1216:, the Australian Labor Party's focus was predominantly on the asserted illegitimacy of the dismissal (with the slogan of "Shame Fraser, Shame"), while the Coalition focused on criticism of Labor's economic management. Some expected a major backlash against Fraser in favour of Whitlam (who had launched his campaign by calling upon his supporters to "maintain your rage"), based on opinion polls in October and early November which had shown disapproval of Fraser's tactics. Once the election was called, however, the majority focused on the economy and responded to the Liberals' slogan "Turn on the lights". Despite the passion of Labor supporters, furious at what they saw as an establishment plot to destroy a Labor government, Labor suffered its greatest-ever loss (7.4% down on its 1974 vote) at the hands of the Coalition, which continued to hold power until 1983.
1052:
Whitlam announced that if the
Opposition continued to block Supply in the Senate, he would call an early half-Senate election in December. For the next 4 weeks Fraser deferred any vote on these bills. On 6 November Whitlam informed Kerr that, if the Opposition continued to deny a vote on Supply in the Senate, he would call an early half-Senate election the following Tuesday—11 November 1975. The necessary paperwork was then drawn up and drafts exchanged between the Prime Minister's office and Government House over the next 4 days. On the morning of 11 November Whitlam rang Kerr and confirmed the wording of the announcement he would make in the House of Representatives that afternoon, setting the half-Senate election in train.
1063:(a former Commonwealth Solicitor-General) published with Fraser's approval a legal opinion which he had prepared for the Shadow Cabinet, arguing that the Governor-General had both the right and the duty to dismiss the government if it could not obtain supply. Kerr told Whitlam and other government ministers that he considered Ellicott's view to be 'bullshit'. On 17 October, Whitlam told an interviewer that the Governor-General could not intervene in the crisis in view of the convention that he must always act on the advice of his Prime Minister. Whitlam said later that he intended these remarks to protect Kerr, by making clear his view that the Governor-General had no power to intervene.
1223:(whom Whitlam and others accused of having been a sinister influence) deeply wounding. For the rest of his term as Governor-General, Kerr was rarely able to appear in public without encountering angry demonstrations. On one occasion his life was thought to be endangered when he was unable to leave a speaking engagement in Melbourne except by having his car drive through an angry crowd. Labor parliamentarians, federal and state, refused to accept his legitimacy as Governor-General, shunning official functions where he was in attendance. Near the end of his term, he famously appeared drunk when he presented the 1977
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getting to that stage. On 30 October, he proposed a compromise solution to
Whitlam and Fraser which would have, in effect, meant a backdown by Fraser (Kerr proposed that the Opposition allow the supply bills to be passed in return for Whitlam's abandoning plans to call an early Senate election), but Fraser did not agree to this. On 2 November, Fraser offered to pass the bills if Whitlam would agree to call an election before the middle of 1976, but Whitlam in turn rejected that solution.
929:, declined; he then offered the post to Mr Justice Kerr (as he then was), who accepted on condition that he could expect to have ten years in the office, and that he could represent Australia overseas as head of state. These discussions commenced in September 1973. Kerr was announced as Governor-General-designate on 27 February 1974, by which time he had become Sir John Kerr. He had been knighted in the New Year's Honours of 1974, on the advice of the
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intention was to govern without parliamentary supply, Kerr withdrew his commission and served on him the letter of dismissal. Kerr claimed
Whitlam then sought to telephone Buckingham Palace to advise Kerr's dismissal, but Whitlam has always denied this. At a press conference that afternoon he said "The Governor-General prevented me getting in touch with the Queen by just withdrawing the commission immediately" In an article in
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public was unhappy about the action of the Senate in delaying supply with the coalition polling dropping 10% in the 4 weeks during which Supply was blocked. For this reason, he was keen to see the crisis brought to an early conclusion. Intervention by the
Governor-General was the only clear remedy in the event that supply could not be legislated and the prime minister declined to advise an election.
1022:
advice of the Prime
Minister and Cabinet. Whitlam and others held the view that the Governor-General had no discretion in the exercise of these powers; that they must always be exercised on the advice of the Prime Minister and never otherwise. Kerr and others disagreed fundamentally with this view, arguing the Constitution very clearly set out the Governor-General's powers.
1170:, claimed that Whitlam knew of Kerr's intentions, the Queen had already made her position of non-intervention known to Whitlam and Kerr, and Kerr had called a double dissolution to be fair to both candidates, sincerely believing that Whitlam could win back government with the necessary majority in both houses.
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The news that
Whitlam had been dismissed spread across Australia during the afternoon, resulting in angry protest demonstrations by his supporters. Over the following month, leading to the double dissolution election scheduled for 13 December 1975, Whitlam and ALP supporters constantly and intensely
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on 9 July, and Kerr was sworn in as
Governor-General on 11 July. The disputed bills that had led to the double dissolution were reintroduced, and, as expected, were again rejected. The conditions for a joint sitting of the parliament had now been met. On 30 July, Kerr signed a proclamation convening
699:, Sydney, on 24 September 1914. He was the eldest of three children born to Laura May (née Cardwell) and Harry Kerr; his younger brother Dudley was born in 1917 and younger sister Elaine in 1926. Kerr's parents and maternal grandparents were Australian-born, while his paternal grandparents came from
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Kerr later stated that
Whitlam represented "something that perhaps I might have been, had I stayed in the party as he did", and it has been suggested that the Dismissal was "as much a case of a thwarted ego seeking his place in history as Whitlam's mismanagement of the economy". After Kerr's death,
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Kerr saw himself as an active player in the unfolding political drama. He made it clear in several conversations with ministers that he did not accept the view that the
Governor-General could play no role in the crisis until supply actually ran out: he saw it as his duty to help prevent things from
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In
October 1975 the Liberal-Country party opposition coalition in the Senate (led by Malcolm Fraser) voted to defer consideration of the supply bills until the Whitlam government agreed to 'submit itself to the Australian people', and a political stalemate resulted. With the full support of caucus
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gave the Governor-General wide-ranging powers, including the power to appoint and dismiss ministers and to dissolve Parliament. However, by 1975, the office was viewed as having become almost entirely ceremonial, and it was understood that in most cases the Governor-General was bound to act on the
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Fraser was also aware of these considerations. He knew that several Liberal senators were uneasy about the blocking of supply, and might not be relied on for much longer—as was indeed confirmed by Liberal Senator Reg Withers after the dismissal. He also saw evidence in the opinion polls that the
941:'s recommendation for that honour, which Hasluck had wisely held back pending the outcome of the December 1972 election. Kerr did not know Whitlam well, although they had shared legal chambers some years earlier, but he had remained friends with several ministers in Whitlam's government, such as
1235:
Concern about his health may have been one reason why he cut short his five-year term and stood down in December 1977. In fact, his resignation had already been proposed as early as March 1977, during the Queen's visit. Fraser denounced Kerr's detractors as "a hostile and bitter minority" whose
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that saw Whitlam and the ALP defeated in a landslide. The dismissal of the government sparked demonstrations from Whitlam's supporters, with the anger directed at Kerr a major factor in his early retirement in December 1977 and subsequent withdrawal from public life. The propriety, legality and
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at 1 pm, 15 minutes late. Fraser had arrived earlier and been shown into another room. Whitlam and Kerr met alone in Kerr's study. Kerr knew that Whitlam intended to ask for a half-Senate election, one which would need to be conducted without supply,. So, after reconfirming that Whitlam's
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during university days. Whitlam seems to have believed that, because of Kerr's former membership in the Labor Party, he was still politically "reliable", without realising that Kerr's political views had changed and that he had come to see the role of Governor-General differently from Whitlam.
