Trajan - Knowledge

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memories of independence – and a commonly acknowledged sense of cultural superiority – and, instead of seeing themselves as Roman, disdained Roman rule. What the Greek oligarchies wanted from Rome was, above all, to be left in peace, to be allowed to exert their right to self-government (i.e., to be excluded from the provincial government, as was Italy) and to concentrate on their local interests. This was something the Romans were not disposed to do as from their perspective the Greek notables were shunning their responsibilities in regard to the management of Imperial affairs – primarily in failing to keep the common people under control, thus creating the need for the Roman governor to intervene. An excellent example of this Greek alienation was the personal role played by Dio of Prusa in his relationship with Trajan. Dio is described by

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support to his ultimate goal of annexing Charax. It has even been ventured that, when earlier in his campaign Trajan annexed Armenia, he was bound to annex the whole of Mesopotamia lest the Parthians interrupt the flux of trade from the Persian Gulf and/or foment trouble at the Roman frontier on the Danube. Other historians reject these motives, as the supposed Parthian "control" over the maritime Far Eastern trade route was, at best, conjectural and based on a selective reading of Chinese sources – trade by land through Parthia seems to have been unhampered by Parthian authorities and left solely to the devices of private enterprise. Commercial activity in second century Mesopotamia seems to have been a general phenomenon, shared by many peoples within and without the Roman Empire, with no sign of a concerted Imperial policy towards it.

1993:, suffect consul in 116. Trajan created at least fourteen new senators from the Greek-speaking half of the empire, an unprecedented recruitment number that opens to question the issue of the "traditionally Roman" character of his reign, as well as the "Hellenism" of his successor Hadrian. But then Trajan's new Eastern senators were mostly very powerful and very wealthy men with more than local influence and much interconnected by marriage, so that many of them were not altogether "new" to the Senate. On the local level, among the lower section of the Eastern propertied, the alienation of most Greek notables and intellectuals towards Roman rule, and the fact that the Romans were seen by most such Greek notables as aliens, persisted well after Trajan's reign. One of Trajan's senatorial creations from the East, the 7532:"Cassius Dio, himself of provincial origin, had little respect for the phylogeny of the emperor Trajan, observing with barely disguised contempt that he was 'an Iberian, and neither an Italian nor even an Italiote'. In fact, one ancient account derives Trajan's paternal family, the gens Ulpia, from Tuder, on the northern border of ancient Umbria, an area where the clan is independently recorded... Traius, like Ulpius, while not especially common, occurs with some frequency in northern Italy, notably at Tuder and at the nearby municipality of Ameria, the probable origo of Trajan's mother, strengthening the possibility of close family ties with the region... an Italian pedigree for the gens Ulpia seems certain... his family had settled at Italica (Santiponce) in southern Spain, a few miles east of modern Seville. 2113:

problems. One of the compensatory measures proposed by Pliny expressed a thoroughly Roman conservative position: as the cities' financial solvency depended on the councilmen's purses, it was necessary to have more councilmen on the local city councils. According to Pliny, the best way to achieve this was to lower the minimum age for holding a seat on the council, making it possible for more sons of the established oligarchical families to join and thus contribute to civic spending; this was seen as preferable to enrolling non-noble wealthy upstarts. Such an increase in the number of council members was granted to Dio's city of Prusa, to the dismay of existing councilmen who felt their status lowered. A similar situation existed in

3101: – Trajan again took to the field in 116, with a view to the conquest of the whole of Mesopotamia, an overambitious goal that eventually backfired on the results of his entire campaign. According to some modern historians, the aim of the campaign of 116 was to achieve a "pre-emptive demonstration" aiming not toward the conquest of Parthia, but for tighter Roman control over the Eastern trade route. However, the overall scarcity of manpower for the Roman military establishment meant that the campaign was doomed from the start. It is noteworthy that no new legions were raised by Trajan before the Parthian campaign, maybe because the sources of new citizen recruits were already over-exploited. 2383: 2923: 2063:. The main goal was to curb the overenthusiastic spending on public works that served to channel ancient rivalries between neighbouring cities. As Pliny wrote to Trajan, this had as its most visible consequence a trail of unfinished or ill-kept public utilities. Competition among Greek cities and their ruling oligarchies was mainly for marks of pre-eminence, especially for titles bestowed by the Roman emperor. Such titles were ordered in a ranking system that determined how the cities were to be outwardly treated by Rome. The usual form that such rivalries took was that of grandiose building plans, giving the cities the opportunity to vie with each other over "extravagant, needless 3552: 2251: 3161: 3189:) on goods traded on the Euphrates and Tigris. It is possible that it was this "streamlining" of the administration of the newly conquered lands according to the standard pattern of Roman provincial administration in tax collecting, requisitions and the handling of local potentates' prerogatives, that triggered later resistance against Trajan. According to some modern historians, Trajan might have busied himself during his stay on the Persian Gulf with ordering raids on the Parthian coasts, as well as probing into extending Roman suzerainty over the mountaineer tribes holding the passes across the 2973: 2437:, allowed Trajan to mint many more denarii than his predecessors. He also withdrew from circulation silver denarii minted before Nero's devaluation. Trajan's devaluation may have had a political intent, enabling planned increases in civil and military spending. Trajan formalised the alimenta, a welfare program that helped orphans and poor children throughout Italy by providing cash, food and subsidized education. The program was supported out of Dacian War booty, estate taxes and philanthropy. The alimenta also relied indirectly on mortgages secured against Italian farms ( 2723:, which functioned as an advance guard that could, in case of need, strike either west or east at the Sarmatians living at the borders. Therefore, the indefensible character of the province did not appear to be a problem for Trajan, as the province was conceived more as a sally-base for further attacks. Even in the absence of further Roman expansion, the value of the province depended on Roman overall strength: while Rome was strong, the Dacian salient was an instrument of military and diplomatic control over the Danubian lands; when Rome was weak, as during the 2700: 3366:, as heir. Hadrian, who was eventually entrusted with the governorship of Syria at the time of Trajan's death, was Trajan's cousin and was married to Trajan's grandniece, which all made him as good as heir designate. Hadrian seems to have been well connected to the powerful and influential coterie of Spanish senators at Trajan's court, through his ties to Plotina and the Prefect Attianus. His refusal to sustain Trajan's senatorial and expansionist policy during his own reign may account for the "crass hostility" shown him by literary sources. 3268: 1851:. By feigning reluctance to hold power, Trajan was able to start building a consensus around him in the Senate. His belated ceremonial entry into Rome in 99 was notably understated, something on which Pliny the Younger elaborated. By not openly supporting Domitian's preference for equestrian officers, Trajan appeared to conform to the idea (developed by Pliny) that an emperor derived his legitimacy from his adherence to traditional hierarchies and senatorial morals. Therefore, he could point to the allegedly republican character of his rule. 1882: 67: 3634:, could dictate his law to the East"). The biography by the German historian Karl Strobel stresses the continuity between Domitian's and Trajan's reigns, saying that Trajan's rule followed the same autocratic and sacred character as Domitian's, culminating in a failed Parthian adventure intended as the crown of his personal achievement. It is in modern French historiography that Trajan's reputation becomes most markedly deflated: Paul Petit writes about Trajan's portraits as a "lowbrow boor with a taste for booze and boys". For 3287:. Additionally, Jewish communities in Northern Mesopotamia revolted, likely as part of a broader resistance against Roman occupation. Trajan had to withdraw his army to suppress these revolts, a move he considered a temporary setback. He never returned to command, delegating Eastern operations to Lusius Quietus, who was appointed governor of Judaea in early 117 and likely dealt with Jewish unrest there. Quietus discharged his commissions successfully, leading rabbinic sources to name the conflict in Judaea the " 2029: 3034: 2366:, and public processions on a grand scale. Trajan's reconstruction, completed by 103, was modestly described by Trajan himself as "adequate" for the Roman people. It replaced flammable wooden seating tiers with stone, and increased the Circus' already vast capacity by about 5,000 seats. Its lofty, elevated Imperial viewing box was rebuilt among the seating tiers, so that spectators could see their emperor sharing their enjoyment of the races, alongside his family and images of the gods, 2615: 1144: 2461: 1544: 2265: 2548: 2951: – who wrote about only 70,000 Roman soldiers being necessary to a conquest of India – as well as in Trajan's closer associates, speculative dreams about the booty to be obtained by reproducing Macedonian Eastern conquests. There could also be Trajan's idea to use an ambitious blueprint of conquests as a way to emphasize quasi-divine status, such as with his cultivated association, in coins and monuments, to 2599:, which they finally took and destroyed. A controversial scene on Trajan's column just before the fall of Sarmizegetusa Regia suggests that Decebalus may have offered poison to his remaining men as an alternative option to capture or death while trying to flee the besieged capital with him. Decebalus fled but, when later cornered by Roman cavalry, committed suicide. His severed head, brought to Trajan by the cavalryman 2067:... structures that would make a show". A side effect of such extravagant spending was that junior and thus less wealthy members of the local oligarchies felt disinclined to present themselves to fill posts as local magistrates, positions that involved ever-increasing personal expense. Roman authorities liked to play the Greek cities against one another – something of which Dio of Prusa was fully aware: 1382: 7077: 7091: 1902: – moderation instead of insolence. In short, according to the ethics for autocracy developed by most political writers of the Imperial Roman Age, Trajan was a good ruler in that he ruled less by fear, and more by acting as a role model, for, according to Pliny, "men learn better from examples". Eventually, Trajan's popularity among his peers was such that the Roman Senate bestowed upon him the 2523:. It was not a decisive victory, however. Trajan's troops took heavy losses in the encounter, and he put off further campaigning for the year in order to regroup and reinforce his army. Nevertheless, the battle was considered a Roman victory and Trajan strived to ultimately consolidate his position, including other major engagements, as well as the capture of Decebalus' sister as depicted on Trajan's Column. 2587:, the number of Roman troops engaged on both campaigns was between 150,000 and 175,000, while Decebalus could dispose of up to 200,000. Other estimates for the Roman forces involved in Trajan's second Dacian War cite around 86,000 for active campaigning with large reserves retained in the proximal provinces, and potentially much lower numbers around 50,000 for Decebalus' depleted forces and absent allies. 7063: 3241:, "a king is given to the Parthians". That done, Trajan retreated north in order to retain what he could of the new provinces of Armenia – where he had already accepted an armistice in exchange for surrendering part of the territory to Sanatruces' son Vologeses – and Mesopotamia. It was at this point that Trajan's health started to fail him. 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fact that, for the Romans, their empire was in principle unlimited, and that Trajan only took advantage of an opportunity to make idea and reality coincide. Finally, there are other modern historians who think that Trajan's original aims were purely military and strategic: to assure a more defensible Eastern frontier for the Roman Empire, crossing Northern Mesopotamia along the course of the

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contemporary Roman mores frowned upon the "softness" of luxuries. In the absence of conclusive evidence, trade between Rome and India might have been far more balanced, in terms of quantities of precious metals exchanged: one of our sources for the notion of the Roman gold drain – Pliny's the Younger's uncle Pliny the Elder – had earlier described the

2611:. The famous Dacian treasures were not found in the captured capital and their whereabouts were only revealed when a Dacian nobleman called Bikilis was captured. Decebalus’ treasures had been buried under a temporarily diverted river and the captive workers executed to retain the secret. Staggering amounts of gold and silver were found and packed off to fill Rome's coffers. 683:

the only surviving correspondence between a governor and his emperor. However, it has been argued that Pliny's correspondence with Trajan is neither intimate nor candid, but rather an exchange of official mail in which Pliny's stance borders on the servile. Some authors have even proposed that much of the text was written and/or edited by Trajan's Imperial secretary, his

7049: 9726:"Trajan was, in fact, quite active in Egypt. Separate scenes of Domitian and Trajan making offerings to the gods appear on reliefs on the propylon of the Temple of Hathor at Dendera. There are cartouches of Domitian and Trajan on the column shafts of the Temple of Knum at Esna, and on the exterior a frieze text mentions Domitian, Trajan, and Hadrian" 3606:). Mommsen also speaks of Trajan's "insatiable, unlimited lust for conquest". Although Mommsen had no liking for Trajan's successor Hadrian – "a repellent manner, and a venomous, envious and malicious nature" – he admitted that Hadrian, in renouncing Trajan's conquests, was "doing what the situation clearly required". 2535:. Trajan's army then advanced further into Dacian territory, and, a year later, forced Decebalus to submit. He had to renounce claim to some regions of his kingdom, return runaways from Rome then under his protection (most of them technical experts), and surrender all his war machines. Trajan returned to Rome in triumph and was granted the title 1564:

literary sources that Trajan's adoption was imposed on Nerva. Pliny implied as much when he wrote that, although an emperor could not be coerced into doing something, if this was the way in which Trajan was raised to power, then it was worth it. Alice König argues that the notion of a natural continuity between Nerva's and Trajan's reigns was an

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both Greek notables and Roman senators. It must be added that, although Trajan was wary of the civic oligarchies in the Greek cities, he also admitted into the senate a number of prominent Eastern notables already slated for promotion during Domitian's reign by reserving for them one of the twenty posts open each year for minor magistrates (the

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frontiers, may suggest that he was unsure of his position, both in Rome and with the armies at the front. Alternatively, Trajan's keen military mind understood the importance of strengthening the empire's frontiers. His vision for future conquests required the diligent improvement of surveillance networks, defences and transport along the

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to secure the territory. While Trajan moved from west to east, Lusius Quietus moved with his army from the Caspian Sea towards the west, both armies performing a successful pincer movement, whose apparent result was to establish a Roman presence into the Parthian Empire proper, with Trajan taking the northern Mesopotamian cities of

2583:. By 105, the concentration of Roman troops assembled in the middle and lower Danube amounted to fourteen legions (up from nine in 101) – about half of the entire Roman army. Even after the Dacian wars, the Danube frontier would permanently replace the Rhine as the main military axis of the Roman Empire. Including 1341:. Very little is known about Trajan's early formative years, but it is thought likely that he spent his first months or years in Italica before moving to Rome and then, perhaps at around eight or nine years of age, he almost certainly would have returned temporarily to Italica with his father during Trajanus's governorship of 2403:

of gender, age, or rank. Pliny gave those accused of being Christians opportunity to deny it, and those who would not, he executed. Any who cursed Christ or recited a prayer to the gods or to Trajan’s statue were released. Pliny acknowledged that these were things that "those who are really Christians cannot be made to do."

13978: 1925:. In his third kingship oration, Dio describes an ideal king ruling by means of "friendship" – that is, through patronage and a network of local notables who act as mediators between the ruled and the ruler. Dio's notion of being "friend" to Trajan (or any other Roman emperor), however, was that of an 3638:, what is to be retained from Trajan's "stylish" qualities was that he was the last Roman emperor to think of the empire as a purely Italian and Rome-centred hegemony of conquest. In contrast, his successor Hadrian would stress the notion of the empire as ecumenical and of the emperor as universal benefactor and not 2891: 3354:. He had pursued a senatorial career without particular distinction and had not been officially adopted by Trajan although he received from him decorations and other marks of distinction that made him hope for the succession. He received no post after his 108 consulate and no further honours other than being made 8072:, and naming the bathhouse after himself; others claim the bathhouse was named in his honour but built by Trajan. In either case, the association of his name with a public building was a signal honour; most public buildings in the capital were named after members of the imperial family. See Garrett G. Fagan, 2504:. However, senatorial opinion never forgave Domitian for paying what was seen as tribute to a barbarian king. Unlike the Germanic tribes, the Dacian kingdom was an organized state capable of developing alliances of its own, thus making it a strategic threat and giving Trajan a strong motive to attack it. 12705:

Dante 1998, p. 593. David H. Higgins in his notes to Purgatorio XI.75 says: "Pope Gregory the Great (d. 604) was held to have swayed the justice of God by prayer ('his great victory'), releasing Trajan's soul from Hell, who, resuscitated, was converted to Christianity. Dante accepted this, as Aquinas

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had to renounce claim to part of his kingdom, including the Banat, Tara Hategului, Oltenia, and Muntenia in the area south-west of Transylvania. He had also to surrender all the Roman deserters and all his war machines. At Rome, Trajan was received as a winner and he took the name of Dacicus, a title

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Hadrian's first major act as emperor was to abandon Mesopotamia as too costly and distant to defend, and to restore Armenia and Osrhoene to Parthian hegemony, under Rome's suzerainty. The Parthian campaign had been an enormous setback to Trajan's policy, proof that Rome had overstretched its capacity

3307:. It has been thought that Quietus and his colleagues were executed on Hadrian's direct orders, for fear of their popular standing with the army and their close connections to Trajan. In contrast, the next prominent Roman figure in charge of the repression of the Jewish revolt, the equestrian Quintus 2958:

Also, it is possible that the attachment of Trajan to an expansionist policy was supported by a powerful circle of conservative senators from Hispania committed to a policy of imperial expansion, first among them being the all-powerful Licinius Sura. Alternatively, one can explain the campaign by the

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as one of the gold sources for the Roman Empire. Accordingly – in a controversial book on the Roman economy – Finley considers Trajan's "badly miscalculated and expensive assault on Parthia" to be an example of the many Roman "commercial wars" that had in common the fact of existing only in the books

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over the islands shortly after Trajan's death, though the appointment was made by a Parthian king of Charax.) The rationale behind Trajan's campaign, in this case, was one of breaking down a system of Far Eastern trade through small Semitic ("Arab") cities under Parthia's control and to put it under

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during the period are well documented in a contemporary Palmyrene epigraph, which tells of various Palmyrene citizens honoured for holding office in Charax. Also, Charax's rulers' domains at the time possibly included the Bahrain islands, which offered the possibility of extending Roman hegemony into

2696:. This may have been intended as a basis for further expansion within Eastern Europe, as the Romans believed the region to be much more geographically "flattened", and thus easier to traverse, than it actually was; they also underestimated the distance from those vaguely defined borders to the ocean. 682:

The 10th volume of Pliny's letters contains his correspondence with Trajan, which deals with various aspects of imperial Roman government. It is generally agreed that Pliny, being part of the emperor's inner circle, provides a unique and valuable source of information through his letters with Trajan,

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Quietus was promised a consulate in the following year (118) for his victories, but he was killed before this could occur, during the bloody purge that opened Hadrian's reign, in which Quietus and three other former consuls were sentenced to death after being tried on a vague charge of conspiracy by

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some fifty years earlier. Trajan, already in Syria early in 113, consistently refused to accept diplomatic approaches from the Parthians intended to settle the Armenian imbroglio peacefully. As the surviving literary accounts of Trajan's Parthian War are fragmentary and scattered, it is difficult to

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These same Roman authorities had also an interest in assuring the cities' solvency and therefore ready collection of Imperial taxes. Last but not least, inordinate spending on civic buildings was not only a means to achieve local superiority, but also a means for the local Greek elites to maintain a

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As a senatorial Emperor, Trajan was inclined to choose his local base of political support from among the members of the ruling urban oligarchies. In the West, that meant local senatorial families like his own. In the East, that meant the families of Greek notables. The Greeks, though, had their own

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In the absence of literary references, however, the positioning of the new legions is conjectural: some scholars think that Legio II Traiana Fortis was originally stationed on the Lower Danube and participated in the Second Dacian War, being only later deployed to the East:cf. Ritterling, E., 1925.

