154:
Motivated by ART, from which they took tranquillity as a reasonable term to describe soft fascination, they produced definitions for each component. Tranquillity they defined as "how much you think this setting is a quiet, peaceful place, a good place to get away from everyday life", and preference as "how much you like this setting for whatever reason". Subjects were asked to score the following visual settings: mountains, deserts, fields / forests, and waterscapes against those two target variables (tranquillity and preference) and four descriptor variables: mistiness, unstructured openness, focus, and surface calmness. Tranquillity and preference were positively correlated across all settings with tranquillity scoring higher ratings in the field / forest, waterscape, and mountain categories, whilst rushing water had the highest rating in the preference category.
203:(usually traffic noise) and measuring the percentage of natural and contextual features (NCF) contained within the visual scene. The latter includes the percentage area in the visual scene occupied by natural features in the landscape such as vegetation, water, and geological features (for example, exposure of rock), and contextual features such as listed buildings, religious and historic buildings, landmarks, monuments, and elements of the landscape such as traditional farm buildings that directly contribute to the visual context of the natural environment. Lastly, moderating factors (MF) also occur that can influence the perception of tranquillity. The moderating factors are not large; because they are relatively difficult to quantify they are the subject of ongoing research. The TR of an area is then a function of noise, NCF, and MF.
186:
water, flora, and geological features positively influence how tranquil a location is perceived to be. Likewise when responding to uni-modal auditory stimuli, the perceived loudness of biological sounds positively influences the perception of tranquillity, whilst the perceived loudness of mechanical sounds have a negative effect. However, when presented with bi-modal auditory-visual stimuli the individual soundscape and landscape components alone no longer influence the perception of tranquillity. Rather configurational coherence was provided by the percentage of natural and contextual features present within the scene and the equivalent continuous sound pressure level (
95:(ART), Kaplan and Kaplan proposed that people could most effectively recover from cognitive overload by engaging with natural restorative environments, those that are away from daily distractions and that have the extent and mystery that allows the imagination to wander, thereby enabling people to engage effortlessly with their surroundings. According to the theory, the amount of reflection possible within such an environment depends upon the type of cognitive engagement (fascination) that the environment
133:. For example, one study found that stress (as measured by blood pressure, muscle tension, and skin conductance response), induced by showing videos of workplace injuries, improved significantly more quickly if further videos viewed included natural surroundings rather than busy traffic or shopping scenes. Another study demonstrated the benefits of simulating such environments for pain relief during bone marrow aspirate and biopsy.
175:
with distracters that included pictures of forests, mountains, lakes, buildings, and fruit. During this experiment, subjects were shown an image for 20ms and asked to determine whether it contained an animal or not. The electrophysiological brain responses obtained in this study showed that a decision could be made within 150ms of the image being seen, indicating the speed at which cognitive visual processing occurs.
182:(a term coined by Schafer to describe the array of sounds that constitute the sonic environment) also inform the ways people characterise landscapes. Auditory reaction times are 50 to 60ms faster than visual ones. Sound can also alter visual perception, and under certain conditions areas of the brain involved in processing auditory information can be activated in response to visual stimuli.
99:. "Soft fascination" is deemed to occur when there is enough interest in the surroundings to hold attention but not so much that it compromises the ability to reflect. It provides a pleasing level of sensory input that involves no cognitive effort other than removing oneself from an overcrowded mental space.