1244:, the new leader of the Labor Party, now in opposition, was one of the critics of the UNESCO appointment. In the Parliament he stated, "The appointment of John Kerr as Ambassador ... is not just an indecent exercise of the rankest cynicism. It is in every respect an affront to this country."
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Kerr had another meeting with Fraser (with Whitlam's approval) on 6 November. At this meeting Fraser increased the pressure on Kerr, advising him that the Opposition would not back down and would not accept any compromise, warning him that, if he did not take action against Whitlam, then the
1324:'s election, Hasluck asked him if he were willing to endorse McMahon's recommendation for Kerr's knighthood, but he declined. Kerr was appointed KCMG in the New Years Honours of 1974, for services as Chief Justice of NSW, on the recommendation of the UK Foreign Secretary on behalf of the
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Opposition would begin to make direct public criticism of him for having "failed in his duty". Fraser urged Kerr to bring about an election before the end of 1975. The provisions of the Electoral Act meant that the last date on which a 1975 election could be announced was 11 November.
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opposition leader Malcolm Fraser called on the Senate (where his coalition had a majority) to defer consideration of the supply bills in an attempt to force an early election. Kerr regarded the situation as untenable, believing the prime minister was obliged to either resign or call a
1203:, claimed that Kerr had long aspired to be "top dog in Australia"; that Kerr had once made a pass at him; and that the Dismissal could only be fully understood if Kerr's alleged repressed homosexuality was factored in—that an infatuation with Whitlam had become one for Fraser.
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to dismiss Kerr instead. Whitlam for his part assumed with characteristic confidence that Kerr would act predictably in the conventional manner of previous vice-regal appointees, was in full sympathy with the Government's position, and would do nothing to act against him.
1259:, "The remaining years of Sir John Kerr's life were miserable ones. He was subject to relentless harassment whenever he appeared in public." He therefore moved to London "where he could be seen most days, usually the worse for wear, at one or other gentleman's club."
1029:, exercisable on the Governor-General's own initiative. Kerr chose to make a study of the reserve powers through his earlier professional relationship with Evatt, the author of the standard work on the reserve powers as they applied to the British Dominions,
1131:
ceremonies. Kerr also arranged for Fraser to come "a quarter of an hour later. Mr Fraser was not told why I wanted him to come." Fraser later claimed that Kerr telephoned him and asked him whether, if he were commissioned as Prime Minister, he would:
1124:'s government in 1932. Game had warned Lang in advance that if he, Lang, did not withdraw certain regulations, then he, Game, would dismiss him. This allowed Lang to seek Game's dismissal if he dared, which he did not.
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Since the Prime Minister could at any time advise the Queen to terminate the Governor-General's commission, the Governor-General had a right to dismiss the Government without advance warning of his intention to do
1100:. Kerr asked Barwick to advise him on whether he had the constitutional power to dismiss Whitlam, and Barwick advised him, in writing, that he did. He also advised him that at least one other High Court justice,
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In 1976 he was elevated to Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George (GCMG). He had asked Gough Whitlam for this appointment shortly after becoming Governor-General in 1974, but was rebuffed.
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When Whitlam had left, Kerr summoned Fraser and asked him the same questions which Fraser claims to have answered that morning. When Fraser answered affirmatively, Kerr then commissioned him as Prime Minister.
1346:
on 14 February 1975, as Governor-General he was made Principal Companion of the Order (AC). When the category of Knight was added to the Order on 24 May 1976, he was made Principal Knight of the Order (AK).
970:
and picked up an additional three Senate seats, leaving it on equal numbers with the Liberal-Country party coalition and with the balance of power held by two independents. The new parliament was opened by
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Kerr appears to have made up his mind on 9 November to dismiss Whitlam. He felt it necessary not to disclose this intention to Whitlam and his ministers because of his fear that Whitlam would advise the
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had acted improperly during the Loans Affair and, moreover, he was suspicious that if Whitlam knew he was contemplating dismissing the Government, he (Whitlam) would react by pre-emptively advising the
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Somewhat ironically the post of Ambassador to UNESCO would later be held by Gough Whitlam, the man Kerr dismissed as Prime Minister, when Labor next returned to government in 1983 under Bob Hawke.
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1358:(GCVO), an award within the personal gift of the Sovereign, for services as Governor-General. This award was made by the Queen during an official visit to Australia, and was conferred on board
845:, however, he became disillusioned with party politics. He disliked what he saw as the Labor Party's leftward trend under Evatt's leadership, but was not attracted to the breakaway group, the
742:, where he excelled academically. He topped the school in English, history, and chemistry in his final year. His contemporaries remembered him as quite aloof; one of his few close friends was
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Fraser recalled answering "yes" to all these questions. In his memoirs Kerr denied making such a phone call to Fraser, but Fraser was adamant in all subsequent accounts that he did.
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Jenny Hocking The Dismissal Dossier: Everything You Were Never Meant to Know About November 1975 updated edition (MUP. 2016) Chapter 4 'Ambush: The Half-Senate Election'
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2293:"Kerr, Sir John GCMG - Ermine a Mimosa flower ensigned with the Royal Crown proper on a Chief Gules a Heart Or between two pierce… | Heraldry, Mimosa flower, Ermine"
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in Sydney where he was in a coma, survived by his three children and his second wife. The family withheld announcement of the death until after Sir John's burial at
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observed that, above all, "Sir John's legacy was to make the viceroyalty a most controversial post and himself one of the most discussed persons ever to occupy it".