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independent kingdom whose connections to Palmyra were described above, Trajan's bid for the Persian Gulf may have coincided with Palmyrene interests in the region. Another hypothesis is that the rulers of Charax had expansionist designs on Parthian Babylon, giving them a rationale for alliance with

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The chronology of subsequent events is uncertain, but it is generally believed that early in 115 Trajan launched a Mesopotamian campaign, marching down towards the Taurus mountains in order to consolidate territory between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. He placed permanent garrisons along the way

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as a breach of Roman good faith), and annexed it to the Roman Empire as a province, receiving in passing the acknowledgement of Roman hegemony by various tribes in the Caucasus and on the Eastern coast of the Black Sea – a process that kept him busy until the end of 114. At the same

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have considered the idea that a foreign trade policy underlay Trajan's war to be anachronistic; according to these scholars, the concern of Roman leaders with the trade in far eastern luxuries – besides collecting toll taxes and customs – was moral in nature, because

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Further tests faced by Christians in Pontus are alluded to in correspondence between Pliny the Younger, governor of the Roman province of Bithynia and Pontus, and Emperor Trajan. Writing from Pontus in about AD 112, Pliny reported that the "contagion" of Christianity threatened everyone, regardless

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intervention by the Emperor and/or the proconsuls had not been enough to curb the pretensions of the Greek notables. It is noteworthy that an embassy from Dio's city of Prusa was not favourably received by Trajan, and that this had to do with Dio's chief objective, which was to elevate Prusa to the

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themselves were all men of the highest social standing entrusted with an exceptional commission. The post seems to have been conceived partly as a reward for senators who had chosen to make a career solely on the emperor's behalf. Therefore, in reality the post was conceived as a means for "taming"

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In the formula developed by Pliny, however, Trajan was a "good" emperor in that, by himself, he approved or blamed the same things that the Senate would have approved or blamed. If in reality Trajan was an autocrat, his deferential behavior towards his peers qualified him to be viewed as a virtuous

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Because the Dacians represented an obstacle against Roman expansion in the east, in the year 101 the emperor Trajan decided to begin a new campaign against them. The first war began on 25 March 101 and the Roman troops, consisting of four principal legions (X Gemina, XI Claudia, II Traiana Fortis,

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in order to offer cover to a Roman Armenia. This interpretation is backed by the fact that all subsequent Roman wars against Parthia would aim at establishing a Roman presence deep into Parthia itself. It is possible that during the onset of Trajan's military experience, as a young tribune, he had

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In his Dacian conquests, Trajan had already resorted to Syrian auxiliary units, whose veterans, along with Syrian traders, had an important role in the subsequent colonization of Dacia. He had recruited Palmyrene units into his army, including a camel unit, therefore apparently procuring Palmyrene

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on the Persian Gulf was the sole remaining western terminus of the Indian trade route outside direct Roman control, and such control was important in order to lower import prices and to limit the supposed drain of precious metals created by the deficit in Roman trade with the Far East. That Charax

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arrangement, that involved no formal entry of such "friends" into the Roman administration. Trajan ingratiated himself with the Greek intellectual elite by recalling to Rome many (including Dio) who had been exiled by Domitian, and by returning (in a process begun by Nerva) a great deal of private

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towards the Macedonians, who "were to be set free because they could not be protected" – something Birley sees as an unconvincing precedent. Other territories conquered by Trajan were retained. According to a well-established historical tradition, Trajan's ashes were placed within the small cella

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submitted to Trajan publicly – as a Roman protectorate. This process seems to have been completed at the beginning of 116, when coins were issued announcing that Armenia and Mesopotamia had been put under the authority of the Roman people. The area between the Khabur River and the

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garrison was redeployed. The fact that these former Danubian outposts had ceased to be frontier bases and were now in the deep rear acted as an inducement to their urbanization and development. Not all of Dacia was permanently occupied. After the post-Trajanic evacuation of lands across the lower

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y their public acts have branded you as a pack of fools, yes, they treat you just like children, for we often offer children the most trivial things in place of things of greatest worth In place of justice, in place of the freedom of the cities from spoliation or from the seizure of the private

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Pliny's letters suggest that Trajan and his aides were as much bored as they were alarmed by the claims of Dio and other Greek notables to political influence based on what they saw as their "special connection" to their Roman overlords. Pliny tells of Dio of Prusa placing a statue of Trajan in a

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to execute Domitian's killers. Nerva needed the army's support to avoid being ousted. He accomplished this in the summer of 97 by naming Trajan as his adoptive son and successor, claiming that this was entirely due to Trajan's outstanding military merits. There are hints, however, in contemporary

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Ancient sources on Trajan's personality and accomplishments are unanimously positive. Pliny the Younger, for example, celebrates Trajan in his panegyric as a wise and just emperor and a moral man. Cassius Dio added that he always remained dignified and fair. A third-century emperor, Decius, even

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and the slaughter of thousands, "possibly tens of thousands," of animals, both wild and domestic. Trajan's careful management of public spectacles led the orator Fronto to congratulate him for paying equal attention to public entertainments and more serious issues, acknowledging that "neglect of

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However, it was clear to Trajan that Greek intellectuals and notables were to be regarded as tools for local administration, and not be allowed to fancy themselves in a privileged position. As Pliny said in one of his letters at the time, it was official policy that Greek civic elites be treated

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January 100, Trajan exhorted the senate to share the care-taking of the empire with him – an event later celebrated on a coin. In reality, Trajan did not share power in any meaningful way with the senate, something that Pliny admits candidly: "verything depends on the whims of a

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for his skilful management and rule of the volatile Imperial province. When Nerva died on 28 January 98, Trajan succeeded to the role of emperor without any outward adverse incident. The fact that he chose not to hasten towards Rome, but made a lengthy tour of inspection on the Rhine and Danube

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Sarmatians, into allying themselves with him. Through his efforts to develop an anti-Roman bloc, Decebalus prevented Trajan from treating Dacia as a protectorate instead of an outright conquest. In 104, Decebalus devised an attempt on Trajan's life by means of some Roman deserters, a plan that

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110, to deal with the consequences of the financial mess wrought by Dio and his fellow civic officials. "It's well established that are in a state of disorder", Pliny once wrote to Trajan, plans for unnecessary works made in collusion with local contractors being identified as one of the main

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The campaign was carefully planned in advance: ten legions were concentrated in the Eastern theatre; since 111, the correspondence of Pliny the Younger witnesses to the fact that provincial authorities in Bithynia had to organize supplies for passing troops, and local city councils and their

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The following winter, Decebalus took the initiative by launching a counter-attack across the Danube further downstream, supported by Sarmatian cavalry, forcing Trajan to come to the aid of the troops in his rearguard. The Dacians and their allies were repulsed after two battles in Moesia, at

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prosecutions of Christians if they merited that, but not to accept anonymous or malicious denunciations. He considered this to be in the interests of justice, and to reflect "the spirit of the age". Non-citizens who admitted to being Christians and refused to recant were to be executed "for

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The alternative view is to see the campaign as triggered by the lure of territorial annexation and prestige, the sole motive ascribed by Cassius Dio. As far as territorial conquest involved tax-collecting, especially of the 25% tax levied on all goods entering the Roman Empire, the

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is also a positive one in that it assumes that Trajan was an active policy-maker concerned with the management of the empire as a whole – something his reviewer Lendon considers an anachronistic outlook that sees in the Roman emperor a kind of modern administrator.

3144:. He declared Babylon a new province of the Empire and had his statue erected on the shore of the Persian Gulf, after which he sent the Senate a laurelled letter declaring the war to be at a close and bemoaning that he was too old to go on any further and repeat the conquests of 3282:

About this same time (AD 116–117), Jews in the Eastern provinces of the Roman Empire—Egypt, Cyprus, and Cyrene, which was likely the original trouble hotspot—rebelled in what appears to have been an ethnic and religious uprising against the local populations, later known as the

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complained of an audit of its accounts by Pliny, alleging its "free" status as a Roman colony, Trajan replied by writing that it was by his own wish that such inspections had been ordered. Concern about independent local political activity is seen in Trajan's decision to forbid

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in the first war (101–102), followed by a second war that ended in actual incorporation into the Empire of the trans-Danube border group of Dacia. According to the provisions of Decebalus's earlier treaty with Rome, made in the time of Domitian, Decebalus was acknowledged as

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archers, imperilled Roman positions in Mesopotamia and Armenia. Trajan sought to deal with this by forsaking direct Roman rule in Parthia proper, at least partially. Trajan sent two armies towards Northern Mesopotamia: the first, under Lusius Quietus, recovered Nisibis and

2629:, on another site (north of the hill citadel holding the previous Dacian capital), although bearing the same full name, Sarmizegetusa. This capital city was conceived as a purely civilian administrative centre and was provided the usual Romanized administrative apparatus ( 3299:. Whether or not the Diaspora revolt included Judea proper, or only the Jewish Eastern diaspora, remains doubtful in the absence of clear epigraphic and archaeological evidence. What is certain is that there was an increased Roman military presence in Judea at the time. 2492:, that is, client king; in exchange for accepting client status, he received from Rome both a generous stipend and a steady supply of technical experts. The treaty seems to have allowed Roman troops the right of passage through the Dacian kingdom in order to attack the 1859:

single man who, on behalf of the common welfare, has taken upon himself all functions and all tasks". One of the most significant trends of his reign was his encroachment on the senate's sphere of authority, such as his decision to make the senatorial provinces of

3339:, assured Hadrian's succession by keeping Trajan's death a secret, long enough for her to produce and sign a document attesting to Hadrian's adoption as son and successor. Dio, who tells this narrative, offers his father – the governor of Cilicia 1535:, or possibly both. Pliny – who seems to deliberately avoid offering details that would stress personal attachment between Trajan and the "tyrant" Domitian – attributes to him, at the time, various (and unspecified) feats of arms. 1202:

The epitome of Cassius Dio's Roman history describes Trajan as "an Iberian and neither an Italian nor even an Italiote", but this claim is contradicted by other ancient sources and rejected by modern scholars, who have reconstructed Trajan's Italic lineage.

3197:

eastward, as well as establishing some sort of direct contact between Rome and the Kushan Empire. No attempt was made to expand into the Iranian Plateau itself, where the Roman army, with its relative weakness in cavalry, would have been at a disadvantage.

3237:, whom Trajan wooed successfully). After re-taking and burning Seleucia, Trajan then formally deposed Osroes, putting Parthamaspates on the throne as client ruler. This event was commemorated in a coin as the reduction of Parthia to client kingdom status: 1496:, Trajan's putative lovers included the future emperor, Hadrian, pages of the imperial household, the actor Pylades, a dancer called Apolaustus, Lucius Licinius Sura, and Trajan's predecessor Nerva. Cassius Dio also relates that Trajan made an ally out of 3343: – as a source, so his narrative may be based on contemporary rumour. It may also reflect male Roman displeasure that an empress – let alone any woman – could presume to meddle in Rome's political affairs. 2072:

possessions of their inhabitants, in place of their refraining from insulting you your governors hand you titles, and call you 'first' either by word of mouth or in writing; that done, they may thenceforth with impunity treat you as being the very last!"

2641:

cities. Native Dacians continued to live in scattered rural settlements, according to their own ways. In another arrangement with no parallels in any other Roman province, the existing quasi-urban Dacian settlements disappeared after the Roman conquest.

2052:

Nevertheless, as a Greek local magnate with a taste for costly building projects and pretensions of being an important political agent for Rome, Dio of Prusa was actually a target for one of Trajan's authoritarian innovations: the appointing of imperial

2993:

individual members had to shoulder part of the increased expenses by supplying troops themselves. The intended campaign, therefore, was immensely costly from its very beginning. Trajan marched first on Armenia, deposed the Parthian-appointed king,

2374:

serious matters can cause greater damage, but neglect of amusements greater discontent". State-funded public entertainments helped to maintain contentment among the populace; the more "serious matter" of the corn dole aimed to satisfy individuals.

12015:

A precise description of events in Judea at the time being impossible, due to the non-historical character of the Jewish (rabbinic) sources, and the silence of the non-Jewish ones: William David Davies, Louis Finkelstein, Steven T. Katz, eds.,

1199:. At the time of Trajan's birth it was a small town, without baths, theatre and amphitheatre, and with a very narrow territory under its direct administration. Trajan's year of birth is not reliably attested and may instead have been AD 56. 3613:

described Trajan's reign as the acme of the Roman principate, which he saw as Italy's patrimony. Following in Paribeni's footsteps, the German historian Alfred Heuss saw in Trajan "the accomplished human embodiment of the imperial title"

1846:

to the troops, however, was reduced by half. There remained the issue of the strained relations between the emperor and the Senate, especially after the supposed bloodiness that had marked Domitian's reign and his dealings with the

2655:– but were only acknowledged as cities proper well after Trajan's reign. The main regional effort of urbanization was concentrated by Trajan at the rearguard, in Moesia, where he created the new cities of Nicopolis ad Istrum and 1207:

states that Trajan's hometown of Italica was settled by and named after Italic veterans who fought in Spain under Scipio, and new settlers arrived there from Italy in the following centuries. Among the Italic settlers were the

2727:, the province became a liability and was eventually abandoned. Trajan resettled Dacia with Romans and annexed it as a province of the Roman Empire. Aside from their enormous booty (over half a million slaves, according to 2751:) was poorly developed. Therefore, use of slave labor in the province itself seems to have been relatively undeveloped, and epigraphic evidence points to work in the gold mines being conducted by means of labor contracts ( 3184:

was also proclaimed, apparently covering the territory of Adiabene. Some measures seem to have been considered regarding the fiscal administration of Indian trade – or simply about the payment of customs

2817:. As Nabataea was the last client kingdom in Asia west of the Euphrates, the annexation meant that the entire Roman East had been provincialized, completing a trend towards direct rule that had begun under the Flavians. 3435: 3393: 1601:, who was Trajan's personal friend and became an official adviser of the Emperor. Sura was highly influential, and was appointed consul for a third term in 107. Some senators may have resented Sura's activities as a 10164:

Although the Dacians had been defeated, the emperor postponed the final siege for the conquering of Sarmizegetuza because his armies needed reorganization. Trajan imposed on the Dacians very hard peace conditions:

1959:

building complex where Dio's wife and son were buried – therefore incurring a charge of treason for placing the emperor's statue near a grave. Trajan, however, dropped the charge. Nevertheless, while the office of

2590:

In a fierce campaign that seems to have consisted mostly of static warfare, the Dacians, devoid of manoeuvring room, kept to their network of fortresses, which the Romans sought systematically to storm (see also

2544:

failed. Decebalus also took prisoner Trajan's legate Longinus, who eventually poisoned himself while in custody. Finally, in 105, Decebalus undertook an invasion of Roman-occupied territory north of the Danube.

10011:

Battle of Sarmizegetusa (Sarmizegetuza), A.D. 105. During Trajan's reign one of the most important Roman successes was the victory over the Dacians. The first important confrontation between the Romans and the

2081:; this "cultural patriotism" acted as a kind of substitute for the loss of political independence, and as such was shunned by Roman authorities. As Trajan himself wrote to Pliny: "These poor Greeks all love a 1216:, who were either part of the original colonists or arrived as late as the end of the 1st century BC. Their original home, according to the description of Trajan as "Ulpius Traianus ex urbe Tudertina" in the 3417:, Trajan, together with Augustus, became in the Later Roman Empire the paragon of the most positive traits of the Imperial order. Many emperors after Trajan would, when they were sworn into office, be wished 2539:. The peace of 102 had returned Decebalus to the condition of more or less harmless client king; however, he soon began to rearm, to again harbour Roman runaways, and to pressure his Western neighbours, the 2157:, which the Roman army and its reinforcements could use regardless of weather; the Danube sometimes froze over in winter, but seldom enough to bear the passage of a party of soldiers. Trajan's works at the 553:

As an emperor, Trajan's reputation has endured – he is one of the few rulers whose reputation has survived 19 centuries. Every new emperor after him was honoured by the Senate with the wish

11753:

80, 1990, pp. 115–126), doubts the actual existence of the province; Maria G. Angeli Bertinelli ("I Romani oltre l'Eufrate nel II secolo d. C. – le provincie di Assiria, di Mesopotamia e di Osroene", In

7159:

claims that Hadrian learned of his adoption on 9 August and received the news of Trajan's death on 11 August. Dio is not reckoning to Trajan's death, but to Hadrian's accession. A travel from Selinus to

1955:... they soon turn it into a political society", Trajan wrote to Pliny) as well as in his and Pliny's fears about excessive civic generosities by local notables such as distribution of money or gifts. 10312:

However, during the years 103–105, Decebalus did not respect the peace conditions imposed by Trajan and the emperor then decided to destroy completely the Dacian kingdom and to conquer Sarmizegetuza.

1650: 7400:

Her name is inferred from the cognomen of Marcus Ulpius Traianus. According to Antonio Caballos Rufino, she was named Traia or Traiana and was the sister or daughter of an epigraphically attested

12525:

Das Imperium Romanum im "3. Jahrhundert": Modell einer historischen Krise? Zur Frage mentaler Strukturen breiterer Bevölkerungsschichten in der Zeit von Marc Aurel bis zum Ausgang des 3. Jh.n.Chr

3327:

Early in 117, Trajan grew ill and set sail for Italy. His health declined throughout the spring and summer of 117, possibly acknowledged to the public by the display of a bronze portrait-bust at

1426:. From there, after his father's replacement, he seems to have been transferred to an unspecified Rhine province, and Pliny implies that he engaged in active combat duty during both commissions. 1629:. Prior to his frontier tours, Trajan ordered his Prefect Aelianus to attend him in Germany, where he was apparently executed forthwith ("put out of the way"), and his now-vacant post taken by 10232: 12511:

Eric M. Thienes, "Remembering Trajan in Fourth-Century Rome: Memory and Identity in Spatial, Artistic, and Textual Narratives". Ph.D Thesis, University of Missouri, 2015, p. 70. Available at

1938:, seems to have been favoured by the decisions taken on behalf of his home-place by one of Trajan's legates, who had arbitrated a boundary dispute between Delphi and its neighbouring cities. 3609:

It was exactly this military character of Trajan's reign that attracted his early twentieth-century biographer, the Italian historian Roberto Paribeni, who in his 1927 two-volume biography

3048:: bust of Trajan, with laurel crown; caption: IMP. CAES. NERV. TRAIANO OPTIMO AVG. GER. DAC. PARTHICO P. M., TR. P., COS VI, P. P.; Reverse: Trajan standing between prostrate allegories of 11745:

Various authors have discussed the existence of the province and its location: André Maricq (La province d'Assyrie créée par Trajan. A propos de la guerre parthique de Trajan. In: Maricq:

3381:

that still survives at the base of Trajan's column. In some modern scholarship, his ashes were more likely interred near his column, in a mausoleum, temple or tomb built for his cult as a

3056:) and the Rivers Tigris & Euphrates; caption: ARMENIA ET MESOPOTAMIA IN POTESTATEM P. R. REDACTAE (put under the authority of the Roman People) – S. C. (Senatus Consultus, issued by 3630:

ideology of Trajan's reign, stressing the fact that it became ever more autocratic and militarized, especially after 112 and towards the Parthian War (as "only an universal monarch, a

2897:

issued by Trajan to celebrate the conquest of Parthia. Inscription: IMP. CAES. NER. TRAIAN. OPTIM. AVG. GER. DAC. PARTHICO / P. M., TR. P., COS. VI, P. P., S.P.Q.R. – PARTHIA CAPTA

679:, typical of the High Imperial period, that describe an idealized monarch and an equally idealized view of Trajan's rule, and concern themselves more with ideology than with fact. 1910:, meaning "the best", which appears on coins from 105 on. This title had mostly to do with Trajan's role as benefactor, such as in the case of his returning confiscated property. 2787:, as is shown by a papyrus found in Egypt. The furthest south the Romans occupied (or, better, garrisoned, adopting a policy of having garrisons at key points in the desert) was 1974:). Such must be the case of the Galatian notable and "leading member of the Greek community" (according to one inscription) Gaius Julius Severus, who was a descendant of several 3497:

with other historical and mythological persons noted for their justice. Also, a mural of Trajan stopping to provide justice for a poor widow is present in the first terrace of

3222:

from the rebels, probably having King Abgarus deposed and killed in the process, with Quietus probably earning the right to receive the honors of a senator of praetorian rank (

2637:, etc.). Urban life in Roman Dacia seems to have been restricted to Roman colonists, mostly military veterans; there is no extant evidence for the existence in the province of 9821:

pp. 80, 102-103, 126-129. The images of the gods were brought from their temples to be laid on dining couches with great ceremony, so that they too could watch the spectacle.

3233:

and Tiberius Julius Alexander Julianus, defeated a Parthian army in a battle where Sanatruces was killed (possibly with the assistance of Osroes' son and Sanatruces' cousin,

2939:, one can say that Trajan's Parthian War had an "economic" motive. Also, there was the propaganda value of an Eastern conquest that would emulate, in Roman fashion, those of 14208: 2860:

Modern historians advance the possibility that Trajan's decision to wage war against Parthia had economic motives: after Trajan's annexation of Arabia, he built a new road,

2117:, where a public bath was built with the proceeds from the entrance fees paid by "supernumerary" members of the council, enrolled with Trajan's permission. According to the 10328:, Bucharest. p. 106. Strobel, K., 1984. "Untersuchungen zu den Dakerkriegen Trajans. Studien zur Geschichte des mittleren und unteren Donauraumes in der Hohen Kaiserzeit", 3030:

and northwards to the foothills of the Caucasus. This newer, more "rational" frontier, depended, however, on an increased, permanent Roman presence east of the Euphrates.

2097:

status of a free city, an "independent" city-state exempt from paying taxes to Rome. Eventually, Dio gained for Prusa the right to become the head of the assize-district,

13965: 2169:

road cut into the cliff-face along the Iron Gate's gorge. A canal was built between the Danube's Kasajna tributary and Ducis Pratum, circumventing rapids and cataracts.

689:. Given the scarcity of literary sources, discussion of Trajan and his rule in modern historiography cannot avoid speculation. Non-literary sources such as archaeology, 3128:

campaigns in the same area. Having come to the narrow strip of land between the Euphrates and the Tigris, he then dragged his fleet overland into the Tigris, capturing

3124: – where a triumphal arch was erected in his honour – through Ozogardana, where he erected a "tribunal" still to be seen at the time of 3350:

during the Dacian Wars, he had been relieved from front-line duties at the decisive stage of the Second Dacian War, being sent to govern the newly created province of

14204: 13919: 12212: 10170:

that appears on his coinage of this period. At the beginning of the year 103 A.D., there were minted coins with the inscription: IMP NERVA TRAIANVS AVG GER DACICVS.

3748: 1867:

into imperial ones in order to deal with the inordinate spending on public works by local magnates and the general mismanagement of provincial affairs by various

3335:, where he suddenly died, shortly before 11 August. Trajan in person could have lawfully nominated Hadrian as his successor, but Dio claims that Trajan's wife, 14239: 11273: 8681:

The Statesman in Plutarch's Works: Proceedings of the Sixth International Congerence of the International Plutarch Society Nijmegen/Castle Hernen, 1–5 May 2002

2977: 2692:

was absorbed into the Roman province, which eventually took the form of an "excrescence" with ill-defined limits, stretching from the Danube northwards to the

11758:, Bd. 9.1, Berlin 1976, pp. 3/45) puts Assyria between Mesopotamia and Adiabene; Lepper (1948, p. 146) considers Assyria and Adiabene to be the same province. 2759:

in Moesia, as well of the much later (113) Trajan's Column in Rome, the latter depicting in stone carved bas-reliefs the Dacian Wars' most important moments.

1917:, composed early during Trajan's reign. Dio, as a Greek notable and intellectual with friends in high places, and possibly an official friend to the emperor ( 7027: 7549:"... The Greek historian Cassius Dio made the baseless assertion that Trajan was an Iberian...'", Colonial elites: Rome and Spain, Ronald Syme, 1970, p. 22. 2831: 2441:). Registered landowners received a lump sum from the imperial treasury, and in return were expected to repay an annual sum to support the alimentary fund. 8824:

E. Guerber, "Les correctores dans la partie hellénophone de l'empire Romain du règne de Trajan à l'avènement de Dioclétien : étude prosopographique"

4924: 2775:, but the manner and the formal reasons for the annexation are unclear. Some epigraphic evidence suggests a military operation, with forces from Syria and 1825: 1449:

for the year 91. This early appointment may reflect the prominence of his father's career, as his father had been instrumental to the ascent of the ruling

19119: 12996:

Pius, A., Italica, H., Sabina, V., Aelius, L., Hadrianus, P. A., Augustus, C. P. A. T. H., ... & Paulina, D. Roman imperial dynasties. Nerva, 96, 98.

11749:, Paris 1965, pp. 103/111) identifies Assyria with Southern Mesopotamia; Chris S. Lightfood ("Trajan's Parthian War and the Fourth-Century Perspective", 478:, Nerva decided to adopt as his heir and successor the more popular Trajan, who had distinguished himself in military campaigns against Germanic tribes. 11510:, p. 146. According to Cassius Dio, the deal between Trajan and Abgaros was sealed by the king's son offering himself as Trajan's paramour—Bennett, 199. 2204:

and libraries. It was started in AD 107, dedicated on 1 January 112, and remained in use for at least 500 years. It still drew admiration when Emperor

2121:, Trajan decreed that when a city magistrate promised to achieve a particular public building, his heirs inherited responsibility for its completion. 1345:(ca. 64–65). The lack of a strong local power base, caused by the size of the town from which they came, made it necessary for the Ulpii (and for the 9119:

An Introduction to Greek Epigraphy of the Hellenistic and Roman Periods from Alexander the Great Down to the Reign of Constantine (323 B.C.–A.D. 337)

2390:

During the period of peace that followed the Dacian war, Trajan exchanged letters with Pliny the Younger on how best to deal with the Christians of

1609:, among them the historian Tacitus, who acknowledged Sura's military and oratorical talents, but compared his rapacity and devious ways to those of 12259: 5162: 3201:

Trajan left the Persian Gulf for Babylon – where he intended to offer sacrifice to Alexander in the house where he had died in 323

10546:

Meléndez, Javier Bermejo, Santiago Robles Esparcia, and Juan M. Campos Carrasco. "Trajano fundador. El último impulso colonizador del imperio."

