not elected to Parliament nor responsible to the people". 1962:

Whitlam and the ALP sought to gain public trust as a credible government-in-waiting. The party's actions, such as its abandonment of the White Australia policy, gained favourable media attention. The Labor leader flew to

7253: 2240:, who replaced McMahon as Liberal leader in December 1972, sought to use control of the Senate to baulk Whitlam. It did not seek to block all government legislation; the Coalition senators, led by Senate Liberal leader 2389:

Beginning in October 1974, the Whitlam government sought overseas loans to finance its development plans, with the newly enriched oil nations a likely target. Whitlam attempted to secure financing before informing the

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near Melbourne; his body was never recovered. John McEwen, as leader of the junior Coalition partner, the Country Party, took over as prime minister for three weeks until the Liberals could elect a new leader. Senator

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in which he won a slightly reduced majority in the House of Representatives, and picked up three Senate seats to hold equal Senate numbers to the opposition. The Whitlam government then instituted the first and only

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The stakes were raised on 10 October, when the High Court declared valid the Act granting the territories two senators each. In a half-Senate election, most successful candidates would not take their places until

2448: 7013:"Music from the State Memorial Service for Gough Whitlam Recorded yesterday in the Sydney Town Hall, William Barton, didjeridu; Benjamin Northey, conductor Sydney Philharmonia Choir Sydney Symphony Orchestra" 9541: 2978:, who held his old seat of Werriwa. However, by 2005 he had called for Latham's resignation from parliament. Whitlam called his support of Latham to enter federal politics as one of his "lingering regrets". 3223:. The house was as of November 2021 proposed to be listed as a local heritage item. Following renovations and restoration works, the "Whitlam Prime Ministerial Home" was officially opened by Prime Minister 2671:

A meeting among the party leaders, including Whitlam and Fraser, to resolve the crisis on the morning of 11 November came to nothing. Kerr and Whitlam met at the Governor-General's office that afternoon at

1345:. At age six, Gough began his education at Chatswood Church of England Girls' School (early primary schooling at a girls' school was not unusual for small boys at the time). After a year there, he attended 1577:

had been heckled in his maiden speech and had responded, "The time will come when you shall hear me." He told McEwen, "The time will come when you may interrupt me." According to early Whitlam biographers

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and an independent. By March 1975, many Liberal parliamentarians felt Snedden was doing an inadequate job as leader of the Opposition, and that Whitlam was dominating him in the House of Representatives.

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July 1976, but the territories' senators, and those filling Field's and Bunton's seats, would assume their seats immediately. This gave Labor an outside chance of controlling the Senate, at least until

2514:, and in the context of the American retreat from Indo-China, he felt that incorporation of East Timor into Indonesia would enhance the stability of the region, and reduce the risk of the East Timorese 1802:. The ALP won, dealing the government its first by-election defeat since 1952. Whitlam survived the expulsion vote by a margin of only two, gaining both Queensland votes. At the end of April, Whitlam 3302:

Whitlam was the most paradoxical of all Prime Ministers in the last half of the 20th century. A man of superb intellect, knowledge, and literacy, he yet had little ability when it came to economics.

2696:

pm, ten minutes after supply had been secured, Fraser rose in the House and announced he was prime minister. Whitlam immediately moved a successful no confidence motion against Fraser. The Speaker,

1105: 1744:

for November 1963, standing in support of those two issues. The Prime Minister performed better than Calwell on television and received an unexpected boost after the assassination of US President

1864:. The conference also called for increased federal involvement in urban planning, and formed the basis of "The Program" of modern socialism which Whitlam and the ALP presented to voters in 1972. 10055: 8446: 2386:

The Budget was unsuccessful in dealing with the inflation and unemployment, and Whitlam introduced large tax cuts in November. He also announced additional spending to help the private sector.

1782:. After years of politics being dominated by the elderly Menzies and Calwell, the younger Holt was seen as a breath of fresh air, and attracted public interest and support in the run-up to the 10000: 7461: 7100: 1892:. While the Liberal-Country Coalition had a huge majority in the House of Representatives, Whitlam energised the party by campaigning intensively to win two by-elections in 1967: first in 2877:, who had joined his father in the House of Representatives at the 1975 election, was defeated. Shortly after the election, Whitlam resigned as party leader and was succeeded by Hayden. 1937:. Whitlam and the ALP, with little internal dissension, stood on a platform calling for domestic reform, an end to conscription, and the withdrawal of Australian troops from Vietnam by 1 9013: 1926:

in Victoria. For the remainder of the year, Gorton appeared to have the better of Whitlam in the House of Representatives. In his chronicle of the Whitlam years, however, speechwriter

2212:

Whitlam travelled extensively as prime minister, and was the first Australian prime minister to visit China while in office. He was criticised for making this visit, especially after

2153:

Whitlam, prime minister for fewer than three years between 1972 and 1975, pushed through a raft of reforms that radically changed Australia's economic, legal and cultural landscape.

2677:

told Whitlam he had terminated his commission as prime minister, and handed him a letter to that effect. After the conversation, Whitlam returned to the Prime Minister's residence,

1806:

Calwell for the leadership; though Calwell received two-thirds of the vote, he announced that if the party lost the upcoming election, he would not stand again for the leadership.

3215:, with the intention of restoring the house as a museum. The work is supported by a Commonwealth government national heritage grant of $ 1.3 million, and is to be managed by the 6520: 8477: 7264: 6960: 1691:

By the late 1950s Whitlam was seen as a leadership contender once the existing Labor leaders exited the scene. Most of the party's major figures, including Evatt, Deputy Leader

7606:. The Official History of Australia's Involvement in Southeast Asian Conflicts 1948–1975. St. Leonards, NSW: Allen & Unwin in Association with the Australian War Memorial. 7189: 6026: 6390: 989:

writing in 1994 that "there is no doubt that in three years his government was responsible for more reforms and innovations than any other government in Australian history".

10110: 7289: 6364: 10060: 6623: 7216: 6702: 3160:. Those attending the memorial included the current and some former governors-general, the current and all living former prime ministers, and members of the family of 2097:, with Whitlam as prime minister and Barnard as deputy prime minister. The two men held 27 portfolios during the two weeks before a full cabinet could be determined. 10050: 8195: 4018: 1930:

asserts that Gorton's erratic behaviour, Whitlam's strengthening of his party, and events outside Australia (such as the Vietnam War) ate away at Liberal dominance.

3005:. On 21 January 2009, Whitlam achieved a greater age (92 years, 195 days) than any other Australian prime minister, surpassing the previous record holder 9621: 1946:

brought little change to Coalition control, but the Coalition vote fell below 40 per cent for the first time, representing a severe threat to Gorton's leadership.

1675:. This meant even longer journeys for his older children to attend school, since neither electorate had a high school at the time; they attended school in Sydney. 1966:

and pledged himself to the independence of what was then under Australian trusteeship. In 1971, Whitlam flew to Beijing and met with Chinese officials, including

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Menzies manipulated the Opposition on issues that bitterly divided it, such as direct aid to the states for private schools, and the proposed base. He called an

2765:

while an employee of a CIA contractor, said the CIA wanted Whitlam removed from office because he threatened to close US military bases in Australia, including

1652:, who had long dissented from party policy, and who were predominantly Catholic and anti-communist. The ensuing division in the ALP, which came to be known as " 8225: 4742: 4331: 2795:, of his willingness to work with whatever government Australians elected, and that the US would never again interfere with Australia's democratic processes. 2684:

In the confusion, Whitlam and his advisers did not immediately tell any Senate members of the dismissal, with the result that when the Senate convened at 2:00

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In 1974, the Senate refused to pass six bills after they were passed twice by the House of Representatives. With the Opposition threatening to disrupt money

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members could be given a voice in the conference. In 1968, controversy erupted within the party when the executive refused to seat new Tasmanian delegate

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pm, the appropriation bills were rapidly passed, with the ALP senators assuming the Opposition had given in. The bills were soon sent to Kerr to receive

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More books have been written about Whitlam, including his own writings, than about any other Australian prime minister. According to Whitlam biographer

2943:, Whitlam "didn't like what Keating and Hawke had done" and regularly sent the Greens questions to ask the government about policies he disagreed with. 10100: 9686: 9028: 6283: 2273: 1570: 935: 7342: 3947: 3606:

Strangio, Paul (2013). "Evaluating Prime-Ministerial Performance: The Australian Experience". In Strangio, Paul; 't Hart, Paul; Walter, James (eds.).

10010: 9734: 9691: 9636: 3489: 3270:, who penned two books on the crisis, Whitlam "achieved a paradoxical triumph: the shadow of the dismissal has obscured the sins of his government". 847: 783: 7432: 6935: 5102: 2889:

in June 1978, and resigned from Parliament on 31 July of the same year. He then held various academic positions. When Labor returned to power under

2751:. In 1966, Kerr helped to found Lawasia (or Law Asia), an organization of lawyers with offices in all the major capitals of Asia. It was funded by 9616: 9280: 8666: 5548: 4931: 2732: 2630:

government, so long as it retains a majority in the House of Representatives, will continue the course endorsed by the Australian people last year.

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disloyalty by the executive, an offence which carried the penalty of expulsion from the party. Before the matter could be heard, Whitlam left for

10075: 9701: 9651: 9646: 9601: 9591: 9571: 9566: 9561: 9551: 9546: 9521: 7166: 7108: 2325:, which was under his ministerial responsibility. Murphy believed that ASIO might have files relating to threats against Yugoslav Prime Minister 1280: 1067: 7143: 10125: 10005: 9985: 9240: 9225: 9220: 8463: 5068: 3693: 3643: 7377: 6804: 6598: 10045: 9661: 9656: 6857: 2770: 2412: 2322: 1766:'s urging, and over Calwell's objection, the biennial party conference made major changes to the party's platform: deleting support for the 1671:. Although Whitlam would have received ALP support in either division, he chose to continue standing for Werriwa and moved from Cronulla to 1534:

fides in the party. He ran twice – unsuccessfully – for the local council, once (also unsuccessfully) for the

1337:

In 1918, Fred Whitlam was promoted to deputy Crown solicitor and transferred to Sydney. The family lived first in the North Shore suburb of

10140: 10105: 10065: 9681: 9676: 9671: 9666: 9631: 9626: 9611: 9606: 9596: 9586: 9581: 9576: 9556: 9526: 9255: 8153: 8072: 7077: 1803: 1077: 1072: 7985: 6909: 2276: 1356:

Fred Whitlam was promoted again in 1927, this time to Assistant Crown Solicitor. The position was located in the new national capital of

428: 10150: 9341: 8218: 6416: 2248:

refused to consider any adjustment in Queensland's border with Papua New Guinea, which, due to the state's ownership of islands in the

7037:"The Honourable Edward Gough Whitlam AC QC, 11 July 1916 – 21 October 2014. State Memorial Service, Sydney Town Hall, 5 6568: 5976: 9346: 8185: 7193: 6883: 6831: 3877: 1979: 906: 2843:

government of Iraq. No money had actually been paid, and no charges were filed. The Whitlams were visiting China at the time of the

10145: 8099: 3164:. The two-hour service, attended by 1,000 invited guests and 900 others, was screened to thousands outside the Hall, as well as in 1970:. McMahon attacked Whitlam for the visit and claimed that the Chinese had manipulated him. This attack backfired when US President 1888:

Soon after taking the leadership, Whitlam reorganised the ALP caucus, assigning portfolios and turning the Labor frontbench into a

1657: 315: 7041:

November 2014" (service programme). Arrangements for the service were managed by the Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet.

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election, holding it instead of the half-Senate election. After a campaign featuring the Labor slogan "Give Gough a fair go", the

1667:

In 1955, a redistribution divided Whitlam's electorate of Werriwa in two, with his Cronulla home located in the new electorate of

9990: 6160: 2785: 2705: 2353:, to issue writs for only the usual five vacancies, since Gair's seat was not yet vacant, effectively countering Whitlam's plan. 367: 3065:. Pearson's contribution was hailed as "one of the best political speeches of our time". Musical performances were delivered by 2419:, felt that this convention applied only to vacancies caused by deaths or ill-health, and arranged for the legislature to elect 942:

as part of the double dissolution process. His government's second term was dominated by a declining economy suffering from the

6493: 5051: 1150: 10015: 6250: 2869:, the last treasurer in the Whitlam government, with Whitlam remaining leader of the ALP by a two-vote margin. Fraser called 10095: 10035: 9754: 9727: 9480: 9465: 9445: 8685: 8486: 8211: 7947: 7927: 7909: 7876: 7854: 7833: 7812: 7714: 7691: 7670: 7633: 7593: 7573: 7552: 7534: 6708: 6653: 5597: 3200: 2994: 2554: 1165: 954:, which led to the removal of two government ministers. The opposition continued to obstruct Whitlam's agenda in the Senate. 832: 6987: 5913: 3254:

Whitlam is remembered for the circumstances of his dismissal. It is a legacy he did little to efface; he wrote a 1979 book,

2279:

of the two houses of Parliament under Section 57 of the Constitution. This session, authorised by the new governor-general,

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and David Solomon, this cool response put the Coalition government on notice that he would be a force to be reckoned with.

1551: 1535: 1529:. He also bought the block of land next door, using the prize money (£1,000 in security bonds) he received for winning the 871: 172: 2533:. At the time of Cairns's dismissal, one Senate seat was vacant, following the death on 30 June of Queensland ALP Senator 10090: 10020: 9270: 6729: 6010: 4626: 3203:

will be named for Whitlam, and that his family would be consulted about other potential memorials. Gough Whitlam Park in

3173: 2925: 2886: 2507: 2506:. In September 1974, Whitlam met with President Suharto in Indonesia and indicated that he would support Indonesia if it 2456: 1273: 855: 799: 476: 41: 3579: 1660:(DLP). The conflict helped to keep Labor out of power for a generation, since DLP supporters chose the Liberal Party in 1399:

at the age of 18. He earned his first wages by appearing, with several other "Paulines", in a cabaret scene in the film

10130: 10080: 7800: 3298:

Wallace Brown describes Whitlam in his book about his experiences covering Australian prime ministers as a journalist:

3132: 3083: 2220:; he interrupted an extensive tour of Europe for 48 hours (deemed too brief a period by many) to view the devastation. 2018: 1242: 883: 120: 1949: 9008: 9003: 8998: 8007: 7963: 7773: 7741: 7611: 6477: 3615: 3454: 2416: 7407: 10115: 9720: 4739: 4328: 3537: 3192: 3074: 2870: 2738: 2269: 2113: 2003: 1934: 1783: 1741: 1704: 1645: 1489: 1228: 1223: 1218: 1213: 1208: 970: 966: 930: 887: 875: 859: 6441: 1707:. He had not wanted Whitlam as deputy leader, and believed Labor would have won if Ward had been in the position. 10025: 9265: 9053: 8652: 7996: 3521: 3180: 3153: 2913: 1943: 1901: 2718:

cur. They won't silence the outskirts of Parliament House, even if the inside has been silenced for a few weeks.