991:, who had recently divorced her first husband, Hugh Robson QC, a New South Wales judge and former colleague of Kerr's. Through her, Kerr acquired two stepchildren.
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For the first two years of his life, Kerr and his parents lived with his paternal grandparents in a weatherboard cottage in Balmain. They later rented cottages in
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1301:(CMG) on 1 January 1966 for services as President of the Law Council of Australia. This was done on the recommendation of the Australian Government, then led by
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Kerr's children are: Gabrielle Kibble, a town planner and later NSW State Director of Planning; Kristin Johnson, a psychiatrist; and Philip Kerr, a solicitor.
1010:, decided to use the Senate to block the government's budget bills, thus forcing an early election for the House of Representatives (this is called "blocking
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1312:, had recommended Kerr for a promotion within the order to Knight Commander (KCMG), to be announced in the 1973 New Year's Honours. In view of the impending
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727:, during which he went without pay for two months. Work at the docks became irregular after the war's end, and he eventually rejoined the railways in 1925.
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778:. He again excelled academically, winning a number of prizes, but had little interest in extra-curricular activities. One of his closest friends was
204:
738:, buying the latter outright only in 1949. Kerr began his education at the Birchgrove Public School. He won a scholarship to attend the prestigious
723:, which were at full capacity due to the ongoing war. He was involved in the union movement, and participated in a number of strikes, including the
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scheduled for 2 December 1972 and the knowledge that the Labor Party's longstanding policy was not to support Imperial honours, Governor-General
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to exercise her constitutional power to terminate Kerr's commission as Governor-General. In so doing, Kerr was aware of the precedent set by
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and, later, to several other judicial positions. During this period his political views became more conservative. He became a friend of
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in 1925. Evatt became the first in a series of patrons who helped Kerr progress in his career despite a relatively humble background.
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Jenny Hocking The Dismissal Dossier: Everything You Were Never Meant to Know About November 1975 updated edition (MUP. 2016) p. xiii
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denigrated Kerr, no doubt in the belief that the electorate would prove sympathetic to the deposed Labor government. In the ensuing
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906:(LawAsia), founded by Justice Paul Toose and John Bruce Piggot in 1966. Kerr served as chairman of that organisation until 1970.
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make no appointments, initiate no new policies, and conduct no inquiries into the previous government, before such an election.
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and unguled or and on the sinister side a griffin also or each supporting a sword point downwards argent hilt and pommel or.
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Kerr (third from right) seated next to Gough Whitlam at a 1966 Law Association for Asia and the Western Pacific conference
646:(1972–1974). On the nomination of ALP prime minister Gough Whitlam, Kerr was appointed governor-general in July 1974. The
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If the Government refused to do either of these things, the Governor-General had a right and a duty to act to intervene.
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1033:(1936). Kerr was familiar with this book, and re-read it before accepting Whitlam's offer of the governor-generalship.
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Labor supporters continued to voice criticism and demonstrate against Kerr. He found the personal attacks on him and
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attorney-general who became Chief Justice of the High Court of Australia in 1964. Kerr was the first chairman of the
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In addition to the powers normally exercised only on the advice of the Prime Minister, there are certain uncodified
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Kerr returned to the bar in 1948, becoming a prominent lawyer representing trade union clients and a member of the
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Kerr's personal relationship with Whitlam by this stage was not strong, he had been upset by suggestions that the
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On the morning of Tuesday, 11 November, Whitlam phoned Kerr and arranged to see him at 12:45 pm after the
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http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/news/national/john-kerr-dreamed-of-becoming-pm/story-fncvk70o-1226613695601
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762:, which Evatt would eventually lead, and had helped him on his successful campaign for the state seat of
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The House of Representatives was suspended at 12:55 pm for the luncheon break. Whitlam arrived at
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wisdom of his actions surrounding the dismissal have been subject to considerable debate and analysis.
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1376:; this was another appointment he had unsuccessfully sought from Whitlam in 1974. In Whitlam's book
849:. Later in the 1950s, he joined the anti-communist advocacy group established by the United States'
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chose not to forward such recommendations to the Queen, pending the result of the election. After
1282:, an honour that would normally be considered automatic for a former governor-general. The second
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In the 1960s Kerr became one of Sydney's leading industrial lawyers. In the 1950s he had become a
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552:(24 September 1914 – 24 March 1991) was an Australian barrister and judge who served as the 18th
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Death of Her Excellency Lady Kerr, Wife of the Governor-General: Address of Condolence, p. 1014
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2103:"High rise and heritage, a town planner's dilemma, Sydney Morning Herald, 9 February 1988
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http://www.theaustralian.com.au/archive/news/hidden-identity/story-e6frg6rf-1111112579450
782:, who eventually joined him on the judiciary but was also known for his flirtation with
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2115:"Planning chief attacks draconian harbour laws", Sydney Morning Herald, 19 October 1989
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The Backroom Boys: Conlon and Army's Directorate of Research and Civil Affairs, 1942–46
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If the Government could not obtain supply, it had either to resign or call an election.
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as his replacement, which led to unprecedented actions in Australian federal politics.
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proper on a chief gules a heart or between two pierced mullets of seven points argent.
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as governor-general to dismiss Whitlam and his ministry, appointing Fraser to lead a
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During 1975 the government was enveloped by a series of ministerial scandals (the "
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https://www.nfsa.gov.au/collection/curated/australian-biography-james-mcclelland
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actions were unjustified. Kerr was appointed to the post of Ambassador to
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837:. He intended to seek Labor endorsement for a parliamentary seat at the
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Australian Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George
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The Government had an obligation to obtain supply through Parliament.
786:. Kerr eventually graduated in 1936 with first-class honours and the
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In 1991, Kerr was confirmed to have died from a brain tumour at the
746:. In deciding to pursue law as a career, Kerr found a role model in
715:. At the time of his son's birth, Kerr's father was employed at the
654:, and following a series of controversies in 1975, most notably the
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Jenny Hocking Gough Whitlam: His Time (MUP. Carlton. 2012) page 154
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2547:(5 ed.). Annandale, NSW: Federation Press. pp. 470–480.
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Australian Constitutional Law and Theory: Commentary and Materials
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died in 1997, survived by the two children of her first marriage.