19268: 6759: 19273: 3362:

in 111/112. He probably did not take part in the Parthian War. Literary sources relate that Trajan had considered others, such as the jurist

2964:

witnessed engagement with the Parthians; so any strategic vision was grounded in a tactical awareness of what was needed to tackle Parthia.

8813: 3741: 11654:

T. Olajos, "Le monument du triomphe de Trajan en Parthie. Quelques renseignements inobservés (Jean d'Ephèse, Anthologie Grecque XVI 72)".

12587:"Emperor Trajan - unknown - Masterpieces in the Collection of Greek and Roman Antiquities. A Brief Guide to the Kunsthistorisches Museum" 5505: 2507:

In May of 101, Trajan launched his first campaign into the Dacian kingdom, crossing to the northern bank of the Danube and defeating the

1523:

who had sided with Saturninus, before returning the VII Gemina legion to Legio in Hispania Tarraconensis. In 91 he held a consulate with

12615:

Gschwantler, Kurt; Laubenberger, Manuela; Plattner, Georg; Zhuber-Okrog, Karoline; Bernhard-Walcher, Alfred (2012). Haag, Sabine (ed.).

11152: 3598:

expressed doubts about the militarized character of Trajan's reign in contrast to the "moderate" practices of his immediate successors.

3026:). It is possible that Quietus' campaign had as its goal the extending of the newer, more defensible Roman border eastwards towards the 3006: – an outstanding cavalry general who had signalled himself during the Dacian Wars by commanding a unit from his native 7697: 7688: 1527:, a rarity in that neither consul was a member of the ruling dynasty. He held an unspecified consular commission as governor of either 1488:

also made a sardonic reference to his predecessor's sexual preference, stating that Zeus himself would have had to be on guard had his

1913:

Pliny states that Trajan's ideal role was a conservative one, argued as well by the orations of Dio Chrysostom—in particular his four

19228: 19134: 19129: 4058: 2129: 1365:, Trajan's wife. Many of these alliances were made not in Spain, but in Rome. The family home in Rome, the Domus Traiana, was on the 1271: 1152: 781: 431: 261: 38: 13814: 8999:

Aufstieg und Niedergang der Römischen Welt: Geschichte und Kultur Roms im Spiegel der Neueren Forschung. Principat, Part 2, Volume 2

8159:

Fritz Heichelheim, Cedric Veo, Allen Ward,(1984), The History of the Roman People, pp. 353, 354 Prentice-Hall, New Jersey.

14276: 13974: 6356: 3602:

adopted a divided stance towards Trajan, at some point of his posthumously published lectures even speaking about his "vainglory" (

2852:

assign them a proper context, something that has led to a long-running controversy about its precise happenings and ultimate aims.

2731:), Trajan's Dacian campaigns benefited the Empire's finances through the acquisition of Dacia's gold mines, managed by an imperial 1818: 10615:

Archaeology in Confrontation: Aspects of Roman Military Presence in the Northwest : Studies in Honour of Prof. Em. Hugo Thoen

9653:

Fritz Heichelheim, Cedric Veo, Allen Ward,(1984) History of the Roman People, p. 382, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey.

7641:, as did the HA for Hadrian (H 1.1)...Umbrian Tuder as the original home of the Ulpii and the Traii surely derives from Maximus's 1764: 1349:, the other important senatorial family of Italica with whom they were allied) to weave local alliances, in the Baetica (with the 19258: 19109: 19104: 14801: 13108:

Un parti hispanique à Rome?: ascension des élites hispaniques et pouvoir politique d'Auguste à Hadrien, 27 av. J.-C.-138 ap. J.-C

11283:"Լատիներեն արձանագրություններ Արտաշատ մայրաքաղաքից [Inscriptions in Latin from the Ancient Armenian Capital of Artashat]" 10800:

R. P. Longden, "Notes on the Parthian Campaigns of Trajan". The Journal of Roman Studies, Vol. 21 (1931), pp. 1–35. Available at

9907: 3734: 13970: 7709:

Chase, George Davis (1897). "The Origin of Roman Praenomina", in Harvard Studies in Classical Philology, vol. VIII, pp. 103–184.

19263: 19114: 10801: 2947:

might have attended to the commemorative ceremonies for the Dacian War may have kindled in some Greco-Roman intellectuals like

1236:

placing both the Ulpii and the Traii in Umbria generally and Tuder specifically, and by linguistic studies of the family names

6746: 2755:) and seasonal wage-earning. The victory was commemorated by the construction both of the 102 cenotaph generally known as the 580:, speaking on the advantages of adoptive succession over heredity, mentioned the five successive good emperors "from Nerva to 19094: 15595: 15463: 14099: 13756: 13737: 13718: 13699: 13680: 13661: 13642: 13623: 13601: 13582: 13563: 13544: 13525: 13506: 13477: 13458: 13389: 13342: 13323: 13304: 13261: 13239: 13220: 13205: 13184: 13162: 13115: 13096: 13070: 13038: 13019: 12883: 12794: 12630: 12269: 12132: 12072: 12025: 11875: 11845: 11712: 11184: 11135: 11025: 10975: 10950: 10484: 10450: 9873: 9814: 9766: 9739: 9711: 9690: 9513: 9450: 9404: 9321: 9181: 8924: 8882: 8647: 8605: 8572: 8491: 8470: 8408: 8339: 8318: 8147: 8110: 8032: 7943: 7259: 7222: 7012: 6902: 3315:. As all four consulars were senators of the highest standing and as such generally regarded as able to take imperial power ( 365:. He was a philanthropic ruler and a successful soldier-emperor who presided over one of the greatest military expansions in 15628:

Italics indicates a junior co-emperor, underlining indicates an emperor variously regarded as either legitimate or a usurper

7647:

Sprache und Literatur. Einzelne Autoren seit der hadrianischen Zeit und Allgemeines zur Literatur des 2. und 3. Jahrhunderts

6642:

Except where otherwise noted, the notes below indicate that an individual's parentage is as shown in the above family tree.

3226:). The second army, however, under Appius Maximus Santra (probably a governor of Macedonia) was defeated and Santra killed. 2369:

At some time during 108 or 109, Trajan held 123 days of games to celebrate his Dacian victory. They involved "fully 10,000"

19278: 19124: 19099: 14808: 9301: 8941: 7580:, Alicia M. Canto, Sevilla, 2003. The reasons for the rejection of Canto's theory are listed by Antonio Caballos Rufino in 7164:

would take at least two days, so Trajan probably died around 9 August. This appears to be corroborated by the 10th-century

6158: 1593:, and Hadrian thus became privy to the circle of friends and relations with whom Trajan surrounded himself. Among them was 529:

as Roman provinces. In August AD 117, while sailing back to Rome, Trajan fell ill and died of a stroke in the city of

13316:

Monetary Circulation in Dacia and the Provinces from the Middle and Lower Danube from Trajan to Constantine I (AD 106–337)

9588:

Exploratio: Military & Political Intelligence in the Roman World from the Second Punic War to the Battle of Adrianople

8829: 8425: 7883: 19213: 19208: 19089: 16869: 16657: 15431: 14103: 14005: 12493:, in: "Hadrian's Succession and the Monuments of Trajan", edited by Thorsten Opper, The British Museum, 2016, pp. 5 - 19. 9945: 9359: 3140:, when, after escaping with his fleet a tidal bore on the Tigris, he received the submission of Athambelus, the ruler of 1986: 1811: 1769: 12245: 9248: 3093:

After wintering in Antioch during 115/116 – and, according to literary sources, barely escaping from a

2843:'s decision to put an unacceptable king on the throne of Armenia, a kingdom over which the two great empires had shared 1963:

was intended as a tool to curb any hint of independent political activity among local notables in the Greek cities, the

19078: 17839: 17555: 16423: 15683: 15657: 14054: 13957: 11221: 10393: 10191: 9638: 9530: 8195: 7977: 7779: 1942:

according to their status as notionally free but not put on an equal footing with their Roman rulers. When the city of

1524: 1255:

or not at their arrival in Spain. They would have certainly possessed Roman citizenship in case they arrived after the

11784:

History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The development of sedentary and nomadic civilizations, 700 B.C. to A.D. 250

7534:... strictly speaking, Trajan was an Hispaniensis, an Italian domiciled or born in Spain, as opposed to an Hispanus... 14231: 13774: 13407: 13360: 13286: 12532: 12374: 12293: 12093: 11954: 11812: 11791: 11733: 11597: 11564: 11507: 11456: 11406: 11385: 11352: 11331: 11310: 11245: 10917: 10896: 10854: 10788: 10700: 10655: 10622: 10505: 10429: 9979: 9894: 9852: 9572: 9538: 9425: 9379: 9280: 9206: 9143: 9105: 9084: 9027: 9006: 8961: 8903: 8849: 8792: 8746: 8721: 8688: 8663: 8626: 8551: 8530: 8282: 8085: 7341: 6990: 6971: 5311: 4244: 3455:

who occasionally wore sideburns, were depicted clean-shaven, according to the fashion introduced among the Romans by

2092:

was charged with a commission "to deal with the situation of the free cities", as it was felt that the old method of

330: 12585:

Gschwantler, Kurt; Bernhard-Walcher, Alfred; Laubenberger, Manuela; Plattner, Georg; Zhuber-Okrog, Karoline (2011).

12448:

The Inscriptions on the Bronze Herakles from Mesene: Vologeses IV's War with Rome and the Date of Tacitus' "Annales"

10336:, Verlag Friedrich Pustet. Regensburg. pp. 254–255, 265, 299, 364. Urloiu, R-L., AGAIN ON LEGIO II TRAIANA FORTIS,. 7168:, who claims that Trajan lived "sixty-eight years, ten months, and twenty-two days", which also gives 9 August. The 19253: 19144: 14186: 9704:

A Question of Identity: Social, Political, and Historical Aspects of Identity Dynamics in Jewish and Other Contexts

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is credited with calling him a "plant upon every wall" for the many buildings bearing inscriptions with his name.

2997:(who was afterwards murdered while kept in the custody of Roman troops in an unclear incident, later described by 19303: 19248: 19238: 19223: 18331: 15397: 15380: 15207: 15195: 6087: 5574: 3626:

During the 1980s, the Romanian historian Eugen Cizek took a more nuanced view as he described the changes in the

2927: 2395: 2354:

Trajan invested heavily in the provision of popular amusements. He carried out a "massive reconstruction" of the

2292:. In Egypt, Trajan was "quite active" in constructing and embellishing buildings. He is portrayed, together with 2922: 18381: 18108: 17964: 15368: 15160: 15122: 15082: 15049: 7693: 7684: 7609: 7517: 4092: 3662:) is regarded as one of the founders of the Romanian nation and a historical figure of great importance to the 3619: 3049: 1620:

As governor of Upper Germany (Germania Superior) during Nerva's reign, Trajan received the impressive title of

11590:

H.-G. Pflaum, un historien du XXe siècle: actes du colloque international, Paris les 21, 22 et 23 octobre 2004

3311:, who had dealt with the rebel leader from Cyrene, Loukuas, retained Hadrian's trust, eventually becoming his 2196:

entrance, a forum space approximately 120 m long and 90m wide, surrounded by peristyles: a monumentally sized

19288: 18677: 18467: 18399: 18264: 18131: 18041: 17854: 15972: 15583: 15409: 15236: 15202: 15166: 15055: 12192: 7718:

The Imperial Families of Ancient Rome. (2019). Maxwell Craven, Fonthill Media. Table XVIII, p. 156.

7022: 5498: 4709: 4285: 3041: 2826: 1982: 1477: 1430: 510: 12843: 7196: 3551: 19243: 18249: 18186: 17469: 15224: 14269: 8077: 7333: 6137: 3074: 2475:, an area that had troubled Roman politics for over a decade in regard to the unstable peace negotiated by 2382: 2211:

Trajan was also a prolific builder of triumphal arches, many of which survive. He built roads, such as the

1373:

found remains thought to be of the family's large suburban villa, with evidence of highly decorated rooms.

619: 541:(Trajan's cousin). According to historical tradition, Trajan's ashes were entombed in a small room beneath 522: 13794: 10779:

Brian Campbell, "War and Diplomacy: Rome & Parthia 31 BC – AD 235". IN John Rich, Graham Shipley, eds.

18610: 17719: 17631: 17116: 16893: 16884: 15305: 14984: 14450: 6893: 5263: 4099: 3414: 3104:

As far as the sources allow a description of this campaign, it seems that one Roman division crossed the

3090:

seems to have been considered as the new frontier, and as such received a road surrounded by fortresses.

2724: 2626: 2619: 1438: 12854:

Jens Gering, Rezension zu: Karl Strobel, Kaiser Traian – Eine Epoche der Weltgeschichte,

12586: 12105:

Histoire des Juifs, Troisième période, I – Chapitre III – Soulèvement des Judéens sous Trajan et Adrien.

1885:

Statue of Trajan, posing in military garb, in front of the Amphitheatre of Colonia Ulpia Traiana in the

19233: 18439: 17772: 17509: 17336: 17268: 15850: 15615: 15571: 15549: 15500: 15387: 15178: 14947: 14289: 14126: 13934: 13924: 13858: 8738: 8024: 7310:

W. Williams, Pliny the Younger, Correspondence with Trajan from Bithynia, Epistles X, Warminster, 1990.

7153:

Dio states that Trajan ruled "nineteen years, six months and fifteen days", which gives 11 August. The

6130: 3878: 3057: 2520: 2358:, which was already the empire's biggest and best appointed circuit for the immensely popular sport of 2149:

Trajan was a prolific builder. Many of his buildings were designed and erected by the gifted architect

2082: 1661: 1303: 950: 362: 248: 7578:

Las raíces béticas de Trajano: los 'Traii' de la Itálica turdetana, y otras novedades sobre su familia

3180:

According to late literary sources (not backed by numismatic or inscriptional evidence) a province of

1503:

The details of Trajan's early military career are obscure, save for the fact that in 89, as legate of

18960: 16731: 15522: 15490: 15315: 14495: 14254: 12166: 11269: 10020:

Cornelius Fuscus led five or six legions across the Danube on a bridge of ships and advanced towards

8123: 5797: 4050: 3249:

in his rear, continued to hold out against repeated Roman assaults. He was personally present at the

3234: 2630: 2600: 2580: 1797: 1633:. Trajan's accession, therefore, could qualify more as a successful coup than an orderly succession. 1291: 1256: 1003: 280: 12681: 9731:

Sage and Emperor: Plutarch, Greek Intellectuals, and Roman Power in the Time of Trajan (98–117 A.D.)

8710:

Sage and Emperor: Plutarch, Greek Intellectuals, and Roman Power in the Time of Trajan (98–117 A.D.)

6896:) gives the story that Faustina the Elder promised to marry Avidius Cassius. This is also echoed in 2284:'s Roman fortress (also known as "Babylon Fort") to Trajan, and the building of a canal between the 16805: 16576: 16438: 15532: 15485: 15032: 14679: 13984: 13129: 13062: 11287: 9560: 7601: 7509: 5881: 4278: 3331:, showing an aged and emaciated man, though the identification with Trajan is disputed. He reached 3304: 3206: 2994: 2877:

traded with the Roman Empire, there can be no doubt, as its actual connections with merchants from

2208:

visited Rome in the fourth century. It accommodated Trajan's Market, and an adjacent brick market.

1454: 1442: 526: 158: 13928: 12512: 6809:

It is uncertain whether Rupilia Faustina was Frugi's daughter by Salonia Matidia or another woman.

1617:. Sura is said to have informed Hadrian in 108 that he had been chosen as Trajan's imperial heir. 1500:

on account of the latter's beautiful son, Arbandes, who would then dance for Trajan at a banquet.

19298: 19218: 18645: 18560: 18537: 16854: 16716: 16653: 16442: 16242: 16058: 15340: 15320: 15094: 14974: 14262: 14178: 14134: 14037: 11282: 8713: 8139: 7569:

One author has argued that the Traii ancestors of Trajan were his paternal family and indigenous

6336: 4949: 3671: 3363: 3160: 3098: 2998: 2564: 2455: 2434: 2189: 2150: 2114: 2077:

separate cultural identity – something expressed in the contemporary rise of the

1860: 1458: 1404:, serving in some of the most contested parts of the empire's frontier. In 76–77, his father was 636: 600: 42: 17: 9789: 2433:

grams. This devaluation, along with the massive amounts of gold and silver acquired through his

2250: 2049:

as Trajan's close friend, and Trajan as supposedly engaging publicly in conversations with Dio.

19283: 19149: 19139: 18687: 18666: 18585: 17499: 17359: 16969: 16603: 16563: 16357: 16299: 16183: 15987: 15650: 15610: 15589: 15495: 14285: 14155: 14058: 9564: 9553: 6370: 5325: 3710: 3584: 3423:("May you be more fortunate than Augustus and better than Trajan"). The fourth-century emperor 3129: 3094: 2776: 2516: 2301: 2273: 2013: 1508: 1409: 1370: 1287: 449: 290: 12228: 9756: 8272: 577: 19159: 18635: 18600: 18580: 18570: 18532: 17132: 17036: 16390: 15544: 15539: 15515: 15510: 15426: 15263: 15251: 15022: 14647: 14151: 12560: 12544: 12219: 12208: 9729: 9396: 9098:

Being Greek Under Rome: Cultural Identity, the Second Sophistic and the Development of Empire

7388: 4520: 3424: 3402: 3328: 3230: 2060: 1492:

come within Trajan's vicinity. This distaste reflected a change of mores that began with the

1217: 10068: 1445:

became co-guardians of the two children. Trajan, in his late thirties, was created ordinary

19154: 18660: 18615: 17988: 17616: 17551: 17404: 17399: 17106: 17101: 16954: 16380: 16168: 16047: 15527: 15475: 15335: 15310: 15275: 15190: 15104: 14954: 14785: 13491:

Les vies de 12 femmes d'empereur romain – Devoirs, Intrigues & Voluptés

12572: 9443:

Epigraphical Approaches to the Post-Classical Polis: Fourth Century BC to Second Century AD

6618: 6329: 5825: 5559: 3591: 3572: 2972: 2685: 2677: 2567: – which, however, may have been posted in the East, at the Syrian port of 2259: 2005: 1594: 1589:

brought word to Trajan of his adoption. Trajan retained Hadrian on the Rhine frontier as a

1489: 1311: 1038: 13232:

Between Rome and Persia: The Middle Euphrates, Mesopotamia and Palmyra Under Roman Control

11147:

Olivier Hekster, "Propagating power: Hercules as an example for second-century emperors".

7576:

rather than Italic settlers, but this view departs from the prevailing view in academia.

6610:

dashed lines indicate adoption; dotted lines indicate love affairs/unmarried relationships

1519:. Trajan probably remained in the region after the revolt was quashed, to engage with the 8: 19203: 18650: 18625: 18590: 18527: 17902: 17877: 17081: 17076: 16500: 15931: 15458: 15443: 15421: 15356: 15345: 15300: 15246: 14736: 14674: 14637: 14082: 12158: 10024:(in Romania). The Romans were surprised by a Dacian attack at Tapae (near the village of 9783: 9527:

Rome, the Greek World, and the East: Government, society, and culture in the Roman Empire

9372:

Rome, the Greek World, and the East: Government, society, and culture in the Roman Empire

8806:

Les "Conseils politiques" de Plutarque. Une lettre ouverte aux Grecs à l'époque de Trajan

6622: 6594: lighter purple indicates designated imperial heir of said dynasty who never reigned 5874: 4501: 3576: 3494: 3145: 3125: 2940: 2771:, one of Rome's client kings, died. This event might have prompted the annexation of the 2596: 2528: 2098: 1512: 534: 459: 434:, was a general and distinguished senator. Trajan rose to prominence during the reign of 403: 12859: 12159:"The Trajanic Tondo from Roman Ankara: In Search of the Identity of a Roman Masterpiece" 11085:

Michael Alexander Speidel: "Bellicosissimus Princeps". In: Annette Nünnerich-Asmus ed.,

10296: 10148: 10104: 9995: 3459:(236 – 183 BC). This Imperial fashion was changed by Trajan's successor 3439:

The head of this statue was reworked with a beard in the 3rd century for the theater of

3112:, sweeping south and capturing Adenystrae; a second followed the river south, capturing 19198: 18940: 18927: 18504: 17514: 17086: 17061: 16128: 15903: 15505: 15448: 15392: 15374: 15363: 15325: 15295: 15173: 14891: 14795: 14545: 14514: 14507: 12200: 11128:

Rome and the Distant East: Trade Routes to the Ancient Lands of Arabia, India and China

10017: 8482:

Carlos F. Noreña, "The Ethics of Autocracy in the Roman World". IN Ryan K. Balot, ed.,

7895: 7823: 7815: 7484: 7476: 7237: 7169: 5529: 5521: 3675: 3667: 3340: 3312: 3176:

Buddhist Monastery, Afghanistan. Caption: IMP. CAES. NER. TRAIANO OPTIMO AVG. GER. DAC.

2960: 2732: 2638: 2464: 2201: 2154: 2134: 2118: 1560: 628: 593: 585: 542: 358: 175: 12959: 9911: 7391:

names Trajan's grandfather simply as Ulpius, without giving his praenomen or cognomen.

7353:

Noreña, Carlos F. (2007). "The Social Economy of Pliny's Correspondence with Trajan".