2663:

With the crisis unresolved, Kerr decided to dismiss Whitlam as prime minister. Fearing that Whitlam would go to

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Whitlam later wrote that Kerr did not need any encouragement from the CIA. However, he also said that in 1977

2722:... Maintain your rage and enthusiasm for the campaign for the election now to be held and until polling day. 901:

introduced numerous socially progressive and reformist policies and initiatives, including the termination of

10135: 10030: 9500: 9404: 9366: 9260: 3730: 3038: 2993:

Whitlam joined three other former prime ministers in February 2008 in returning to Parliament to witness the

2909: 2905: 2742: 2189: 2125: 1815: 1755:

Whitlam's relationship with Calwell, never good, deteriorated further after publication of a 1965 article in

1401: 1392: 1369: 1307: 1248: 824: 6291: 9310: 9235: 5509: 3955: 2858: 2832: 2570: 2288: 2280: 1909: 1721: 1597:(who, as High Court Chief Justice, played a role in Whitlam's downfall) a "bumptious bastard", and he said 1327: 3497: 2451:

that Australia had signed under Holt, but which had never been ratified. In August 1975, Whitlam gave the

835:. Whitlam is the only Australian prime minister to have been removed from office by the governor-general. 9295: 8234: 8126: 8015: 7505: 7385: 7240: 5110: 3165: 2912:, turned down the position. He and Margaret Whitlam were part of the bid team that in 1993 persuaded the 2498:). Australians had long taken an interest in the colony; the nation had sent troops to the region during 1839: 1672: 1641: 1342: 808: 71: 2439:

As the political situation deteriorated, Whitlam and his government continued to enact legislation: The

1678:

Whitlam was appointed to the Parliamentary Joint Committee on Constitutional Review in 1956. Biographer

9824: 9779: 9490: 6991: 3248: 3150: 3021: 2253: 2217: 1628:, whom Whitlam greatly admired. In 1954, the ALP seemed likely to return to power. The Prime Minister, 1493: 1446: 1434: 1384: 1140: 1130: 843: 745: 8001: 1778:

Menzies retired in January 1966, and was succeeded as prime minister by the new Liberal Party leader,

9475: 9356: 8942: 7864: 7316: 6628: 4404: 3584: 3220: 3204: 3092: 3088: 3066: 2741:, a conservative group which had been established by, and received funding from, the CIA through the 2166: 1975: 1526: 1454: 1110: 902: 5074: 7561: 4622: 2844: 2455:

of the Northern Territory title deeds to part of their traditional lands, beginning the process of

2071: 1919: 1700: 1586: 1555: 1550:

as ALP candidate. Lazzarini died in 1952 before completing his term and Whitlam was elected to the

1530: 20: 6678: 6542: 5978:

A Spy's Story: USA Traitor Gaoled for 40 Years After Selling Codes of Rylite and Argus Projects. (

1860:

for schools and universities, recognition of Aboriginal land claims, and expanded party policy on

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evaluates opinions on the Whitlam government's responses to the economic challenges of the time:

3267: 2778: 2774: 2595: 2366: 1954: 1897: 1799: 1438: 1365: 1338: 1255: 1190: 986: 947: 939: 7012: 6731:

Gough Whitlam dies aged 98; Family says 'loving and generous' father was 'source of inspiration'

3318:(2002) were in response to a question about his status as an icon and elder statesman. He said: 2394:

which included state officials hostile to Whitlam. His government empowered Pakistani financier

866:. Whitlam became deputy leader of the Labor Party in 1960, and in 1967, after the retirement of 9970: 9743: 9351: 9305: 9189: 9174: 9149: 9139: 9129: 9119: 9094: 9063: 8675: 7897: 7842: 3395: 3385: 3244: 2758: 2521:

Whitlam had offered Barnard a diplomatic post and in early 1975 Barnard accepted, triggering a

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that maiden speeches are traditionally heard in silence. Whitlam responded to McEwen by saying

1485: 1442: 1195: 1185: 1120: 812: 680: 579: 6753: 9495: 9320: 9315: 9300: 9169: 9159: 9114: 9104: 9099: 9089: 7604:

A Nation at War: Australian Politics, Society and Diplomacy during the Vietnam War, 1965–1975

4936: 3157: 3123: 3100: 2678: 2522: 2261: 1861: 1661: 1637: 910: 891: 7583: 5170:

Stoodley, Sheila Gibson (August 2008), "Misadventures in Collecting 3: Excess for Success",

5148:

The Prime Minister's Christmas Card: Blue Poles and the cultural politics of the Whitlam era

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Whitlam and his wife Margaret entering the memorial service for Harold Holt in December 1967

9980: 9975: 9199: 9164: 9154: 6576: 4195: 3519:

Walker, Tony; Koutsoukis, Jason (3 January 2001). "The good, the bad and the couldabeens".

3370: 2917: 2840: 2487: 2284: 2011: 1880: 1869: 1484:. While in the service, he began his political activities, distributing literature for the 1469: 1426: 1396: 1346: 1115: 914: 820: 773: 696: 7585:

East Timor, Australia and Regional Order: Intervention and its Aftermath in Southeast Asia

2283:, passed bills providing for universal health insurance (known then as Medibank, today as 1585:

In the rough and tumble debate in the House of Representatives, Whitlam called fellow MHR

8: 9184: 9068: 8040: 3188: 3184: 2752: 2747: 2440: 2326: 2245: 2014:

at which another "ramshackle, reactionary coalition" had been given a "crushing defeat".

1923: 1749: 1543: 1361: 1350: 1155: 1049: 863: 811:, serving from December 1972 to November 1975. To date the longest-serving leader of the 482: 8455: 6805:"Gough Whitlam: State memorial service for former PM to be held in Sydney on November 5" 3099:. In accordance with Whitlam's wishes, the orchestra performed "In Tears of Grief" from 9058: 9048: 9038: 9033: 9018: 8011: 7621: 6006: 5986: 4388: 3557: 3380: 3104: 3046: 3042: 2998: 2955: 2817: 2808: 2791:

made a special trip to Sydney to meet with him and told him, on behalf of US President

2788: 2655:

July. Whitlam rejected the idea, seeking to end the Senate's right to deny supply. On 3

2415:

were from the same political party as the former senator. The New South Wales premier,

2265: 2182: 2178: 2170: 2046: 1927: 1822:

February 1967, Whitlam was elected party leader, defeating leading left-wing candidate

1668: 1092: 958: 926: 898: 803: 45: 8203: 2737:

Kerr had been involved with a number of CIA fronts. In the 1950s, Kerr had joined the

1648:

with a seven-seat majority. After the election, Evatt attempted to purge the party of

1298: 969:

by a landslide. Whitlam stepped down as leader of the party after losing again at the

9784: 9485: 9371: 9204: 9023: 8993: 7943: 7937: 7923: 7905: 7872: 7850: 7829: 7808: 7779: 7769: 7747: 7737: 7710: 7704: 7687: 7666: 7629: 7607: 7589: 7569: 7548: 7530: 6473: 5593: 5151: 3611: 3575: 3561: 3240: 3216: 2936: 2300: 2034: 1893: 1649: 1574: 1481: 1125: 922: 763: 7979: 7508:, MMII Film Finance Corporation Australia and Interpares Pty. Ltd. Timestamp:1:25:52 7462:"Reformer Gough Whitlam oversaw economic chaos but it was not all of Labor's making" 5043: 2598:

new elections, Kerr would have to dismiss him. Supply would run out on 30 November.

2305: 9109: 9043: 8967: 8830: 8721: 8632: 8523: 8430: 8420: 7733: 7646: 7642: 6538: 6470:

Inside the Greens: the origins and future of the party, the people and the politics

6244: 3549: 3417: 3224: 3161: 3096: 3034: 2951: 2526: 2491: 2161: 1993: 1963: 1809:

Holt called an election for November 1966, in which Australia's involvement in the

1594: 1477: 1450: 974: 638: 599: 105: 7167:"Gough Whitlam's former Cabramatta home sells for $ 1.15 million prior to auction" 3553: 2713:

abolished. Whitlam, who had been standing behind Smith, then addressed the crowd:

2089:

December, per Whitlam's request, Hasluck swore Whitlam and Labor's deputy leader,

2061: 957:

In late 1975, the opposition senators refused to allow a vote on the government's

9944: 9854: 9290: 9084: 8972: 8872: 8862: 8847: 8370: 8119: 7992: 7524: 6780:"The 'special moment' seven surviving prime ministers were photographed together" 4746: 4395: 4335: 3212: 2966:

Gough Whitlam (right) at 88, with the then-leader of the Australian Labor Party,

2639:

November, under the title "Draft Joint Opinion" (ostensibly of solicitor-general

2534: 2499: 2452: 2449:

International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination

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peering in through the doors, waiting for the verdict. In an accompanying story,

1715: 1710:

Soon after the 1961 election, events began to turn against Labor. When President

1602: 1601:

exhibited a "hereditary streak of insanity". After calling future prime minister

1457:

and was the daughter of barrister and future New South Wales Supreme Court judge

943: 839: 153: 7869:

Labor and the Constitution 1972–1975: The Whitlam Years in Australian Government

3322:

I hope this is not just because I was a martyr; the fact was, I was an achiever.

2985:

In 2007, Whitlam testified at an inquest into the death of Brian Peters, one of

1449:(RAAF). In 1942, while awaiting entry into the service, Whitlam met and married 9939: 9919: 9829: 9124: 8977: 8892: 8752: 8554: 8425: 8380: 8350: 8325: 8146: 8136: 8065: 8033: 7885: 7016: 6046: 6034: 3196: 3128: 3113: 3062: 3050: 2697: 2584: 2429: 2420: 2378: 2157: 2026: 1889: 1757: 1692: 1629: 1598: 1539: 1473: 1170: 962: 867: 505: 296: 165: 55: 32: 7966: – Australia's Prime Ministers / National Archives of Australia 7765:

November 1975 : the inside story of Australia's greatest political crisis

1624:

Government's defeat in 1949 and, since 1951, had been under the leadership of

1421: 9964: 9889: 9864: 9839: 9834: 9814: 9799: 9774: 9420: 8957: 8952: 8902: 8867: 8857: 8811: 8727: 8703: 8613: 8529: 8505: 8405: 8330: 8310: 8305: 8295: 8285: 8280: 8275: 8270: 8255: 8250: 8082: 7679: 7658: 7501: 6050: 3278: 3274: 3058: 2640: 2467: 2374: 2318: 2310: 2249: 2237: 2213: 2090: 1971: 1795: 1679: 1633: 1562: 1319: 1311: 828: 668: 549: 308: 128: 110: 7783: 7751: 7217:"Whitlam's dilapidated 'Lodge in Waiting' home to be preserved and restored" 7144:"Former prime minister Gough Whitlam's humble Cabramatta home on the market" 9949: 9914: 9909: 9899: 9819: 9809: 9769: 9764: 9759: 9470: 8927: 8922: 8877: 8852: 8824: 8777: 8710: 8696: 8626: 8579: 8512: 8498: 8390: 8315: 8300: 8260: 8178: 8109: 7821: 7457: 7130:

https://www.cbcity.nsw.gov.au/environment/parks-reserves/gough-whitlam-park

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obituary of Ray Gietzelt: "Kingmaker fought for democratisation of unions".

4399: 3375: 3282: 3138: 3109: 3054: 2940: 2874: 2792: 2762: 2689: 2664: 2619: 2542: 2530: 2403: 2391: 2350: 2082: 2022: 1734: 1579: 1547: 1546:, announced that he would stand down at the next election. Whitlam won the 1410: 1373: 1368:

where, at the Speech Day ceremony that year, he was awarded a prize by the

1323: 1145: 973:, and retired from parliament the following year. Upon the election of the 951: 651: 634: 360: 92: 9712: 7053:"Gough Whitlam memorial service: a who's who of lives shaped by a big man" 1990:

that Australia was a "west European nation", also damaged the government.

9929: 9894: 9884: 9874: 9849: 9844: 9794: 9394: 8947: 8937: 8912: 8887: 8882: 8798: 8793: 8788: 8783: 8764: 8747: 8741: 8734: 8716: 8644: 8600: 8595: 8590: 8585: 8566: 8549: 8543: 8536: 8518: 8415: 8395: 8365: 8360: 8355: 8345: 8340: 8335: 8290: 8265: 8163: 8092: 7763: 7727: 3882: 3078: 3006: 2986: 2975: 2967: 2866: 2644: 2538: 2490:, Portugal began a process of decolonisation and began a withdrawal from 2338: 2241: 2137: 1914: 1810: 1779: 1763: 1625: 1621: 1566: 1445:, and with a year remaining in his legal studies, he volunteered for the 1433:

Soon after the outbreak of World War II in 1939, Whitlam enlisted in the

1135: 1000: 879: 348: 270: 265: 260: 234: 138: 7791:

Lloyd, Clem (2008), "Edward Gough Whitlam", in Grattan, Michelle (ed.),

4196:"Digital Collections – Books – Item 1: Mr. Calwell and the Faceless Men" 2578: 2462: 2010:

December. Whitlam noted that the polling day was the anniversary of the

1558:. Whitlam trebled Lazzarini's majority in a 12 per cent swing to Labor. 9934: 9924: 9904: 9879: 9804: 9425: 9399: 8962: 8907: 8818: 8804: 8620: 8606: 8410: 8400: 8320: 8050: 7078:"Australian Electoral Commission to abolish Federal NSW seat of Hunter" 6365:"Fearing the sack, John Kerr's dismissal of Gough Whitlam was a 'coup'" 3070: 3002: 2615: 2495: 2475: 2345: 2193: 2156:

The Whitlam government abolished the death penalty for federal crimes.

2101: 2077:

With Labor's win beyond doubt even though counting was still underway,

1967: 1823: 1791: 1696: 1465: 1458: 691: 674: 517: 133: 7241:

https://legislation.nsw.gov.au/view/html/inforce/current/epi-2013-0213

2459:. The next month, Australia granted independence to Papua New Guinea. 1509: 8770: 8572: 8385: 6961:"Noel Pearson's eulogy for Gough Whitlam praised as one for the ages" 3793:

Come and see the former heads of the national parliament ... or bust!

3608:

Understanding Prime-Ministerial Performance: Comparative Perspectives

3235: 3169: 2890: 2769:. Boyce said Kerr was described by the CIA as "our man Kerr". Former 2471: 2432:

challenged Snedden for the leadership, and defeated him on 21 March.

2173:

on the Victoria–New South Wales border. The process was started for "

2117: 1612: 1561:

Whitlam joined the ALP minority in the House of Representatives. His

1315: 918: 851: 816: 709: 7892:(revised ed.), New Holland Publishers Pty Ltd, pp. 312–323 7795:(revised ed.), New Holland Publishers Pty Ltd, pp. 324–354 7653:(revised ed.), New Holland Publishers Pty Ltd, pp. 298–311 3310:... Above all he was a man of grand vision with serious blind spots. 2361:

By mid-1974, Australia was in an economic slump, suffering from the

2264:

to government, Whitlam used the Senate's recalcitrance to trigger a

2192:, then called the Australian National Gallery, bought the painting " 9859: 8917: 6391:"The line's broken: Malcolm Fraser mourns his friend Gough Whitlam" 5047: 2766: 2515: 2511: 2291:

with representation in the Senate, effective at the next election.

