245:
166:
445:. These instructions tell how to behave in traffic to avoid accidents. For example, the instructions advise not to obstruct the tramway, suggest motorists avoid driving directly on the track, and tell the pedestrians to use designated crossways and to look both ways before crossing the tracks. Local tram regulations may give requirements for the passengers not to carry flammable, soiling, or destructive chemicals or space-blocking packages in trams. Enlightenment of children and adults have also been done by using games and tests.
492:
71:
570:
454:
22:
264:
280:
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can be used. In some cases, it is also possible to drive the tram backwards, but in most cases this would only cause more injuries to the victim. While cutting, lifting or turning an overturned tram or vehicle, structures often have to be stabilized to mitigate the risk of moving parts, and to secure
218:
In some countries accident investigation boards investigate all rail accidents and hazardous situations that may have led to a serious accident. These investigations are detailed analysis on the causes and consequences of the accidents. Investigations create information and recommendations to prevent
338:
Automatic door controlling sensors also decrease the possibility of entrapment injuries. In
Toronto, the CLRV streetcars have a skirt added to the front of the car covering the coupler to prevent passengers from being dragged under the car's wheels. Common safety features onboard tram often include
310:
of tram stops, raised dividing strips to separate trams and motorists, traffic light sequence changes, speed limit changes near tram stops, and electronic flashing "give way to trams" signs to warn other traffic in places where necessary Tram stops have also been separated with barriers from the
181:
Trams coming to a sudden stop may cause injuries to passengers on board. Passengers may also slip, trip or fall on the tram or the tram platform. Blind passengers may particularly be at risk of falling off a tram or getting injured by closing doors. In areas of overcrowded tram systems, illegal
557:
After the patients have been treated and transported, police inquiries may take place. After a full inspection, the vehicles involved may be allowed leave the scene. In severe accidents, special traffic or accident investigation boards may analyze the accident and its consequences, and give
302:, the safety of tram lines and train and tram crossings are given particular attention. Some cities or areas have systemically developed new safety systems and planned new, safer tram stops. These measures have included accessible tram stops, safety staff, road-based improvements like
205:
The mortality of pedestrians hit by a tram seems to be much higher than the mortality of pedestrians hit by a motor vehicle. Typically most seriously injured people have been caught under or between tramcars. Non-impact absorbing parts at the side of the trams may lead to serious
759:
In the
Netherlands: TRAMS-database by the Dutch Transport Safety Board. Mentioned in: P. Thomas, Y. Page, G. Vallet, D. Otte, R. Sferco, G. Della Valle, M. Giunti, B. Hoogvelt, J. Paez, P. Magnusson, and R. Cuerden: Status report of EEVC WG 21 Accident Studies.
424:
Rescue organizations are also informed on tram structures, electricity, risks, and specific rescue and firefighting tactics concerning trams. Rescue organizations may also train with trams in simulated accident and firefighting situations.
132:
areas, issues such as poor maneuverability and long braking distances also pose public safety concerns. Research indicates that for each kilometer traveled, trams are 12 times more likely to be involved in a serious accident than a car.
219:
further accidents. The investigations can be required by law with systematic guides determining minimum requirements for an analysis. In addition, rail accident investigations can analyze previous occurrences of a similar character.
197:
tires get jammed in tramway tracks. More rarely, members of the public may also climb over a tram car, or in other ways get in contact with the electric conductors or other electric appliances of a tram, and receive an
319:
Structural design of trams can minimize the risks to tram drivers, tram passengers, pedestrians, and passengers in other vehicles in various kinds of tram-to-tram, tram-to-vehicle, and tram-to-pedestrian collisions.
848:
Irk F.: CPTED Principles for
Traffic Safety. In: Proceedings, 2003 International Symposium on Technology and Society, 2003. Crime Prevention, Security and Design. ISTAS/CPTED 2003. 26–28 Sep 2003 pp. 41–43.
234:, which also require the collection of common safety indicator statistics from member countries. In the EU, common safety methods (CSMs) and common safety targets (CSTs) have been set for European railways.
732:
Derailment of a tram at Phipps Bridge on the
Croydon Tramlink 25 May 2006. Rail Accident Report 28/2007. Rail Accident Investigation Branch, Department for Transport, August 2007. Crown copyright 2007.