206:
One potentially effective solution to improving tranquillity is to mask traffic noise or distract attention from it with an attractive water sound. Water-generated sounds may improve the perceived tranquillity of gardens blighted by noise. Litter can degrade an environment such that the tranquillity
185:
When individuals make tranquillity assessments based on a uni-modal auditory or visual sensory input, they characterise the environment by drawing upon a number of key landscape and soundscape characteristics. For example, when making assessments in response to visual-only stimuli the percentage of
119:
In contrast to "soft fascination", "directed attention" requires a significant amount of cognitive effort. Prolonged periods of sustained mental activity can lead to directed attention fatigue. This can affect performance and bring about negative emotions, irritability, and decreased sensitivity to
174:
of natural environments. People can very quickly form an impression of a landscape upon viewing it. The speed with which people process complex natural images was tested by using colour photographs of a wide range of animals (mammals, birds, reptiles, and fish) in their natural environments, mixed
161:
Another study investigated the relationship between tranquillity and danger in urban and rural settings. The key results were 1) that "setting care", which relates to how safe we feel in a particular setting, is more salient for judgments of danger in urban settings than natural ones, and 2) that
153:
Natural settings that effortlessly engage our attention are associated with soft fascination and with the analysis of tranquillity discussed above. One study attempted to distinguish empirically between the constructs of tranquillity and preference as affective qualities of natural environments.
157:
Analysis of the results identified three physical features that help explain the apparent split between tranquillity and preference: mistiness, unstructured openness (how open the scene is and how difficult it is to establish a sense of depth or distance), and surface calmness. Mistiness and
198:
Researchers at the
Bradford Centre for Sustainable Environments developed a methodology with which the perceived tranquillity rating (TR) of an amenity area such as park, green, or urban square can be measured, on a 0ā10 scale. The method involves assessing average daytime noise levels
287:
The methodology examines the diffusion of the impact of these factors over distance, taking into account the terrain of the land. For example, the tranquillity increases gradually the further one is from a busy road, but increases more sharply if the road is hidden in a cutting.
291:
This cartographic study showed that tranquillity is not the absence of all noise, activity, and buildings. Indeed, it found that many rural activities, such as farming and hiking, and natural noises such as birdsong and cows lowing, enhance peopleās experience of tranquillity.
128:
found evidence of "nature-deficit-disorder" in children, which suggests that the importance of being able to engage with restorative environments applies across a wide age range. Natural tranquil surroundings affect the psychology of people suffering from
958:
Pheasant, Robert J.; Horoshenkov, Kirill V.; Watts, Greg R.; Barrett, B. T. (2008). "The acoustic and visual factors influencing the construction of tranquil space in urban and rural environments: Tranquil Spaces ā Quiet places?".
56:
refers to tranquillity of the body, thoughts, and consciousness on the path to enlightenmentāto an assortment of policy and planning guidance documents, where interpretation of the word is typically linked to engagement with the
162:
openness was a significant predictor of danger but not of tranquillity. The authors concluded that tranquillity and danger should not be viewed as polar opposites, but, like preference and tranquillity, as distinct constructs.
283:
Grid-derived 500mĆ500m squares. The tranquillity rating for each is based on 44 factors that add to or detract from peopleās feelings of tranquillity. These factors were defined following extensive public consultations.
1129:
158:
unstructured openness tended to depress preference relative to tranquillity whilst surface calmness tended to enhance it. A follow-up study included deserts and waterscapes in the setting types.
48:) is the quality or state of being tranquil; that is, calm, serene, and worry-free. The word tranquillity appears in numerous texts ranging from the religious writings of Buddhismāwhere the term
235:
1078:
Hunter., M. D.; Eickhoff., S. B.; Pheasant., R. J.; Douglas, M. J.; Watts, G. R.; Farrow., T. F. D.; Hyland, D.; Kang, J.; Wilkinson, I. D.; Horoshenkov, K. V.; Woodruff, P. W. R. (2010).
91:
Being in a tranquil or "restorative" environment allows people to take respite from the periods of sustained "directed attention" that characterise modern living. In developing their
1136:
665:
120:
interpersonal cues. As the incidence of mental illness continues to rise, there is growing evidence that exposure to natural environments can contribute to health and
83:, meaning "peace" or "happiness". The word's sense evolved in the late 14th century, but it maintains its reference to the absence of disturbance and peacefulness.
218:
neuro-imaging techniques demonstrated the significant differences in effective connectivity between areas of the brain, namely the auditory cortex and the medial
585:
Ulrich, R. S.; Simons, F.; Losito, B. D.; Fiorito, E.; Miles, M. A.; Zelson, M. (1991). "Stress recovery during exposure to natural and urban environments".