2223: 2121: 1590: 1406: 1357: 209: 7526:

Killing Hope: US Military and CIA Interventions Since World War II

5073:, Whitlam Institute (University of Western Sydney), archived from 3538:"Prime-ministerial leadership rankings: the Australian experience" 2908:

in 1987 after his son Nick, who was then managing director of the

2803: 2160:

was established, with offices in each state capital. It abolished

823:

administration that ended with his controversial dismissal by the

6936:"Gough Whitlam, remembered by his eldest son, Antony Whitlam, QC" 6547: 6164: 5514: 3146: 3117: 3045:

was given by Auntie Millie Ingram and eulogies were delivered by

2853: 2848: 2564: 2479: 2377:. Primary producers of commodities such as beef were caught in a 2236:

From the start of the Whitlam government, the Opposition, led by

2112:, to the commission. Whitlam and Barnard eliminated sales tax on 1987: 1711: 1517: 1306:

Edward Gough Whitlam was born on 11 July 1916 at the family home

7974: 7863:

Sawer, Geoffrey (1977), "Towards a New Federal Structure?", in

7504:. Produced and directed by Robert Francis. In association with 5490: 5012: 2970:, at an election fundraising event in Melbourne, September 2004 2962: 2894: 2777:

has dismissed the notion of CIA involvement, as has journalist

2424: 1322:, was born four years after him), to Martha (née Maddocks) and 978: 10056:

Members of the Australian House of Representatives for Werriwa

6227: 6225: 4864: 4852: 4722: 4720: 4657: 1521:

Whitlam with his wife Margaret and their four children in 1954

985:

by political experts and academics, with political journalist

10001:

Australian Labor Party members of the Parliament of Australia

7343:"It's time: PM declares Whitlam family home a national asset" 3913: 3824: 3822: 3446: 2974:

Whitlam initially had a close relationship with Labor leader

2946: 2745:. Kerr was on its executive board and wrote for its magazine 1606: 807:(11 July 1916 – 21 October 2014) was the 21st 4426: 2893:

in 1983, Whitlam was appointed as Australia's ambassador to

2518:

movement, which many feared was communist, coming to power.

1525:

With his war service loan, Whitlam built a house in seaside

7888:(2008), "Sir William McMahon", in Grattan, Michelle (ed.), 6695: 6222: 5737: 5665: 5592:, Sydney: Australian Broadcasting Corporation, p. 61, 5529: 5478: 5466: 5430: 5406: 5354: 5352: 5262: 5250: 5214: 5000: 4988: 4717: 4416: 4414: 3773: 3771: 2827: 7969: 6988:"A closer look at Noel Pearson's eulogy for Gough Whitlam" 6754:"Obituary: former prime minister Gough Whitlam dead at 98" 4912: 4900: 4888: 4876: 4792: 4768: 4756: 4681: 4669: 4599: 4570: 4546: 4510: 4450: 4438: 4309: 4297: 4285: 4258: 4246: 4234: 4222: 4176: 4164: 4128: 4104: 4065: 4053: 3998: 3995:

Jenny Hocking, Gough Whitlam: A Moment in History MUP 2008

3819: 3744: 3694:"Freda Whitlam: educationalist passionate about her girls" 3423: 8485: 6858:"Cate Blanchett pays tribute to Gough Whitlam: full text" 6679:"After 50 years' hard Labor, Gough tells it like it was." 6305: 6183: 6171: 6117: 6081: 5932: 5894: 5882: 5858: 5677: 5629: 5571: 5569: 5418: 5190: 4369: 4275: 4273: 4082: 4080: 3925: 3846: 3437: 3420: 3357:

My Italian Notebook: The Story of an Enduring Love Affair

3025:

Memorial service, Sydney Town Hall, at welcome to country

2625:

Whitlam told the House of Representatives on 21 October,

1997:

Whitlam giving a speech during the 1972 election campaign

7357: 6322: 6320: 6237: 6212: 6210: 6013:, 7.30 Report, 11 October 2005. Retrieved 23 July 2009. 5822: 5774: 5762: 5454: 5379: 5349: 5337: 5315: 5313: 4705: 4693: 4558: 4411: 4152: 4092: 4019:"It's time to view Gough Whitlam's life as an open book" 3858: 3834: 3807: 3768: 2865:

In early 1977 Whitlam faced a leadership challenge from

1794:, where he campaigned intensively for the ALP candidate 1326:. His father was a federal public servant who later was 8233: 7988: – transcript and audio from August 1975 7975:

The Whitlam Dismissal – 11 November 1975

6531: 6270:

Hocking, Jenny Gough Whitlam: His Time MUP. 2012 p. 452

5920: 5834: 5396: 5394: 5369: 5367: 5298: 5274: 5226: 5202: 4976: 4043: 4041: 4039: 3979: 3977: 3975: 3973: 2851:, 140 kilometres (90 mi) away from the epicentre. 2177:" to become the country's national anthem in place of " 7080:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 16 October 2015 6910:"Farewell Gough Whitlam, friend, comrade and reformer" 6521:"Shiver me timbers! This buccaneer's changed his tune" 5566: 5024: 4952: 4816: 4804: 4780: 4633: 4589: 4587: 4585: 4522: 4498: 4345: 4270: 4116: 4077: 2700:, was instructed to advise Kerr to reinstate Whitlam. 1829: 1059: 983:

ranked in the upper-tier of Australian prime ministers

7479: 6317: 6207: 6195: 6141: 6129: 6105: 6093: 5944: 5870: 5846: 5810: 5798: 5786: 5689: 5653: 5641: 5617: 5605: 5325: 5310: 5124: 4964: 4840: 4828: 3901: 3889: 3756: 3455: 3434: 3426: 3266:, to his removal. According to journalist and author 1714:

of Indonesia announced that he intended to take over

1565:

provoked an interruption by a future prime minister,

1383:

Photograph of Whitlam and attestation paper from his

10111:

Royal Australian Air Force personnel of World War II

7626:

A Certain Grandeur: Gough Whitlam's Life in Politics

7190:"Whitlam's Cabramatta family home sells for $ 1.15m" 6027:

Whitlam dismissal: Queen, CIA played no role in 1975

5956: 5725: 5713: 5701: 5442: 5391: 5364: 5286: 5238: 5178: 4645: 4623:"Election Summary: Victoria – Federal Election 2007" 4486: 4210: 4140: 4036: 3970: 3443: 3440: 2954:

at Parliament House for the national apology to the

2939:

as a "decoy questioner" in parliament. According to

2935:

During the 1990s Labor government, Whitlam used the

2106:

Commonwealth Conciliation and Arbitration Commission

1499: 4582: 4534: 4474: 3942: 3940: 3624: 3431: 3230: 2880: 2321:, led a police raid on the Melbourne office of the 2185:replaced the British honours system in early 1975. 10061:Members of the Australian House of Representatives 7768:. St Leonards, NSW, Australia: Allen & Unwin. 7101:"Gough Whitlam to have suburb named in his honour" 6734:, Australian Broadcasting Company, 21 October 2014 5541: 4462: 4357: 3670:"Now Whitlam rages against the dying of the light" 2798: 1664:. Whitlam supported Evatt throughout this period. 1504: 6884:"Noel Pearson's eulogy for Gough Whitlam in full" 6832:"Now it's time for Australia after Gough Whitlam" 6569:"Gough, Margaret Whitlam get ALP life membership" 6537: 6007:Terrorist threat heightened, former spy boss says 5549:"Influx of boat people disturbing to Australians" 3954:. Department of Veterans' Affairs. Archived from 3353:(Brisbane: University of Queensland Press, 1997). 1542:, the Labor member for the Federal electorate of 925:delaying passage of bills, Whitlam called a snap 870:, was elected leader of the party and became the 10051:Honorary grand companions of the Order of Logohu 9962: 6463: 6461: 6417:"Australia poised to say no to republican dream" 6290:, National Archives of Australia, archived from 6278: 6276: 5141: 5139: 5109:, National Archives of Australia, archived from 3937: 3729:, National Archives of Australia, archived from 3717: 3715: 3518: 3496:. National Archives of Australia. Archived from 3187:in the House of Representatives in place of the 2733:Alleged CIA involvement in the Whitlam dismissal 2594:Whitlam could not deliver supply, and would not 2398:as an intermediary in the hope of securing US$ 4 2317:In February 1973, the Attorney General, Senator 1538:, and campaigned for other candidates. In 1951, 7545:Ten Prime Ministers: Life Among the Politicians 7498:Gough Whitlam – In His Own Words 5044:"Gough Whitlam: Five ways he changed Australia" 3316:Gough Whitlam – In His Own Words 1364:. In 1932, Whitlam's father transferred him to 854:following the war. He was first elected to the 7369: 6647: 6645: 6561: 6056: 5163: 3341:(Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1979). 1770:and making the ALP's leader and deputy leader 1302:"Ngara", Whitlam's birthplace (now demolished) 965:, as caretaker prime minister. Labor lost the 950:, as well as a political scandal known as the 815:(ALP), he was notable for being the head of a 19:"Whitlam" redirects here. For other uses, see 9728: 8660: 8471: 8219: 6458: 6273: 5502: 5136: 5097: 5095: 5093: 5091: 3712: 3314:Whitlam's last words in the documentary film 2323:Australian Security Intelligence Organisation 1274: 16:Prime Minister of Australia from 1972 to 1975 8010:- Speech held three days after dismissal in 7820: 6670: 6590: 6433: 5968: 4774: 4762: 4740:Events and issues that made the news in 1972 4617: 4552: 4516: 4329:Events and issues that made the news in 1966 4315: 4071: 4059: 4004: 3919: 3828: 3750: 3663: 3661: 3262:), and devoted part of his subsequent book, 2040: 185:11 November 1975 – 22 December 1977 9742: 7620: 7317:"Opening of Whitlam Prime Ministerial Home" 6829: 6642: 6615: 6408: 6231: 5743: 5671: 5535: 5496: 5484: 5472: 5436: 5412: 5268: 5256: 5220: 5018: 5006: 4994: 4918: 4906: 4894: 4882: 4870: 4858: 4663: 4576: 4432: 4375: 3258:(the title is a play on Kerr's 1978 memoir 2287:) and providing the Northern Territory and 1875: 1686: 977:in 1983, he was appointed as Ambassador to 921:programmes. With the opposition-controlled 380:9 February 1967 – 22 December 1977 84:5 December 1972 – 11 November 1975 10086:Permanent delegates of Australia to UNESCO 10071:People educated at Canberra Grammar School 9735: 9721: 8674: 8667: 8653: 8478: 8464: 8226: 8212: 7982: – Copy of dismissal letter 7826:The Making of an Australian Prime Minister 7322:. Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet 6494:"Latham, Gough Whitlam split a bitter one" 5581: 5088: 3783: 2982:party organisation at the national level. 2847:in July 1976, though they were staying in 2726: 1513:Whitlam as a newly elected MP in the 1950s 1281: 1267: 328:5 December 1972 – 6 November 1973 247:9 February 1967 – 5 December 1972 54: 10101:Recipients of the Order of the Rising Sun 8186:Permanent Delegate of Australia to UNESCO 7641: 7500:SBS Film (2002), written and narrated by 7294:Fairfield Local Environmental Plan Review 7192:. Fairfield City Champion. Archived from 6855: 6751: 4564: 3658: 3574: 2831:Controversial cartoon of the Whitlams by 1620:The ALP had been out of office since the 1318:, the elder of two children (his sister, 907:Australian involvement in the Vietnam War 10011:Australian ministers for Foreign Affairs 7991:Listen to an excerpt of Gough Whitlam's 7884: 7799: 7405: 7375: 7314: 7263:. Fairfield City Council. Archived from 6907: 6062: 5169: 4726: 4016: 3931: 3605: 3535: 3234: 3020: 2961: 2945: 2826: 2802: 2474:, where Whitlam discussed the future of 2461: 2443:provided for no-fault divorce while the 2304: 2222: 2136: 2060: 1992: 1948: 1879: 1838: 1611: 1516: 1508: 1420: 1378: 1297: 495:29 November 1952 – 31 July 1978 7935: 7917: 7678: 7657: 7601: 7456: 7363: 7243:Fairfield Local Environmental Plan 2013 7164: 7098: 6933: 6881: 6830:Freudenberg, Graham (6 November 2014). 6784:St George & Sutherland Shire Leader 6467: 6338: 6087: 5926: 5840: 5280: 5145: 5063: 5061: 4982: 4932:"On this day: Gough Whitlam becomes PM" 4822: 4810: 4798: 4786: 4687: 4675: 4639: 4605: 4456: 4444: 4351: 4303: 4291: 4279: 4264: 4252: 4240: 4228: 4182: 4170: 4134: 4122: 4110: 4086: 3907: 3895: 3864: 3852: 3840: 3813: 3777: 3762: 3542:Australian Journal of Political Science 2786:United States Deputy Secretary of State 1461:. He entered the RAAF on 20 June 1942. 1441:. In late 1941, following the Japanese 441:7 March 1960 – 9 February 1967 10076:People educated at Knox Grammar School 9963: 7896: 7581: 7290:"Planning Proposal LEP Review Stage 2" 7187: 6722: 6676: 6654:"Whitlam to mark birthday with family" 6596: 6543:"Party hails Gough in his 10th decade" 6439: 6388: 5974: 5575: 3029:A state memorial service was held on 5 2904:Whitlam was appointed chairman of the 2761:, who was convicted of spying for the 2006:for the House of Representatives for 2 10126:Leaders of the Australian Labor Party 10006:Leaders of the Opposition (Australia) 9986:1975 Australian constitutional crisis 9716: 9466:1975 Australian constitutional crisis 9446:History of the Australian Labor Party 8648: 8487:Leaders of the Australian Labor Party 8459: 8207: 7862: 7790: 7758: 7722: 7699: 7560: 7542: 7485: 7315:Albanese, Anthony (2 December 2022). 7050: 6985: 6651: 6621: 6599:"Balibo reporter was warned: Whitlam" 6414: 6326: 6311: 6216: 6201: 6189: 6177: 6147: 6135: 6123: 6111: 6099: 5950: 5938: 5900: 5888: 5876: 5864: 5852: 5816: 5804: 5792: 5695: 5683: 5659: 5647: 5635: 5623: 5611: 5424: 5331: 5319: 5304: 5292: 5244: 5232: 5208: 5196: 5130: 5054:from the original on 8 November 2023. 4970: 4958: 4711: 4699: 4651: 4593: 4540: 4528: 4504: 4492: 4480: 4468: 4420: 4363: 4216: 4158: 4146: 4098: 4047: 3983: 3789: 3667: 3630: 3580:"Ranking Australia's prime ministers" 2555:1975 Australian constitutional crisis 2132: 2065:Whitlam and his deputy, Lance Barnard 1910:vanished while swimming in rough seas 1531:Australian National Quiz Championship 1166:1975 Australian constitutional crisis 1038: 619: 615: 10046:Companions of the Order of Australia 8008:Whitlam Labor Rally 14 November 1975 7841: 7709:, Angus & Robertson Publishers, 7522: 7340: 7261:Planning Proposal LEP Review Stage 2 7214: 7141: 6518: 6253:from the original on 29 January 2019 5985:, williambowles.info, archived from 5962: 5828: 5780: 5768: 5731: 5719: 5707: 5587: 5460: 5448: 5400: 5385: 5373: 5358: 5343: 5184: 5058: 5030: 4846: 4834: 4198:. National Library of Australia. n.d 4017:Bramston, Troy (19 September 2014). 2100:During the two weeks the so-called " 1896:in Victoria, and later that year in 1834: 1536:New South Wales Legislative Assembly 1453:, who had swum for Australia in the 10141:20th-century Australian politicians 10106:Royal Australian Air Force officers 10066:Members of the Cabinet of Australia 7807:, Hachette Australia, Sydney, NSW, 7645:(2008), "Sir John Grey Gorton", in 7376:Williams, Evan (15 November 2008), 7165:Razaghi, Tawar (19 February 2021). 6934:Whitlam, Antony (6 November 2014). 6856:Blanchett, Cate (6 November 2014). 6777: 6677:Gordon, Michael (7 November 2002), 6246:The Honourable Edward Gough WHITLAM 6011:Australian Broadcasting Corporation 2926:1999 Australian republic referendum 2887:Companion of the Order of Australia 2209:vision or his profligate spending. 2017:Labor campaigned under the slogan " 1830:Leader of the Opposition, 1967–1972 1464:Whitlam trained as a navigator and 1416: 856:Australian House of Representatives 13: 7942:, University of Queensland Press, 7732:(2nd ed.). St Leonards, NSW: 7663:Gough Whitlam: A Moment in History 6908:Faulkner, John (6 November 2014). 6752:Griffiths, Emma (3 October 2014). 6339:Whitlam, Gough (8 November 1996), 3878:"Gough Whitlam & Enoch Powell" 3644:"National Trust Heritage Citation" 3326: 3239:Bust of Gough Whitlam by sculptor 3084:From Little Things Big Things Grow 2537:. The state Labor party nominated 1733:wrote that Labor was ruled by "36 14: 10162: 10151:Military personnel from Melbourne 7957: 6882:Pearson, Noel (6 November 2014). 6622:Welch, Dylan (13 February 2008), 6063:Steketee, Mark (1 January 2008), 3359:(Sydney: Allen & Unwin, 2002) 2987:five Australia-based TV personnel 2231: 1500:Early political career, 1952–1967 1494:1944 "Fourteen Powers" referendum 1387:officer personnel file dated 1942 589:6 ft 4 in (194 cm) 8442: 8441: 8041:Member of Parliament for Werriwa 7828:, Cheshire Publishing Pty Ltd., 7824:; Solomon, David Harris (1973), 7491: 7450: 7425: 7399: 7334: 7308: 7282: 7254:"Attachment E: Heritage Studies" 7246: 7234: 7208: 7188:Casben, Liv (22 February 2021). 7181: 7158: 7135: 7123: 7099:McIlroy, Tom (22 October 2014). 7092: 7070: 7051:Dumas, Daisy (6 November 2014). 7044: 7031: 7005: 6979: 6953: 6927: 6901: 6875: 6849: 6823: 6797: 6771: 6745: 6512: 6486: 6415:Marks, Kathy (6 November 1999), 6389:Wright, Tony (21 October 2014). 6382: 6357: 6332: 6264: 6153: 6040: 6020: 6000: 5906: 5749: 5036: 3536:Strangio, Paul (February 2022). 3416: 3231:Legacy and historical evaluation 3081:(their land rights protest song 2881:Later years and death, 1978–2014 2739:Association for Cultural Freedom 2577: 2563: 1480:bombers. He reached the rank of 1254: 999: 938:enabled under section 57 of the 728: 429:Deputy Leader of the Labor Party 10146:20th-century Australian lawyers 7997:National Film and Sound Archive 7515: 7433:"John Howard rated our best PM" 7378:"The definitive Gough botherer" 7341:Pitt, Helen (2 December 2022). 6707:, 16 March 2012, archived from 6575:, 28 April 2007, archived from 6440:Steger, Jason (10 March 2010), 6249:, It's an Honour, 6 June 1978, 5914:"Mason speaks out on dismissal" 5510:"Fraser fails in censure of PM" 4924: 4732: 4611: 4381: 4321: 4188: 4010: 3989: 3870: 3723:"Gough Whitlam – Before office" 3686: 3522:The Australian Financial Review 3181:Australian Electoral Commission 2914:International Olympic Committee 2799:Return to Opposition, 1975–1978 2525:in his Tasmanian electorate of 2447:caused Australia to ratify the 2294: 2270:Whitlam government was returned 1556:by-election on 29 November 1952 1505:Member of Parliament, 1952–1960 1033: 611: 9991:Attorneys-general of Australia 7406:Strangio, Paul (1 June 2013). 7142:Bell, Matt (22 January 2021). 6986:Clark, Tom (7 November 2014). 6704:Margaret Whitlam dies, aged 92 6284:"Gough Whitlam – After Office" 4751:National Archives of Australia 4340:National Archives of Australia 3636: 3599: 3568: 3529: 3512: 3482: 3408: 2614:On 14 October, Labor minister 2445:Racial Discrimination Act 1975 2356: 2332: 2081:advised the Governor-General, 1634:defection of a Soviet official 1492:and urging the passage of the 1332:Hugh Gough, 1st Viscount Gough 1100:Term of government (1972–1975) 569:Elizabeth Bay, New South Wales 1: 7986:Gurindji Land Ceremony Speech 6778:Cox, Lisa (6 November 2014). 6652:Hanoi, Kathy (10 July 2009), 6341:"The Coup Twenty Years After" 3876:Grosz, Chris; Maloney Shane: 3554:10.1080/10361146.2022.2040426 3470: 3335:(Melbourne: Widescope, 1977). 