2747:

model, based on the centralized management of a huge landed estate by a single owner (

2180:, and was largely financed from that campaign's loot. To accommodate it, parts of the 2101:(meaning that Prusans did not have to travel to be judged by the Roman governor), but 18995: 18974: 18868: 18835: 18547: 17882: 17504: 17384: 17006: 16934: 16592: 16395: 16385: 16317: 15643: 15470: 15416: 15257: 15155: 15130: 14979: 14841: 14577: 14562: 14440: 14408: 13777: 13770: 13752: 13733: 13714: 13695: 13676: 13657: 13638: 13619: 13597: 13578: 13559: 13540: 13521: 13502: 13473: 13454: 13435: 13410: 13403: 13385: 13363: 13356: 13338: 13319: 13300: 13282: 13257: 13235: 13216: 13201: 13180: 13158: 13141: 13111: 13092: 13085: 13066: 13049: 13034: 13015: 12934: 12879: 12790: 12636: 12626: 12528: 12370: 12289: 12265: 12128: 12089: 12068: 12021: 11950: 11871: 11841: 11808: 11787: 11729: 11708: 11593: 11560: 11503: 11452: 11402: 11381: 11348: 11327: 11306: 11241: 11217: 11180: 11131: 11021: 10971: 10946: 10913: 10892: 10850: 10784: 10696: 10651: 10618: 10501: 10480: 10446: 10425: 10389: 10187: 9975: 9890: 9869: 9848: 9810: 9762: 9735: 9707: 9686: 9634: 9568: 9534: 9509: 9446: 9421: 9400: 9375: 9317: 9276: 9202: 9177: 9139: 9101: 9080: 9075:

Giovanni Salmeri, "Dio, Rome, and the Civic Life of Asia Minor" IN Simon Swain, ed.,

9023: 9002: 8957: 8920: 8899: 8878: 8845: 8788: 8742: 8717: 8684: 8659: 8643: 8622: 8601: 8568: 8547: 8526: 8487: 8466: 8404: 8335: 8314: 8278: 8191: 8143: 8106: 8081: 8028: 7973: 7939: 7827: 7775: 7605: 7513: 7488: 7337: 7255: 7218: 7109: 7008: 6986: 6967: 6948:"De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and Their Families" 3655: 3351: 3332: 2981: 2772: 2716: 2699: 2592: 2572: 2088:... they will have to content with one that suits their real needs". The first known 1881: 1614: 1598: 1573: 1532: 1516: 1358: 1279: 664: 530: 502: 486: 179: 37:"Marcus Ulpius Trajanus" and "Traianus" redirect here. For the emperor's father, see 31: 12876:

Histoire Générale de L'Empire Romain, 1: Le Haut Empire (27 av. J.C.- 161 apr. J.C.)

8544:

Municipal Virtues in the Roman Empire: The Evidence of Italian Honorary Inscriptions

3413:

received from the Senate the name Trajan as a decoration. After the setbacks of the

3267: 2188:

had to be removed, the latter enlarging a clear area first established by Domitian.

1606: 19174: 19001: 18829: 18595: 18349: 17932: 17229: 17125: 17066: 16490: 16470: 15600: 15577: 15480: 15453: 15438: 15404: 15330: 15290: 15280: 15005: 14932: 14902: 14765: 14720: 14715: 14587: 12240: 11278: 9273:

Politische Geschichte: Provinzen und Randvoelker – Griescher Balkanraum: Kleinasien

8785:

Hellenism and Empire: Language, Classicism, and Power in the Greek World, AD 50–250

7807: 7468: 7208: 7155: 7054: 6898: 6363: 4702: 4292: 3456: 3372: 3347: 3190: 3015: 2861: 2801: 2788: 2756: 2736: 2704: 2651:) developed around military encampments in Dacia proper – the most important being 2568: 2228: 2078: 1630: 1590: 1581: 1504: 1485: 1196: 1164: 1143: 475: 463: 441: 411: 304: 154: 131: 13829: 4901: 1330:(the home of the Flavian dynasty) and believed to be the home of Marcia's family. 19193: 18946: 18916: 18875: 18811: 18555: 18485: 18355: 17694: 17349: 17071: 16465: 16103: 16071: 15910: 15241: 15231: 15140: 14927: 14835: 14823: 14817: 14669: 14490: 14460: 14403: 14383: 13513: 13172: 12727:

Ed. Jonathan Dewald. Vol. 4. New York, NY:Charles Scribner's Sons, 2004. p 94-96.

10029: 9804: 9223: 8169: 7595: 7503: 7212: 5888: 5833: 5805: 4512: 4270: 4043: 3701: 3599: 3355: 3336: 3284: 3262: 3194: 2915: 2873: 2840: 2799:(modern southern Jordan and northwest Saudi Arabia). At this time, a Roman road ( 2768: 2608: 2604: 2484: 2425:

from 93.5% to 89.0% – the actual silver weight dropping from 3.04

2391: 2339: 2324: 2181: 1990: 1790: 1732: 1493: 1466: 1450: 1362: 1338: 676: 581: 514: 427: 190: 66: 16652: 13451:

The Grand Strategy of the Roman Empire: From the First Century A.D. to the Third

10063:

Marcel Emerit. "Les derniers travaux des historiens roumains sur la Dacie". In:

8420:

M.S. Gsell, "Étude sur le rôle politique du Sénat Romain à l'époque de Trajan",

2779:. What is known is that by 107, Roman legions were stationed in the area around 2028: 1484:

activity that was common among upper-class Roman men of the period. The emperor

1333:

The line of the Ulpii continued long after Trajan's death. His elder sister was

19293: 19042: 18840: 18801: 18519: 18475: 18344: 17428: 17354: 17184: 17056: 17016: 16764: 16616: 16581: 16571: 16505: 16460: 16342: 16337: 15917: 15896: 15862: 15135: 15099: 15044: 14937: 14860: 14758: 14752: 14684: 14664: 14418: 14378: 13749:

Rome's Eastern Trade: International Commerce and Imperial Policy 31 BC – AD 305

13611: 13446: 13421: 13080: 12584: 11805:

Security and Territoriality in the Persian Gulf: A Maritime Political Geography

11495: 11115: 9864:

Z. Yavetz, "The Urban Plebs in the Days of the Flavians, Nerva and Trajan". IN

7068: 7000: 5538: 4491: 4236: 3480: 3444: 3377: 3272: 3253:, and it is possible that he suffered a heat stroke while in the blazing heat. 3141: 3033: 3003: 2810: 2796: 2508: 2418: 2359: 2355: 2244: 2205: 2193: 1970: 1712: 1405: 1394: 1390: 1334: 1323: 1252: 672: 663:, is the main source for the political history of Trajan's rule. Besides this, 569: 407: 13145: 12465: 9949: 7624:

Hadrian: the Restless Emperor, London: Routledge p.12, (1997), Anthony Birley.

7558: 19187: 18721: 18620: 18452: 18422: 18098: 17953: 17810: 17679: 17519: 17494: 17444: 17051: 17046: 17041: 17031: 16838: 16769: 16759: 16621: 16375: 16123: 16066: 16019: 15856: 15815: 15605: 15565: 15109: 14917: 14725: 13894: 13355:, The Roman Army in the East, Revised Edition, Oxford University Press, 1990 12640: 10297:"Battle of Sarmizegetusa (Sarmizegetuza), A.D. 105: De Imperatoribus Romanis" 10149:"Battle of Sarmizegetusa (Sarmizegetuza), A.D. 105: De Imperatoribus Romanis" 8173: 8069: 7165: 6585: 5867: 4740: 3871: 3696: 3595: 3556: 3485: 3308: 3181: 3165: 2944: 2656: 2595:). The Romans gradually tightened their grip around Decebalus' stronghold in 2185: 2173: 2009: 1943: 1559:, was unpopular with the army, and had been forced by his Praetorian Prefect 1366: 614: 589: 518: 474:, who proved to be unpopular with the army. After a revolt by members of the 366: 354: 81: 13804: 12654: 11112:"Imitation Greeks": Being Syrian in the Greco-Roman World (175 BCE – 275 CE) 11018:

The Grain Market in the Roman Empire: A Social, Political and Economic Study

6712: 3229:

Later in 116, Trajan, with the assistance of Quietus and two other legates,

2614: 675:'s orations are the best surviving contemporary sources. Both are adulatory 18806: 18640: 18630: 18605: 18457: 18407: 18366: 18092: 18004: 17892: 17805: 17785: 17704: 17669: 17664: 17550: 17489: 17199: 17021: 17011: 16974: 16929: 16843: 16833: 16823: 16739: 16455: 16332: 16141: 16082: 15942: 15889: 15794: 15350: 15145: 15077: 15072: 15062: 14885: 14747: 14388: 14222: 14169: 14117: 14065: 14019: 13948: 13249: 13053:. December 2001. Volume 3, No. 3: 12, 14, 16, 20 (Trajan, Emperor of Rome). 12614: 7442: 7114: 7096: 7082: 6528: 5848: 4772: 3346:

Hadrian held an ambiguous position during Trajan's reign. After commanding

3276: 3213:

who had retained a cavalry force, possibly strengthened by the addition of

3137: 3121: 3011: 2681: 2668: 2343: 2328: 2046: 1722: 1446: 1354: 1307: 1245: 1063: 685: 623:, is lost with the exception of one sentence. Only fragments remain of the 490: 380: 370: 13781: 12616: 12018:

The Cambridge History of Judaism: Volume 4, The Late Roman–Rabbinic Period

3070: 2930:", white marble statue at Naples Archeological Museum, late 1st century AD 2890: 18910: 18855: 18706: 18655: 18575: 18447: 18339: 18321: 18279: 18190: 18081: 18076: 18071: 18025: 18009: 17982: 17947: 17937: 17872: 17825: 17815: 17800: 17790: 17737: 17699: 17674: 17654: 17644: 17410: 17394: 17369: 17364: 17164: 17091: 17001: 16984: 16939: 16914: 16848: 16828: 16813: 16795: 16525: 16520: 16327: 16154: 16134: 15948: 15882: 15873: 15757: 15214: 15089: 15039: 14964: 14538: 14485: 14428: 13414: 13367: 12908: 12622: 12184: 10443:

The Art of Forgetting: Disgrace & Oblivion in Roman Political Culture

10279: 10277: 7192: 6538: 3679: 3476: 3027: 2744: 2693: 2212: 2033: 1997: 1975: 1386: 1315: 1295: 1229: 1094: 694: 648: 610: 573: 565: 506: 227: 13439: 7134: 3319:), Hadrian seems to have decided to forestall these prospective rivals. 2264: 1951:

from having a corps of firemen ("If people assemble for a common purpose

19027: 18981: 18934: 18889: 18861: 18682: 18565: 18490: 18417: 18306: 18121: 18059: 18054: 18049: 18031: 18019: 17999: 17972: 17942: 17922: 17867: 17820: 17795: 17727: 17689: 17659: 17649: 17389: 17189: 17179: 16949: 16944: 16909: 16818: 16790: 16611: 16515: 16510: 16495: 16480: 16288: 16282: 16196: 15924: 15742: 15679: 15270: 15185: 15150: 15115: 15027: 14942: 14702: 14695: 14642: 14622: 14567: 14532: 14525: 14470: 14435: 14298: 13297:

From Tiberius to the Antonines: A History of the Roman Empire AD 14-192

11399:

With Arrow, Sword, and Spear: A History of Warfare in the Ancient World

11157: 8894:

Pergamum inscription (Smallwood NH 214), reproduced in Brian Campbell,

3635: 3037: 3007: 2910: 2728: 2720: 2708: 2652: 2547: 2501: 2493: 2460: 2386:

In red, Christian communities in the Roman Empire under Emperor Trajan.

2285: 2224: 2176:

was Rome's largest forum. It was built to commemorate his victories in

2158: 2037: 1930:

property that Domitian had confiscated. He also had good dealings with

1543: 1401: 1346: 1267: 1263: 1213: 1209: 1184: 838: 728: 470:. In September 96, Domitian was succeeded by the elderly and childless 417: 389: 72: 14284: 13198:

L'époque de Trajan: circonstances politiques et problèmes idéologiques

12836:

L'époque de Trajan. Circonstances politiques et problèmes idéologiques

11114:. Doctoral Thesis, University of Michigan, 2009, p. 192. Available at 10910:

Arab Seafaring in the Indian Ocean in Ancient and Early Medieval Times

10274: 9393:

Eager to be Roman: Greek Response to Roman Rule in Pontus and Bithynia

7819: 7480: 18967: 18882: 18845: 18771: 18765: 18692: 18672: 18389: 18371: 18316: 18296: 18159: 17994: 17977: 17927: 17780: 17747: 17742: 17684: 17483: 17304: 17257: 17209: 17169: 17146: 16919: 16785: 16754: 16408: 16322: 16148: 16029: 15766: 15017: 14969: 14879: 14866: 14653: 14582: 14555: 14550: 14519: 14465: 14413: 14348: 14343: 14074: 13402:, Revised Edition, Council for British Research in the Levant, 2004. 12125:

Political Autobiographies and Memoirs in Antiquity: A Brill Companion

11659: 11265: 11258: 10166: 10037: 9624: 9622: 8565:

Policing the Roman Empire: Soldiers, Administration, and Public Order

7573: 3682:

is therefore seen in the country as the ethnogenesis of the Romanian

3663: 3498: 3288: 3173: 3133: 3117: 3082: 2672: 2552: 2532: 2480: 2370: 2309: 2281: 2220: 2216: 2166: 2054: 2001: 1948: 1903: 1868: 1843: 1839: 1610: 1602: 1497: 1283: 1233: 1168: 690: 656: 399: 13014:. Translated by Sisson, Charles H. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 3493:, following this legend, sees the spirit of Trajan in the Heaven of 2663:

was also created around the Tropaeum Traianum. The garrison city of

2108:

Eventually, it fell to Pliny, as imperial governor of Bithynia in AD

19037: 19032: 19021: 18988: 18903: 18896: 18850: 18822: 18816: 18781: 18744: 18739: 18734: 18729: 18361: 18301: 18144: 18116: 17709: 17639: 17451: 17437: 17417: 17379: 17291: 17236: 17194: 17026: 16996: 16959: 16904: 16749: 16626: 16531: 16475: 16370: 16277: 16271: 16260: 16226: 16110: 16096: 16089: 16076: 16040: 15780: 15285: 15067: 14959: 14912: 14872: 14854: 14774: 14709: 14689: 14659: 14632: 14627: 14612: 14602: 14572: 14480: 14475: 14423: 14398: 14393: 14358: 14323: 14318: 14313: 14308: 12682:"How to Identify a Roman Emperor By His Beard? | DailyArt Magazine" 12625:, Kunsthistorisches Museum Wien. Vienna: Kunsthistorisches Museum. 12224: 11838:

Expansions: Competition and Conquest in Europe Since the Bronze Age

7811: 7570: 7472: 7292: 6102: 4798: 3700:, Trajan is described with the epitaph "may his bones be crushed" ( 3587: – considered among the best works of this artist. 3210: 3169: 3109: 3078: 3019: 2985: 2952: 2948: 2844: 2576: 2563:

Prior to the campaign, Trajan had raised two entirely new legions:

2476: 2422: 2412: 2332: 2297: 2293: 2232: 2197: 1994: 1931: 1864: 1742: 1528: 1481: 1421: 1275: 561: 496: 467: 435: 12392: 12323: 12046:

Christer Bruun, "the Spurious 'Expeditio Ivdaeae' under Trajan".

11658:, 1981, vol. 29, no 1-4, pp. 379–383. The statue was torn down by 10016:

had taken place in the year 87 and was initiated by Domitian. The

9663:

Packer, James (January–February 1998). "Trajan's GLORIOUS FORUM".

9619: 3464: 2743:). On the other hand, commercial agricultural exploitation on the 1894:

monarch. The idea is that Trajan wielded autocratic power through

1470: 373:

reached its maximum territorial extent. He was given the title of

19014: 18953: 18796: 18480: 18291: 18285: 18273: 18154: 18149: 18086: 18065: 17910: 17862: 17762: 17752: 17477: 17374: 17344: 17326: 17315: 17298: 17250: 17243: 17174: 17096: 16744: 16552: 16538: 16450: 16401: 16307: 16250: 16201: 16034: 16024: 16004: 15937: 15787: 15666: 15219: 14922: 14829: 14742: 14597: 14373: 14001: 13904: 13767:

Trajan, Lion of Rome: the Untold Story of Rome's Greatest Emperor

13654:

Roman Economic Policy in the Erythra Thalassa: 30 B.C. – A.D. 217

12261:

Roman imperial chronology and early-fourth-century historiography

12196: 11995:

The Jewish Revolts Against Rome, A.D. 66–135: A Military Analysis

10422:

From Autothanasia to Suicide: Self-killing in Classical Antiquity

10013: 7378:

Her name is inferred from that of Trajan's sister Ulpia Marciana.

7161: 7138: 6966:. Translated by R. Ross Holloway. Milan: Edizioni Arte e Moneta. 6947: 6145: 6121: 4781: 3651: 3460: 3113: 3087: 3066: 3045: 2878: 2689: 2584: 2540: 2305: 2289: 2269: 2255: 2142: 1702: 1586: 1569: 1434: 1414: 1381: 1342: 1188: 1180: 660: 538: 395: 243: 203: 127: 109: 15678: 12264:. Historia Einzelschriften. Stuttgart: Steiner. pp. 54–56. 8311:

Fear of slaves, fear of enslavement in the ancient Mediterranean

2676:

Danube, land extending from the Danube to the inner arch of the

2471:

The earliest of Trajan's conquests were Rome's two wars against

2280:

Some historians attribute the construction or reconstruction of

2141:, in modern Serbia. Its wooden superstructure was dismantled by 18921: 18428: 18311: 17916: 17887: 17757: 17732: 17524: 17458: 17284: 17277: 17204: 17159: 17153: 16979: 16899: 16485: 16312: 16265: 16219: 16191: 16117: 15995: 15954: 15836: 15801: 15773: 14991: 14848: 14730: 14502: 13274:. Three Volumes. New York: Da Capo Press, Inc., 1987 and 1988. 11087:

Traian. Ein Kaiser der Superlative am Beginn einer Umbruchzeit?

10818: 10573: 10571: 10533:: particularidades de un proceso de conquista y romanización." 10025: 9702:

Dikla Rivlin Katz, Noah Hacham, Geoffrey Herman, Lilach Sagiv,

8700:

Giuseppe Zecchini, "Plutarch as Political Theorist and Trajan"

8098: 7658: 7422: 3683: 3564: 3406: 3398: 3359: 3246: 3219: 3105: 3023: 2894: 2883: 2664: 2634: 2162: 2138: 2105:(freedom, in the sense of full political autonomy) was denied. 2017: 1935: 1886: 1626: 1520: 1225: 1204: 1148: 640: 605: 162: 12706:

before him, and places Trajan in Paradise (Paradiso XX.44-8)."

11905:

The Cambridge Ancient History: The Imperial peace, A.D. 70–192

11688:

Parthian Nippur and Vologases' Southern Strategy: A Hypothesis

10477:

Women and Visual Replication in Roman Imperial Art and Culture

9683:

Chronologie des Römischen Reiches 2: 2. Jh. – Jahr 100 bis 199

8270: 8097:

Sura's baths were later enlarged by the third century emperor

8050: 3370:

to sustain an ambitious program of conquest. According to the

2715:

Defence of the province was entrusted to a single legion, the

1476:

The historian Cassius Dio later noted that Trajan was a lover

322: 19007: 18786: 18776: 18754: 18412: 17321: 17309: 17222: 17139: 16990: 16924: 16586: 16255: 16213: 16207: 15999: 15958: 15829: 15822: 15808: 14592: 14363: 14353: 14333: 14028: 13887: 13213:

Legions of Rome: The definitive history of every Roman legion

12842:, Année 1985, Volume 44, Numéro 4 pp. 425–426. Available at 12821:

J.E. Lendon, "Three Emperors and the Roman Imperial Regime",

12725:

Europe, 1450 to 1789: Encyclopedia of the Early Modern World.

12618:

Masterpieces in the collection of Greek and Roman antiquities

12286:

Tragedy, Rhetoric, and the Historiography of Tacitus' Annales

10033: 10021: 9473: 8979: 8967: 8917:

Jewish Leadership in Roman Palestine from 70 C.E. to 135 C.E.

8401:

Ancient Rome: From Romulus and Remus to the Visigoth Invasion

8381: 8068:

Some sources credit Sura with building a bathhouse on Rome's

4071: 4026: 3560: 3490: 3440: 3250: 3242: 3053: 2882:

the Persian Gulf itself. (A Palmyrene citizen held office as

2869: 2865: 2814: 2806: 2792: 2784: 2780: 2660: 2646: 2603:, was later exhibited in Rome on the steps leading up to the 2512: 2497: 2472: 2313: 2236: 2177: 2145:, presumably to reduce the threat of invasion from the north. 1854:

In a speech at the inauguration of his third consulship, on 1

1848: 1682: 1568:

fiction developed by authors writing under Trajan, including

1556: 1548: 1457:. Around this time Trajan brought the architect and engineer 1350: 1327: 1299: 1172: 471: 455: 266: 135: 99: 11818: 10673: 10568: 10267: 10265: 10032:

was crushed and Cornelius Fuscus was killed. The victorious

9296:

Paul Veyne, "L'identité grecque devant Rome et l'empereur",

1551:, who became emperor following the assassination of Domitian 1511:, he supported Domitian against an attempted coup by Lucius 18759: 18749: 18139: 18014: 17215: 16545: 16365: 16347: 16232: 16014: 16009: 15843: 15635: 14338: 14328: 11615: 11378:

Römische Geschichte: Republik und Kaiserzeit bis 284 n. Chr

11358: 11262: 10749: 10710: 9220:

Second Sophistic: A Cultural Phenomenon in the Roman Empire

8038: 7991: 7989: 3545:

Dante, The Divine Comedy, Purgatorio X, ll. 32 f. and 73 f.

3483:

discussed Trajan as an example of a virtuous pagan. In the

3452: 3214: 3154: 2848: 2835:

Anatolia, western Caucasus and northern Levant under Trajan

2363: 2317: 1985:, consul in 105. Other prominent Eastern senators included 1462: 1278:

and became a prominent senator and general, commanding the

1221: 423: 316: 11977: 11975: 11888: 11886: 11884: 11766: 11764: 11518: 11516: 11092: 10806: 9612:Šašel, Jaroslav. 1973 "Trajan's Canal at the Iron Gate". 8598:

Paul and Patronage: The Dynamics of Power in 1 Corinthians

8240: 2839:

In 113, Trajan embarked on his last campaign, provoked by

319: 16964: 13200:. Bucharest, Editura Științifică și Enciclopedică, 1983, 12889: 12311: 11043: 11000: 10998: 10996: 10981: 10558: 10556: 10362: 10360: 10358: 10262: 10238: 10131: 10129: 9253: 9057: 9033: 8101:, to emphasise his link to Trajan. See Stephen L. Dyson, 6606: bluish-purple indicates emperors of other dynasties 18185: 13575:

Le Haut-Empire Romain en Occident, d'Auguste aux Sévères

13376:, 1st edition, GreenHill Books, 2022. ISBN 9781784387075 12811:. Vol. 4. Braunschweig: Westermann. pp. 344ff. 12404: 11670: 11668: 11412: 11149:

Herakles and Hercules. Exploring a Graeco-Roman Divinity

10727: 10725: 9599:

Wiseman, James, 1997, "Beyond the Danube's Iron Gates".