145:
13.8 billion annually to the rural economy, and one survey showed that tranquillity is the main reason why 49% of visitors are attracted to the countryside.
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661:
108:
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were defined as "places sufficiently far from the visual or noise intrusion of development or traffic to be considered unspoilt by urban influences".
246:
study in 1991. This led to the production of a set of
Tranquil Area maps covering England, produced by Rendel and ASH Consulting and published by the
614:"A Randomized Trial of Nature Scenery and Sounds Versus Urban Scenery and Sounds to Reduce Pain in Adults Undergoing Bone Marrow Aspirate and Biopsy"
222:, under tranquil and non-tranquil conditions. Specifically the medial pre-frontal cortex receives significantly enhanced contributions from the
1026:
Watts, G. R.; Pheasant, R. J.; Horoshenkov, K. V.; Ragonesi, L. (2009). "Measurement and subjective assessment of water generated sounds".
853:
JaÅkowski, P.; Jaroszyk, F.; Hojan-Jezierska, D. (1990). "Temporal-order judgement and reaction time for stimuli of different modalities".
1308:
62:
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Pheasant, Robert J.; Horoshenkov, Kirill V.; Watts, Greg R. (NovemberāDecember 2010). "Tranquillity Rating prediction tool (TRAPT)".
238:
2007 Tranquillity map of
England. Green areas denote very tranquil areas, whereas red areas denote areas with much less tranquillity.
247:
107:
For many, the chance to experience tranquillity is an advantage of the countryside over cities. In a survey by the United
Kingdom
65:, which describes one of the purposes for which the document was establishing the government as to "insure domestic Tranquility".
1355:
996:
Pheasant, Robert J.; Watts, Greg R.; Horoshenkov, Kirill V. (2009). "Validation of a tranquillity rating prediction tool".
141:
The presence of tranquil areas helps boost rural tourism. Rural tourism in the U.K. supports 380,000 jobs and contributes
1340:
2297:
1208:
477:
Herzog, T. R.; Bosley, P. J. (1992). "Tranquillity and preference as affective qualities of natural environments".
1063:
Watts, G. R.; Pheasant, R. J.; Horoshenkov, K. V. (29ā30 April 2010). "Validation of tranquillity rating method".
1650:
1293:
1080:"The state of tranquillity: Subjective perception is shaped by contextual modulation of auditory connectivity"
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170:
Within tranquillity studies, much of the emphasis has been placed on understanding the role of vision in the
92:
31:
1065:
Proceedings of the
Institute of Acoustics & Belgium Acoustical Society, Noise in the Built Environment
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Pheasant, Robert J.; Fisher, Mark N.; Watts, Greg R.; Whitaker, David J.; Horoshenkov, Kirill V. (2010).
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Herzog, T. R.; Chernick, K. K. (2000). "Tranquility and Danger in Urban and
Natural Settings".
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251:
242:
The first method of mapping tranquillity was developed by Simon Rendel of ASH Consulting for a
111:(DEFRA) 58% of people said that tranquillity was the most positive feature of the countryside.
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1201:
406:
1977:
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804:
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Thorpe, S.; Fize, D.; Marlot, C. (1996). "Speed of processing in the human visual system".
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More sophisticated mapping techniques are now available following work by researchers at
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542:, Working paper, vol. 5, Uppsala University, Sweden: Institute for Housing Research
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Lechtzin, N.; Busse, A.M.; Smith, M.T.; Grossman, S.; Nesbit, S.; Diette, G.B. (2010).
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506:"The importance of auditory-visual interaction in the construction of tranquil space"
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1998:
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Building the gist of a scene: The role of global image features and recognition
142:
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Herzog, T. R.; Barnes, G. J. (1999). "Tranquillity and preference revisited".