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judge; in the same year, Evatt completed a doctoral thesis on the
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Kerr later put forward five propositions to justify his actions:
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583:, where he studied law. His legal career was interrupted by the
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Judges of the Supreme Court of the Australian Capital Territory
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719:. He was sacked three months later, but soon found work at the
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Philip and 2 stepchildren from his second wife's first marriage
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died after a long illness, aged 59. In April 1975, he married
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Australian members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
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The Kerr Palace Letters at the National Archives of Australia
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The recording of the quote is attributed to David Butler in
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On 30 March 1977 he was appointed Knight Grand Cross of the
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Australian Knights Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order
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Legislative Council of New South Wales, 17 September 1974,
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his former embittered close friend, Whitlam cabinet member
998:"), which resulted in the sacking of two senior ministers,
925:, needed to find a suitable replacement. His first choice,
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in his successful attempts to unseat the leadership of the
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599:. After the war's end he became the inaugural head of the
1380:
he claimed that Fraser also asked the UK Prime Minister,
841:, but withdrew in favour of another candidate. After the
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working for the Australian intelligence organisation and
758:. Kerr's father knew Evatt through his membership of the
1654:: U.S. Military and CIA Interventions Since World War II
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on 6 and 7 August. All the contested bills were passed.
937:, after Whitlam had declined to endorse his predecessor
750:, a fellow Fortian who in 1930 became the youngest-ever
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proper supporting a sword point upward argent hilt and
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On 9 November, Kerr consulted the Chief Justice of the
615:(ALP) and was briefly an endorsed candidate for the
2052:"Sir John Kerr dies alone at 76: the storm goes on"
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2561:House of Representatives Hansard, 11 November 1975
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575:to working-class parents. He won scholarships to
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2323:. Melbourne Univ. Publishing. pp. 233–234.
1950:, Film Australia, Director: Frank Heimans, 1995.
1948:Australian Biography, Series 4: James McClelland
1879:"Kerr's letter terminating Whitlam's commission"
1047:Alleged CIA involvement in the Whitlam dismissal
962:The Whitlam government had won a second term in
904:Law Association for Asia and the Western Pacific
678:. He immediately granted Fraser's request for a
831:Federated Ironworkers' Association of Australia
27:Governor-General of Australia from 1974 to 1977
2950:Judges of the Supreme Court of New South Wales
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2434:A Certain Grandeur: Gough Whitlam in Politics
833:, where he was briefed by future ALP senator
814:and the first Secretary-General of the South
2009:
2007:
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1162:magazine (March 2005, Volume 49, Number 3),
949:. Kerr's wife Peggy was a fellow student of
798:, with whom he had three children. He spent
2990:Judges of the Commonwealth Industrial Court
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2032:"Class traitor or saviour? Votes still out"
1633:"James Robert (Jim) McClelland (1915–1999)"
1143:election for both houses of Parliament, and
812:Australian School of Pacific Administration
607:in 1949 and became one of Sydney's leading
601:Australian School of Pacific Administration
2970:People educated at Fort Street High School
2687:
2673:
1821:
1819:
1817:
1815:
1813:
1811:
1809:
1673:
1671:
1669:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1607:
1605:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1402:
1384:, to grant Kerr a peerage, specifically a
978:Joint Sitting of the Australian Parliament
890:In 1966 Kerr was appointed a judge of the
66:
3000:Australian Army personnel of World War II
2201:"Former Judges of the Northern Territory"
2004:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1583:
1581:
1579:
1059:On 16 October, the Liberal frontbencher,
874:when they were prosecuted for obscenity.
808:Directorate of Research and Civil Affairs
794:bar in 1938. The same year, Kerr married
593:Directorate of Research and Civil Affairs
501:Directorate of Research and Civil Affairs
2486:
2464:
2203:. Supremecourt.nt.gov.au. Archived from
2188:
1903:, Current Affairs Bulletin, 1 March 1976
1839:
1697:
1695:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1687:
1493:The Real John Kerr: His Brilliant Career
881:
774:In 1932, Kerr began studying law at the
619:. He let his membership lapse after the
372:
2945:Lieutenant-governors of New South Wales
2452:
2362:
2316:
2056:Canberra Times (ACT : 1926 – 1995)
1995:Pick the best of those you never forget
1806:
1666:
1563:
1272:Macquarie Park Cemetery and Crematorium
1250:
857:, joining its executive board in 1957.
368:
317:Macquarie Park Cemetery and Crematorium
96:11 July 1974 – 8 December 1977
14:
2882:
2871:List of governors-general of Australia
2620:Lieutenant-Governor of New South Wales
2229:. Itsanhonour.gov.au. 14 February 1975
1576:
1297:Kerr was appointed a Companion of the
1206:
921:in July 1974, and the prime minister,
626:Kerr served terms as president of the
152:Lieutenant-Governor of New South Wales
2905:1975 Australian constitutional crisis
2668:
2516:
2440:
2412:
2390:
2374:
1684:
1630:
1043:1975 Australian constitutional crisis
810:. In 1946 he became principal of the
667:, which Whitlam was unwilling to do.
164:30 August 1973 – 1 July 1974
2975:Australian people of English descent
2353:
2176:. Itsanhonour.gov.au. 1 January 1974
2154:. Itsanhonour.gov.au. 1 January 1966
1901:20 Questions left by Remembrance Day
1513:
1511:
1335:In 1974 he was made a Knight of the
825:. In the early 1950s he represented
398:
2273:. Itsanhonour.gov.au. 30 March 1977
1495:. Angus & Robertson. p. 1.
1031:The King and His Dominion Governors
957:
670:On 11 November 1975, Kerr used his
217:23 May 1972 – 27 June 1974
24:
1969:The Australian, 25 November 2006;
1829:William Heinemann Australia 1987,
1637:Australian Dictionary of Biography
877:
711:, and his great-grandfather was a
587:, during which he served with the
25:
3016:
2940:Chief justices of New South Wales
2910:Knights of the Order of Australia
2317:Whitlam, Gough (1 January 2005).