8936:

Pierre Lambrechts, "Trajan et le récrutement du Sénat",

7986: 7918: 7916: 7834: 6964:

Women of the Caesars: Their Lives and Portraits on Coins

357:

from AD 98 to 117, remembered as the second of the

13470:

Rome and the Enemy: Imperial Strategy in the Principate

12767: 12743: 12207:. This reign-length is repeated (in corrupted form) by 12138: 11972: 11960: 11881: 11761: 11513: 11477: 11190: 11067: 10761: 10737: 10661: 10628: 10583: 10511: 10225:

LA ZONE DE SARMIZEGETUSA REGIA ET LES GUERRES DE TRAJAN

10073: 9866:

Opposition et Resistances a L'empire D'auguste a Trajan

9222:. London, Routledge, 2005, Google e-book, available at 8204: 7846: 7670:

Epitome de Caesaribusabscriptum Aurelio Victori, XIII,

7360: 3678:

and the Latin-based Romanian language. The creation of

1353:, the Ucubi and perhaps the Dasumii from Corduba), the 1302:. Little is known of her. Her father is believed to be 481:

As emperor of Rome, Trajan oversaw the construction of

12856:

Frankfurter elektronische Rundschau zur Altertumskunde

11031: 10993: 10595: 10553: 10355: 10343: 10250: 10208:

Las res gestae de Trajano militar: las guerras dácicas

10126: 10085: 9908:"Tulane University "Roman Currency of the Principate"" 9629:

Jackson, Nicholas (2022). "Biding Time between Wars".

8277:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 254. 7633:"The Epitome has clearly used a source which gave the 1453:, held consular rank himself and had just been made a 12428: 12416: 12347: 12335: 12299: 12199:

ruled exactly "twenty years and eleven month" (using

11851: 11665: 11627: 11570: 11449:

Palmyra and Its Empire: Zenobia's Revolt Against Rome

11055: 10923: 10869: 10827: 10722: 10402: 10045: 9990: 9988: 9926: 9785:

Babylon of Egypt: A study in the history of Old Cairo

9045: 8523:

A History of the Roman World from 30 B.C. to A.D. 138

8228: 8216: 8001: 7968:

Jackson, Nicholas (2022). "The Making of a General".

7949: 7913: 7858: 7748: 7742:

In the name of Rome: The men who won the Roman Empire

7721: 7028:

Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology

3501:

as a lesson to those who are purged for being proud.

1981:

Severus was the grandfather of the prominent general

331: 12935:"Romanian language | Language Basics & Dialects" 12736:

Robert Mankin, "Edward Gibbon: Historian in Space",

12380: 11603: 11537: 11534:

Bennett, Trajan, 196; Christol & Nony, Rome,171.

9314:

Roman rule in Greek and Latin Writing: Double Vision

8765: 8578: 8357: 8291: 8186:

Jackson, Nicholas (2022). "Adoption and Accession".

7280: 7268: 7044: 6600: grey indicates unsuccessful imperial aspirants 3715: 1597:, a Roman senator born in Spain and the governor of 1400:

As a young man Trajan rose through the ranks of the

1326:, another Umbrian town, located near both Tuder and 313: 310: 9889:. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1986, 9506:

City Government in Hellenistic and Roman Asia Minor

9020:

Pausanias' Greece: Ancient Artists and Roman Rulers

8640:

Pedagogy and Power: Rhetorics of Classical Learning

8503:

Bernard W. Henderson, "Five Roman Emperors" (1927).

8430: 8345: 8274:

The World of Rome: An Introduction to Roman Culture

8252: 8136:

Faustina I and II: Imperial Women of the Golden Age

7005:

Faustina I and II: Imperial Women of the Golden Age

6784:

Husband of Rupilia Faustina: Levick (2014), p. 163.