193:
While collisions with cars are the most common form of tram accident, cyclists and pedestrians are the group most at risk of death during tram collisions. Cyclists may experience a loss of control if
488:
process or other recognition of patients' states is done. The most critically injured patients are the first to receive attention and treatment. Hospitals can also be alerted in major accidents.
957:
George
Rechnitzer, Andrew McIntosh, Shane Richardson, Raphael Grzebieta, and Jeffery Jaraie: Crashworthiness Improvements For Light And Heavy Rail – Lessons Learnt From Crash Investigations.
905:
877:
185:
Additionally, passengers may be struck by a car while exiting the tram or while waiting at a tram platform. Such incidents are also taken into account during tram public safety studies.
944:
An
Overview of Current Research Project at the Institute of Transport Studies Dept. of Civil Engineering Monash University. Paper presented at 28th CAITR on 6–8 December 2006.
461:
Emergency dispatch centres have strategies and emergency response guides prepared for various kinds of tram accidents. These response guides can contain information on what
932:
222:
Some national authorities keep statistics on tramway incidents. An example of an authority collecting accident and incident reports from national authorities is the
958:
628:
1324:
327:
for passengers to access. Both icy winters and falling leaves pose a threat by making the rails more slippery. Therefore, some trams are also able to drop
226:, which keeps a public safety database on railway licences, certificates, safety indicators, national safety rules, and accident investigations. In the
477:, investigation units etc.) are sent to the accident scene in various kind of accidents (fire, derailment, collision, pedestrian hit by a tram etc.).
909:
534:
can also be used to lift a tram or an overturned tram. If a patient is trapped inside crushed structures, various kinds of extrication tools, like
1301:
182:
passengers are in danger of falling off or being trapped between tram cars. Fire aboard a tram puts passengers at risk of severe injury or death.
862:
Oxley J., Corben B., and
Diamantopoulou K.: Some cost-effective approaches to moderate vehicle speeds in high pedestrian activity environments.
711:
Hedelin Annika, Björnstig Ulf, and
Brismar, Bo: Trams – a risk factor for pedestrians. Accid. Anal. and Prev. Vol. 28, No. 6, pp. 733–738, 1996.
723:
Unger R., Eder C., Mayr J.M., and Wernig J.: Child pedestrian injuries at tram and bus stops. Injury Vol. 33, Issue 6, pp. 485–488, July 2002.
162:
failures, or excessive speed at a junction or curve. Additionally, collisions may occur between trams due to faulty junctions or poor driving.
881:
762:
970:
Lehtikeli liukastaa ratikkakiskot. Helsingin kaupungin liikennelaitos, ajankohtaista 25.10.06. Article by
Helsinki City Traffic in Finnish.
794:
698:
Ozanne-Smith J., and Sherry K.: Bicycle related injuries. Hazard, Edition No. 6, December 1990. Victorian Injury
Surveillance System.
1278:
1047:
933:
http://www.vicroads.vic.gov.au/Home/PublicTransportAndEnvironment/PublicTransportOnRoads/TramProjects/ThinkTram/ThinkTramProjects.htm
558:
recommendations to improve safety in traffic. After the accident, the tram, the tracks and the overhead lines may also need repair.
1115:
652:
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http://www.regulations.gov/search/Regs/contentStreamer?objectId=0900006480409c40&disposition=attachment&contentType=pdf
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945:
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813:
1008:
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635:
244:
734:
543:
1319:
681:
835:
433:
Various cities and traffic companies have given safety and traffic instructions for passengers, pedestrian,
1108:
367:
may guide the safety of a tram system. A tram system may have a control centre following the trams, having
1185:
530:
brought by fire brigades can be used to elevate the tram and release anyone trapped under the vehicle. A
405:
275:(yellow arrow), a shield (red arrow) is launched which prevents the person from getting under the wheels.
769:
1309:
364:
34:
809:
539:
231:
1048:
http://www.portlandtram.org/download.cfm?file=/downloads/pdf/TramregulationsfinalapprovedbyEMC.pdf
1347:
1314:
1288:
1195:
1170:
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1101:
324:
248:
223:
850:
583:
554:
Cranes, tow trucks, hydraulic jacks and rollers can be used to rerail a derailed tram vehicle.