2910:State Bank of New South Wales 2906:National Gallery of Australia 2743:Congress for Cultural Freedom 2466:The Suharto-Whitlam House in 2190:National Gallery of Australia 2126:Australian Army Training Team 2095:an interim two-man government 2056: 2051: 1902:November half-Senate election 1476:, Northern Territory, flying 1293: 825:governor-general of Australia 10096:Prime ministers of Australia 10036:Australian former Christians 9291:Australian Capital Territory 8235:Prime ministers of Australia 8100:Minister for Foreign Affairs 8012:King George Square, Brisbane 8004: – transcript 7871:, Heinemann, pp. 3–16, 7628:(revised ed.), Viking, 7215:Pitt, Helen (18 June 2021). 6597:Steger, Jason (8 May 2007), 6442:"Comrades do it by the book" 6065:"Carter denied CIA meddling" 5759:, Macmillan 1978, pp 301–308 4753:. Retrieved 2 November 2014. 4342:. Retrieved 2 November 2014. 3475: 3016: 2811:in Sydney, 24 November 1975. 2807:A huge ALP rally overspills 2548: 2402:billion in loans. While the 2309:Whitlam visits US President 2289:Australian Capital Territory 1935:an election for October 1969 1656:", sparked the birth of the 1644:parties was returned in the 1328:Commonwealth Crown Solicitor 917:, and the implementation of 874:. After narrowly losing the 316:Minister for Foreign Affairs 7: 10121:University of Sydney alumni 10041:Australian social democrats 8127:Prime Minister of Australia 8016:State Library of Queensland 7345:. The Sydney Morning Herald 6288:Australia's Prime Ministers 5975:Martin, Ray (23 May 1982), 5107:Australia's Prime Ministers 5103:"Gough Whitlam – In Office" 4402:, 20 December 2012, citing 3790:Crase, Simon (1 May 2008), 3727:Australia's Prime Ministers 3668:Legge, Kate (22 May 2010), 3610:. Oxford University Press. 3363: 3333:On Australia's Constitution 3001:by the then prime minister 2871:an election for 10 December 2478:with Indonesia's President 1569:, who was then told by the 1093:Prime Minister of Australia 809:prime minister of Australia 72:Prime Minister of Australia 10: 10167: 10091:Politicians from Melbourne 10021:Australian anti-communists 9491:Norfolk Island Labor Party 7890:Australian Prime Ministers 7793:Australian Prime Ministers 7651:Australian Prime Ministers 6472:. Black Inc. p. 142. 3952:World War Two Nominal Roll 3249:Ballarat Botanical Gardens 3179:In honour of Whitlam, the 2995:Federal Government apology 2730: 2651:into session until after 1 2552: 2336: 2298: 2227:Whitlam visits China, 1973 2044: 1447:Royal Australian Air Force 1435:Sydney University Regiment 1353:in the suburbs of Sydney. 844:Royal Australian Air Force 833:1975 constitutional crisis 746:Royal Australian Air Force 18: 10131:People from Kew, Victoria 10081:People of the Vietnam War 10016:Australian King's Counsel 9750: 9509: 9438: 9413: 9387: 9380: 9357:Australian Fabian Society 9334: 9279: 9213: 9077: 8986: 8840: 8684: 8493: 8439: 8246: 8192: 8183: 8175: 8170: 8160: 8151: 8143: 8133: 8124: 8116: 8106: 8097: 8089: 8079: 8070: 8062: 8057: 8047: 8038: 8030: 8023: 7412:The Sydney Morning Herald 7057:The Sydney Morning Herald 6965:The Sydney Morning Herald 6940:The Sydney Morning Herald 6914:The Sydney Morning Herald 6888:The Sydney Morning Herald 6862:The Sydney Morning Herald 6836:The Sydney Morning Herald 6629:The Sydney Morning Herald 6498:The Sydney Morning Herald 6395:The Sydney Morning Herald 5146:Barrett, Lindsay (2001), 4405:The Sydney Morning Herald 3698:The Sydney Morning Herald 3585:The Sydney Morning Herald 3494:primeministers.naa.gov.au 3347:(Ringwood: Viking, 1985). 3221:Western Sydney University 3205:Earlwood, New South Wales 3131:and, as the final piece, 3093:Sydney Symphony Orchestra 3089:Sydney Philharmonia Choir 2899:Constitutional Commission 2755:, a prominent CIA front. 2254:constitutional referendum 2196:" by contemporary artist 2167:National Sewerage Program 2108:, and appointed a woman, 2041:Prime Minister, 1972–1975 1980:National Security Advisor 1944:1970 half-Senate election 1908:At the end of 1967, Holt 1455:1938 British Empire Games 1161:Racial Discrimination Act 1111:National Sewerage Program 789: 779: 769: 759: 751: 741: 736: 724: 702: 690: 661: 644: 629: 593: 585: 575: 556: 532: 527: 523: 511: 499: 488: 473: 463: 453: 445: 434: 427: 417: 407: 384: 373: 368:Leader of the Labor Party 366: 354: 342: 332: 321: 314: 302: 290: 282: 251: 240: 228: 218: 199: 189: 178: 171: 159: 147: 119: 98: 88: 77: 69: 65: 53: 30: 8154:Leader of the Opposition 8073:Leader of the Opposition 7296:. Fairfield City Council 5590:Timor: A People Betrayed 4775:Oakes & Solomon 1973 4763:Oakes & Solomon 1973 4553:Oakes & Solomon 1973 4517:Oakes & Solomon 1973 4316:Oakes & Solomon 1973 4072:Oakes & Solomon 1973 4060:Oakes & Solomon 1973 4005:Oakes & Solomon 1973 3920:Oakes & Solomon 1973 3829:Oakes & Solomon 1973 3751:Oakes & Solomon 1973 3401: 3201:a future Canberra suburb 3172:, and broadcast live by 2950:Gough Whitlam with wife 2373:billion increase in the 2072:single transferable vote 1978:the following year. His 1953:Whitlam speaking at the 1876:Leader of the Opposition 1687:Deputy Leader, 1960–1967 1552:House of Representatives 1008:This article is part of 872:Leader of the Opposition 848:during World War II 173:Leader of the Opposition 99:Governors‑General 21:Whitlam (disambiguation) 10116:Treasurers of Australia 9744:Treasurers of Australia 9362:Chifley Research Centre 8025:Parliament of Australia 7936:Whitlam, Gough (1997), 7920:The Truth of the Matter 7918:Whitlam, Gough (1979), 7686:, The Miegunyah Press, 7684:Gough Whitlam: His Time 7665:, The Miegunyah Press, 7602:Edwards, Peter (1997). 7543:Brown, Wallace (2002), 7529:, Bloomsbury Academic, 7408:"The loved and loathed" 6624:"Kevin Rudd says sorry" 6468:Manning, Paddy (2019). 4745:9 November 2014 at the 4334:9 November 2014 at the 3948:"WHITLAM, EDWARD GOUGH" 3391:Second Whitlam Ministry 3339:The Truth of the Matter 3294:economic stabilisation. 3256:The Truth of the Matter 3191:, with effect from the 2930:The Truth of the Matter 2727:Alleged CIA involvement 2510:. At the height of the 1955:Aboriginal Tent Embassy 1366:Canberra Grammar School 1060:Deputy Labor leadership 940:Australian constitution 897:In its first term, the 831:, at the climax of the 60:Official portrait, 1972 10026:Australian republicans 9352:Australian Young Labor 8677:Australian Labor Party 7582:Cotton, James (2004), 7523:Blum, William (2014), 3396:Third Whitlam Ministry 3386:First Whitlam Ministry 3345:The Whitlam Government 3324: 3312: 3296: 3251: 3245:Prime Ministers Avenue 3207:, is named after him. 3026: 2971: 2959: 2835: 2812: 2724: 2632: 2483: 2457:Aboriginal land reform 2314: 2228: 2175:Advance Australia Fair 2146: 2143:Third Whitlam Ministry 2124:. It also ordered the 2066: 1998: 1958: 1885: 1884:Whitlam in August 1971 1844: 1768:White Australia policy 1658:Democratic Labor Party 1636:to his advantage, and 1617: 1522: 1514: 1486:Australian Labor Party 1472:, based mainly on the 1468:, before serving with 1443:attack on Pearl Harbor 1430: 1388: 1303: 1121:Advance Australia Fair 1106:Vietnam War withdrawal 948:1970s global recession 813:Australian Labor Party 9996:Australian barristers 9496:The light on the hill 7970:The Whitlam Institute 7729:The Unmaking of Gough 7568:, Allen & Unwin, 7547:, Longueville Books, 7466:Sydney Morning Herald 7221:Sydney Morning Herald 7146:. The Daily Telegraph 6161:Shame, Whitlam, Shame 4937:Australian Geographic 3320: 3300: 3287: 3238: 3195:. ACT Chief Minister 3158:missing man formation 3124:Symphonie fantastique 3033:November 2014 in the 3024: 2965: 2949: 2857:printed a cartoon by 2830: 2806: 2715: 2660:for at least a year. 2643:and attorney-general 2627: 2465: 2308: 2226: 2140: 2064: 1996: 1952: 1883: 1862:universal health care 1842: 1750:electorate of Denison 1615: 1520: 1512: 1490:1943 federal election 1451:Margaret Elaine Dovey 1424: 1382: 1310:, 46 Rowland Street, 1301: 911:universal health care 903:military conscription 876:1969 federal election 752:Years of service 477:Australian Parliament 10136:People from Canberra 10031:Australian agnostics 7904:, Federation Press, 7132:| Canterbury Council 6345:whitlamdismissal.com 5757:Matters for Judgment 5588:Dunn, James (1996), 4394:7 April 2015 at the 3886:, No 77, April 2012. 3371:The Hon E.G. Whitlam 3260:Matters for Judgment 3227:on 2 December 2022. 2918:2000 Summer Olympics 2916:to award Sydney the 2841:Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr 2618:, mastermind of the 2488:Carnation Revolution 2012:Battle of Austerlitz 1976:he would visit China 1870:Launceston, Tasmania 1632:, adroitly used the 1470:No. 13 Squadron RAAF 1427:Cooktown, Queensland 1397:University of Sydney 1391:Whitlam enrolled at 1347:Mowbray House School 1039:World War II service 915:university education 890:, after 23 years of 860:member of parliament 858:in 1952, becoming a 821:socially progressive 796:Edward Gough Whitlam 697:University of Sydney 618:; died 537:Edward Gough Whitlam 9476:Federal Labor (NSW) 9342:National Conference 9241:Beazley (1996–2001) 7993:'Kerr's Cur' speech 7902:The Chameleon Crown 7849:, Hill of Content, 7847:The Whitlam Venture 7622:Freudenberg, Graham 7460:(25 October 2014). 7388:on 15 December 2012 7270:on 16 November 2021 7196:on 21 February 2021 6500:. 15 September 2005 6314:, pp. 112–113. 6192:, pp. 142–143. 6180:, pp. 336–338. 6126:, pp. 303–307. 6033:and Troy Bramston, 5941:, pp. 274–275. 5903:, pp. 269–273. 5891:, pp. 295–297. 5867:, pp. 256–257. 5831:, pp. 404–405. 5783:, pp. 386–387. 5771:, pp. 382–383. 5686:, pp. 109–110. 5638:, pp. 107–109. 5499:, pp. 338–340. 5463:, pp. 206–208. 5427:, pp. 128–129. 5388:, pp. 123–124. 5361:, pp. 118–119. 5346:, pp. 100–107. 5199:, pp. 340–341. 5077:on 23 February 2011 5050:. 21 October 2014. 5021:, pp. 258–260. 4873:, pp. 245–246. 4861:, pp. 255–257. 4801:, pp. 393–394. 4729:, pp. 322–323. 4714:, pp. 107–113. 4702:, pp. 110–111. 4690:, pp. 379–380. 4678:, pp. 377–379. 4666:, pp. 197–199. 4608:, pp. 332–335. 4459:, pp. 325–326. 4447:, pp. 321–325. 4423:, pp. 337–339. 4306:, pp. 257–258. 4294:, pp. 250–256. 4267:, pp. 244–248. 4255:, pp. 240–241. 4243:, pp. 235–236. 4231:, pp. 232–233. 4185:, pp. 219–220. 4173:, pp. 218–219. 4161:, pp. 333–334. 4137:, pp. 181–186. 4113:, pp. 177–179. 4101:, pp. 332–333. 3189:Division of Throsby 3185:Division of Whitlam 2990:Whitlam's warning. 2885:Whitlam was made a 2845:Tangshan earthquake 2775:Sir Edward Woodward 2753:The Asia Foundation 2486:Following the 1974 2441:Family Law Act 1975 2367:1973–1975 recession 2246:Joh Bjelke-Petersen 2114:contraceptive pills 1922:for Holt's seat of 1900:in Queensland. The 1722:The Daily Telegraph 1662:preferential voting 1650:industrial groupers 1640:of the Liberal and 1362:Telopea Park School 1351:Knox Grammar School 1064:Labor Party spills 967:subsequent election 959:appropriation bills 864:division of Werriwa 9347:National Executive 9335:Party institutions 9301:Northern Territory 8058:Political offices 8002:"It's Time" speech 7805:Margaret and Gough 7111:on 3 November 2014 7105:The Canberra Times 6168:, 15 November 2005 6037:, 26 December 2015 5555:, 15 December 1977 5172:Art & Antiques 3958:on 25 October 2014 3855:, pp. 59, 64. 3576:Mackerras, Malcolm 3500:on 10 October 2019 3381:Whitlam government 3252: 3145:was followed by a 3105:St Matthew Passion 3087:), as well as the 3047:Graham Freudenberg 3043:Welcome to Country 3027: 2999:Stolen Generations 2997:to the Aboriginal 2972: 2960: 2956:Stolen Generations 2836: 2813: 2789:Warren Christopher 2508:annexed East Timor 2484: 2423:, former mayor of 2315: 2266:double dissolution 2229: 2183:Order of Australia 2179:God Save the Queen 2147: 2133:Enacting a program 2067: 2047:Whitlam government 1999: 1959: 1928:Graham Freudenberg 1886: 1868:ALP Conference in 1845: 1800:Dawson by-election 1618: 1609:", he apologised. 1523: 1515: 1431: 1389: 1304: 1151:Papua independence 927:double dissolution 899:Whitlam government 886:to victory at the 850:, and worked as a 9958: 9957: 9710: 9709: 9501:Tree of Knowledge 9486:Industrial Groups 9434: 9433: 9405:Independent Labor 9372:John Curtin House 9326:Western Australia 9256:Beazley (2005–06) 9226:Whitlam (1975–77) 9221:Whitlam (1967–72) 8642: 8641: 8453: 8452: 8202: 8201: 8193:Succeeded by 8171:Diplomatic posts 8161:Succeeded by 8134:Succeeded by 8107:Succeeded by 8080:Succeeded by 8048:Succeeded by 7949:978-0-7022-2879-7 7939:Abiding Interests 7929:978-0-7139-1291-3 7911:978-1-8628-7629-3 7878:978-0-85859-147-9 7856:978-0-85572-079-7 7835:978-0-7015-1711-3 7814:978-0-7336-3244-0 7734:Allen & Unwin 7716:978-0-207-14860-6 7693:978-0-522-85793-1 7672:978-0-522-85705-4 7647:Grattan, Michelle 7643:Henderson, Gerard 7635:978-0-670-07375-7 7595:978-0-415-33580-5 7575:978-1-86448-169-3 7554:978-1-920681-04-3 7536:978-1-7836-0177-6 7019:. 