6752: 3164:A coin of Trajan, found together with coins of the 2312:also appears in the column shafts of the Temple of 2268:), making offerings to Egyptian Gods, on the Roman 454:, he supported the emperor against a revolt on the 307: 13289:. 255, 266, 269, 270, 273 (Trajan, Roman Emperor). 13105: 13084: 12983:Smallwood, E. M. (1962). Palestine c. AD 115-118. 12398: 12329: 11163: 10289: 10141: 10097: 9985: 9552: 9441:Paraskevi Martzavou, Nikolaos Papazarkadas, eds., 8122:Eugen Cizek, "Tacite face à Trajan", available at 7770:Jackson, Nicholas (2022). "Impressionable Years". 6983:Beloved and God: The Story of Hadrian and Antinous 6736:Husband of Salonia Matidia: Levick (2014), p. 161. 3616:die ideale Verkörperung des humanen Kaiserbegriffs 2791:, over 300 kilometres (190 mi) south-west of 2627:Colonia Ulpia Traiana Augusta Dacica Sarmizegetusa 2399:obstinacy". Citizens were sent to Rome for trial. 1298:and a sister-in-law of the second Flavian Emperor 1159:Marcus Ulpius Traianus was born on 18 September AD 13335:Nerva and the Roman Succession Crisis of AD 96–99 11949:, Volume 3(1). Cambridge University Press, 1983, 11451:. Ann Arbor: 1994, University of Michigan Press, 9418:Dio Chrysostom: Politics, Letters, and Philosophy 9077:Dio Chrysostom: Politics, Letters, and Philosophy 8619:Dio Chrysostom: Politics, Letters, and Philosophy 7744:. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. p. 320. 6682:Husband of Ulpia Marciana: Levick (2014), p. 161. 3513:But nature herself would there be put to shame... 3376:, Hadrian claimed to follow the precedent set by 19185: 12065:Der Aufstand der jüdischen Diaspora unter Traian 10613:Frank Vermeulen, Kathy Sas, Wouter Dhaeze, eds. 10340:. EUBSR 2013 International Conference, Volume 2. 8484:A Companion to Greek and Roman Political Thought 8450:A Companion to Greek and Roman Political Thought 6942: 6914:Husband of Ceionia Fabia: Levick (2014), p. 164. 6739: 6652:Sister of Trajan's father: Giacosa (1977), p. 7. 3618:). Trajan's first English-language biography by 2795:. The empire gained what became the province of 11694:Vol. 95, No. 4 (Oct. – Dec. 1975), pp. 620–632. 10847:Araby the Blest: Studies in Arabian Archaeology 10498:Dacia: Landscape, Colonization and Romanization 10384:Jackson, Nicholas (2022). "Second Dacian War". 9728:Stadter, Philip A.; Stockt, L. Van der (2002). 9245:To the Nicomedians on Concord with the Nicaeans 8271:Peter V. Jones; Keith C. Sidwell, eds. (1997). 7319:Sherwin-White, Trajan's replies to Pliny, 1962. 6856:Wife of M. Annius Verus: Giacosa (1977), p. 10. 6704: 6702: 6700: 2483:. Dacia would be reduced by Trajan's Rome to a 568:Christian theologians, Trajan was considered a 13003: 12367:Ancient Rome: A Military and Political History 11726:Ancient Rome: A Military and Political History 11645:Longden, "Notes on the Parthian Campaigns", 8. 11207: 11205: 10964:Rome on the Euphrates: The Story of a Frontier 10379: 10377: 10375: 10182:Jackson, Nicholas (2022). "First Dacian War". 10067:. Tome 41, 1939, n°1. pp. 57–64. available at 8735:The Invention of Racism in Classical Antiquity 7021: 6865:Wife of M. Annius Libo: Levick (2014), p. 163. 3720:). The same epitaph is also used for Hadrian. 1473:; the marriage ultimately remained childless. 1251:It is unknown whether Trajan's ancestors were 697:are also useful for reconstructing his reign. 430:region of central Italy. His namesake father, 369:, during which, by the time of his death, the 15651: 14270: 13673:Kaiser Traian: Eine Epoche der Weltgeschichte 13594:The Class Struggle in the Ancient Greek World 13591: 13453:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. 13210: 12909:"Dacia | Europe, Map, Culture, & History" 11656:Acta Antiqua Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 10849:. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press, 1988, 10334:Kaiser Traian. Eine Epoche der Weltgeschichte 10283: 10121:and XXX Ulpia Victrix), defeated the Dacians. 9727: 9479: 9312:Jesper Majbom Madsen, Roger David Rees, eds. 8985: 8973: 8512:F. A. Lepper, "Trajan's Parthian War" (1948). 7793: 7791: 7765: 7763: 7454: 7452: 7450: 3742: 3723: 3594:that this legacy began to be contested, when 3530:The wretched woman, in the midst of all this, 3506:I noticed that the inner bank of the curve... 3303:the (secret) court of the Praetorian Prefect 3097:that claimed the life of one of the consuls, 1819: 13539:. Berkeley: University of California Press. 13472:. Berkeley: University of California Press. 13279:From the late times to the Battle of Lepanto 13256:. Berkeley: University of California Press. 13171: 12578: 11868:Shadows in the Desert: Ancient Persia at War 11588:Patrick Le Roux, IN Ségolène Demougin, ed., 10445:. University of North Carolina Press, 2006, 9374:. University of North Carolina Press, 2004, 8896:The Roman Army, 31 BC – AD 337: A Sourcebook 7798:Syme, Ronald (1964). "Hadrian and Italica". 7459:Syme, Ronald (1964). "Hadrian and Italica". 6771:Lover of Hadrian: Lambert (1984), p. 99 and 6697: 3541:Justice requires it and pity holds me back.' 3157:was apparently also occupied by the Romans. 1998:Gaius Julius Antiochus Epiphanes Philopappos 1469:, a noblewoman from the Roman settlement at 91:28 January 98 – 9 August 117 13419: 12738:A Companion to Enlightenment Historiography 12496: 11639: 11473:. London: Vallentine Mitchell. p. 133. 11202: 10372: 10175: 9271:Hildegard Temporini, Wolfgang Haase, eds., 8332:Republicanism during the Early Roman Empire 7739: 7217:. Cambridge University Press. p. 492. 6775:; deification: Lamber (1984), pp. 2–5, etc. 2645:A number of unorganized urban settlements ( 2479:'s ministers with the powerful Dacian king 2240: 494: 447: 439: 415: 387: 374: 15658: 15644: 14277: 14263: 13651: 12686:DailyArtMagazine.com - Art History Stories 12603:Trajan is always depicted without a beard. 12452:Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 12048:Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 11840:. Reykjavík: ReykjavíkurAkademían, 2010, 11786:. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publ., 1999, 11756:Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt 11212:Jackson, Nicholas (2022). "Parthian War". 11098: 10812: 10548:Onoba. Revista de Arqueología y Antigüedad 8403:. New York: Rosen Publishing Group, 2010, 8103:Rome: A Living Portrait of an Ancient City 7936:The Classical Origins of Modern Homophobia 7788: 7760: 7447: 7407: 6924: 6922: 6920: 6879: 6877: 6875: 6873: 6871: 6843: 6841: 6839: 6837: 6835: 6833: 6831: 6821: 6819: 6817: 6815: 6796: 6794: 6792: 6790: 6669: 6667: 3749: 3735: 3670:. This is due to his orchestration of the 3583:on the ceiling of the banquet hall of the 3534:Who is dead, so that my heart is broken..' 3532:Seemed to be saying: 'Lord, avenge my son, 3205:BC – But a revolt led by 2012:that was later disparagingly described by 1826: 1812: 1274:, was born at Italica during the reign of 65: 13434:. London: Oxford University Press, 1948. 13009: 12985:Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte 12787:Robert Graves and the Classical Tradition 12527:. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 1993, 11471:Rome's Wars in Parthia: Blood in the Sand 11277: 9970:John Rich, Andrew Wallace-Hadrill, eds., 9806:Roman Circuses: Arenas for Chariot Racing 6723: 6721: 6690: 6688: 3694:In the Jewish homiletical works, such as 3537:So he said: 'Now be comforted, for I must 3527:Whose attitude bespoke tears and grief... 2364:religious theatrical spectacles and games 2323:He built palatial villas outside Rome at 1889:Archaeological Park in modern-day Germany 1838:On his entry to Rome, Trajan granted the 501:, and new military conquests. He annexed 346:; 18 September 53 – 39:Marcus Ulpius Traianus (father of Trajan) 19068: 13332: 13294: 13152: 13135: 13110:(in French). Madrid: Casa de Velázquez. 12840:Bulletin de l'Association Guillaume Budé 12410: 12156: 11824: 11692:Journal of the American Oriental Society 11418: 10767: 10693:Wage Labor and Guilds in Medieval Europe 10301:An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Emperors 10153:An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Emperors 10109:An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Emperors 10000:An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Emperors 9948:. Tjbuggey.ancients.info. Archived from 9802: 9121:. University of Michigan Press, 2002, p. 8210: 8044: 7875: 7873: 7852: 6711:contributor (Herbert W. Benario, 2000), 3550: 3451:All Roman emperors until Trajan, except 3434: 3392: 3266: 3159: 3032: 2971: 2921: 2889: 2830: 2698: 2613: 2546: 2459: 2381: 2249: 2128: 2027: 2023: 1880: 1842:a direct gift of money. The traditional 1542: 1380: 1232:. This is confirmed by archeology, with 1142: 627:, a book by Trajan's personal physician 588:out of which the 18th-century historian 234:Imperator Caesar Nerva Traianus Augustus 13827: 13670: 13632: 13572: 13512: 13467: 13445: 13272:A Military History of the Western World 13056: 12773: 12749: 12673: 12502:Dio Cassius, Epitome of Book 6; 21.2–3. 12257: 12144: 11981: 11966: 11892: 11770: 11621: 11557:The Roman Near East, 31 B.C. – A.D. 337 11522: 11483: 11468: 11364: 11303:The Roman Near East, 31 B.C. – A.D. 337 11240:. London: B.T. Datsford Limited, 2004, 11211: 11196: 11073: 10945:. London: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2008, 10755: 10743: 10716: 10679: 10667: 10634: 10601: 10589: 10577: 10517: 10383: 10366: 10349: 10256: 10244: 10181: 10135: 10091: 10079: 10051: 9734:. Leuven University Press. p. 75. 9722: 9720: 9628: 8940:, 1936, 5–1, pp. 105–114. Available at 8222: 8185: 7995: 7967: 7955: 7922: 7864: 7840: 7769: 7754: 7727: 7593: 7501: 7366: 7298: 7286: 7274: 7214:The Cambridge Manual of Latin Epigraphy 6980: 6961: 6917: 6868: 6828: 6812: 6787: 6664: 3322: 2762: 2421:, decreasing the silver content of the 2406: 14: 19186: 18215: 17580: 16682: 15708: 13610: 13313: 13248: 13229: 13106:Des Boscs-Plateaux, Françoise (2005). 13079: 13028: 12679: 12422: 12353: 12341: 12317: 12305: 12288:. University of Michigan Press, 2006, 12088:. Berlim: Dunker & Hunblot, 1994, 11915: 11913: 11674: 11633: 11576: 11037: 11004: 10943:Empress Zenobia: Palmyra's Rebel Queen 10929: 10731: 10562: 10408: 10332:I 33. Bonn. p. 98. Strobel, K., 2010. 9781: 9662: 9300:, 1999, V.122-2, p. 515. Available at 8758:Benjamin Isaac, 487; Albino Garzetti, 8600:. Eugene, OR: Wipf & Stock, 2013, 8246: 8234: 8176:: "V K(endas) rarias... ob imperium ." 8125:, pp. 127/128. Retrieved 20 July 2014. 8021:Ordering Knowledge in the Roman Empire 8007: 7249: 7207: 6999: 6718: 6685: 6655: 3645: 3511:With carvings that not only Polycletus 3002:time, a Roman column under the legate 2192:' "magnificent" design incorporated a 1270:. Their son, Trajan's namesake father 1151:of Trajan depicting him alongside his 1019: 909: 905: 895: 797: 719: 482: 19067: 18184: 17549: 16651: 15677: 15639: 14258: 13821: 13746: 13727: 13708: 13689: 13534: 13420:Kettenhofen, Erich (2004). "TRAJAN". 13379: 12895: 12434: 12386: 11609: 11543: 11216:(1st ed.). UK: GreenHill Books. 11061: 11049: 10987: 10875: 10833: 10707:. Bloomsbury Publishing, 2014, p. 82. 10388:(1st ed.). UK: GreenHill Books. 10186:(1st ed.). UK: GreenHill Books. 9972:City and Country in the Ancient World 9932: 9847:. University of Chicago Press, 1993, 9754: 9633:(1st ed.). UK: GreenHill Books. 9550: 9259: 9063: 9051: 9039: 8771: 8638:Yun Lee Too, Niall Livingstone, eds. 8584: 8436: 8387: 8363: 8297: 8190:(1st ed.). UK: GreenHill Books. 8056: 7972:(1st ed.). UK: GreenHill Books. 7870: 7774:(1st ed.). UK: GreenHill Books. 7661:, Iberian Wars, Book VII, Chapter 38. 7425:, Iberian Wars, Book VII, Chapter 38. 7413:Syme, Tacitus, 30–44; PIR Vlpivs 575. 6536: 6527: 6525: 6523: 6521: 6519: 6517: 6515: 6513: 6511: 6509: 6507: 6505: 6503: 6501: 6499: 6497: 6495: 6493: 6491: 6489: 6487: 6485: 6483: 6481: 6479: 6477: 6475: 6473: 6471: 6457: 6455: 6453: 6451: 6441: 6439: 6437: 6435: 6433: 6431: 6429: 6427: 6425: 6423: 6421: 6419: 6417: 6415: 6413: 6411: 6409: 6407: 6405: 6403: 6401: 6399: 6397: 6395: 6393: 6391: 6389: 6387: 6369: 6362: 6360: 6355: 6353: 6351: 6348: 6346: 6343: 6341: 6335: 6328: 6323: 6321: 6318: 6316: 6314: 6272: 6270: 6268: 6266: 6264: 6262: 6260: 6226: 6224: 6222: 6216: 6214: 6212: 6210: 6208: 6206: 6204: 6198: 6196: 6194: 6169: 6164: 6162: 6157: 6144: 6136: 6134: 6129: 6120: 6100: 6098: 6093: 6086: 6000: 5998: 5996: 5994: 5992: 5990: 5980: 5914: 5887: 5880: 5878: 5873: 5866: 5846: 5844: 5841: 5839: 5837: 5832: 5823: 5803: 5801: 5796: 5604: 5573: 5558: 5556: 5554: 5552: 5536: 5527: 5525: 5520: 5515: 5513: 5511: 5509: 5504: 5497: 5437: 5435: 5433: 5431: 5429: 5427: 5425: 5399: 5397: 5395: 5349: 5324: 5317: 5315: 5310: 5305: 5283: 5281: 5279: 5277: 5275: 5273: 5271: 5269: 5267: 5262: 5260: 5258: 5256: 5254: 5248: 5246: 5244: 5186: 5174: 5161: 5154: 5152: 5149: 5136: 5130: 5128: 5126: 5089: 5087: 5084: 5079: 5039: 5037: 5035: 5033: 5031: 5029: 5027: 5025: 5023: 5017: 5015: 5013: 4983: 4981: 4979: 4977: 4975: 4973: 4971: 4961: 4959: 4957: 4955: 4953: 4948: 4943: 4941: 4939: 4937: 4935: 4933: 4930: 4923: 4900: 4895: 4893: 4891: 4889: 4887: 4873: 4871: 4869: 4867: 4865: 4863: 4861: 4859: 4857: 4855: 4853: 4851: 4849: 4847: 4845: 4843: 4837: 4835: 4833: 4831: 4829: 4815: 4813: 4811: 4809: 4807: 4805: 4803: 4796: 4779: 4770: 4768: 4766: 4764: 4762: 4760: 4758: 4756: 4754: 4752: 4750: 4748: 4739: 4737: 4735: 4708: 4701: 4699: 4697: 4695: 4693: 4691: 4689: 4687: 4685: 4671: 4669: 4649: 4647: 4645: 4643: 4641: 4639: 4633: 4627: 4625: 4623: 4525: 4519: 4510: 4500: 4490: 4458: 4456: 4454: 4452: 4450: 4444: 4442: 4440: 4438: 4436: 4430: 4428: 4426: 4424: 4422: 4420: 4392: 4378: 4376: 4374: 4372: 4370: 4364: 4362: 4360: 4358: 4356: 4350: 4348: 4346: 4344: 4342: 4340: 4330: 4328: 4326: 4324: 4322: 4320: 4318: 4316: 4314: 4291: 4284: 4282: 4277: 4268: 4250: 4248: 4243: 4234: 4232: 4227: 4225: 4223: 4183: 4181: 4179: 4177: 4175: 4173: 4171: 4133: 4131: 4129: 4123: 4121: 4119: 4098: 4091: 4089: 4087: 4085: 4069: 4067: 4065: 4063: 4056: 4049: 4047: 4042: 4024: 4002: 4000: 3998: 3992: 3990: 3988: 3986: 3984: 3978: 3976: 3974: 3972: 3970: 3964: 3962: 3960: 3942: 3940: 3938: 3936: 3934: 3919: 3917: 3915: 3909: 3907: 3904: 3899: 3897: 3895: 3889: 3887: 3884: 3877: 3875: 3870: 3794: 3792: 3790: 3788: 3786: 3784: 3782: 3766: 3509:Was of white marble, and so decorated 2444: 1093: 1083: 1079: 1067: 1062: 1052: 1037: 1027: 1023: 1007: 1002: 992: 980: 970: 966: 954: 949: 939: 927: 917: 913: 890: 880: 868: 858: 854: 842: 837: 827: 815: 805: 801: 785: 780: 770: 758: 748: 744: 732: 727: 723: 19274:Roman governors of Germania Superior 18720: 13675:(in German). Regensburg: F. Pustet. 13553: 13518:A History of Rome Under the Emperors 12806: 12369:. Cambridge University Press, 2004, 11020:. Cambridge University Press, 2005, 10912:. Princeton University Press, 1995, 9717: 9586:N. J. E. Austin & N. B. Rankov, 9100:. Cambridge University Press, 2007, 9022:. Cambridge University Press, 2004, 8422:Mélanges d'archéologie et d'histoire 8351: 8258: 8074:Bathing in Public in the Roman World 7797: 7458: 3132:and finally the Parthian capital of 2967: 2943:. The fact that emissaries from the 2820: 2449: 2124: 1419:), where Trajan himself remained as 1191:), a Roman colony established in 206 222:Marcus Ulpius Nerva Traianus (AD 97) 13815:Pliny the Younger, Letters, Book 10 13637:. Armidale, Australia: Caeros Pty. 13558:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 13493:, Paris, L'Harmattan, 2012, ch. 6, 13031:Aspects of Roman History 31BC-AD117 12834:Richard Jean-Claude, "Eugen Cizek, 12463: 11910: 11728:.Cambridge University Press, 2004, 11236:David Kennedy & Derrick Riley, 10324:RE XII. Col. 1485. Syme, R., 1971. 9887:Pagan Rome and the Early Christians 9788:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 9590:. London: Routledge, 2002, p. 177. 8954:The Anxieties of Pliny, the Younger 8642:.Cambridge University Press, 2007, 7700:, Syme in Tacitus, App. 81, p. 786. 3705: 3689: 3520:Moved Gregory to his great victory; 3273:Luna marble and Proconessian marble 2855: 2059:to audit the civic finances of the 1987:Gaius Julius Alexander Berenicianus 1921:), saw Trajan as a defender of the 1874: 24: 13788: 13495:La vie de Plotine, femme de Trajan 13155:Les Parthes et la Route de la Soie 11559:. Harvard University Press, 1993, 11502:. Harvard University Press, 2005, 11345:War and Society in the Roman World 11305:. Harvard University Press, 1993, 10781:War and Society in the Roman World 9809:. University of California Press. 9706:. Berlin: Walter de Griyter, 2019 9531:University of North Carolina Press 8019:Jason König, Tim Whitmarsh, eds., 3674:that led to the foundation of the 3555:Statue of Trajan depicting him in 3523:I mean by this the Emperor Trajan; 3256: 1441:orphans. Trajan and his colleague 1376: 25: 19315: 19269:People of the Roman–Parthian Wars 14100:L. Roscius Aelianus Maecius Celer 13845: 13157:(in French). Paris: L'Harmattan. 12960:"Esther Rabbah: Petikhta, par. 3" 12789:. Oxford University Press, 2015, 12680:Dorsey, Lauren (9 January 2021). 11782:Janos Harmatta and others, eds., 11401:. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 2001, 11343:John Rich, Graham Shipley, eds., 9508:. Oxford University Press, 2005, 9445:. Oxford University Press, 2013, 9420:. Oxford University Press, 2002, 9354:de Plutarque " – 8956:. Oxford University Press, 1999, 8828:, V.5, no. 5, 1997; available at 8787:. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996, 8658:, Oxford University Press, 1997, 8621:. Oxford University Press, 2002, 8465:, Oxford University Press, 2012, 7672:Ulpius Traianus ex urbe Tudertina 7649:, p.2726, Germany, Druyter, 2016. 7559:Trajan, Mason Hammond, Britannica 7254:. Alpha Books. pp. 207–209. 3539:Carry out my duty before I go on: 3518:Of that ruler of Rome whose worth 3516:There was recorded the high glory 3116:; Trajan himself sailed down the 2909:, scholars like Moses Finley and 2231:, a mostly military road between 2000:, a member of the Royal House of 1433:died, leaving his young children 1318:. Trajan owned some lands called 1294:, a Roman noblewoman of the gens 609:, written by Trajan himself or a 596:, of whom Trajan was the second. 19229:Ancient Roman military personnel 14135:Sex. Attius Suburanus Aemilianus 12990: 12977: 12952: 12927: 12901: 12868: 12848: 12828: 12815: 12800: 12779: 12755: 12730: 12718: 12709: 12699: 12647: 12608: 12566: 12554: 12538: 12517: 12505: 12483: 12457: 12440: 12359: 12278: 12251: 12233: 12178: 12150: 12117: 12108: 12099: 12078: 12053: 12040: 12031: 12009: 12000: 11987: 11939: 11932:The last two were made consuls ( 11926: 11898: 11860: 11830: 11797: 11776: 11739: 11718: 11697: 11680: 11648: 11582: 11549: 11528: 11489: 11462: 11441: 11430:S.J. De Laet, review of Lepper, 11424: 11391: 11370: 11337: 11316: 11295: 11251: 11230: 11177:A Companion to Roman Imperialism 11169: 11141: 11120: 11104: 11079: 11010: 10956: 10935: 10902: 10881: 10860: 10839: 10794: 10773: 10685: 10640: 10607: 10540: 10523: 10490: 10469: 10456: 10435: 10414: 10317: 10231:, VII, Iasi, 2000. Available at 10217: 10200: 10057: 9964: 9938: 9900: 9879: 9858: 9837: 9824: 9796: 9775: 9748: 9696: 9675: 9656: 9647: 9606: 9593: 9580: 9544: 9519: 9498: 9485: 9460: 9435: 9410: 9385: 9364: 9358:, V.3, no.3, 1977. Available at 9344: 9331: 9306: 9290: 9265: 9237: 9228: 9212: 9191: 9166: 9153: 9128: 9111: 9090: 9069: 9012: 8991: 8946: 8567:.Oxford University Press, 2012, 7584:, A.Caballos Rufino, Cluj, 2014. 7252:Idiots guide to the Roman Empire 7147: 7127: 7105:Felicior Augusto, melior Traiano 7089: 7075: 7061: 7047: 6908: 6886: 6859: 6850: 6803: 6778: 6765: 6730: 6676: 6646: 3420:Felicior Augusto, Melior Traiano 3209:, a nephew of the Parthian king 3136:. He continued southward to the 2984:found near the Armenian capital 2872:on the Red Sea. That meant that 2263: 1649: 1636: 1538: 564:and better than Trajan"). Among 557:felicior Augusto, melior Traiano 537:by the senate and his successor 517:ended with the incorporation of 462:. He then served as governor of 303: 14055:A. Cornelius Palma Frontonianus 13211:Dando-Collins, Stephen (2012). 13140:. London: Chatto & Windus. 13047:Ancel, R. Manning. "Soldiers". 12491:Hadrian's lost Temple of Trajan 10824:Christol & Nony, Rome, 171. 10617:. Ghent: Academia Press, 2004, 10229:Studia Antiqua et Archaeologica 9843:Quoted by Andrea Giardina, ed. 9758:SPQR: A History of Ancient Rome 9174:A Companion to the Roman Empire 8930: 8909: 8888: 8859: 8834: 8818: 8808:. Review by Robert Flacelière, 8798: 8777: 8752: 8727: 8694: 8673: 8632: 8611: 8590: 8557: 8536: 8515: 8506: 8497: 8486:. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2009, 8476: 8455: 8442: 8414: 8393: 8369: 8324: 8313:. Presses Univ. Franche-Comté, 8303: 8264: 8179: 8162: 8153: 8128: 8116: 8091: 8062: 8013: 7961: 7928: 7888: 7733: 7712: 7703: 7677: 7664: 7652: 7627: 7618: 7587: 7582:Las raíces famliares de Trajano 7563: 7552: 7543: 7526: 7495: 7435:Roman-Italic migration in Spain 7428: 7416: 7394: 7381: 7372: 7347: 7322: 6892:The epitomator of Cassius Dio ( 6584: Reddish-purple indicates 6545: 6109: 5855: 5812: 5545: 4787: 4259: 4078: 4033: 3010: – crossed the 1770:Category:Nerva–Antonine dynasty 30:For the namesake typeface, see 27:Roman emperor from AD 98 to 117 19259:Leaders who took power by coup 14232:T. Sextius Cornelius Africanus 14104:Ti. Claudius Sacerdos Julianus 13652:Sidebotham, Steven E. (1986). 13592:de Ste. Croix, G.E.M. (1989). 13179:(in French). Paris: Hachette. 9250:. Retrieved February 20, 2016. 