531:
412:
of the drivers may also be assessed regularly or in case of need. Some organizations also give
1060:
746:
For example, Annual Report on Railway Safety 2005. Office of Rail Regulation, London, the UK.
124:
Though tram systems can be environmentally friendly, efficient, and cost effective methods of
1007:
For example, BBC: Idiot’s Guide to tram safety. In: Where I live: Nottingham. January 2004.
1352:
979:
Hongkong Tramways Limited: Safety and Reliability are our Top Priorities. In: The Company.
340:
946:
http://civil.eng.monash.edu.au/its/researchactivities/itsmonash_research_projects_2006.pdf
699:
165:
8:
1155:
1059:
For example, The Tracking Trains safety pages of Rail Corporation of NSW in Australia.
863:
535:
43:
39:
1150:
1021:
829:
788:
507:
462:
352:
1140:
575:
480:
At the accident scene, a ground connection is used to prevent electric shocks from
252:
1009:
http://www.bbc.co.uk/nottingham/features/2004/01/idiots_guide_to_tram_safety.shtml
985:
511:
503:
434:
170:
159:
747:
491:
484:. The accident scene is surveyed, and in the case of several injured persons, a
608:
527:
481:
474:
372:
299:
227:
199:
151:
735:
http://www.raib.gov.uk/cms_resources.cfm?file=/070808_R282007_PhippsBridge.pdf
1341:
1160:
598:
453:
344:
84:
70:
569:
547:
284:
21:
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207:
118:
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and programmable logic speed controllers. A tram also typically carries
1145:
1034:
603:
335:
during emergency braking. A brush car can be used to clear the rails.
303:
263:
147:
129:
593:
470:
413:
389:
125:
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are taught to tram drivers. Some organizations test the drivers for
442:
416:
to drivers and re-evaluate their skills and manners periodically.
393:
332:
307:
110:
92:
816:. 18 November 2005. Archived from the original on 25 November 2005
1093:
519:
438:
397:
194:
155:
96:
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496:
485:
466:
409:
272:
268:
499:
368:
851:
https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=1344610
279:
1078:
Tramway Accidents of the Early 20th Century in Lima, Peru,
1061:
http://www.trackingtrains.com.au/activities/safe_tracks.htm
588:
526:
In the case of someone underneath a tram, lifting bags or
401:
371:
contact with the drivers, and ability to contact and guide
348:
328:
256:
114:
88:
80:
875:
The Department of Infrastructure, Victoria: Safe Travel.
700:
http://www.campusglobal.org/muarc/VISU/hazard/haz06.pdf
864:
http://www.rsconference.com/pdf/RS010023.pdf?check=1
565:
1020:AA Roadwatch: Rail information – Road user safety.
287:
absorbing materials are used in the tram interiors.
1022:http://www.aaroadwatch.ie/rail/luas_guidelines.asp
705:
141:
375:, emergency dispatch centre, or repair patrols.
230:, the safety of railways has been regulated with
1339:
392:, safety courses, and protocols to follow in an
1033:Supertram: Supertram & Community – Safety.
719:
717:
267:A protective shield in front of a tram. When a
1109:
748:http://www.rail-reg.gov.uk/upload/pdf/296.pdf
457:Overhead wires used to power trams in Athens.
714:
188:
1116:
1102:
660:Norwegian Institute of Transport Economics
629:"FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS – TRAM DRIVER"
154:, collisions with obstacles such as other
283:Fireproof, round shaped, flexible and/or
682:"Meer veiligheid nodig voor bus en tram"
490:
452:
278:
262:
243:
164:
358:
1340:
793:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
176:
1097:
136:
1035:http://www.supertram.com/safety.html
448:
213:
169:Collision between truck and tram on
15:
13:
1123:
1046:Portland aerial tram regulations.
814:European Union Agency for Railways
653:"Traffic safety of tram transport"
237:
14:
1364:
1070:
428:
878:"Public transport - Safe travel"
568:
323:For example, some trams contain
69:
20:
1053:
1040:
1027:
1014:
1001:
973:
964:
951:
938:
931:VicRoads: Think tram projects.