6 November 2014 6967:. 5 November 2014 6811:. 24 October 2014 6539:Grattan, Michelle 6371:, 22 October 2014 6090:, pp. 49–50. 6053:, 20 January 2016 5916:. 26 August 2012. 5599:978-0-7333-0537-5 5307:, pp. 62–63. 5235:, pp. 48–49. 5211:, pp. 36–37. 5150:, Sydney: Power, 5033:, pp. 58–59. 4961:, pp. 14–15. 4849:, pp. 45–46. 4837:, pp. 39–40. 4531:, pp. 54–55. 4507:, pp. 50–51. 4435:, pp. 95–96. 4389:Vale Ray Gietzelt 3934:, pp. 64–66. 3922:, pp. 48–49. 3867:, pp. 66–67. 3843:, pp. 55–56. 3816:, pp. 33–37. 3780:, pp. 27–28. 3351:Abiding Interests 3264:Abiding Interests 3241:Victor Greenhalgh 3217:Whitlam Institute 2937:Australian Greens 2759:Christopher Boyce 2301:1973 Murphy raids 2120:South Africa and 2035:Western Australia 1835:Reforming the ALP 1784:November election 1575:Benjamin Disraeli 1482:Flight Lieutenant 1425:Gough Whitlam in 1402:The Broken Melody 1393:St Paul's College 1291: 1290: 1156:Family Law reform 1126:1973 Murphy raids 1054: 1026: 1025: 923:Australian Senate 909:, institution of 793: 792: 764:Flight lieutenant 10158: 9737: 9730: 9723: 9714: 9713: 9510:Leadership votes 9385: 9384: 9283: 8968:Anthony Albanese 8831:Anthony Albanese 8722:Matthew Charlton 8688: 8678: 8669: 8662: 8655: 8646: 8645: 8480: 8473: 8466: 8457: 8456: 8445: 8444: 8228: 8221: 8214: 8205: 8204: 8176:Preceded by 8144:Preceded by 8117:Preceded by 8090:Preceded by 8063:Preceded by 8031:Preceded by 8021: 8020: 7980:Dismissal letter 7952: 7932: 7914: 7893: 7881: 7859: 7838: 7817: 7796: 7787: 7755: 7719: 7696: 7675: 7654: 7638: 7617: 7598: 7578: 7557: 7539: 7509: 7495: 7489: 7483: 7477: 7476: 7474: 7472: 7454: 7448: 7447: 7445: 7443: 7429: 7423: 7422: 7420: 7418: 7403: 7397: 7396: 7395: 7393: 7384:, archived from 7373: 7367: 7366:, pp. 1–48. 7361: 7355: 7354: 7352: 7350: 7338: 7332: 7331: 7329: 7327: 7321: 7312: 7306: 7305: 7303: 7301: 7286: 7280: 7279: 7277: 7275: 7269: 7258: 7250: 7244: 7238: 7232: 7231: 7229: 7227: 7212: 7206: 7205: 7203: 7201: 7185: 7179: 7178: 7176: 7174: 7162: 7156: 7155: 7153: 7151: 7139: 7133: 7127: 7121: 7120: 7118: 7116: 7107:. Archived from 7096: 7090: 7089: 7087: 7085: 7074: 7068: 7067: 7065: 7063: 7048: 7042: 7040: 7035: 7029: 7028: 7026: 7024: 7009: 7003: 7002: 7000: 6998: 6992:The Conversation 6983: 6977: 6976: 6974: 6972: 6957: 6951: 6950: 6948: 6946: 6931: 6925: 6924: 6922: 6920: 6905: 6899: 6898: 6896: 6894: 6879: 6873: 6872: 6870: 6868: 6853: 6847: 6846: 6844: 6842: 6827: 6821: 6820: 6818: 6816: 6801: 6795: 6794: 6792: 6790: 6775: 6769: 6768: 6766: 6764: 6749: 6743: 6742: 6741: 6739: 6726: 6720: 6719: 6718: 6716: 6711:on 16 March 2012 6699: 6693: 6692: 6691: 6689: 6674: 6668: 6667: 6666: 6664: 6649: 6640: 6639: 6638: 6636: 6619: 6613: 6612: 6611: 6609: 6594: 6588: 6587: 6586: 6584: 6579:on 30 April 2007 6565: 6559: 6558: 6557: 6555: 6535: 6529: 6528: 6519:Bramston, Troy. 6516: 6510: 6509: 6507: 6505: 6490: 6484: 6483: 6465: 6456: 6455: 6454: 6452: 6437: 6431: 6430: 6429: 6427: 6412: 6406: 6405: 6403: 6401: 6386: 6380: 6379: 6378: 6376: 6361: 6355: 6354: 6353: 6351: 6336: 6330: 6324: 6315: 6309: 6303: 6302: 6301: 6299: 6294:on 17 March 2010 6280: 6271: 6268: 6262: 6261: 6260: 6258: 6241: 6235: 6232:Freudenberg 2009 6229: 6220: 6214: 6205: 6199: 6193: 6187: 6181: 6175: 6169: 6159:Parkinson, Tony 6157: 6151: 6145: 6139: 6133: 6127: 6121: 6115: 6109: 6103: 6097: 6091: 6085: 6079: 6078: 6077: 6075: 6060: 6054: 6044: 6038: 6024: 6018: 6004: 5998: 5997: 5996: 5994: 5972: 5966: 5960: 5954: 5948: 5942: 5936: 5930: 5924: 5918: 5917: 5910: 5904: 5898: 5892: 5886: 5880: 5874: 5868: 5862: 5856: 5850: 5844: 5838: 5832: 5826: 5820: 5814: 5808: 5802: 5796: 5790: 5784: 5778: 5772: 5766: 5760: 5753: 5747: 5744:Freudenberg 2009 5741: 5735: 5729: 5723: 5717: 5711: 5705: 5699: 5693: 5687: 5681: 5675: 5672:Freudenberg 2009 5669: 5663: 5657: 5651: 5645: 5639: 5633: 5627: 5621: 5615: 5609: 5603: 5602: 5585: 5579: 5573: 5564: 5563: 5562: 5560: 5545: 5539: 5536:Freudenberg 2009 5533: 5527: 5526: 5525: 5523: 5506: 5500: 5497:Freudenberg 2009 5494: 5488: 5485:Freudenberg 2009 5482: 5476: 5473:Freudenberg 2009 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4778: 4772: 4766: 4760: 4754: 4736: 4730: 4724: 4715: 4709: 4703: 4697: 4691: 4685: 4679: 4673: 4667: 4664:Freudenberg 2009 4661: 4655: 4649: 4643: 4637: 4631: 4630: 4615: 4609: 4603: 4597: 4591: 4580: 4577:Freudenberg 2009 4574: 4568: 4562: 4556: 4550: 4544: 4538: 4532: 4526: 4520: 4514: 4508: 4502: 4496: 4490: 4484: 4478: 4472: 4466: 4460: 4454: 4448: 4442: 4436: 4433:Freudenberg 2009 4430: 4424: 4418: 4409: 4385: 4379: 4376:Freudenberg 2009 4373: 4367: 4361: 4355: 4349: 4343: 4325: 4319: 4313: 4307: 4301: 4295: 4289: 4283: 4277: 4268: 4262: 4256: 4250: 4244: 4238: 4232: 4226: 4220: 4214: 4208: 4207: 4205: 4203: 4192: 4186: 4180: 4174: 4168: 4162: 4156: 4150: 4144: 4138: 4132: 4126: 4120: 4114: 4108: 4102: 4096: 4090: 4084: 4075: 4069: 4063: 4057: 4051: 4045: 4034: 4033: 4031: 4029: 4014: 4008: 4002: 3996: 3993: 3987: 3981: 3968: 3967: 3965: 3963: 3944: 3935: 3929: 3923: 3917: 3911: 3905: 3899: 3893: 3887: 3874: 3868: 3862: 3856: 3850: 3844: 3838: 3832: 3826: 3817: 3811: 3805: 3804: 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Gough 7555: 7537: 7518: 7513: 7512: 7496: 7492: 7484: 7480: 7470: 7468: 7455: 7451: 7441: 7439: 7431: 7430: 7426: 7416: 7414: 7404: 7400: 7391: 7389: 7374: 7370: 7362: 7358: 7348: 7346: 7339: 7335: 7325: 7323: 7319: 7313: 7309: 7299: 7297: 7288: 7287: 7283: 7273: 7271: 7267: 7256: 7252: 7251: 7247: 7239: 7235: 7225: 7223: 7213: 7209: 7199: 7197: 7186: 7182: 7172: 7170: 7169:. Domain.com.au 7163: 7159: 7149: 7147: 7140: 7136: 7128: 7124: 7114: 7112: 7097: 7093: 7083: 7081: 7076: 7075: 7071: 7061: 7059: 7049: 7045: 7038: 7036: 7032: 7022: 7020: 7011: 7010: 7006: 6996: 6994: 6984: 6980: 6970: 6968: 6959: 6958: 6954: 6944: 6942: 6932: 6928: 6918: 6916: 6906: 6902: 6892: 6890: 6880: 6876: 6866: 6864: 6854: 6850: 6840: 6838: 6828: 6824: 6814: 6812: 6803: 6802: 6798: 6788: 6786: 6776: 6772: 6762: 6760: 6750: 6746: 6737: 6735: 6728: 6727: 6723: 6714: 6712: 6701: 6700: 6696: 6687: 6685: 6675: 6671: 6662: 6660: 6650: 6643: 6634: 6632: 6620: 6616: 6607: 6605: 6595: 6591: 6582: 6580: 6567: 6566: 6562: 6553: 6551: 6541:(8 July 2006), 6536: 6532: 6517: 6513: 6503: 6501: 6492: 6491: 6487: 6480: 6466: 6459: 6450: 6448: 6438: 6434: 6425: 6423: 6421:The Independent 6413: 6409: 6399: 6397: 6387: 6383: 6374: 6372: 6363: 6362: 6358: 6349: 6347: 6337: 6333: 6325: 6318: 6310: 6306: 6297: 6295: 6282: 6281: 6274: 6269: 6265: 6256: 6254: 6243: 6242: 6238: 6230: 6223: 6215: 6208: 6200: 6196: 6188: 6184: 6176: 6172: 6158: 6154: 6146: 6142: 6134: 6130: 6122: 6118: 6110: 6106: 6098: 6094: 6086: 6082: 6073: 6071: 6061: 6057: 6045: 6041: 6025: 6021: 6005: 6001: 5992: 5990: 5973: 5969: 5961: 5957: 5949: 5945: 5937: 5933: 5925: 5921: 5912: 5911: 5907: 5899: 5895: 5887: 5883: 5875: 5871: 5863: 5859: 5851: 5847: 5839: 5835: 5827: 5823: 5815: 5811: 5803: 5799: 5791: 5787: 5779: 5775: 5767: 5763: 5754: 5750: 5742: 5738: 5730: 5726: 5718: 5714: 5706: 5702: 5694: 5690: 5682: 5678: 5670: 5666: 5658: 5654: 5646: 5642: 5634: 5630: 5622: 5618: 5610: 5606: 5600: 5586: 5582: 5578:, pp. 4–5. 5574: 5567: 5558: 5556: 5547: 5546: 5542: 5534: 5530: 5521: 5519: 5508: 5507: 5503: 5495: 5491: 5483: 5479: 5471: 5467: 5459: 5455: 5447: 5443: 5435: 5431: 5423: 5419: 5411: 5407: 5399: 5392: 5384: 5380: 5372: 5365: 5357: 5350: 5342: 5338: 5330: 5326: 5318: 5311: 5303: 5299: 5291: 5287: 5279: 5275: 5267: 5263: 5255: 5251: 5243: 5239: 5231: 5227: 5219: 5215: 5207: 5203: 5195: 5191: 5183: 5179: 5168: 5164: 5158: 5144: 5137: 5129: 5125: 5116: 5114: 5101: 5100: 5089: 5080: 5078: 5067: 5066: 5059: 5042: 5041: 5037: 5029: 5025: 5017: 5013: 5005: 5001: 4993: 4989: 4981: 4977: 4969: 4965: 4957: 4953: 4943: 4941: 4940:. December 2014 4930: 4929: 4925: 4917: 4913: 4905: 4901: 4893: 4889: 4881: 4877: 4869: 4865: 4857: 4853: 4845: 4841: 4833: 4829: 4821: 4817: 4809: 4805: 4797: 4793: 4785: 4781: 4773: 4769: 4761: 4757: 4747:Wayback Machine 4737: 4733: 4725: 4718: 4710: 4706: 4698: 4694: 4686: 4682: 4674: 4670: 4662: 4658: 4650: 4646: 4638: 4634: 4621:(9 June 2023). 4616: 4612: 4604: 4600: 4592: 4583: 4575: 4571: 4563: 4559: 4551: 4547: 4539: 4535: 4527: 4523: 4515: 4511: 4503: 4499: 4491: 4487: 4479: 4475: 4467: 4463: 4455: 4451: 4443: 4439: 4431: 4427: 4419: 4412: 4396:Wayback Machine 4387:Lawrence, Jeff 4386: 4382: 4374: 4370: 4362: 4358: 4350: 4346: 4336:Wayback Machine 4326: 4322: 4314: 4310: 4302: 4298: 4290: 4286: 4278: 4271: 4263: 4259: 4251: 4247: 4239: 4235: 4227: 4223: 4215: 4211: 4201: 4199: 4194: 4193: 4189: 4181: 4177: 4169: 4165: 4157: 4153: 4145: 4141: 4133: 4129: 4121: 4117: 4109: 4105: 4097: 4093: 4085: 4078: 4070: 4066: 4058: 4054: 4046: 4037: 4027: 4025: 4015: 4011: 4003: 3999: 3994: 3990: 3982: 3971: 3961: 3959: 3946: 3945: 3938: 3930: 3926: 3918: 3914: 3906: 3902: 3894: 3890: 3875: 3871: 3863: 3859: 3851: 3847: 3839: 3835: 3827: 3820: 3812: 3808: 3799: 3797: 3788: 3784: 3776: 3769: 3761: 3757: 3749: 3745: 3736: 3734: 3721: 3720: 3713: 3703: 3701: 3692: 3691: 3687: 3678: 3676: 3666: 3659: 3649: 3647: 3642: 3641: 3637: 3629: 3625: 3618: 3604: 3600: 3590: 3588: 3573: 3569: 3534: 3530: 3517: 3513: 3503: 3501: 3490:"Gough Whitlam" 3488: 3487: 3483: 3478: 3473: 3468: 3467: 3457: 3430: 3419: 3415: 3413: 3409: 3404: 3366: 3329: 3327:Published works 3307: 3303: 3233: 3213:Barrie Unsworth 3199:announced that 3095:, conducted by 3037:and was led by 3030: 3019: 2883: 2859:Peter Nicholson 2833:Peter Nicholson 2801: 2735: 2729: 2719: 2693: 2685: 2673: 2656: 2652: 2636: 2608: 2603: 2591: 2590: 2589: 2588: 2587: 2582: 2574: 2573: 2568: 2557: 2551: 2535:Bertie Milliner 2501: 2453:Gurindji people 2399: 2396:Tirath Khemlani 2370: 2363:1973 oil crisis 2359: 2341: 2335: 2303: 2297: 2234: 2205: 2204:million (A$ 1.3 2201: 2198:Jackson Pollock 2141:Members of the 2135: 2110:Elizabeth Evatt 2086: 2059: 2054: 2049: 2043: 2031:South Australia 2007: 1984:Henry Kissinger 1974:announced that 1957:, February 1972 1938: 1920:the by-election 1878: 1850:Brian Harradine 1837: 1832: 1819: 1746:John F. Kennedy 1716:West New Guinea 1689: 1616:Whitlam in 1959 1603:William McMahon 1554:in the ensuing 1507: 1502: 1419: 1296: 1287: 1253: 1233: 1200: 1177: 1141:1974 referendum 1131:1973 referendum 1097: 1089: 1043: 1017: 1015: 1014: 1013: 1009: 1007: 1006: 944:1973 oil crisis 905:and the end of 846:for four years 838:Whitlam was an 798: 774:No. 13 Squadron 720: 686: 677:(father-in-law) 657: 625: 609: 605: 602: 576:Political party 567: 562: 561:21 October 2014 560: 548: 542: 540: 539: 538: 512: 500: 494: 489: 480: 475: 464: 454: 440: 435: 418: 408: 403: 379: 374: 355: 343: 333: 327: 322: 303: 291: 278: 275:William McMahon 252: 246: 241: 229: 219: 214: 190: 184: 179: 160: 154:William McMahon 148: 143: 115: 83: 78: 61: 49: 40: 38: 35: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 10164: 10154: 10153: 10148: 10143: 10138: 10133: 10128: 10123: 10118: 10113: 10108: 10103: 10098: 10093: 10088: 10083: 10078: 10073: 10068: 10063: 10058: 10053: 10048: 10043: 10038: 10033: 10028: 10023: 10018: 10013: 10008: 10003: 9998: 9993: 9988: 9983: 9978: 9973: 9956: 9955: 9953: 9952: 9947: 9942: 9937: 9932: 9927: 9922: 9917: 9912: 9907: 9902: 9897: 9892: 9887: 9882: 9877: 9872: 9867: 9862: 9857: 9852: 9847: 9842: 9837: 9832: 9827: 9822: 9817: 9812: 9807: 9802: 9797: 9792: 9787: 9782: 9777: 9772: 9767: 9762: 9757: 9751: 9748: 9747: 9740: 9739: 9732: 9725: 9717: 9708: 9707: 9705: 9704: 9699: 9694: 9689: 9684: 9679: 9674: 9669: 9664: 9659: 9654: 9649: 9644: 9639: 9634: 9629: 9624: 9619: 9614: 9609: 9604: 9599: 9594: 9589: 9584: 9579: 9574: 9569: 9564: 9559: 9554: 9549: 9544: 9539: 9534: 9529: 9524: 9519: 9513: 9511: 9507: 9506: 9504: 9503: 9498: 9493: 9488: 9483: 9478: 9473: 9468: 9463: 9458: 9453: 9448: 9442: 9440: 9436: 9435: 9432: 9431: 9429: 9428: 9423: 9417: 9415: 9411: 9410: 9408: 9407: 9402: 9397: 9391: 9389: 9382: 9378: 9377: 9375: 9374: 9369: 9367:Federal Caucus 9364: 9359: 9354: 9349: 9344: 9338: 9336: 9332: 9331: 9329: 9328: 9323: 9318: 9313: 9308: 9303: 9298: 9293: 9287: 9285: 9282:State branches 9277: 9276: 9274: 9273: 9268: 9263: 9258: 9253: 9248: 9243: 9238: 9233: 9228: 9223: 9217: 