8760:From Tiberius to the Antonines 7313: 7304: 7243: 7231: 7201: 7186: 3525:And at his bridle a poor widow 3430: 3081: – where King 2155:massive bridge over the Danube 1262:Trajan's paternal grandfather 1183:(now in the municipal area of 643:, has met a similar fate. Book 592:popularized the notion of the 13: 1: 19264:People from Seville (comarca) 18678:Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator 13769:, Aquifer Publishing, 2009. 13635:The Dacian Threat, 101–106 AD 13374:Trajan: Rome's Last Conqueror 13087:Hadrian: The Restless Emperor 12845:. Retrieved 13 December 2015. 12740:, Leiden: Brill, 2013, p. 34. 12655:"Porträtbüste: Kaiser Traian" 12188: 11947:The Cambridge History of Iran 11214:Trajan: Rome's Last Conqueror 10889:The Indian Ocean In Antiquity 10500:. Abingdon: Routledge, 2007, 10386:Trajan: Rome's Last Conqueror 10184:Trajan: Rome's Last Conqueror 10070:. Retrieved 23 February 2016. 9631:Trajan: Rome's Last Conqueror 9356:Dialogues d'histoire ancienne 9303:. Retrieved 20 December 2014. 9225:. Retrieved 15 December 2014. 8877:. Abingdon: Routledge, 2013, 8831:. Retrieved 12 December 2014. 8815:. Retrieved 12 December 2014. 8452:.John Wiley & Sons, 2012. 8309:Serghidou, Anastasia (2007). 8188:Trajan: Rome's Last Conqueror 7970:Trajan: Rome's Last Conqueror 7772:Trajan: Rome's Last Conqueror 7439:The origins of the Social War 7355:American Journal of Philology 7301:, pp. xii/xiii & 63. 7179: 6588:of the Nerva–Antonine dynasty 6357:C. Furius Sabinus Timesitheus 3470: 3153:Trajan. The Parthian city of 3073:and organizing a province of 2377: 2239:, which Rome employed in its 2061:technically free Greek cities 1983:Gaius Julius Quadratus Bassus 1429:In about 86, Trajan's cousin 1395:Antalya Archaeological Museum 700: 635:, a 17-volume account of the 606:Commentarii de bellis Dacicis 347: 146: 15665: 13828:Benario, Herbert W. (2000). 13618:(in Spanish). Madrid: AKAL. 12454:Bd. 88, (1991), pp. 277–290. 12258:Burgess, Richard W. (2014). 12020:. Cambridge U. Press, 2006, 11151:(2005): 205–21.Available at 10529:Carbó García, Juan Ramón. " 10479:. Cambridge U. Press, 2011, 10464:The Roman World 44 BC–AD 180 9910:. Tulane.edu. Archived from 9614:The Journal of Roman Studies 9555:Hadrian: Empire and Conflict 9275:. Berlin; de Gruyter, 1980, 9136:Hellenistic and Roman Sparta 8875:The Roman World 44 BC–AD 180 8546:. Stuttgart: Teubner, 1996, 8424:, 1887, V.7.7, available at 8105:. Baltimore: JHU Press,2010, 8078:University of Michigan Press 7800:The Journal of Roman Studies 7740:Goldsworthy, Adrian (2003). 7461:The Journal of Roman Studies 7334:Wayne State University Press 7172:records his death as 9 July. 2417:In 107, Trajan devalued the 1389:and military garb such as a 1244:which show that both are of 1163:53 in the Roman province of 620:Commentarii de Bello Gallico 161:, Roman Empire (present-day 134:, Roman Empire (present-day 7: 19279:Roman governors of Pannonia 18611:Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator 14187:Q. Glitius Atilius Agricola 13805:Aurelius Victor (attrib.), 13732:(in French). Paris: Seuil. 13713:(in French). Paris: Seuil. 13694:(in French). Paris: Seuil. 13577:(in French). Paris: Seuil. 13153:Choisnel, Emmanuel (2004). 13004:Sources and further reading 11807:, London: Routledge, 2013, 11469:Sheldon, Rose Mary (2010). 11347:. London: Routledge, 1993, 11291:(in Armenian) (4): 302–311. 11130:. London: Continuum, 2010, 10891:. London: Routledge, 2013, 10803:. Retrieved 18 August 2019. 10783:. London: Routledge, 1993, 10650:, London: Routledge, 2014, 10424:. London: Routledge, 2002, 9974:. London: Routledge, 2003, 9361:Retrieved 13 December 2014. 9201:. London, Routledge, 1992, 9176:. Malden, MA: Wiley, 2010, 9138:. London: Routledge, 2004, 9001:.Leiden: De Gruyter, 1975, 8943:. Retrieved 4 January 2015. 8898:. London: Routledge, 2006, 8525:. London: Routledge, 2004, 8427:. Accessed 20 January 2015. 8134:Levick, Barbara M. (2014). 7040: 7007:. Oxford University Press. 4100:Aelius Hadrianus Marullinus 3716: 3479:, some theologians such as 3077:, including the Kingdom of 3042:Trajan's Parthian victories 2805:) was built from Aila (now 2725:Crisis of the Third Century 2620:Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa 2032:Bust of Trajan wearing the 1480:, in contrast to the usual 655:, which survives mostly as 10: 19320: 19214:2nd-century Roman emperors 19209:1st-century Roman emperors 17510:Sekhemre-Heruhirmaat Intef 16894:Sekhemrekhutawy Sobekhotep 16658:Second Intermediate Period 15550:Constantine XI Palaiologos 15501:Andronikos III Palaiologos 15388:Nikephoros III Botaneiates 13832:. De Imperatoribus Romanis 13616:El Oriente romano, Parte 3 13468:Mattern, Susan P. (1999). 13333:Grainger, John D. (2004). 13010:Alighieri, Dante (1998) . 12514:. Retrieved 28 March 2017. 12284:Francesca Santoro L'Hoir, 12157:Mitchell, Stephen (2014). 11997:. McFarland, 2010, p. 191. 11707:. New York: Cosimo, 2007, 11500:The Middle East Under Rome 11438:, 18-2, 1949, pp. 487–489. 11322:M.Christol & D. Nony, 10703:, p. 26; Paul du Plessis, 10105:"De Imperatoribus Romanis" 10065:Revue des Études Anciennes 9996:"De Imperatoribus Romanis" 9803:Humphrey, John H. (1986). 9350:JC Carrière, "À propos de 9199:Enemies of the Roman Order 8997:Hildegard Temporini, ed., 8739:Princeton University Press 8654:202; Leonard L. Thompson, 8025:Cambridge University Press 3757:Nerva–Antonine family tree 3724:Nerva–Antonine family tree 3571:In the 18th century, King 3467:fashionable for emperors. 3329:the public baths of Ancyra 3260: 3040:during 116 to commemorate 2827:Trajan's Parthian campaign 2824: 2521:Iron Gates of Transylvania 2453: 2410: 2016:as "a monument built to a 1978:dynasts and client kings. 1765:Nerva–Antonine family tree 1371:Piazza del Tempio di Diana 1304:Quintus Marcius Barea Sura 1013: 951:Quintus Marcius Barea Sura 907: 791: 560:(that he be "luckier than 548: 36: 29: 19172: 19074: 19063: 18961:Lucius Mussius Aemilianus 18705: 18651:Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysos 18546: 18518: 18503: 18466: 18438: 18398: 18380: 18330: 18263: 18248: 18206: 18202: 18180: 18130: 18107: 18040: 17963: 17901: 17853: 17838: 17771: 17718: 17630: 17615: 17571: 17567: 17556:Third Intermediate Period 17545: 17468: 17427: 17335: 17267: 17115: 16883: 16868: 16804: 16778: 16730: 16715: 16673: 16669: 16647: 16602: 16562: 16437: 16422: 16356: 16298: 16241: 16182: 16167: 16057: 15986: 15971: 15872: 15756: 15741: 15699: 15695: 15684:First Intermediate Period 15673: 15626: 15558: 15523:Andronikos IV Palaiologos 15491:Andronikos II Palaiologos 15316:Constantine IX Monomachos 15004: 14901: 14784: 14611: 14449: 14297: 14236: 14220: 14201: 14183: 14167: 14148: 14131: 14115: 14096: 14079: 14063: 14051: 14034: 14017: 13998: 13966:Gnaeus Minicius Faustinus 13962: 13946: 13916: 13911: 13901: 13892: 13884: 13879: 13852: 13633:Schmitz, Michael (2005). 13573:Le Roux, Patrick (1998). 13314:Găzdac, Cristian (2010). 13295:Garzetti, Albino (2014). 12762:Römische Kaisergeschichte 12591:Google Arts & Culture 12167:Journal of Ankara Studies 12086:Erziehung, Bildung, Recht 11921:Trajano Emperador De Roma 11326:. Paris: Hachette, 2003, 11270:History Museum of Armenia 11154:Retrieved 18 August 2019. 11117:. Retrieved 11 June 2014. 10271:Christol & Nony, 171. 9298:Revue des Études Grecques 9079:. Oxford U. Press, 2002, 8804:Thérèse Renoirte (Sœur), 8563:Christopher J. Fuhrmann, 7934:Allen, Robert H. (2006). 6981:Lambert, Royston (1984). 6962:Giacosa, Giorgio (1977). 6556: 6554: 6534: 6532: 6529:Furia Sabina Tranquillina 6465: 6461: 6459: 6449: 6379: 6377: 6367: 6333: 6326: 6324:L. Aurelius Agaclytus (2) 6308: 6306: 6304: 6302: 6296: 6294: 6292: 6286: 6284: 6282: 6280: 6276: 6274: 6258: 6254: 6252: 6250: 6248: 6246: 6244: 6242: 6240: 6238: 6236: 6234: 6232: 6220: 6218: 6202: 6200: 6180: 6167: 6151: 6142: 6127: 6118: 6116: 6091: 6080: 6076: 6072: 6070: 6066: 6064: 6062: 6060: 6058: 6056: 6050: 6048: 6046: 6040: 6034: 6028: 6026: 6024: 6022: 6020: 6018: 6016: 6008: 5988: 5978: 5974: 5968: 5964: 5962: 5960: 5958: 5956: 5954: 5952: 5950: 5948: 5946: 5944: 5942: 5940: 5938: 5936: 5930: 5928: 5926: 5924: 5922: 5920: 5900: 5894: 5885: 5871: 5864: 5830: 5821: 5819: 5790: 5788: 5786: 5784: 5782: 5780: 5778: 5776: 5774: 5772: 5770: 5764: 5762: 5760: 5752: 5750: 5744: 5742: 5740: 5738: 5736: 5734: 5732: 5730: 5724: 5722: 5720: 5712: 5710: 5708: 5700: 5696: 5694: 5692: 5690: 5688: 5682: 5680: 5678: 5676: 5674: 5672: 5670: 5668: 5666: 5660: 5652: 5650: 5648: 5646: 5644: 5642: 5640: 5638: 5636: 5634: 5632: 5630: 5628: 5626: 5620: 5616: 5610: 5600: 5598: 5592: 5590: 5584: 5571: 5569: 5567: 5565: 5563: 5534: 5518: 5502: 5491: 5489: 5487: 5483: 5481: 5479: 5473: 5471: 5469: 5467: 5465: 5463: 5461: 5459: 5457: 5455: 5453: 5451: 5449: 5441: 5439: 5423: 5421: 5419: 5415: 5413: 5407: 5405: 5403: 5401: 5393: 5389: 5387: 5385: 5383: 5381: 5379: 5377: 5375: 5373: 5371: 5369: 5367: 5365: 5363: 5361: 5355: 5335: 5333: 5331: 5322: 5308: 5303: 5301: 5299: 5297: 5295: 5291: 5289: 5252: 5250: 5238: 5236: 5234: 5226: 5216: 5214: 5212: 5206: 5204: 5200: 5196: 5194: 5192: 5184: 5180: 5172: 5170: 5168: 5166: 5159: 5157: 5147: 5145: 5143: 5141: 5139: 5134: 5132: 5116: 5114: 5112: 5110: 5108: 5106: 5102: 5100: 5098: 5082: 5077: 5075: 5073: 5069: 5067: 5065: 5063: 5061: 5055: 5051: 5045: 5021: 5019: 5007: 5005: 4993: 4989: 4969: 4967: 4965: 4963: 4946: 4928: 4909: 4907: 4898: 4885: 4881: 4879: 4841: 4839: 4825: 4823: 4819: 4817: 4794: 4777: 4746: 4744: 4725: 4723: 4721: 4719: 4717: 4715: 4710:L. Julius Ursus Servianus 4706: 4683: 4681: 4679: 4677: 4675: 4673: 4667: 4663: 4661: 4659: 4657: 4655: 4637: 4635: 4631: 4629: 4617: 4615: 4613: 4611: 4609: 4607: 4605: 4603: 4601: 4589: 4587: 4585: 4583: 4577: 4575: 4571: 4567: 4565: 4563: 4557: 4555: 4553: 4551: 4549: 4539: 4535: 4533: 4531: 4517: 4508: 4506: 4498: 4496: 4484: 4482: 4480: 4478: 4476: 4470: 4462: 4460: 4448: 4446: 4434: 4432: 4418: 4416: 4414: 4410: 4408: 4406: 4404: 4402: 4400: 4398: 4386: 4382: 4380: 4368: 4366: 4354: 4352: 4338: 4306: 4289: 4275: 4266: 4241: 4217: 4215: 4207: 4205: 4203: 4201: 4199: 4197: 4195: 4187: 4185: 4169: 4165: 4163: 4157: 4153: 4151: 4149: 4143: 4141: 4139: 4127: 4125: 4096: 4054: 4040: 4018: 4016: 4014: 4006: 4004: 3996: 3994: 3982: 3980: 3968: 3966: 3958: 3954: 3948: 3913: 3911: 3902: 3893: 3891: 3882: 3864: 3862: 3860: 3858: 3856: 3854: 3852: 3850: 3848: 3846: 3844: 3836: 3834: 3832: 3824: 3820: 3818: 3816: 3814: 3812: 3810: 3808: 3806: 3804: 3802: 3800: 3780: 3776: 3774: 3772: 3388: 3224:adlectus inter praetorios 2625:Trajan built a new city, 2601:Tiberius Claudius Maximus 2362:. The Circus also hosted 2137:on the right bank of the 1871:appointed by the Senate. 1798:Year of the Five Emperors 1361:, here above all through 1220:, was the town of Tuder ( 1081: 1073: 1046: 1025: 1021: 986: 968: 960: 933: 915: 911: 874: 856: 848: 821: 803: 799: 764: 746: 738: 721: 448: 438:; in AD 89, serving as a 416: 286: 276: 254: 242: 233: 226: 221: 216: 212: 196: 186: 169: 142: 119: 115: 105: 95: 87: 80: 64: 57: 52: 18673:Cleopatra VII Philopator 16930:Ameny Antef Amenemhet VI 15688: (<3150–2040 BC) 15486:Michael VIII Palaiologos 13400:The Roman Army in Jordan 13138:Jerash and the Decapolis 13130:Harvard University Press 13063:Indiana University Press 13059:Trajan. Optimus Princeps 13057:Bennett, Julian (2001). 13029:Alston, Richard (2014). 12195:. Dio later states that 11870:. Oxford: Osprey, 2007, 11751:Journal of Roman Studies 11288:Patma-Banasirakan Handes 11110:Nathanael John Andrade, 10338:History and Civilization 10235:. Retrieved 2 July 2014. 9830:Epitome of Cassius Dio, 9761:. Profile. p. 424. 9685:. Berlin: epubli, 2014, 9561:Harvard University Press 9551:Opper, Thorsten (2008), 8059:, p. 686, note 399. 7938:. Jefferson: McFarland, 7602:Indiana University Press 7594:Bennett, Julian (1997). 7538:Trajan: Optimus Princeps 7510:Indiana University Press 7502:Bennett, Julian (1997). 7120: 6616:= posthumously deified ( 5506:Calvisia Domitia Lucilla 3872:Q. Marcius Barea Soranus 3397:Bust of Trajan found in 3014:river from Armenia into 2349: 2165:created or enlarged the 1644:Roman imperial dynasties 1443:Publius Acilius Attianus 1369:; excavations under the 351: 9 August 117 19254:Letter writers in Latin 18646:Ptolemy XI Alexander II 18561:Ptolemy II Philadelphus 16855:Seankhibtawy Seankhibra 15341:Eudokia Makrembolitissa 14975:Tiberius II Constantine 14179:Manius Laberius Maximus 13935:Cn. Pompeius Catullinus 13920:Marcus Tullius Cerialis 13751:. Abingdon: Routledge. 13747:Young, Gary K. (2001). 13337:. Abingdon: Routledge. 13299:. Abingdon: Routledge. 13234:. Abingdon: Routledge. 13136:Browning, Iain (1982). 13091:. Abingdon: Routledge. 13033:. Abingdon: Routledge. 12764:. Munich: 1992, p. 389. 12715:Dante 1998, pp. 239–40. 12470:Encyclopedia Britannica 12399:Des Boscs-Plateaux 2005 12365:Christopher S. Mackay, 12330:Des Boscs-Plateaux 2005 12127:. Leiden: Brill, 2011, 12123:Gabriele Marasco, ed., 11803:Pirouz Mojtahed-Zadeh, 11724:Christopher S. Mackay, 11238:Rome's Desert Frontiers 11179:. Leiden: Brill, 2012, 11164:Des Boscs-Plateaux 2005 10420:Anton J. L. van Hooff, 10286:, p. not numbered. 9466:Temporini & Haase, 9316:. Leiden: Brill, 2014, 9117:Bradley Hudson McLean, 8919:. Leiden: Brill, 2013, 8714:Leuven University Press 8683:. Leiden: Brill, 2004, 8390:, p. 38, footnote. 8334:. New York: Continuum, 8330:Wilkinson, Sam (2012). 8140:Oxford University Press 7597:Trajan Optimus Princeps 7505:Trajan Optimus Princeps 7357:, 128, 239–277, p. 251. 7328:Hooper, Finley (1979). 6138:Ti. Claudius Pompeianus 5264:L. Caesennius Antoninus 3590:It was only during the 3364:Lucius Neratius Priscus 3275:, 2nd century AD, from 3099:Marcus Pedo Virgilianus 2887:Roman control instead. 2667:received the status of 2571: – and 2190:Apollodorus of Damascus 2151:Apollodorus of Damascus 1934:, who, as a notable of 1459:Apollodorus of Damascus 491:social welfare policies 386:Trajan was born in the 43:Traian (disambiguation) 19304:Ancient Roman generals 19249:Imperial Roman consuls 19239:Deified Roman emperors 19224:Ancient Roman adoptees 18688:Ptolemy XIV Philopator 18667:Cleopatra VI Tryphaena 18661:Berenice IV Epiphaneia 18616:Ptolemy VIII Euergetes 18586:Arsinoe III Philopator 17500:Sekhemre-Wepmaat Intef 16970:Sekhemrekhutawy Khabaw 16910:Sekhemkare Amenemhat V 16501:Neferkare VI Pepiseneb 15496:Michael IX Palaiologos 14209:P. Coelius Apollinaris 13859:Nerva–Antonine dynasty 13830:"Trajan (A.D. 98–117)" 13671:Strobel, Karl (2010). 13442:Also available online. 13230:Edwell, Peter (2007). 12878:. Paris: Seuil, 1974, 12059:He was already consul 11919:Julián González, ed., 11747:Classica et orientalia 11592:. Geneva: Droz, 2006, 11380:. Munich: Beck, 2001, 11257:Discovered in 1967 in 11089:Mainz 2002, pp. 23/40. 10908:George Fadlo Hourani, 10845:Daniel T. Potts, ed., 10646:Moses I. Finley, ed., 9868:. Geneva: Droz, 1987, 9782:Butler, A. J. (1914). 9491:Jesper Majbom Madsen, 9391:Jesper Majbom Madsen, 8873:, 52; Martin Goodman, 8656:The Book of Revelation 8399:Kathleen Kuiper, ed., 7645:," Anthony R. Birley, 6928:Levick (2014), p. 117. 6883:Giacosa (1977), p. 10. 6847:Levick (2014), p. 164. 6825:Levick (2014), p. 162. 6800:Levick (2014), p. 163. 6673:Levick (2014), p. 161. 6371:Junius Licinius Balbus 6165:Junius Licinius Balbus 6159:M. Plautius Quintillus 6131:M. Annius Verus Caesar 5090:C. Fuscus Salinator II 4902:Julia Serviana Paulina 3585:Royal Palace of Madrid 3568: 3549: 3448: 3409: 3295:being a corruption of 3279: 3177: 3061: 2989: 2931: 2919:of modern historians. 2905:As in the case of the 2898: 2836: 2712: 2622: 2575:, which was posted to 2560: 2517:Second Battle of Tapae 2468: 2387: 2277: 2274:Dendera Temple complex 2241:annexation of Nabataea 2215:, an extension of the 2146: 2074: 2041: 1890: 1662:Nerva–Antonine dynasty 1555:Domitian's successor, 1552: 1509:Hispania Tarraconensis 1397: 1290:. Trajan's mother was 1288:First Jewish-Roman War 1272:Marcus Ulpius Traianus 1187:, in the outskirts of 1156: 892:Marcus Ulpius Traianus 782:Marcus Ulpius Traianus 629:Titus Statilius Criton 584:" – a 495: 489:, the introduction of 450:Hispania Tarraconensis 440: 432:Marcus Ulpius Traianus 422:came from the town of 406:in southern Spain, an 388: 375: 363:Nerva–Antonine dynasty 340:Marcus Ulpius Traianus 291:Ancient Roman religion 262:Marcus Ulpius Traianus 123:Marcus Ulpius Traianus 41:. For other uses, see 18636:Ptolemy X Alexander I 18601:Ptolemy VI Philometor 18581:Ptolemy IV Philopator 18576:Berenice II Euergetes 18571:Ptolemy III Euergetes 18533:Philip III Arrhidaeus 17042:Khahotepre Sobekhotep 17037:Merhotepre Sobekhotep 16391:Merenre Nemtyemsaf II 15590:Thessalonian emperors 15584:Trapezuntine emperors 15545:John VIII Palaiologos 15540:Manuel II Palaiologos 15511:John VI Kantakouzenos 15427:Andronikos I Komnenos 15264:Constantine Lekapenos 14292:and empresses regnant 14127:Q. Articuleius Paetus 14075:Sex. Julius Frontinus 13817:, English translation 13811:, English translation 13807:Epitome de Caesaribus 13801:, English translation 13730:L'Empire Gréco-Romain 13596:. London: Duckworth. 13520:. London: Routledge. 13432:Trajan's Parthian War 13423:Encyclopaedia Iranica 13384:. London: Routledge. 13380:Jones, Brian (2002). 13318:. Cluj-Napoca: Mega. 12823:The Classical Journal 12807:Heuß, Alfred (1976). 12785:A. G. G. Gibson, ed. 12561:Epitome de Caesaribus 12220:Clement of Alexandria 12209:Theophilus of Antioch 12067:. GRIN Verlag, 2007, 11857:Bennett, Trajan, 199. 11436:L'Antiquité Classique 11432:Trajan's Parthian War 10537:, 41, 275–292 (2010). 10206:José Maria Blázquez, 9504:Sviatoslav Dmitriev, 9468:Politische Geschichte 9397:Bloomsbury Publishing 9172:David S. Potter, ed. 8938:L'antiquité classique 8812:, 1952, available at 8810:L'antiquité classique 8708:Van der Stockt, eds., 8704:Philip A. Stadter, L. 8679:Lukas De Blois, ed., 7389:epitome de Caesaribus 7250:Nelson, Eric (2002). 6946:contributors (2000). 6727:Giacosa (1977), p. 9. 6694:Giacosa (1977), p. 7. 6661:Giacosa (1977), p. 8. 4896:C. Fuscus Salinator I 3879:Q. Marcius Barea Sura 3581:The Triumph of Trajan 3554: 3503: 3438: 3403:Museum of Art History 3396: 3270: 3231:Marcus Erucius Clarus 3163: 3148:. Since Charax was a 3126:Julian the Apostate's 3036: 2975: 2925: 2893: 2834: 2753:locatio conductio rei 2741:procurator aurariarum 2702: 2617: 2550: 2463: 2385: 2253: 2132: 2069: 2031: 2024:Greek-Roman relations 1884: 1585:, the future Emperor 1546: 1384: 1257:Social War (91–87 BC) 1218:Epitome de Caesaribus 1146: 487:forum named after him 344:Caesar Nerva Traianus 19289:Romans from Hispania 19069:Dynastic genealogies 18693:Ptolemy XV Caesarion 17989:Tutkheperre Shoshenq 17903:High Priests of Amun 17405:Merankhre Mentuhotep 17107:Seheqenre Sankhptahi 17102:Sewadjare Mentuhotep 16955:Khaankhre Sobekhotep 16662: (2040–1550 BC) 16381:Merenre Nemtyemsaf I 15528:John VII Palaiologos 15476:Theodore II Laskaris 15336:Constantine X Doukas 15276:Nikephoros II Phokas 14002:P. Cornelius Tacitus 13728:Veyne, Paul (2005). 13709:Veyne, Paul (2001). 13692:Le Pain et le Cirque 13690:Veyne, Paul (1976). 13554:Rees, Roger (2012). 13535:Petit, Paul (1976). 13382:The Emperor Domitian 13353:The Limits of Empire 12825:94 (1998) pp. 87–93. 12573:Ammianus Marcellinus 11397:Alfred S. Bradford, 11166:, pp. 304, 311. 10682:, pp. 202, 242. 10580:, pp. 101, 104. 9755:Beard, Mary (2015). 8867:The Emperor Domitian 8842:The Emperor Domitian 8448:Ryan K. Balot, ed., 8249:, pp. 200, 206. 6985:. New York: Viking. 6903:"Marcus Aurelius" 24 5137:L. Caesennius Paetus 5080:L. Ceionius Commodus 4950:Cn. Arrius Antoninus 4245:C. Salonius Matidius 3573:Charles III of Spain 3385:of the Roman state. 3323:Death and succession 3018:and the land of the 2763:Nabataean annexation 2686:Metaliferi Mountains 2678:Carpathian Mountains 2618:The amphitheater at 2456:Trajan's Dacian Wars 2407:Currency and welfare 2133:Supporting piers of 2004:, left behind him a 1915:Orations on Kingship 1595:Lucius Licinius Sura 1337:, and his niece was 1312:Aulus Antonius Rufus 1039:Aulus Antonius Rufus 379:('the best') by the 19244:LGBT Roman emperors 18591:Ptolemy V Epiphanes 18528:Alexander the Great 17560: (1550–664 BC) 17082:Mershepsesre Ini II 17077:Merkawre Sobekhotep 16471:Neferkare IV Khendu 15459:Theodore I Laskaris 15444:Alexios III Angelos 15422:Alexios II Komnenos 15346:Romanos IV Diogenes 15301:Romanos III Argyros 15247:Romanos I Lekapenos 14205:L. Octavius Crassus 14083:Lucius Julius Ursus 14038:L. Maecius Postumus 14006:M. Ostorius Scapula 13985:P. Valerius Marinus 13958:Mn. Acilius Glabrio 13784:Historical fiction. 13254:The Ancient Economy 13215:. London: Quercus. 13175:; Nony, N. (2003). 12898:, pp. 654/655. 12809:Römische Geschichte 12084:Margret Fell, ed., 11945:E. Yarshater, ed., 11936:) for the year 117. 11907:, 1965 ed., p. 249. 11827:, pp. 164/165. 11624:, pp. 197/199. 11367:, pp. 194–195. 11175:Dexter Hoyos, ed., 11052:, pp. 163/215. 10758:, pp. 172–182. 10719:, pp. 102, 90. 10695:. UNC Press, 1991, 10691:Steven A. Epstein, 10441:Harriet I. Flower, 10233:VII, Iasi,2000).pdf 10036:general was called 9952:on 10 February 2014 9262:, pp. 232–233. 9247:, 37. Available at 9066:, pp. 229–230. 9042:, pp. 195–196. 8952:Stanley E. Hoffer, 8844:, Routledge, 2002, 8521:Edward Togo Salmon, 8047:, pp. 91, 109. 7536:." Bennett (2001). 