124:. Exposure to nature contributes to physical and psychological wellbeing. One
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Further development of a measure of perceived environmental restorativeness
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Last Child in the Woods: Saving our
Children from Nature Deficit Disorder
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899:; Kanutani, S.; Shimojo, S. (2002). "Visual illusion induced by sound".
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The role of audio-visual interaction within the tranquillity construct
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The
Soundscape: Our sonic environment and the tuning of the world
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Dobel, C.; Gumnoir, H. (2006). "Describing scenes hardly seen".
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752:. Progress in Brain Research. Vol. 155. pp. 23ā36.
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open field, flora etc. with gentle to moderate wind flow
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The word tranquility dates to the 12th century in the
27:
Quality or state of being calm, serene, and worry-free
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1853:
895:
1166:. Campaign to Protect Rural England. Archived from
1135:. Campaign to Protect Rural England. Archived from
553:Berglund, B.; Lindvall, T.; Schwela, D. H. (1999),
662:Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs
537:
427:
324:Some factors with negative impacts on tranquillity
296:Some factors with positive impacts on tranquillity
226:when presented with a more tranquil visual scene.
109:Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs
49:
618:Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine
538:Hartig, T.; Kaiser, F. G.; Bowler, P. A. (1997),
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961:The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
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178:Audition, and the components that comprise the
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304:presence of rivers, streams, lakes or the sea
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1309:Four Cardinal Principles and Eight Virtues
1209:
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63:Preamble to the United States Constitution
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275:Maps have been produced for the whole of
248:Campaign to Protect Rural England (CPRE)
233:
1356:Values in Action Inventory of Strengths
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463:. New York: Cambridge University Press.
301:a natural landscape, including woodland
229:
14:
2290:
313:clear open night sky with/without moon
1190:
842:. Rochester, Vermont: Destiny Books.
654:
566:
279:that show the tranquillity score of
1341:Teachings of the Seven Grandfathers
901:Journal of Cognitive Brain Research
720:Journal of Environmental Psychology
693:Journal of Environmental Psychology
587:Journal of Environmental Psychology
513:Journal of Environmental Psychology
479:Journal of Environmental Psychology
24:
1127:
1028:Acta Acustica United with Acustica
998:Acta Acustica United with Acustica
61:. It is also famously used in the
25:
2314:
1099:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.06.053
748:Oliva, A.; Torralba, A. (2006).
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846:
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459:Kaplan, R.; Kaplan, S. (1989).
207:rating drops on average by one
1294:Catalogue of Vices and Virtues
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546:
531:
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13:
1:
913:10.1016/S0926-6410(02)00069-1
599:10.1016/S0272-4944(05)80184-7
491:10.1016/S0272-4944(05)80064-7
446:
1943:
1934:
1911:
953:(6). Institute of Acoustics.
771:10.1016/j.actpsy.2006.07.004
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405:
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93:Attention Restoration Theory
32:Tranquility (disambiguation)
7:
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525:10.1016/j.jenvp.2010.03.006
437:
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389:
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316:beach in a unique location
68:
29:
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1969:
1896:
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1267:
1224:
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36:Tranquil (disambiguation)
2298:Environmental psychology
1161:"Saving tranquil places"
461:The Experience of Nature
307:birds and other wildlife
244:Department for Transport
838:Schafer, R. M. (1977).
194:Predicting tranquillity
79:
2269:
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1130:"Mapping Tranquillity"
855:Psychological Research
732:10.1006/jevp.1999.0151
705:10.1006/jevp.1998.0109
266:Northumbria University
252:Countryside Commission
239:
1758:Righteous indignation
630:10.1089/acm.2009.0531
407:Euthymia (philosophy)
237:
1276:BodhipakkhiyÄ dhammÄ
270:Newcastle University
230:Mapping tranquillity
30:For other uses, see
1346:Theological virtues
1249:Positive psychology
973:2008ASAJ..123.1446P
809:1996Natur.381..520T
667:Rural Strategy 2004
59:natural environment
1778:Self-transcendence
1370:Individual virtues
1314:Nine Noble Virtues
1243:Nicomachean Ethics
1040:10.3813/AAA.918235
1010:10.3813/AAA.918234
947:Acoustics Bulletin
867:10.1007/BF00867209
574:. Algonquin Press.