9215: 9211: 9210: 9208: 9207: 9202: 9197: 9192: 9187: 9182: 9177: 9172: 9167: 9162: 9157: 9152: 9147: 9142: 9137: 9132: 9127: 9122: 9117: 9112: 9107: 9102: 9097: 9092: 9087: 9081: 9079: 9075: 9074: 9072: 9071: 9066: 9061: 9056: 9051: 9046: 9041: 9036: 9031: 9026: 9021: 9016: 9011: 9006: 9001: 8996: 8990: 8988: 8984: 8983: 8981: 8980: 8978:Richard Marles 8975: 8970: 8965: 8960: 8955: 8950: 8945: 8940: 8935: 8930: 8925: 8920: 8915: 8910: 8905: 8900: 8895: 8893:Arthur Calwell 8890: 8885: 8880: 8875: 8870: 8865: 8860: 8855: 8850: 8844: 8842: 8841:Deputy leaders 8838: 8837: 8835: 8834: 8827: 8822: 8815: 8808: 8801: 8796: 8791: 8786: 8781: 8774: 8767: 8762: 8755: 8753:Arthur Calwell 8750: 8745: 8738: 8731: 8724: 8719: 8714: 8707: 8700: 8692: 8690: 8682: 8681: 8672: 8671: 8664: 8657: 8649: 8640: 8639: 8637: 8636: 8629: 8624: 8617: 8610: 8603: 8598: 8593: 8588: 8583: 8576: 8569: 8564: 8557: 8552: 8547: 8540: 8533: 8526: 8521: 8516: 8509: 8502: 8494: 8491: 8490: 8483: 8482: 8475: 8468: 8460: 8451: 8450: 8440: 8437: 8436: 8434: 8433: 8428: 8423: 8418: 8413: 8408: 8403: 8398: 8393: 8388: 8383: 8378: 8373: 8368: 8363: 8358: 8353: 8348: 8343: 8338: 8333: 8328: 8323: 8318: 8313: 8308: 8303: 8298: 8293: 8288: 8283: 8278: 8273: 8268: 8263: 8258: 8253: 8247: 8244: 8243: 8231: 8230: 8223: 8216: 8208: 8200: 8199: 8194: 8191: 8182: 8177: 8173: 8172: 8168: 8167: 8162: 8159: 8150: 8147:Malcolm Fraser 8145: 8141: 8140: 8137:Malcolm Fraser 8135: 8132: 8123: 8118: 8114: 8113: 8108: 8105: 8096: 8091: 8087: 8086: 8081: 8078: 8069: 8066:Arthur Calwell 8064: 8060: 8059: 8055: 8054: 8049: 8046: 8037: 8034:Bert Lazzarini 8032: 8028: 8027: 8019: 8018: 8005: 7999: 7989: 7983: 7977: 7972: 7967: 7959: 7958:External links 7956: 7954: 7953: 7948: 7933: 7928: 7922:, Allen Lane, 7915: 7910: 7894: 7882: 7877: 7860: 7855: 7839: 7834: 7818: 7813: 7797: 7788: 7774: 7756: 7742: 7720: 7715: 7697: 7692: 7680:Hocking, Jenny 7676: 7671: 7659:Hocking, Jenny 7655: 7639: 7634: 7618: 7612: 7599: 7594: 7579: 7574: 7558: 7553: 7540: 7535: 7519: 7517: 7514: 7511: 7510: 7490: 7488:, p. 120. 7478: 7449: 7424: 7398: 7382:The Australian 7368: 7356: 7333: 7307: 7281: 7245: 7233: 7207: 7180: 7157: 7134: 7122: 7091: 7069: 7043: 7030: 7017:ABC Classic FM 7004: 6978: 6952: 6926: 6900: 6874: 6848: 6822: 6796: 6770: 6744: 6721: 6694: 6669: 6641: 6614: 6603:The Australian 6589: 6560: 6530: 6525:The Australian 6511: 6485: 6478: 6457: 6432: 6407: 6381: 6369:The Australian 6356: 6331: 6329:, p. 316. 6316: 6304: 6272: 6263: 6236: 6234:, p. 461. 6221: 6219:, p. 355. 6206: 6204:, p. 352. 6194: 6182: 6170: 6152: 6150:, p. 321. 6140: 6138:, p. 315. 6128: 6116: 6114:, p. 303. 6104: 6102:, p. 302. 6092: 6080: 6069:The Australian 6055: 6039: 6035:The Australian 6019: 5999: 5967: 5965:, p. 248. 5955: 5953:, p. 275. 5943: 5931: 5929:, p. 348. 5919: 5905: 5893: 5881: 5879:, p. 295. 5869: 5857: 5855:, p. 256. 5845: 5843:, p. 108. 5833: 5821: 5819:, p. 225. 5809: 5807:, p. 217. 5797: 5795:, p. 215. 5785: 5773: 5761: 5748: 5746:, p. 390. 5736: 5734:, p. 376. 5724: 5722:, p. 372. 5712: 5710:, p. 377. 5700: 5698:, p. 112. 5688: 5676: 5674:, p. 389. 5664: 5662:, p. 267. 5652: 5650:, p. 109. 5640: 5628: 5626:, p. 345. 5616: 5614:, p. 106. 5604: 5598: 5580: 5565: 5540: 5538:, p. 342. 5528: 5501: 5489: 5487:, p. 317. 5477: 5475:, p. 315. 5465: 5453: 5451:, p. 206. 5441: 5439:, p. 348. 5429: 5417: 5415:, p. 308. 5405: 5403:, p. 183. 5390: 5378: 5376:, p. 160. 5363: 5348: 5336: 5334:, p. 125. 5324: 5322:, p. 124. 5309: 5297: 5285: 5283:, p. 154. 5273: 5271:, p. 305. 5261: 5259:, p. 299. 5249: 5237: 5225: 5223:, p. 255. 5213: 5201: 5189: 5187:, p. 224. 5177: 5162: 5156: 5135: 5133:, p. 122. 5123: 5087: 5057: 5035: 5023: 5011: 5009:, p. 257. 4999: 4997:, p. 253. 4987: 4985:, p. 320. 4975: 4973:, p. 119. 4963: 4951: 4923: 4921:, p. 247. 4911: 4909:, p. 252. 4899: 4897:, p. 251. 4887: 4885:, p. 246. 4875: 4863: 4851: 4839: 4827: 4825:, p. 387. 4815: 4813:, p. 385. 4803: 4791: 4789:, p. 384. 4779: 4767: 4755: 4738:Hancock, Ian. 4731: 4716: 4704: 4692: 4680: 4668: 4656: 4654:, p. 110. 4644: 4642:, p. 365. 4632: 4610: 4598: 4581: 4579:, p. 127. 4569: 4567:, p. 307. 4565:Henderson 2008 4557: 4545: 4533: 4521: 4509: 4497: 4495:, p. 337. 4485: 4473: 4461: 4449: 4437: 4425: 4410: 4380: 4368: 4356: 4354:, p. 271. 4344: 4327:Hancock, Ian. 4320: 4308: 4296: 4284: 4282:, p. 248. 4269: 4257: 4245: 4233: 4221: 4219:, p. 334. 4209: 4187: 4175: 4163: 4151: 4149:, p. 333. 4139: 4127: 4125:, p. 181. 4115: 4103: 4091: 4089:, p. 172. 4076: 4064: 4052: 4050:, p. 331. 4035: 4023:The Australian 4009: 3997: 3988: 3986:, p. 330. 3969: 3936: 3924: 3912: 3900: 3888: 3869: 3857: 3845: 3833: 3818: 3806: 3796:, ABC Ballarat 3782: 3767: 3755: 3743: 3733:on 22 May 2019 3711: 3685: 3674:The Australian 3657: 3635: 3633:, p. 424. 3623: 3616: 3598: 3567: 3548:(2): 180–198. 3528: 3511: 3480: 3479: 3477: 3474: 3472: 3469: 3466: 3465: 3406: 3405: 3403: 3400: 3399: 3398: 3393: 3388: 3383: 3378: 3374:, painting by 3365: 3362: 3361: 3360: 3354: 3348: 3342: 3336: 3328: 3325: 3232: 3229: 3197:Katy Gallagher 3154:F/A-18 Hornets 3067:William Barton 3063:Antony Whitlam 3051:Cate Blanchett 3018: 3015: 2882: 2879: 2800: 2797: 2731:Main article: 2728: 2725: 2698:Gordon Scholes 2585:Malcolm Fraser 2583: 2576: 2575: 2569: 2562: 2561: 2560: 2559: 2558: 2553:Main article: 2550: 2547: 2430:Malcolm Fraser 2421:Cleaver Bunton 2379:credit squeeze 2358: 2355: 2337:Main article: 2334: 2331: 2327:Džemal Bijedić 2299:Main article: 2296: 2293: 2233: 2232:Early troubles 2230: 2171:Albury–Wodonga 2134: 2131: 2058: 2055: 2053: 2050: 2042: 2039: 2027:Rupert Murdoch 1933:Gorton called 1890:shadow cabinet 1877: 1874: 1836: 1833: 1831: 1828: 1758:The Australian 1742:early election 1693:Arthur Calwell 1688: 1685: 1630:Robert Menzies 1599:Bill Wentworth 1540:Bert Lazzarini 1506: 1503: 1501: 1498: 1474:Gove Peninsula 1437:, part of the 1418: 1415: 1314:, a suburb of 1295: 1292: 1289: 1288: 1286: 1285: 1278: 1271: 1263: 1260: 1259: 1252: 1251: 1246: 1232: 1231: 1226: 1221: 1216: 1211: 1199: 1198: 1193: 1188: 1176: 1175: 1174: 1173: 1171:Palace letters 1163: 1158: 1153: 1148: 1143: 1138: 1133: 1128: 1123: 1118: 1113: 1108: 1088: 1087: 1086: 1085: 1080: 1075: 1070: 1062: 1056: 1055: 1042: 1041: 1036: 1028: 1027: 1024: 1023: 1010:a series about 1004: 963:Malcolm Fraser 868:Arthur Calwell 791: 790: 787: 786: 781: 777: 776: 771: 767: 766: 761: 757: 756: 753: 749: 748: 743: 742:Branch/service 739: 738: 734: 733: 726: 722: 721: 719: 718: 715: 712: 706: 704: 700: 699: 694: 688: 687: 685: 684: 678: 672: 665: 663: 659: 658: 656: 655: 648: 646: 642: 641: 631: 627: 626: 607: 603: 600:Margaret Dovey 598: 597: 595: 591: 590: 587: 583: 582: 577: 573: 572: 565:(aged 98) 558: 554: 553: 536: 534: 530: 529: 525: 524: 521: 520: 515: 509: 508: 506:Bert Lazzarini 503: 497: 496: 486: 485: 474:Member of the 471: 470: 467: 461: 460: 459:Arthur Calwell 457: 451: 450: 449:Arthur Calwell 447: 443: 442: 432: 431: 425: 424: 421: 415: 414: 413:Arthur Calwell 411: 405: 404: 402: 401: 398: 395: 392: 388: 386: 382: 381: 371: 370: 364: 363: 358: 352: 351: 346: 340: 339: 336: 334:Prime Minister 330: 329: 319: 318: 312: 311: 306: 300: 299: 297:Arthur Calwell 294: 288: 287: 284: 280: 279: 277: 276: 273: 268: 263: 257: 255: 253:Prime Minister 249: 248: 238: 237: 232: 226: 225: 224:Malcolm Fraser 222: 216: 215: 213: 212: 207: 203: 201: 197: 196: 195:Malcolm Fraser 193: 191:Prime Minister 187: 186: 176: 175: 169: 168: 166:Malcolm Fraser 163: 157: 156: 151: 145: 144: 142: 141: 136: 131: 125: 123: 117: 116: 114: 113: 108: 102: 100: 96: 95: 90: 86: 85: 75: 74: 67: 66: 63: 62: 59: 51: 50: 39: 36: 33:The Honourable 31: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10163: 10152: 10149: 10147: 10144: 10142: 10139: 10137: 10134: 10132: 10129: 10127: 10124: 10122: 10119: 10117: 10114: 10112: 10109: 10107: 10104: 10102: 10099: 10097: 10094: 10092: 10089: 10087: 10084: 10082: 10079: 10077: 10074: 10072: 10069: 10067: 10064: 10062: 10059: 10057: 10054: 10052: 10049: 10047: 10044: 10042: 10039: 10037: 10034: 10032: 10029: 10027: 10024: 10022: 10019: 10017: 10014: 10012: 10009: 10007: 10004: 10002: 9999: 9997: 9994: 9992: 9989: 9987: 9984: 9982: 9979: 9977: 9974: 9972: 9971:Gough Whitlam 9969: 9968: 9966: 9951: 9948: 9946: 9943: 9941: 9938: 9936: 9933: 9931: 9928: 9926: 9923: 9921: 9918: 9916: 9913: 9911: 9908: 9906: 9903: 9901: 9898: 9896: 9893: 9891: 9888: 9886: 9883: 9881: 9878: 9876: 9873: 9871: 9868: 9866: 9863: 9861: 9858: 9856: 9853: 9851: 9848: 9846: 9843: 9841: 9838: 9836: 9833: 9831: 9828: 9826: 9823: 9821: 9818: 9816: 9813: 9811: 9808: 9806: 9803: 9801: 9798: 9796: 9793: 9791: 9788: 9786: 9783: 9781: 9778: 9776: 9773: 9771: 9768: 9766: 9763: 9761: 9758: 9756: 9753: 9752: 9749: 9745: 9738: 9733: 9731: 9726: 9724: 9719: 9718: 9715: 9703: 9700: 9698: 9695: 9693: 9690: 9688: 9685: 9683: 9680: 9678: 9675: 9673: 9670: 9668: 9665: 9663: 9660: 9658: 9655: 9653: 9650: 9648: 9645: 9643: 9640: 9638: 9635: 9633: 9630: 9628: 9625: 9623: 9620: 9618: 9615: 9613: 9610: 9608: 9605: 9603: 9600: 9598: 9595: 9593: 9590: 9588: 9585: 9583: 9580: 9578: 9575: 9573: 9570: 9568: 9565: 9563: 9560: 9558: 9555: 9553: 9550: 9548: 9545: 9543: 9540: 9538: 9535: 9533: 9530: 9528: 9525: 9523: 9520: 9518: 9515: 9514: 9512: 9508: 9502: 9499: 9497: 9494: 9492: 9489: 9487: 9484: 9482: 9479: 9477: 9474: 9472: 9469: 9467: 9464: 9462: 9459: 9457: 9454: 9452: 9449: 9447: 9444: 9443: 9441: 9437: 9427: 9424: 9422: 9421:Ferguson Left 9419: 9418: 9416: 9412: 9406: 9403: 9401: 9398: 9396: 9393: 9392: 9390: 9386: 9383: 9379: 9373: 9370: 9368: 9365: 9363: 9360: 9358: 9355: 9353: 9350: 9348: 9345: 9343: 9340: 9339: 9337: 9333: 9327: 9324: 9322: 9319: 9317: 9314: 9312: 9309: 9307: 9304: 9302: 9299: 9297: 9294: 9292: 9289: 9288: 9286: 9284: 9278: 9272: 9269: 9267: 9264: 9262: 9259: 9257: 9254: 9252: 9249: 9247: 9244: 9242: 9239: 9237: 9234: 9232: 9229: 9227: 9224: 9222: 9219: 9218: 9216: 9212: 9206: 9203: 9201: 9198: 9196: 9193: 9191: 9188: 9186: 9183: 9181: 9178: 9176: 9173: 9171: 9168: 9166: 9163: 9161: 9158: 9156: 9153: 9151: 9148: 9146: 9143: 9141: 9138: 9136: 9133: 9131: 9128: 9126: 9123: 9121: 9118: 9116: 9113: 9111: 9108: 9106: 9103: 9101: 9098: 9096: 9093: 9091: 9088: 9086: 9083: 9082: 9080: 9076: 9070: 9067: 9065: 9062: 9060: 9057: 9055: 9052: 9050: 9047: 9045: 9042: 9040: 9037: 9035: 9032: 9030: 9027: 9025: 9022: 9020: 9017: 9015: 9012: 9010: 9007: 9005: 9002: 9000: 8997: 8995: 8992: 8991: 8989: 8985: 8979: 8976: 8974: 8971: 8969: 8966: 8964: 8961: 8959: 8958:Julia Gillard 8956: 8954: 8953:Jenny Macklin 8951: 8949: 8946: 8944: 8941: 8939: 8936: 8934: 8931: 8929: 8926: 8924: 8921: 8919: 8916: 8914: 8911: 8909: 8906: 8904: 8903:Lance Barnard 8901: 8899: 8898:Gough Whitlam 8896: 8894: 8891: 8889: 8886: 8884: 8881: 8879: 8876: 8874: 8871: 8869: 8868:James Scullin 8866: 8864: 8861: 8859: 8858:George Pearce 8856: 8854: 8851: 8849: 8846: 8845: 8843: 8839: 8833: 8832: 8828: 8826: 8823: 8821: 8820: 8816: 8814: 8813: 8812:Julia Gillard 8809: 8807: 8806: 8802: 8800: 8797: 8795: 8792: 8790: 8787: 8785: 8782: 8780: 8779: 8775: 8773: 8772: 8768: 8766: 8763: 8761: 8760: 8759:Gough Whitlam 8756: 8754: 8751: 8749: 8746: 8744: 8743: 8739: 8737: 8736: 8732: 8730: 8729: 8728:James Scullin 8725: 8723: 8720: 8718: 8715: 8713: 8712: 8708: 8706: 8705: 8704:Andrew Fisher 8701: 8699: 8698: 8694: 8693: 8691: 8689: 8683: 8679: 8670: 8665: 8663: 8658: 8656: 8651: 8650: 8647: 8635: 8634: 8630: 8628: 8625: 8623: 8622: 8618: 8616: 8615: 8611: 8609: 8608: 8604: 8602: 8599: 8597: 8594: 8592: 8589: 8587: 8584: 8582: 8581: 8577: 8575: 8574: 8570: 8568: 8565: 8563: 8562: 8558: 8556: 8553: 8551: 8548: 8546: 8545: 8541: 8539: 8538: 8534: 8532: 8531: 8527: 8525: 8522: 8520: 8517: 8515: 8514: 8510: 8508: 8507: 8503: 8501: 8500: 8496: 8495: 8492: 8488: 8481: 8476: 8474: 8469: 8467: 8462: 8461: 8458: 8448: 8438: 8432: 8429: 8427: 8424: 8422: 8419: 8417: 8414: 8412: 8409: 8407: 8404: 8402: 8399: 8397: 8394: 8392: 8389: 8387: 8384: 8382: 8379: 8377: 8374: 8372: 8369: 8367: 8364: 8362: 8359: 8357: 8354: 8352: 8349: 8347: 8344: 8342: 8339: 8337: 8334: 8332: 8329: 8327: 8324: 8322: 8319: 8317: 8314: 8312: 8309: 8307: 8304: 8302: 8299: 8297: 8294: 8292: 8289: 8287: 8284: 8282: 8279: 8277: 8274: 8272: 8269: 8267: 8264: 8262: 8259: 8257: 8254: 8252: 8249: 8248: 8245: 8240: 8236: 8229: 8224: 8222: 8217: 8215: 8210: 8209: 8206: 8197: 8188: 8187: 8180: 8174: 8169: 8165: 8156: 8155: 8148: 8142: 8138: 8129: 8128: 8121: 