2251:. Itsanhonour.gov.au. 24 May 1976
2139:Sydney Morning Herald, 2 May 1976
2015:Australia – Biography of a Nation
1915:, Daily Telegraph, 6 April 2013;
1913:John Kerr 'dreamed of becoming PM
1508:
1299:Order of St Michael and St George
1006:. The Liberal Opposition Leader,
595:(DORCA) and attained the rank of
2859:
2704:
2588:Chief Justice of New South Wales
2494:The Prince of Wales: A Biography
1983:The Prince of Wales: A Biography
1743:. Moadoph.gov.au. Archived from
1741:"Museum of Australian Democracy"
1083:
911:Chief Justice of New South Wales
855:Association for Cultural Freedom
644:Chief Justice of New South Wales
205:Chief Justice of New South Wales
2965:20th-century Australian lawyers
2524:. William Heinemann Australia.
2310:
2285:
2263:
2241:
2219:
2166:
2144:
2132:
2120:
2108:
2096:
2082:The Australian Financial Review
2070:
2044:
2020:
1988:
1975:
1959:
1941:
1921:
1906:
1893:
1871:
1852:
1797:
1788:
1768:
1759:
1733:
1711:
1624:
1276:Macquarie Park, New South Wales
769:
650:did not hold a majority in the
628:New South Wales Bar Association
394:
364:
2980:20th-century Australian judges
2900:Governors-general of Australia
2696:Governors-general of Australia
2458:The Office of Governor-General
1547:
1538:
1529:
1520:
1499:
1484:
1388:, but that Callaghan refused.
1372:in 1977 on the instigation of
1230:
1036:
13:
1:
2647:Governor-General of Australia
1478:
1337:Order of St John of Jerusalem
1308:In 1972, the Prime Minister,
892:Commonwealth Industrial Court
740:Fort Street Boys' High School
690:
636:Commonwealth Industrial Court
577:Fort Street Boys' High School
554:governor-general of Australia
84:Governor-General of Australia
1342:On the establishment of the
7:
2955:20th-century King's Counsel
2930:University of Sydney alumni
2925:Australian Knights Bachelor
2522:Malcolm Fraser: A Biography
1931:, Thunder Bay Press, 2013,
1929:History's Greatest Scandals
1827:Malcolm Fraser: A Biography
1118:Governor of New South Wales
1002:and Deputy Prime Minister,
10:
3021:
2500:William Morrow and Company
2446:Death of the Lucky Country
2354:Kerr, John Robert (1979).
2347:
2058:. 26 March 1991. p. 1
1859:Dismissal of a NSW Premier
1621:, Macmillan Australia 1978
1397:Coat of arms of John Kerr
1326:Premier of New South Wales
1292:
1268:Royal North Shore Hospital
1104:, concurred in this view.
1040:
931:Premier of New South Wales
717:Eveleigh Railway Workshops
638:in 1966, later serving on
634:. He was appointed to the
558:1975 constitutional crisis
2935:Australian King's Counsel
2868:
2857:
2711:
2702:
2653:
2644:
2636:
2626:
2617:
2609:
2604:
2594:
2585:
2577:
2572:
2141:. Retrieved 20 April 2014
2129:. Retrieved 20 April 2014
2117:. Retrieved 20 April 2014
2105:. Retrieved 20 April 2014
1785:. Retrieved 19 April 2014
1708:. Retrieved 20 April 2014
1560:; Retrieved 7 August 2013
843:Labor Party split of 1955
516:
506:
496:
486:
478:
473:Australian Imperial Force
464:
456:
451:
443:
431:
421:
409:
341:
330:
322:
312:
304:
300:, Sydney, New South Wales
287:
267:
262:
258:
246:
234:
221:
210:
202:
190:
178:
168:
157:
150:
138:
126:
110:
100:
89:
81:
77:
65:
34:
1868:– www.schools.nsw.edu.au
983:On 9 September his wife
721:Cockatoo Island Dockyard
707:, his grandfather was a
632:Law Council of Australia
305:Cause of death
2368:The Truth of the Matter
2320:The Truth of the Matter
1704:The Truth of the Matter
1631:Wilks, Stephen (2023).
1556:Gough Whitlam: His Time
1544:Hall (1978), pp. 20–22.
1535:Hall (1978), pp. 15–19.
1391:
1378:The Truth of the Matter
1255:According to historian
1094:High Court of Australia
1019:Australian Constitution
796:Alison "Peggy" Worstead
790:. He was called to the
603:. Kerr returned to the
469:Citizen Military Forces
426:Fort Street High School
2995:Australian monarchists
2271:"It's an Honour: GCVO"
2174:"It's an Honour: KCMG"
2017:, Vintage, London 2000
1719:"Virtual Reading Room"
1573:, Big Sky Publishing.
1526:Hall (1978), pp. 9–14.
1469:Independence under law
1365:in Fremantle Harbour.
1136:pass the budget bills,
887:
847:Democratic Labor Party
642:supreme courts and as
613:Australian Labor Party
2422:Angus & Robertson
2418:The Unmaking of Gough
2364:Whitlam, Edward Gough
2356:Matters for Judgement
2152:"It's an Honour: CMG"
1999:Sydney Morning Herald
1881:. Australianbeers.com
1864:14 April 2011 at the
1781:20 April 2014 at the
1569:Sligo, Graeme. 2012.
1517:Hall (1978), pp. 4–6.
1505:Hall (1978), pp. 2–3.
1491:Richard Hall (1978).
1454:On the dexter side a
1368:Kerr was appointed a
1356:Royal Victorian Order
1041:Further information:
917:was due to retire as
885:
617:1951 federal election
479:Years of service
2249:"It's an Honour: AK"
2227:"It's an Honour: AC"
2078:"Sir John Kerr dies"
1619:Matters for Judgment
1251:Later life and death
1120:, who had dismissed
1098:Sir Garfield Barwick
896:Sir Garfield Barwick
776:University of Sydney
676:caretaker government
581:University of Sydney
523:Sir John Robert Kerr
438:University of Sydney
371:; died
37:The Right Honourable
3005:Australian colonels
2630:Sir Laurence Street
2605:Government offices
2598:Sir Laurence Street
2539:Blackshield, Tony;
2430:Freudenberg, Graham
2398:. Allen and Unwin.