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220:pre-frontal cortex
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1432:Conscientiousness
1299:Epistemic virtues
981:10.1121/1.2831735
803:(6582): 520ā522.
759:Acta Psychologica
16:(Redirected from
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1571:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1521:
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1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
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1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1377:Accountability
1373:
1371:
1367:
1366:
1364:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1316:
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1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1279:
1271:
1269:
1265:
1264:
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1234:
1228:
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1183:
1152:
1120:
1070:
1055:
1018:
1015:
1014:
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955:
941:
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907:(1): 147ā152.
888:
845:
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787:
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699:(2): 171ā181.
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519:(4): 501ā509.
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466:
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391:
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325:
322:
321:
320:
317:
314:
311:
308:
305:
302:
297:
294:
259:tranquil areas
257:In these maps
231:
228:
214:A study using
195:
192:
167:
164:
150:
147:
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116:
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104:
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2015:
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1962:
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1938:
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1932:
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1925:
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1918:
1915:
1914:
1909:
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1899:
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1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1798:Sportsmanship
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
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1784:
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1779:
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1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1763:Righteousness
1761:
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1676:Nonattachment
1674:
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1337:
1336:Seven virtues
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1321:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
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1284:
1283:BrahmavihÄrÄs
1280:
1278:
1277:
1273:
1272:
1270:
1266:
1260:
1259:Virtue ethics
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1244:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1229:
1227:
1225:About virtues
1223:
1219:
1212:
1207:
1205:
1200:
1198:
1193:
1192:
1189:
1173:on 2007-10-13
1169:
1162:
1156:
1142:on 2008-04-11
1138:
1131:
1124:
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1108:
1104:
1100:
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1093:(2): 611ā18.
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680:on 2005-03-02
676:
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563:
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424:
421:
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409:
408:
403:
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399:
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393:
385:
382:
380:
379:wind turbines
376:
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365:large numbers
363:
361:
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2245:
2238:
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2190:
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2104:
2097:
2090:
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2076:
2069:
2062:
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2025:
2020:Brahmacharya
2018:
2011:
2004:
1997:
1990:
1983:
1976:
1958:
1951:
1926:
1919:
1903:
1885:
1869:
1862:
1818:Tranquillity
1817:
1768:Self-control
1738:Renunciation
1696:Philanthropy
1691:Perspicacity
1651:Magnificence
1604:Intelligence
1584:Impartiality
1504:Faithfulness
1392:Authenticity
1318:
1304:Five virtues
1281:
1274:
1254:Trait theory
1241:
1175:. Retrieved
1168:the original
1155:
1144:. Retrieved
1137:the original
1123:
1090:
1086:
1073:
1064:
1058:
1031:
1027:
1021:
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861:(1): 35ā38.
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686:
675:the original
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617:
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586:
580:
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516:
512:
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482:
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460:
454:
377:, masts and
290:
286:
274:
272:, and CPRE.
263:
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241:
213:
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184:
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169:
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156:
152:
140:
118:
106:
90:
72:
45:
42:Tranquillity
41:
40:
1838:Workmanship
1728:Punctuality
1646:Magnanimity
1569:Hospitality
1519:Forgiveness
1464:Discernment
1422:Cleanliness
1049:10454/11576
423:Inner peace
375:power lines
209:scale point
80:tranquilite
46:tranquility
2292:Categories
2151:Auctoritas
1999:Aparigraha
1978:Adhiį¹į¹hÄna
1960:Sophrosyne
1928:Eutrapelia
1813:Temperance
1793:Solidarity
1783:Simplicity
1743:Resilience
1718:Politeness
1686:Patriotism
1666:Moderation
1539:Good faith
1529:Generosity
1489:Equanimity
1469:Discipline
1427:Compassion
1177:2007-11-02
1146:2007-11-02
1087:NeuroImage
447:References
339:motorcycle
329:Motorised
180:soundscape
172:perception
75:Old French
2199:Humanitas
1945:Phronesis
1936:Philotimo
1788:Sincerity
1753:Reverence
1621:Judgement
1609:Emotional
1599:Integrity
1589:Innocence
1544:Gratitude
1524:Frugality
1514:Foresight
1494:Etiquette
1484:Endurance
1459:Diligence
1382:Alertness
1331:Scout Law
1232:Endowment
897:Shams, L.