8115: 8111: 8102: 8101: 8094: 8088: 8084: 8083:Billy Snedden 8075: 8074: 8067: 8061: 8056: 8052: 8043: 8042: 8035: 8029: 8026: 8022: 8017: 8013: 8009: 8006: 8003: 8000: 7998: 7994: 7990: 7987: 7984: 7981: 7978: 7976: 7973: 7971: 7968: 7965: 7964:Gough Whitlam 7962: 7961: 7951: 7945: 7941: 7940: 7934: 7931: 7925: 7921: 7916: 7913: 7907: 7903: 7899: 7895: 7891: 7887: 7883: 7880: 7874: 7870: 7866: 7865:Evans, Gareth 7861: 7858: 7852: 7848: 7844: 7840: 7837: 7831: 7827: 7823: 7822:Oakes, Laurie 7819: 7816: 7810: 7806: 7802: 7798: 7794: 7789: 7785: 7781: 7777: 7775:1-86373-987-4 7771: 7767: 7766: 7761: 7757: 7753: 7749: 7745: 7743:1-86373-788-X 7739: 7735: 7731: 7730: 7725: 7721: 7718: 7712: 7708: 7707: 7706:The Dismissal 7702: 7698: 7695: 7689: 7685: 7681: 7677: 7674: 7668: 7664: 7660: 7656: 7652: 7648: 7644: 7640: 7637: 7631: 7627: 7623: 7619: 7615: 7613:1-86448-282-6 7609: 7605: 7600: 7597: 7591: 7588:, Routledge, 7587: 7586: 7580: 7577: 7571: 7567: 7563: 7559: 7556: 7550: 7546: 7541: 7538: 7532: 7528: 7527: 7521: 7520: 7507: 7503: 7502:John Faulkner 7499: 7494: 7487: 7482: 7467: 7463: 7459: 7458:Gittins, Ross 7453: 7438: 7434: 7428: 7413: 7409: 7402: 7387: 7383: 7379: 7372: 7365: 7360: 7344: 7337: 7318: 7311: 7295: 7291: 7285: 7266: 7262: 7255: 7249: 7242: 7237: 7222: 7218: 7211: 7195: 7191: 7184: 7168: 7161: 7145: 7138: 7131: 7126: 7110: 7106: 7102: 7095: 7079: 7073: 7058: 7054: 7047: 7034: 7018: 7014: 7008: 6993: 6989: 6982: 6966: 6962: 6956: 6941: 6937: 6930: 6915: 6911: 6904: 6889: 6885: 6878: 6863: 6859: 6852: 6837: 6833: 6826: 6810: 6806: 6800: 6785: 6781: 6774: 6759: 6755: 6748: 6733: 6732: 6725: 6710: 6706: 6705: 6698: 6684: 6680: 6673: 6659: 6655: 6648: 6646: 6631: 6630: 6625: 6618: 6604: 6600: 6593: 6578: 6574: 6570: 6564: 6550: 6549: 6544: 6540: 6534: 6526: 6522: 6515: 6499: 6495: 6489: 6481: 6479:9781863959520 6475: 6471: 6464: 6462: 6447: 6443: 6436: 6422: 6418: 6411: 6396: 6392: 6385: 6370: 6366: 6360: 6346: 6342: 6335: 6328: 6323: 6321: 6313: 6308: 6293: 6289: 6285: 6279: 6277: 6267: 6252: 6248: 6247: 6240: 6233: 6228: 6226: 6218: 6213: 6211: 6203: 6198: 6191: 6186: 6179: 6174: 6167: 6166: 6162: 6156: 6149: 6144: 6137: 6132: 6125: 6120: 6113: 6108: 6101: 6096: 6089: 6084: 6070: 6066: 6059: 6052: 6051:The Spectator 6048: 6043: 6036: 6032: 6028: 6023: 6017:25 July 2009. 6016: 6012: 6008: 6003: 5989:on 1 May 2009 5988: 5984: 5983: 5979: 5971: 5964: 5959: 5952: 5947: 5940: 5935: 5928: 5923: 5915: 5909: 5902: 5897: 5890: 5885: 5878: 5873: 5866: 5861: 5854: 5849: 5842: 5837: 5830: 5825: 5818: 5813: 5806: 5801: 5794: 5789: 5782: 5777: 5770: 5765: 5758: 5752: 5745: 5740: 5733: 5728: 5721: 5716: 5709: 5704: 5697: 5692: 5685: 5680: 5673: 5668: 5661: 5656: 5649: 5644: 5637: 5632: 5625: 5620: 5613: 5608: 5601: 5595: 5591: 5584: 5577: 5572: 5570: 5554: 5550: 5544: 5537: 5532: 5518:, 14 May 1975 5517: 5516: 5511: 5505: 5498: 5493: 5486: 5481: 5474: 5469: 5462: 5457: 5450: 5445: 5438: 5433: 5426: 5421: 5414: 5409: 5402: 5397: 5395: 5387: 5382: 5375: 5370: 5368: 5360: 5355: 5353: 5345: 5340: 5333: 5328: 5321: 5316: 5314: 5306: 5301: 5295:, p. 60. 5294: 5289: 5282: 5277: 5270: 5265: 5258: 5253: 5247:, p. 49. 5246: 5241: 5234: 5229: 5222: 5217: 5210: 5205: 5198: 5193: 5186: 5181: 5173: 5166: 5159: 5153: 5149: 5142: 5140: 5132: 5127: 5112: 5108: 5104: 5098: 5096: 5094: 5092: 5076: 5072: 5071: 5064: 5062: 5053: 5049: 5045: 5039: 5032: 5027: 5020: 5015: 5008: 5003: 4996: 4991: 4984: 4979: 4972: 4967: 4960: 4955: 4939: 4938: 4933: 4927: 4920: 4915: 4908: 4903: 4896: 4891: 4884: 4879: 4872: 4867: 4860: 4855: 4848: 4843: 4836: 4831: 4824: 4819: 4812: 4807: 4800: 4795: 4788: 4783: 4777:, p. 87. 4776: 4771: 4765:, p. 89. 4764: 4759: 4752: 4748: 4744: 4741: 4735: 4728: 4727:Sekuless 2008 4723: 4721: 4713: 4708: 4701: 4696: 4689: 4684: 4677: 4672: 4665: 4660: 4653: 4648: 4641: 4636: 4628: 4624: 4620: 4614: 4607: 4602: 4596:, p. 94. 4595: 4590: 4588: 4586: 4578: 4573: 4566: 4561: 4555:, p. 36. 4554: 4549: 4543:, p. 78. 4542: 4537: 4530: 4525: 4519:, p. 10. 4518: 4513: 4506: 4501: 4494: 4489: 4483:, p. 12. 4482: 4477: 4470: 4465: 4458: 4453: 4446: 4441: 4434: 4429: 4422: 4417: 4415: 4407: 4406: 4401: 4397: 4393: 4390: 4384: 4378:, p. 95. 4377: 4372: 4365: 4360: 4353: 4348: 4341: 4337: 4333: 4330: 4324: 4318:, p. 59. 4317: 4312: 4305: 4300: 4293: 4288: 4281: 4276: 4274: 4266: 4261: 4254: 4249: 4242: 4237: 4230: 4225: 4218: 4213: 4197: 4191: 4184: 4179: 4172: 4167: 4160: 4155: 4148: 4143: 4136: 4131: 4124: 4119: 4112: 4107: 4100: 4095: 4088: 4083: 4081: 4074:, p. 54. 4073: 4068: 4062:, p. 50. 4061: 4056: 4049: 4044: 4042: 4040: 4024: 4020: 4013: 4007:, p. 53. 4006: 4001: 3992: 3985: 3980: 3978: 3976: 3974: 3957: 3953: 3949: 3943: 3941: 3933: 3932:Mitchell 2014 3928: 3921: 3916: 3910:, p. 80. 3909: 3904: 3898:, p. 73. 3897: 3892: 3885: 3884: 3879: 3873: 3866: 3861: 3854: 3849: 3842: 3837: 3831:, p. 48. 3830: 3825: 3823: 3815: 3810: 3795: 3794: 3786: 3779: 3774: 3772: 3765:, p. 25. 3764: 3759: 3753:, p. 49. 3752: 3747: 3732: 3728: 3724: 3718: 3716: 3700:. 1 June 2018 3699: 3695: 3689: 3675: 3671: 3664: 3662: 3645: 3639: 3632: 3627: 3619: 3617:9780199666423 3613: 3609: 3602: 3587: 3586: 3581: 3577: 3571: 3563: 3559: 3555: 3551: 3547: 3543: 3539: 3532: 3524: 3523: 3515: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3485: 3481: 3462: 3461: 3451: 3411: 3407: 3397: 3394: 3392: 3389: 3387: 3384: 3382: 3379: 3377: 3373: 3372: 3368: 3367: 3358: 3355: 3352: 3349: 3346: 3343: 3340: 3337: 3334: 3331: 3330: 3323: 3319: 3317: 3311: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3286: 3284: 3280: 3279:Ross McMullin 3276: 3275:Jenny Hocking 3271: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3237: 3228: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3208: 3206: 3202: 3198: 3194: 3193:2016 election 3190: 3186: 3182: 3177: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3163: 3159: 3155: 3152: 3148: 3144: 3140: 3136: 3135: 3130: 3126: 3125: 3120: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3085: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3059:John Faulkner 3056: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3039:Kerry O'Brien 3036: 3023: 3014: 3010: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2991: 2988: 2983: 2979: 2977: 2969: 2964: 2957: 2953: 2948: 2944: 2942: 2938: 2933: 2931: 2927: 2921: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2902: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2878: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2863: 2860: 2856: 2855: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2834: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2819: 2810: 2805: 2796: 2794: 2790: 2787: 2782: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2754: 2750: 2749: 2744: 2740: 2734: 2723: 2714: 2711: 2707: 2701: 2699: 2691: 2682: 2680: 2669: 2666: 2661: 2648: 2646: 2642: 2641:Maurice Byers 2631: 2626: 2623: 2621: 2617: 2612: 2599: 2597: 2586: 2580: 2572: 2566: 2556: 2546: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2524: 2519: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2468:Dieng Plateau 2464: 2460: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2437: 2433: 2431: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2408: 2405: 2397: 2393: 2387: 2383: 2380: 2376: 2375:trade deficit 2368: 2364: 2354: 2352: 2347: 2340: 2330: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2319:Lionel Murphy 2312: 2311:Richard Nixon 2307: 2302: 2292: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2277:joint sitting 2275: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2258: 2255: 2251: 2250:Torres Strait 2247: 2243: 2239: 2238:Billy Snedden 2225: 2221: 2219: 2215: 2214:Cyclone Tracy 2210: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2188:In 1973, the 2186: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2163: 2159: 2154: 2151: 2144: 2139: 2130: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2098: 2096: 2092: 2091:Lance Barnard 2084: 2080: 2075: 2073: 2063: 2048: 2038: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2015: 2013: 2005: 1995: 1991: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1972:Richard Nixon 1969: 1965: 1956: 1951: 1947: 1945: 1936: 1931: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1916: 1911: 1906: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1882: 1873: 1871: 1865: 1863: 1857: 1853: 1851: 1841: 1827: 1825: 1817: 1812: 1807: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1796:Rex Patterson 1793: 1787: 1785: 1781: 1776: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1760: 1759: 1753: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1738: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1723: 1717: 1713: 1708: 1706: 1705:1961 election 1702: 1698: 1694: 1684: 1681: 1680:Jenny Hocking 1676: 1674: 1670: 1665: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1646:1954 election 1643: 1639: 1638:his coalition 1635: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1614: 1610: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1583: 1581: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1563:maiden speech 1559: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1532: 1528: 1519: 1511: 1497: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1462: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1428: 1423: 1414: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1403: 1398: 1394: 1386: 1381: 1377: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1354: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1335: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1300: 1284: 1279: 1277: 1272: 1270: 1265: 1264: 1262: 1261: 1257: 1250: 1247: 1245: 1244: 1240: 1239: 1238: 1237: 1230: 1227: 1225: 1222: 1220: 1217: 1215: 1212: 1210: 1207: 1206: 1205: 1204: 1197: 1194: 1192: 1189: 1187: 1184: 1183: 1182: 1181: 1172: 1169: 1168: 1167: 1164: 1162: 1159: 1157: 1154: 1152: 1149: 1147: 1144: 1142: 1139: 1137: 1134: 1132: 1129: 1127: 1124: 1122: 1119: 1117: 1114: 1112: 1109: 1107: 1104: 1103: 1102: 1101: 1096: 1095: 1094: 1084: 1081: 1079: 1076: 1074: 1071: 1069: 1066: 1065: 1063: 1061: 1058: 1057: 1053: 1051: 1045: 1044: 1040: 1037: 1035: 1032: 1031: 1030: 1029: 1020: 1018:Gough Whitlam 1005: 1002: 998: 997: 994: 993: 990: 988: 984: 980: 976: 972: 971:1977 election 968: 964: 960: 955: 953: 949: 945: 941: 937: 936:joint sitting 932: 928: 924: 920: 916: 912: 908: 904: 900: 895: 893: 889: 888:1972 election 885: 881: 877: 873: 869: 865: 862:(MP) for the 861: 857: 853: 849: 845: 841: 840:air navigator 836: 834: 830: 829:Sir John Kerr 826: 822: 818: 814: 810: 805: 801: 797: 788: 785: 782: 778: 775: 772: 768: 765: 762: 758: 754: 750: 747: 744: 740: 735: 731: 727: 723: 716: 713: 711: 708: 707: 705: 701: 698: 695: 693: 689: 682: 681:William Dovey 679: 676: 673: 670: 669:Freda Whitlam 667: 666: 664: 660: 653: 650: 649: 647: 643: 640: 636: 633:4, including 632: 628: 601: 596: 592: 588: 584: 581: 578: 574: 570: 559: 555: 551: 550:Kew, Victoria 535: 531: 526: 522: 519: 516: 510: 507: 504: 498: 492: 487: 484: 478: 472: 469:Lance Barnard 468: 462: 458: 452: 448: 444: 438: 433: 430: 426: 422: 416: 412: 406: 399: 396: 393: 391:Lance Barnard 390: 389: 387: 383: 377: 372: 369: 365: 362: 359: 353: 350: 347: 341: 337: 331: 325: 320: 317: 313: 310: 309:Billy Snedden 307: 301: 298: 295: 289: 286:Lance Barnard 285: 281: 274: 272: 269: 267: 264: 262: 259: 258: 256: 250: 244: 239: 236: 233: 227: 223: 217: 211: 208: 205: 204: 202: 198: 194: 188: 182: 177: 174: 170: 167: 164: 158: 155: 152: 146: 140: 137: 135: 132: 130: 129:Lance Barnard 127: 126: 124: 122: 118: 112: 111:Sir John Kerr 109: 107: 104: 103: 101: 97: 94: 91: 87: 81: 76: 73: 68: 64: 57: 52: 47: 43: 37:Gough Whitlam 34: 29: 26: 22: 9869: 9481:Gang of Four 9471:Faceless men 8943:Gareth Evans 8928:Paul Keating 8923:Lionel Bowen 8897: 8878:Ted Theodore 8853:Billy Hughes 8829: 8825:Bill Shorten 8817: 8810: 8803: 8778:Paul Keating 8776: 8769: 8758: 8757: 8740: 8733: 8726: 8711:Billy Hughes 8709: 8702: 8697:Chris Watson 8695: 8631: 8619: 8612: 8605: 8578: 8571: 8560: 8559: 8542: 8535: 8528: 8511: 8504: 8497: 8375: 8196:Charles Mott 8184: 8179:Owen Harries 8152: 8125: 8110:Don Willesee 8098: 8071: 8039: 7938: 7919: 7901: 7898:Twomey, Anne 7889: 7868: 7846: 7825: 7804: 7792: 7764: 7728: 7705: 7683: 7662: 7650: 7625: 7603: 7584: 7565: 7562:Cohen, Barry 7544: 7525: 7516:Bibliography 7497: 7493: 7481: 7469:. 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