2013:Phillip Knightley,
1721:. Vrroom.naa.gov.au
1398:
1207:After the dismissal
909:Kerr was appointed
725:1917 general strike
621:party split of 1955
253:Sir Laurence Street
197:Sir Laurence Street
2488:Dimbleby, Jonathan
2207:on 13 October 2009
2037:The Canberra Times
1981:Jonathon Dimbleby
1444:ensigned with the
1421:wedge-tailed eagle
1396:
1344:Order of Australia
1303:Sir Robert Menzies
1168:Official Secretary
1141:double dissolution
1139:call an immediate
968:double dissolution
888:
816:Pacific Commission
684:a federal election
680:double dissolution
648:Whitlam government
609:industrial lawyers
2877:
2876:
2663:
2662:
2654:Succeeded by
2627:Succeeded by
2613:Sir Leslie Herron
2595:Succeeded by
2581:Sir Leslie Herron
2554:978-1-86287-773-3
2330:978-0-522-85212-7
2030:(26 March 1991).
1476:
1475:
1257:Phillip Knightley
1214:election campaign
1102:Sir Anthony Mason
1072:Executive Council
756:royal prerogative
695:Kerr was born in
571:Kerr was born in
520:
519:
278:24 September 1914
241:Sir Leslie Herron
185:Sir Leslie Herron
16:(Redirected from
3012:
2863:
2708:
2689:
2682:
2675:
2666:
2665:
2657:Sir Zelman Cowen
2640:Sir Paul Hasluck
2637:Preceded by
2610:Preceded by
2578:Preceded by
2570:
2569:
2558:
2535:
2513:
2497:
2483:
2472:. Connor Court.
2466:Markwell, Donald
2461:
2449:
2437:
2425:
2409:
2396:Paradise Divided
2387:
2371:
2359:
2342:
2341:
2339:
2337:
2314:
2308:
2307:
2305:
2303:
2289:
2283:
2282:
2280:
2278:
2267:
2261:
2260:
2258:
2256:
2245:
2239:
2238:
2236:
2234:
2223:
2217:
2216:
2214:
2212:
2197:
2186:
2185:
2183:
2181:
2170:
2164:
2163:
2161:
2159:
2148:
2142:
2136:
2130:
2124:
2118:
2112:
2106:
2100:
2094:
2093:
2091:
2089:
2074:
2068:
2067:
2065:
2063:
2048:
2042:
2041:
2024:
2018:
2011:
2002:
1992:
1986:
1979:
1973:
1965:; Adams, Philip
1963:
1957:
1945:
1939:
1925:
1919:
1910:
1904:
1897:
1891:
1890:
1888:
1886:
1875:
1869:
1856:
1850:
1847:Paradise Divided
1843:
1837:
1823:
1804:
1801:
1795:
1792:
1786:
1772:
1766:
1763:
1757:
1756:
1754:
1752:
1747:on 28 April 2010
1737:
1731:
1730:
1728:
1726:
1715:
1709:
1699:
1682:
1675:
1664:
1647:
1641:
1640:
1628:
1622:
1615:
1574:
1567:
1561:
1551:
1545:
1542:
1536:
1533:
1527:
1524:
1518:
1515:
1506:
1503:
1497:
1496:
1488:
1425:bird-of-paradise
1406:
1399:
1395:
1370:Privy Counsellor
1330:Sir Robert Askin
1318:Sir Paul Hasluck
1314:federal election
1201:James McClelland
1155:Government House
973:Sir Paul Hasluck
958:Governor-General
951:Margaret Whitlam
935:Sir Robert Askin
919:Governor-General
915:Sir Paul Hasluck
788:University Medal
665:general election
611:. He joined the
585:Second World War
551:
546:
539:
532:
452:Military service
402:
400:
396:
376:
374:
370:
366:
294:
277:
275:
263:Personal details
249:
237:
224:
215:
193:
181:
173:Sir Roden Cutler
162:
145:Sir Zelman Cowen
141:
133:Sir Paul Hasluck
129:
113:
94:
70:
60:
32:
31:
21:
3020:
3019:
3015:
3014:
3013:
3011:
3010:
3009:
2880:
2879:
2878:
2873:
2864:
2855:
2709:
2698:
2693:
2659:
2650:
2642:
2632:
2623:
2615:
2600:
2591:
2583:
2555:
2541:George Williams
2532:
2510:
2480:
2406:
2384:Allen and Unwin
2350:
2345:
2335:
2333:
2331:
2315:
2311:
2301:
2299:
2291:
2290:
2286:
2276:
2274:
2269:
2268:
2264:
2254:
2252:
2247:
2246:
2242:
2232:
2230:
2225:
2224:
2220:
2210:
2208:
2199:
2198:
2189:
2179:
2177:
2172:
2171:
2167:
2157:
2155:
2150:
2149:
2145:
2137:
2133:
2125:
2121:
2113:
2109:
2101:
2097:
2087:
2085:
2084:. 26 March 1991
2076:
2075:
2071:
2061:
2059:
2050:
2049:
2045:
2025:
2021:
2012:
2005:
1993:
1989:
1980:
1976:
1967:Hidden Identity
1964:
1960:
1946:
1942:
1926:
1922:
1911:
1907:
1898:
1894:
1884:
1882:
1877:
1876:
1872:
1866:Wayback Machine
1857:
1853:
1844:
1840:
1824:
1807:
1802:
1798:
1793:
1789:
1783:Wayback Machine
1773:
1769:
1764:
1760:
1750:
1748:
1739:
1738:
1734:
1724:
1722:
1717:
1716:
1712:
1702:Gough Whitlam,
1700:
1685:
1679:A Thinking Reed
1676:
1667:
1648:
1644:
1629:
1625:
1617:Sir John Kerr,
1616:
1577:
1568:
1564:
1554:Jenny Hocking,
1552:
1548:
1543:
1539:
1534:
1530:
1525:
1521:
1516:
1509:
1504:
1500:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1394:
1382:James Callaghan
1310:William McMahon
1295:
1253:
1233:
1209:
1129:Remembrance Day
1114:Sir Philip Game
1086:
1061:Robert Ellicott
1049:
1039:
960:
880:
878:Judicial career
792:New South Wales
772:
693:
589:Australian Army
544:
537:
530:
526:
471:
416:
414:
405:
404:
392:
388:
378:
362:
358:
355:
353:Alison Worstead
331:Political party
296:
292:
279:
273:
271:
247:
235:
222:
216:
211:
191:
179:
163:
158:
139:
127:
119:
111:
95:
90:
73:
61:
44:
42:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3018:
3008:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2875:
2874:
2869:
2866:
2865:
2858:
2856:
2854:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2741:Munro Ferguson
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2712:
2710:
2703:
2700:
2699:
2692:
2691:
2684:
2677:
2669:
2661:
2660:
2655:
2652:
2643:
2638:
2634:
2633:
2628:
2625:
2616:
2611:
2607:
2606:
2602:
2601:
2596:
2593:
2584:
2579:
2575:
2574:
2573:Legal offices
2568:
2567:
2562:
2559:
2553:
2536:
2530:
2514:
2508:
2484:
2478:
2462:
2450:
2438:
2426:
2410:
2404:
2388:
2372:
2360:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2343:
2329:
2309:
2284:
2262:
2240:
2218:
2187:
2165:
2143:
2131:
2119:
2107:
2095:
2069:
2043:
2028:Jack Waterford
2019:
2003:
2001:, 13 June 2009
1987:
1974:
1958:
1940:
1937:978-1607108627
1920:
1905:
1892:
1870:
1851:
1838:
1805:
1796:
1787:
1767:
1758:
1732:
1710:
1683:
1665:
1642:
1623:
1575:
1562:
1546:
1537:
1528:
1519:
1507:
1498:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1474:
1473:
1472:
1471:
1466:
1463:
1452:
1449:
1438:
1435:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1407:
1393:
1390:
1374:Malcolm Fraser
1294:
1291:
1261:Jack Waterford
1252:
1249:
1232:
1229:
1208:
1205:
1196:
1195:
1191:
1188:
1185:
1182:
1148:
1147:
1144:
1137:
1085:
1082:
1038:
1035:
1027:reserve powers
1017:On paper, the
1008:Malcolm Fraser
959:
956:
943:Jim McClelland
879:
876:
835:Jim McClelland
771:
768:
692:
689:
672:reserve powers
566:Malcolm Fraser
518:
517:
514:
513:
508:
504:
503:
498:
494:
493:
488:
484:
483:
480:
476:
475:
466:
465:Branch/service
462:
461:
458:
454:
453:
449:
448:
445:
441:
440:
435:
429:
428:
423:
419:
418:
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390:
384:
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360:
356:
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343:
339:
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332:
328:
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320:
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314:
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301:
295:(aged 76)
289:
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136:
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124:
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121:Malcolm Fraser
114:
112:Prime Minister
108:
107:
102:
98:
97:
87:
86:
79:
78:
75:
74:
71:
63:
62:
43:
40:
35:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3017:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
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2968:
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2956:
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2928:
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2908:
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2901:
2898:
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2888:
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2779:
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2774:
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2764:
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2754:
2752:
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2599:
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2589:
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2576:
2571:
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2560:
2556:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2537:
2533:
2531:0-85561-060-3
2527:
2523:
2519:
2518:Ayres, Philip
2515:
2511:
2509:0-688-12996-X
2505:
2501:
2496:
2495:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2479:9781925501155
2475:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2454:Hasluck, Paul
2451:
2447:
2443:
2442:Horne, Donald
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2405:1-86508-291-0
2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2380:November 1975
2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2352:
2351:
2332:
2326:
2322:
2321:
2313:
2298:
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2272:
2266:
2250:
2244:
2228:
2222:
2206:
2202:
2196:
2194:
2192:
2175:
2169:
2153:
2147:
2140:
2135:
2128:
2127:NLA Catalogue
2123:
2116:
2111:
2104:
2099:
2083:
2079:
2073:
2057:
2053:
2047:
2039:
2038:
2033:
2029:
2023:
2016:
2010:
2008:
2000:
1996:
1991:
1984:
1978:
1972:
1968:
1962:
1956:
1955:
1949:
1944:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1924:
1918:
1914:
1909:
1902:
1896:
1880:
1874:
1867:
1863:
1860:
1855:
1848:
1842:
1836:
1835:0-85561-060-3
1832:
1828:
1822:
1820:
1818:
1816:
1814:
1812:
1810:
1800:
1791:
1784:
1780:
1777:
1771:
1762:
1746:
1742:
1736:
1720:
1714:
1707:
1706:, pp. 229–233
1705:
1698:
1696:
1694:
1692:
1690:
1688:
1680:
1677:Barry Jones,
1674:
1672:
1670:
1663:
1662:1-56751-252-6
1659:
1655:
1653:
1646:
1638:
1634:
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1572:
1566:
1559:
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1514:
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1502:
1494:
1487:
1483:
1470:
1467:
1464:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1450:
1447:
1443:
1442:mimosa flower
1439:
1436:
1433:
1429:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1409:
1408:
1405:
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1389:
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1379:
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1371:
1366:
1364:
1363:
1357:
1352:
1348:
1345:
1340:
1338:
1333:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1322:Gough Whitlam
1319:
1315:
1311:
1306:
1304:
1300:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1281:
1280:state funeral
1277:
1273:
1269:
1264:
1262:
1258:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1239:
1228:
1226:
1225:Melbourne Cup
1222:
1217:
1215:
1204:
1202:
1192:
1189:
1186:
1183:
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1133:
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1125:
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1115:
1111:
1105:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1090:
1084:The dismissal
1081:
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1068:
1064:
1062:
1057:
1053:
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1034:
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1028:
1023:
1020:
1015:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
992:
990:
986:
981:
979:
976:the historic
974:
969:
965:
955:
952:
948:
944:
940:
939:Billy McMahon
936:
932:
928:
924:
923:Gough Whitlam
920:
916:
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897:
893:
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863:
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839:1951 election
836:
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749:
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744:Francis James
741:
737:
733:
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718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
688:
685:
682:, leading to
681:
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598:
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569:
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563:
562:Gough Whitlam
559:
555:
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543:
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529:
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318:
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313:Resting place
311:
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291:24 March 1991
290:
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156:
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137:
134:
131:
125:
122:
118:
117:Gough Whitlam
115:
109:
106:
103:
99:
93:
88:
85:
80:
76:
69:
64:
59:
55:
51:
47:
41:Sir John Kerr
38:
33:
30:
19:
18:Sir John Kerr
2826:Hollingworth
2800:
2645:
2618:
2586:
2544:
2521:
2498:. New York:
2493:
2469:
2457:
2445:
2436:. Macmillan.