925:
897:
869:
856:
842:
802:
799:(retrieved on 7 February 2010).
737:(retrieved on 6 February 2009).
551:suspended vehicles or objects.
419:
383:
347:, a radio and/or a phone, some
142:Tram derailments and collisions
961:(retrieved on 6 February 2009)
753:
740:
726:
692:
674:
645:
621:
314:
171:Sydney's original tram network
1:
634:. Yarra Trams. Archived from
614:
331:on the rails to increase the
293:
906:"Think tram : VicRoads"
510:for pulling, rerailing, and
378:
150:are often caused by damaged
7:
1186:Train-pedestrian fatalities
1083:TRAMWAY ACCIDENTS FROM LIMA
561:
406:driving under the influence
311:street in some locations.
33:to comply with Knowledge's
10:
1369:
1287:
1194:
1131:
1011:retrieved on 8 July 2007.
922:retrieved on 8 July 2007.
894:retrieved on 8 July 2007.
866:. Retrieved 26 June 2007.
853:. Retrieved 26 June 2007.
834:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
810:"European Railway Agency"
702:. Retrieved 26 June 2007.
341:vigilance control systems
1050:. Retrieved 8 July 2007.
1024:. Retrieved 8 July 2007.
998:. Retrieved 8 July 2007.
948:. Retrieved 8 July 2007.
935:. Retrieved 8 July 2007.
750:. Retrieved 8 July 2007.
463:emergency response units
306:near tram stops, better
298:When evaluating general
189:Pedestrians and cyclists
46:may contain suggestions.
31:may need to be rewritten
1166:Signal passed at danger
1063:. Retrieved 8 July 2007
1037:. Retrieved 8 July 2007
224:European Railway Agency
1320:level crossing crashes
903:VicRoads: Think tram.
584:List of tram accidents
523:
458:
288:
276:
260:
173:
87:isolated from vehicle
494:
456:
282:
266:
247:
168:
359:Tram control centres
210:even at low speeds.
1325:terrorist incidents
982:"Hongkong Tramways"
775:on 20 November 2008
688:. 10 February 2011.
536:hydraulic spreaders
404:regularly to avoid
177:Passenger accidents
1306:By classification
1156:Rear-end collision
524:
459:
289:
277:
261:
174:
137:Types of accidents
1335:
1334:
1310:boiler explosions
1151:Head-on collision
912:on 11 August 2007
662:. 1997. p. 1
641:on 18 April 2015.
449:Accident protocol
353:fire extinguisher
214:Accident analysis
61:
60:
35:quality standards
1360:
1141:Boiler explosion
1118:
1111:
1104:
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1094:
1064:
1057:
1051:
1044:
1038:
1031:
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1018:
1012:
1005:
999:
997:
995:
993:
988:on 10 April 2008
984:. Archived from
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971:
968:
962:
955:
949:
942:
936:
929:
923:
921:
919:
917:
908:. Archived from
901:
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893:
891:
889:
880:. Archived from
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867:
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846:
840:
839:
833:
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823:
821:
806:
800:
798:
792:
784:
782:
780:
774:
768:. Archived from
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576:Transport portal
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435:wheelchair users
325:emergency brakes
253:emergency hammer
158:or pedestrians,
73:
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16:
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1315:bridge failures
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763:"Archived copy"
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528:hydraulic jacks
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249:Emergency brake
240:
238:Safety measures
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100:
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74:
57:
51:
48:
38:
25:
12:
11:
5:
1366:
1356:
1355:
1350:
1348:Tram accidents
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1133:Classification
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1128:
1125:Rail accidents
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1120:
1113:
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1072:
1071:External links
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884:on 20 May 2009
868:
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482:overhead lines
475:fire apparatus
450:
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429:General public
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365:quality system
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228:European Union
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200:electric shock
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1326:
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1308:
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1303:
1302:By death toll
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1181:Tram accident
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599:Tramway track
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208:head injuries
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52:November 2012
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29:This article
27:
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1279:2020–present
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1003:
990:. Retrieved
986:the original
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1342:Categories
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1161:Runaway
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400:and/or
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