726:: 29ā39.
430:Passaddhi
367:of people
331:transport
122:wellbeing
103:Enjoyment
52:passaddhi
2192:Gravitas
2175:Dignitas
1921:Ataraxia
1803:Sympathy
1733:Religion
1723:Prudence
1681:Patience
1656:Meekness
1631:Kindness
1579:Humility
1574:Humanity
1509:Fidelity
1454:Courtesy
1417:Chivalry
1412:Chastity
1402:Charisma
1397:Calmness
1387:Altruism
1107:20600971
1067:. Ghent.
989:18345834
921:12063138
883:35936267
779:16934737
664:(2004),
648:20799901
570:(2008).
416:Hesychia
398:Ataraxia
390:See also
355:railways
347:aircraft
149:Research
137:Economic
87:Benefits
18:Tranquil
2247:Sadaqah
2233:Ganbaru
2166:Decorum
2158:Caritas
2113:ÅraddhÄ
2099:Shaucha
2064:Kshanti
1992:Akrodha
1847:Chinese
1748:Respect
1671:Modesty
1641:Loyalty
1626:Justice
1594:Insight
1554:Honesty
1549:Heroism
1479:Empathy
1437:Courage
1407:Charity
1320:PÄramÄ«s
1218:Virtues
1115:6344349
969:Bibcode
929:9500370
875:2377723
825:8632824
805:Bibcode
639:3110836
277:England
69:History
2303:Virtue
2215:Virtus
2207:Pietas
2126:Upekį¹£Ä
2119:SaddhÄ
2085:PrajƱÄ
2078:MuditÄ
2057:Kshama
2050:Karuį¹Ä
2013:Asteya
2006:Ärjava
1985:Ahimsa
1970:Indian
1953:Sophia
1828:Wisdom
1706:Filial
1614:Social
1559:Honour
1113:
1105:
987:
927:
919:
881:
873:
823:
797:Nature
777:
646:
636:
439:Upeksa
371:pylons
349:ā and
343:trains
131:stress
126:review
115:Health
2271:VirtĆ¹
2225:Other
2184:Fides
2143:Latin
2133:VÄ«rya
2092:Satya
2071:MettÄ
2034:Dhį¹ti
1913:Arete
1905:Agape
1897:Greek
1823:Trust
1808:Taste
1701:Piety
1661:Mercy
1534:Glory
1499:Faith
1447:Moral
1442:Civil
1361:Yamas
1171:(PDF)
1164:(PDF)
1140:(PDF)
1133:(PDF)
1111:S2CID
1083:(PDF)
925:S2CID
879:S2CID
678:(PDF)
671:(PDF)
509:(PDF)
384:noise
351:roads
97:holds
77:word
2263:Sisu
2255:Seny
2240:Giri
2106:SevÄ
2027:DÄna
1864:Jing
1713:Pity
1636:Love
1564:Hope
1474:Duty
1103:PMID
985:PMID
917:PMID
871:PMID
821:PMID
775:PMID
644:PMID
353:and
345:and
335:cars
216:fMRI
201:Lday
188:LAeq
34:and
2042:Hrī
1879:Ren
1833:Wit
1095:doi
1044:hdl
1036:doi
1006:doi
977:doi
965:123
909:doi
863:doi
813:doi
801:381
767:doi
763:125
728:doi
701:doi
634:PMC
626:doi
595:doi
521:doi
487:doi
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1887:Yi
1871:Li
1856:De
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724:20
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622:16
620:.
616:.
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483:12
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1038::
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