2433:
2417:
2395:
2379:
2367:
2355:
2334:. Retrieved
2319:
2312:
2300:. Retrieved
2296:
2287:
2275:. Retrieved
2265:
2253:. Retrieved
2243:
2231:. Retrieved
2221:
2209:. Retrieved
2205:the original
2178:. Retrieved
2168:
2156:. Retrieved
2146:
2134:
2122:
2110:
2098:
2086:. Retrieved
2081:
2072:
2060:. Retrieved
2055:
2046:
2035:
2022:
2014:
1990:
1982:
1977:
1966:
1961:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1928:
1923:
1912:
1908:
1900:
1895:
1883:. Retrieved
1873:
1854:
1846:
1845:Paul Kelly,
1841:
1826:
1799:
1790:
1770:
1761:
1749:. Retrieved
1745:the original
1735:
1723:. Retrieved
1713:
1703:
1678:
1652:Killing Hope
1650:
1645:
1636:
1626:
1618:
1570:
1565:
1555:
1549:
1540:
1531:
1522:
1501:
1492:
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1468:
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1353:
1349:
1341:
1334:
1307:
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1234:
1218:
1210:
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1152:
1149:
1126:
1106:
1091:
1087:
1069:
1065:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1030:
1024:
1016:
996:Loans Affair
993:
982:
966:following a
961:
908:
889:
869:
866:Neville Wran
859:
827:Laurie Short
820:
800:World War II
773:
770:Legal career
736:Dulwich Hill
729:
694:
669:
656:Loans Affair
625:
570:
564:and appoint
522:
521:
511:World War II
507:Battles/wars
308:Brain tumour
293:(1991-03-24)
248:Succeeded by
229:Robert Askin
223:Nominated by
212:
192:Succeeded by
159:
140:Succeeded by
105:Elizabeth II
91:
72:Kerr in 1965
29:
2895:1991 deaths
2890:1914 births
2414:Kelly, Paul
2392:Kelly, Paul
2376:Kelly, Paul
1927:Wright, Ed
1446:Royal Crown
1242:Bill Hayden
1231:Resignation
1164:David Smith
1037:1975 crisis
989:Anne Robson
947:Joe Riordan
823:Labor Party
760:Labor Party
748:H. V. Evatt
705:boilermaker
386:Anne Robson
337:(1948–1955)
323:Nationality
298:St Leonards
236:Preceded by
180:Preceded by
128:Preceded by
2884:Categories
2766:Gloucester
2751:Stonehaven
2651:1974–1977
2624:1973–1974
2592:1972–1974
2448:. Penguin.
2370:. Penguin.
2088:4 February
1479:References
1451:Supporters
1437:Escutcheon
1428:respectant
1386:viscountcy
1004:Jim Cairns
1000:Rex Connor
804:think tank
784:Trotskyism
752:High Court
713:shipwright
701:Sunderland
691:Early life
457:Allegiance
444:Profession
433:Alma mater
326:Australian
274:1914-09-24
2786:De L'Isle
2781:Dunrossil
2726:Northcote
2297:Pinterest
1440:Ermine a
1362:Britannia
1284:Lady Kerr
1166:, Kerr's
1122:Jack Lang
913:in 1972.
709:stevedore
640:territory
482:1942–1949
460:Australia
422:Education
413:Gabrielle
213:In office
160:In office
92:In office
82:18th
2841:Cosgrove
2721:Tennyson
2716:Hopetoun
2543:(2010).
2520:(1987).
2490:(1994).
2468:(2016).
2456:(1972).
2444:(1976).
2432:(1977).
2416:(1976).
2394:(2000).
2378:(1995).
2366:(1979).
2277:23 April
2255:23 April
2233:23 April
2211:23 April
2180:23 April
2158:23 April
1885:23 April
1862:Archived
1825:Ayres P
1779:Archived
1751:23 April
1725:23 April
1681:, p. 200
1558:, p. 135
1221:his wife
1160:Quadrant
964:May 1974
927:Ken Myer
630:and the
579:and the
410:Children
283:, Sydney
169:Governor
2831:Jeffery
2811:Stephen
2796:Hasluck
2746:Forster
2348:Sources
1985:, p.226
1458:argent
1456:unicorn
1293:Honours
900:Liberal
780:Ken Gee
764:Balmain
732:Rozelle
697:Balmain
660:Liberal
597:colonel
491:Colonel
415:Kristin
403:
391:
377:
361:
357:
342:Spouses
281:Balmain
101:Monarch
2851:Mostyn
2846:Hurley
2816:Hayden
2771:McKell
2761:Gowrie
2756:Isaacs
2736:Denman
2731:Dudley
2551:
2528:
2506:
2476:
2402:
2358:. Sun.
2336:4 July
2327:
2302:4 July
2062:10 May
1935:
1833:
1660:
1649:2003:
1460:crined
1432:pommel
1423:and a
1238:UNESCO
1116:, the
1012:supply
898:, the
853:, the
806:, the
658:, the
652:Senate
573:Sydney
447:Lawyer
397:
367:
2836:Bryce
2821:Deane
2806:Cowen
2791:Casey
1465:Motto
1416:Crest
1411:Notes
1110:Queen
1077:Queen
985:Peggy
547:
545:,
540:
538:,
533:
531:,
401:)
393:(
389:
375:)
363:(
359:
335:Labor
203:13th
56:
52:
48:
2801:Kerr
2776:Slim
2549:ISBN
2526:ISBN
2504:ISBN
2474:ISBN
2400:ISBN
2338:2022
2325:ISBN
2304:2022
2279:2010
2257:2010
2235:2010
2213:2010
2182:2010
2160:2010
2090:2022
2064:2019
1933:ISBN
1887:2010
1831:ISBN
1753:2010
1727:2010
1658:ISBN
1392:Arms
1360:HMY
1045:and
1014:").
945:and
734:and
542:GCVO
535:GCMG
497:Unit
487:Rank
399:1975
373:1974
369:1938
288:Died
268:Born
227:Sir
54:GCVO
50:GCMG
1434:or.
1194:so.
851:CIA
605:bar
591:'s
2886::
2502:.
2420:.
2382:.
2295:.
2190:^
2080:.
2054:.
2034:.
2006:^
1997:,
1952:;
1808:^
1686:^
1668:^
1635:.
1578:^
1510:^
1419:A
1339:.
1332:.
1328:,
1305:.
1274:,
1227:.
1096:,
933:,
871:Oz
862:QC
818:.
623:.
549:QC
528:AK
525:,
395:m.
365:m.
58:QC
46:AK
2688:e
2681:t
2674:v
2557:.
2534:.
2512:.
2482:.
2460:.
2424:.
2408:.
2386:.
2340:.
2306:.
2281:.
2259:.
2237:.
2215:.
2184:.
2162:.
2092:.
2066:.
2040:.
1889:.
1849:,
1755:.
1729:.
1639:.
276:)
272:(
20:)
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