6344:Plautius Quintillus 6337:L. Antistius Burrus 6319:Petronius Antoninus 5882:Q. Servilius Pudens 5875:Plautius Quintillus 5326:C. Avidius Nigrinus 4502:Libo Rupilius Frugi 4279:P. Acilius Attianus 3920:P. Aelius Hadrianus 3646:In Romanian culture 3577:Anton Raphael Mengs 3146:Alexander the Great 2941:Alexander the Great 2597:Sarmizegetusa Regia 2557:Cartea omului matur 2529:Nicopolis ad Istrum 1513:Antonius Saturninus 1417:pro praetore Syriae 1385:Trajan wearing the 1234:epigraphic evidence 709:Ancestors of Trajan 647:68 in Greek author 613:and modelled after 460:Antonius Saturninus 398:in the present-day 150: 9 August 117 18928:Trebonianus Gallus 17515:Senakhtenre Ahmose 17133:Ya'ammu Nubwoserre 17087:Sewahenre Senebmiu 17062:Sankhenre Sewadjtu 16491:Neferkare V Tereru 16461:Neferkare III Neby 16129:Sekhemib-Perenmaat 15578:Britannic emperors 15572:Palmyrene emperors 15506:John V Palaiologos 15449:Alexios IV Angelos 15398:Constantine Doukas 15393:Alexios I Komnenos 15381:Constantine Doukas 15364:Michael VII Doukas 15326:Michael VI Bringas 14892:Romulus Augustulus 14515:Trebonianus Gallus 14508:Herennius Etruscus 14290:Byzantine emperors 14156:M. Junius Homullus 13912:Political offices 13822:Secondary material 13765:Wildfeuer, C.R.H. 13711:La Société Romaine 13447:Luttwak, Edward N. 13177:Rome et son Empire 13081:Birley, Anthony R. 12987:, (H. 4), 500-510. 12915:. 23 November 2023 12489:Claride, Amaanda, 12320:, pp. 50, 52. 12244:(4th/5th century) 12201:inclusive counting 11836:Axel Kristinsson, 11703:George Rawlinson, 11447:Richard Stoneman, 11376:Hermann Bengtson, 11324:Rome et son Empire 11268:. Now kept at the 11126:Raoul McLaughlin, 10990:, p. 176 sqq. 10887:Julian Reade, ed., 10705:Studying Roman Law 10475:Jennifer Trimble, 10432:, p. 277, note 41. 10284:Dando-Collins 2012 10018:praetorian prefect 9914:on 1 November 2008 9480:de Ste. Croix 1989 9416:Simon Swain, ed., 9337:Quoted by Hooper, 9243:Dio, Discourse 38, 9197:Ramsey Macmullen, 8986:de Ste. Croix 1989 8974:de Ste. Croix 1989 8617:Simon Swain, ed., 8542:Elizabeth Forbis, 7879:Augustan History, 7238:Discourses on Livy 7170:Chronograph of 354 7141:afterwards called 6747:"Julius Servianus" 5834:C. Avidius Cassius 5163:T. Aurelius Fulvus 3676:Daco-Roman culture 3569: 3449: 3410: 3313:Praetorian Prefect 3280: 3271:Statue of Trajan, 3178: 3095:violent earthquake 3062: 2990: 2988:mentioning Trajan. 2932: 2899: 2847:since the time of 2837: 2713: 2623: 2607:and thrown on the 2561: 2469: 2445:Military campaigns 2388: 2278: 2254:Emperor Trajan in 2147: 2042: 1989:, a descendant of 1891: 1613:'s éminence grise 1561:Casperius Aelianus 1553: 1515:, the governor of 1398: 1393:, 2nd century AD, 1320:Figlinae Marcianae 1228:region of central 1157: 599:An account of the 594:Five Good Emperors 359:Five Good Emperors 19234:Deaths from edema 19181: 19180: 19168: 19167: 19059: 19058: 19055: 19054: 19051: 19050: 18975:Claudius Gothicus 18869:Severus Alexander 18836:Septimius Severus 18701: 18700: 18499: 18498: 18244: 18243: 18176: 18175: 18172: 18171: 18168: 18167: 17883:Osorkon the Elder 17834: 17833: 17611: 17610: 17541: 17540: 17537: 17536: 17533: 17532: 17505:Nubkheperre Intef 17385:Sekhemre Shedwast 17007:Sehetepkare Intef 16935:Semenkare Nebnuni 16864: 16863: 16711: 16710: 16643: 16642: 16639: 16638: 16635: 16634: 16418: 16417: 16396:Netjerkare Siptah 16318:Neferirkare Kakai 16163: 16162: 15967: 15966: 15737: 15736: 15633: 15632: 15471:John III Vatatzes 15417:Manuel I Komnenos 15156:Michael I Rangabe 15000: 14999: 14842:Petronius Maximus 14441:Severus Alexander 14409:Septimius Severus 14253: 14252: 14249: 14246:as suffect consul 14237:Succeeded by 14218: 14215:as suffect consul 14197: 14194:as suffect consul 14184:Succeeded by 14165: 14162:as suffect consul 14152:L. Antonius Albus 14144: 14141:as suffect consul 14132:Succeeded by 14113: 14110:as suffect consul 14092: 14089:as suffect consul 14080:Succeeded by 14059:Q. Sosius Senecio 14047: 14044:as suffect consul 14035:Succeeded by 14015: 14012:as suffect consul 13994: 13991:as suffect consul 13963:Succeeded by 13944: 13941:as suffect consul 13902:Succeeded by 13758:978-0-203-47093-0 13739:978-2-02-057798-4 13720:978-2-02-052360-8 13701:978-2-02-004507-0 13682:978-3-7917-2172-9 13663:978-90-04-07644-0 13656:. Leiden: Brill. 13644:978-0-9758445-0-2 13625:978-84-460-0412-7 13603:978-0-8014-9597-7 13584:978-2-02-025932-3 13565:978-0-19-957671-5 13546:978-0-520-02171-6 13527:978-0-203-97908-2 13507:978-2-336-00291-0 13479:978-0-520-21166-7 13460:978-0-8018-2158-5 13391:978-0-203-03625-9 13344:978-0-415-34958-1 13325:978-606-543-040-2 13306:978-1-138-01920-1 13263:978-0-520-21946-5 13241:978-0-203-93833-1 13222:978-1-84916-230-2 13206:978-2-251-32852-2 13186:978-2-01-145542-0 13164:978-2-7475-7037-4 13117:978-84-95555-80-9 13098:978-0-415-16544-0 13072:978-0-253-21435-5 13050:Military Heritage 13040:978-0-415-61120-6 13021:978-0-19-283502-4 13012:The Divine Comedy 12884:978-2-02-004969-6 12795:978-0-19-873805-3 12632:978-3-99020-007-0 12271:978-3-515-10732-7 12133:978-90-04-18299-8 12073:978-3-640-32753-9 12063:: Tanja Gawlich, 12050:93 (1992) 99–106. 12026:978-0-521-77248-8 11876:978-1-84603-108-3 11846:978-9979-9922-1-9 11713:978-1-60206-136-1 11279:Arakelyan, Babken 11185:978-90-04-23593-9 11136:978-1-84725-235-7 11026:978-0-521-83878-8 10976:978-1-84885-314-0 10970:B. Tauris, 2012, 10951:978-1-84725-034-6 10648:Classical Slavery 10496:Ioana A. Oltean, 10485:978-0-521-82515-3 10451:978-0-8078-3063-5 10247:, pp. 94–95. 9874:978-2-600-04425-7 9816:978-0-520-04921-5 9768:978-1-84765-441-0 9741:978-90-5867-239-1 9712:978-3-11-061248-6 9691:978-3-7375-0702-8 9514:978-0-19-517042-9 9493:Eager to be Roman 9451:978-0-19-965214-3 9405:978-0-7156-3753-1 9322:978-90-04-27738-0 9218:Graham Anderson, 9182:978-0-631-22644-4 8925:978-90-04-24516-7 8883:978-0-415-55978-2 8648:978-0-521-59435-6 8606:978-1-62032-557-5 8573:978-0-19-973784-0 8492:978-1-4051-5143-6 8471:978-0-19-957671-5 8461:Roger Rees, ed., 8409:978-1-61530-207-9 8340:978-1-4411-2052-6 8319:978-2-84867-169-7 8148:978-0-19-537941-9 8111:978-0-8018-9253-0 8033:978-0-521-85969-1 7998:, pp. 45–46. 7944:978-0-7864-2349-1 7843:, pp. 22–23. 7261:978-0-02-864151-5 7224:978-0-521-84026-2 7209:Cooley, Alison E. 7110:Justice of Trajan 7038: 7037: 7014:978-0-19-537941-9 6633: 6632: 6560: 6559: 6095:M. Petronius Sura 4521:L. Vibius Sabinus 3900:M. Cocceius Nerva 3714: 3352:Pannonia Inferior 3240: 3239:REX PARTHIS DATUS 3086:mountains around 2982:Legio IV Scythica 2968:Course of the war 2864:, that went from 2821:Parthian campaign 2773:Nabataean Kingdom 2593:Second Dacian War 2573:XXX Ulpia Victrix 2551:Portrait of King 2450:Conquest of Dacia 2396:Pliny to continue 2125:Building projects 1836: 1835: 1803: 1802: 1751: 1750: 1667: 1615:Licinius Mucianus 1599:Germania Inferior 1579:According to the 1533:Germania Superior 1517:Germania Superior 1306:. Her mother was 1280:Legio X Fretensis 1140: 1139: 1136: 1135: 665:Pliny the Younger 659:abridgements and 483:building projects 408:Italic settlement 296: 295: 238: 237: 197:Adoptive children 32:Trajan (typeface) 16:(Redirected from 19311: 19175:List of pharaohs 19065: 19064: 18830:Pescennius Niger 18718: 18717: 18714: 18713: 18626:Ptolemy IX Soter 18596:Cleopatra I Syra 18516: 18515: 18512: 18511: 18261: 18260: 18257: 18256: 18213: 18212: 18204: 18203: 18197: 18196: 18182: 18181: 17933:Djedkhonsuefankh 17851: 17850: 17847: 17846: 17628: 17627: 17624: 17623: 17598: 17593: 17578: 17577: 17569: 17568: 17562: 17561: 17547: 17546: 17140:Qareh Khawoserre 17126:Yakbim Sekhaenre 17067:Mersekhemre Ined 16881: 16880: 16877: 16876: 16728: 16727: 16724: 16723: 16680: 16679: 16671: 16670: 16664: 16663: 16649: 16648: 16435: 16434: 16431: 16430: 16180: 16179: 16176: 16175: 15984: 15983: 15980: 15979: 15754: 15753: 15750: 15749: 15706: 15705: 15697: 15696: 15690: 15689: 15675: 15674: 15660: 15653: 15646: 15637: 15636: 15481:John IV Laskaris 15454:Alexios V Doukas 15439:Isaac II Angelos 15405:John II Komnenos 15331:Isaac I Komnenos 15291:Constantine VIII 15281:John I Tzimiskes 15008:Byzantine Empire 14782: 14781: 14279: 14272: 14265: 14256: 14255: 14243: 14240:M. Licinius Ruso 14212: 14202:Preceded by 14191: 14159: 14149:Preceded by 14138: 14107: 14097:Preceded by 14086: 14052:Preceded by 14041: 14009: 13999:Preceded by 13988: 13982: 13938: 13932: 13917:Preceded by 13885:Preceded by 13875: 13868: 13850: 13849: 13841: 13839: 13837: 13762: 13743: 13724: 13705: 13686: 13667: 13648: 13629: 13607: 13588: 13569: 13550: 13531: 13514:Mommsen, Theodor 13500: 13489:Minaud, Gérard, 13488: 13483: 13464: 13427: 13395: 13348: 13329: 13310: 13267: 13245: 13226: 13195: 13190: 13173:Christol, Michel 13168: 13149: 13124:Bowersock, G.W. 13121: 13102: 13090: 13076: 13044: 13025: 12997: 12994: 12988: 12981: 12975: 12974: 12972: 12970: 12956: 12950: 12949: 12947: 12945: 12931: 12925: 12924: 12922: 12920: 12905: 12899: 12893: 12887: 12872: 12866: 12864: 12852: 12846: 12832: 12826: 12819: 12813: 12812: 12804: 12798: 12783: 12777: 12771: 12765: 12759: 12753: 12747: 12741: 12734: 12728: 12722: 12716: 12713: 12707: 12703: 12697: 12696: 12694: 12692: 12677: 12671: 12670: 12668: 12666: 12651: 12645: 12644: 12612: 12606: 12605: 12600: 12598: 12582: 12576: 12570: 12564: 12558: 12552: 12542: 12536: 12521: 12515: 12509: 12503: 12500: 12494: 12487: 12481: 12480: 12478: 12476: 12464:Hammond, Mason. 12461: 12455: 12444: 12438: 12432: 12426: 12420: 12414: 12408: 12402: 12396: 12390: 12384: 12378: 12363: 12357: 12351: 12345: 12339: 12333: 12327: 12321: 12315: 12309: 12303: 12297: 12282: 12276: 12275: 12255: 12249: 12241:Historia Augusta 12237: 12231: 12205:Historia Augusta 12190: 12182: 12176: 12175: 12163: 12154: 12148: 12142: 12136: 12121: 12115: 12112: 12106: 12103: 12097: 12082: 12076: 12057: 12051: 12044: 12038: 12035: 12029: 12013: 12007: 12004: 11998: 11993:James J. Bloom, 11991: 11985: 11979: 11970: 11964: 11958: 11943: 11937: 11930: 11924: 11917: 11908: 11902: 11896: 11890: 11879: 11864: 11858: 11855: 11849: 11834: 11828: 11822: 11816: 11801: 11795: 11780: 11774: 11768: 11759: 11743: 11737: 11722: 11716: 11701: 11695: 11684: 11678: 11672: 11663: 11652: 11646: 11643: 11637: 11631: 11625: 11619: 11613: 11607: 11601: 11586: 11580: 11574: 11568: 11553: 11547: 11541: 11535: 11532: 11526: 11520: 11511: 11493: 11487: 11481: 11475: 11474: 11466: 11460: 11445: 11439: 11428: 11422: 11416: 11410: 11395: 11389: 11374: 11368: 11362: 11356: 11341: 11335: 11320: 11314: 11299: 11293: 11292: 11255: 11249: 11234: 11228: 11227: 11209: 11200: 11194: 11188: 11173: 11167: 11161: 11155: 11145: 11139: 11124: 11118: 11108: 11102: 11096: 11090: 11083: 11077: 11071: 11065: 11059: 11053: 11047: 11041: 11035: 11029: 11014: 11008: 11002: 10991: 10985: 10979: 10969: 10960: 10954: 10939: 10933: 10927: 10921: 10906: 10900: 10885: 10879: 10873: 10867: 10864: 10858: 10843: 10837: 10831: 10825: 10822: 10816: 10810: 10804: 10798: 10792: 10777: 10771: 10765: 10759: 10753: 10747: 10741: 10735: 10729: 10720: 10714: 10708: 10689: 10683: 10677: 10671: 10665: 10659: 10644: 10638: 10632: 10626: 10611: 10605: 10599: 10593: 10587: 10581: 10575: 10566: 10560: 10551: 10544: 10538: 10527: 10521: 10515: 10509: 10494: 10488: 10473: 10467: 10462:Martin Goodman, 10460: 10454: 10439: 10433: 10418: 10412: 10406: 10400: 10399: 10381: 10370: 10364: 10353: 10347: 10341: 10321: 10315: 10314: 10309: 10307: 10293: 10287: 10281: 10272: 10269: 10260: 10254: 10248: 10242: 10236: 10221: 10215: 10204: 10198: 10197: 10179: 10173: 10172: 10161: 10159: 10145: 10139: 10133: 10124: 10123: 10117: 10115: 10101: 10095: 10089: 10083: 10077: 10071: 10061: 10055: 10049: 10043: 10042: 10040:(the brave one). 10008: 10006: 9992: 9983: 9968: 9962: 9961: 9959: 9957: 9942: 9936: 9930: 9924: 9923: 9921: 9919: 9904: 9898: 9883: 9877: 9862: 9856: 9841: 9835: 9828: 9822: 9820: 9800: 9794: 9793: 9779: 9773: 9772: 9752: 9746: 9745: 9724: 9715: 9700: 9694: 9681:Martin Klonnek, 9679: 9673: 9672: 9660: 9654: 9651: 9645: 9644: 9626: 9617: 9610: 9604: 9597: 9591: 9584: 9578: 9577: 9558: 9548: 9542: 9523: 9517: 9502: 9496: 9489: 9483: 9477: 9471: 9464: 9458: 9456: 9439: 9433: 9431: 9414: 9408: 9389: 9383: 9368: 9362: 9348: 9342: 9335: 9329: 9327: 9310: 9304: 9294: 9288: 9286: 9269: 9263: 9257: 9251: 9241: 9235: 9232: 9226: 9216: 9210: 9195: 9189: 9187: 9170: 9164: 9157: 9151: 9149: 9134:A. G. Leventis, 9132: 9126: 9124: 9115: 9109: 9096:Simon Goldhill, 9094: 9088: 9073: 9067: 9061: 9055: 9049: 9043: 9037: 9031: 9016: 9010: 8995: 8989: 8983: 8977: 8971: 8965: 8950: 8944: 8934: 8928: 8913: 8907: 8892: 8886: 8863: 8857: 8855: 8838: 8832: 8826:Anatolia Antiqua 8822: 8816: 8802: 8796: 8781: 8775: 8769: 8763: 8756: 8750: 8733:Benjamin Isaac, 8731: 8725: 8707: 8698: 8692: 8677: 8671: 8669: 8653: 8636: 8630: 8615: 8609: 8594: 8588: 8582: 8576: 8561: 8555: 8540: 8534: 8519: 8513: 8510: 8504: 8501: 8495: 8480: 8474: 8459: 8453: 8446: 8440: 8434: 8428: 8418: 8412: 8397: 8391: 8385: 8379: 8373: 8367: 8361: 8355: 8349: 8343: 8328: 8322: 8307: 8301: 8295: 8289: 8288: 8268: 8262: 8256: 8250: 8244: 8238: 8232: 8226: 8220: 8214: 8208: 8202: 8201: 8183: 8177: 8166: 8160: 8157: 8151: 8132: 8126: 8120: 8114: 8095: 8089: 8066: 8060: 8054: 8048: 8042: 8036: 8017: 8011: 8005: 7999: 7993: 7984: 7983: 7965: 7959: 7953: 7947: 7932: 7926: 7920: 7911: 7910: 7908: 7906: 7896:"Pompei Plotina" 7892: 7886: 7877: 7868: 7862: 7856: 7850: 7844: 7838: 7832: 7831: 7795: 7786: 7785: 7767: 7758: 7752: 7746: 7745: 7737: 7731: 7725: 7719: 7716: 7710: 7707: 7701: 7681: 7675: 7668: 7662: 7656: 7650: 7631: 7625: 7622: 7616: 7615: 7600:(2nd ed.). 7591: 7585: 7567: 7561: 7556: 7550: 7547: 7541: 7530: 7524: 7523: 7508:(2nd ed.). 7499: 7493: 7492: 7456: 7445: 7432: 7426: 7420: 7414: 7411: 7405: 7402:M.Traius C.Filii 7398: 7392: 7385: 7379: 7376: 7370: 7364: 7358: 7351: 7345: 7326: 7320: 7317: 7311: 7308: 7302: 7296: 7290: 7284: 7278: 7272: 7266: 7265: 7247: 7241: 7235: 7229: 7228: 7205: 7199: 7190: 7173: 7156:Historia Augusta 7151: 7145: 7131: 7099: 7094: 7093: 7092: 7085: 7080: 7079: 7078: 7071: 7066: 7065: 7064: 7057: 7055:Biography portal 7052: 7051: 7050: 7032: 7018: 6996: 6977: 6958: 6956: 6954: 6929: 6926: 6915: 6912: 6906: 6890: 6884: 6881: 6866: 6863: 6857: 6854: 6848: 6845: 6826: 6823: 6810: 6807: 6801: 6798: 6785: 6782: 6776: 6769: 6763: 6756: 6750: 6743: 6737: 6734: 6728: 6725: 6716: 6706: 6695: 6692: 6683: 6680: 6674: 6671: 6662: 6659: 6653: 6650: 6615: 6605: 6599: 6593: 6583: 6577:(3) = 3rd spouse 6574:(2) = 2nd spouse 6571:(1) = 1st spouse 6566: 6565: 6549: 6547: 6541: 6364:Antonia Gordiana 6349:Plautia Servilla 6170:Servilia Ceionia 6113: 6111: 6105: 6088:Cornificia Minor 5859: 5857: 5851: 5828: 5816: 5814: 5808: 5560:L. Aelius Caesar 5549: 5547: 5541: 5532: 4944:Boionia Procilla 4931:Rupilia Faustina 4801: 4791: 4789: 4784: 4775: 4515: 4273: 4263: 4261: 4255: 4239: 4230: 4082: 4080: 4074: 4061: 4037: 4035: 4029: 3905:Sergia Plautilla 3885:Antonia Furnilla 3764: 3763: 3751: 3744: 3737: 3728: 3727: 3719: 3709: 3707: 3706:שְׁחִיק עֲצָמוֹת 3690:In Jewish legend 3611:Optimus Princeps 3457:Scipio Africanus 3373:Historia Augusta 3348:Legio I Minervia 3238: 3204: 3191:Zagros Mountains 3052:(crowned with a 3016:Media Atropatene 2862:Via Traiana Nova 2856:Cause of the war 2802:Via Traiana Nova 2757:Tropaeum Traiani 2705:statue of Trajan 2432: 2428: 2338:He also built a 2302:Temple of Hathor 2267: 2243:and founding of 2229:Via Traiana Nova 2111: 2087: 2079:Second Sophistic 2066: 2006:funeral monument 1954: 1876:Optimus princeps 1857: 1828: 1821: 1814: 1795:Followed by 1788:Preceded by 1785: 1784: 1679: 1678: 1665: 1655:Aureus of Trajan 1653: 1641: 1640: 1631:Attius Suburanus 1591:military tribune 1582:Historia Augusta 1505:Legio VII Gemina 1308:Antonia Furnilla 1197:Scipio Africanus 1194: 1167:(in what is now 1165:Hispania Baetica 1162: 1064:Antonia Furnilla 715: 714: 706: 705: 646: 500: 476:Praetorian Guard 453: 452: 445: 442:legatus legionis 421: 420: 412:Hispania Baetica 393: 378: 352: 349: 334: 329: 328: 325: 324: 321: 318: 315: 312: 309: 214: 213: 151: 148: 132:Hispania Baetica 69: 59:Optimus Princeps 50: 49: 21: 19319: 19318: 19314: 19313: 19312: 19310: 19309: 19308: 19184: 19183: 19182: 19177: 19164: 19070: 19047: 18947:Macrianus Minor 18876:Maximinus Thrax 18812:Marcus Aurelius 18711: 18710: 18709: 18697: 18556:Ptolemy I Soter 18542: 18509: 18508: 18507: 18495: 18462: 18434: 18394: 18376: 18356:Psammetichus IV 18326: 18254: 18253: 18252: 18240: 18218: 18209: 18198: 18195:(664 BC–313 AD) 18194: 18193: 18164: 18126: 18103: 18099:Menkheperre Ini 18036: 17959: 17897: 17844: 17843: 17842: 17830: 17767: 17714: 17695:Neferneferuaten 17621: 17620: 17619: 17607: 17606: 17596: 17591: 17590:Pharaohs 17583: 17574: 17563: 17559: 17558: 17529: 17464: 17423: 17350:Sobekhotep VIII 17331: 17263: 17111: 17072:Sewadjkare Hori 16874: 16873: 16872: 16860: 16800: 16774: 16721: 16720: 16719: 16707: 16685: 16676: 16665: 16661: 16660: 16631: 16598: 16558: 16466:Djedkare Shemai 16428: 16427: 16426: 16414: 16352: 16294: 16237: 16173: 16172: 16171: 16159: 16053: 15977: 15976: 15975: 15963: 15868: 15747: 15746: 15745: 15733: 15711: 15702: 15691: 15687: 15686: 15669: 15664: 15634: 15629: 15622: 15566:Gallic emperors 15554: 15242:Constantine VII 15023:Constantine III 15010: 15007: 14996: 14905: 14897: 14836:Valentinian III 14824:Constantius III 14818:Priscus Attalus 14802:Constantine III 14788: 14780: 14670:Valerius Valens 14615: 14607: 14453: 14445: 14404:Didius Julianus 14384:Marcus Aurelius 14301: 14293: 14283: 14242: 14228: 14226: 14211: 14207: 14190: 14175: 14173: 14158: 14154: 14137: 14123: 14121: 14106: 14102: 14085: 14071: 14069: 14061: 14057: 14040: 14025: 14023: 14008: 14004: 13987: 13983: 13968: 13954: 13952: 13937: 13933: 13922: 13907: 13898: 13890: 13869: 13867:18 September 53 13863: 13862: 13855: 13848: 13835: 13833: 13824: 13791: 13789:Primary sources 13759: 13740: 13721: 13702: 13683: 13664: 13645: 13626: 13612:Sartre, Maurice 13604: 13585: 13566: 13556:Latin Panegyric 13547: 13528: 13498: 13486: 13480: 13461: 13392: 13345: 13326: 13307: 13270:Fuller, J.F.C. 13264: 13242: 13223: 13193: 13187: 13165: 13118: 13099: 13073: 13061:. Bloomington: 13041: 13022: 13006: 13001: 13000: 12995: 12991: 12982: 12978: 12968: 12966: 12958: 12957: 12953: 12943: 12941: 12933: 12932: 12928: 12918: 12916: 12907: 12906: 12902: 12894: 12890: 12873: 12869: 12862: 12853: 12849: 12833: 12829: 12820: 12816: 12805: 12801: 12784: 12780: 12772: 12768: 12760: 12756: 12748: 12744: 12735: 12731: 12723: 12719: 12714: 12710: 12704: 12700: 12690: 12688: 12678: 12674: 12664: 12662: 12653: 12652: 12648: 12633: 12613: 12609: 12596: 12594: 12583: 12579: 12571: 12567: 12559: 12555: 12543: 12539: 12522: 12518: 12510: 12506: 12501: 12497: 12488: 12484: 12474: 12472: 12462: 12458: 12445: 12441: 12433: 12429: 12421: 12417: 12409: 12405: 12397: 12393: 12385: 12381: 12364: 12360: 12352: 12348: 12340: 12336: 12328: 12324: 12316: 12312: 12304: 12300: 12283: 12279: 12272: 12256: 12252: 12238: 12234: 12183: 12179: 12161: 12155: 12151: 12143: 12139: 12122: 12118: 12114:Bloom, 195/196. 12113: 12109: 12104: 12100: 12083: 12079: 12058: 12054: 12045: 12041: 12036: 12032: 12014: 12010: 12005: 12001: 11992: 11988: 11980: 11973: 11965: 11961: 11944: 11940: 11931: 11927: 11918: 11911: 11903: 11899: 11891: 11882: 11866:Kaveh Farrokh, 11865: 11861: 11856: 11852: 11835: 11831: 11823: 11819: 11802: 11798: 11781: 11777: 11769: 11762: 11744: 11740: 11723: 11719: 11702: 11698: 11685: 11681: 11673: 11666: 11653: 11649: 11644: 11640: 11632: 11628: 11620: 11616: 11608: 11604: 11587: 11583: 11575: 11571: 11555:Fergus Millar, 11554: 11550: 11542: 11538: 11533: 11529: 11521: 11514: 11494: 11490: 11482: 11478: 11467: 11463: 11446: 11442: 11429: 11425: 11417: 11413: 11396: 11392: 11375: 11371: 11363: 11359: 11342: 11338: 11321: 11317: 11301:Fergus Millar, 11300: 11296: 11256: 11252: 11235: 11231: 11224: 11210: 11203: 11195: 11191: 11174: 11170: 11162: 11158: 11146: 11142: 11125: 11121: 11109: 11105: 11099:Sidebotham 1986 11097: 11093: 11084: 11080: 11072: 11068: 11060: 11056: 11048: 11044: 11036: 11032: 11015: 11011: 11003: 10994: 10986: 10982: 10967: 10961: 10957: 10940: 10936: 10928: 10924: 10907: 10903: 10886: 10882: 10874: 10870: 10865: 10861: 10844: 10840: 10832: 10828: 10823: 10819: 10813:Sidebotham 1986 10811: 10807: 10799: 10795: 10778: 10774: 10766: 10762: 10754: 10750: 10742: 10738: 10730: 10723: 10715: 10711: 10690: 10686: 10678: 10674: 10666: 10662: 10645: 10641: 10633: 10629: 10612: 10608: 10600: 10596: 10588: 10584: 10576: 10569: 10561: 10554: 10545: 10541: 10528: 10524: 10516: 10512: 10495: 10491: 10474: 10470: 10461: 10457: 10440: 10436: 10419: 10415: 10407: 10403: 10396: 10382: 10373: 10365: 10356: 10348: 10344: 10326:Danubian Papers 10322: 10318: 10305: 10303: 10295: 10294: 10290: 10282: 10275: 10270: 10263: 10255: 10251: 10243: 10239: 10223:Ioan Glodariu, 10222: 10218: 10212:Aquila Legionis 10205: 10201: 10194: 10180: 10176: 10157: 10155: 10147: 10146: 10142: 10134: 10127: 10113: 10111: 10103: 10102: 10098: 10090: 10086: 10078: 10074: 10062: 10058: 10050: 10046: 10030:Legion V Alaude 10028:, in Romania). 10004: 10002: 9994: 9993: 9986: 9969: 9965: 9955: 9953: 9944: 9943: 9939: 9931: 9927: 9917: 9915: 9906: 9905: 9901: 9885:Stephen Benko, 9884: 9880: 9863: 9859: 9842: 9838: 9829: 9825: 9817: 9801: 9797: 9780: 9776: 9769: 9753: 9749: 9742: 9725: 9718: 9701: 9697: 9680: 9676: 9661: 9657: 9652: 9648: 9641: 9627: 9620: 9611: 9607: 9598: 9594: 9585: 9581: 9575: 9549: 9545: 9525:Fergus Millar, 9524: 9520: 9503: 9499: 9490: 9486: 9478: 9474: 9465: 9461: 9454: 9440: 9436: 9429: 9415: 9411: 9390: 9386: 9370:Fergus Millar, 9369: 9365: 9349: 9345: 9339:Roman Realities 9336: 9332: 9325: 9311: 9307: 9295: 9291: 9284: 9270: 9266: 9258: 9254: 9242: 9238: 9233: 9229: 9217: 9213: 9196: 9192: 9185: 9171: 9167: 9158: 9154: 9147: 9133: 9129: 9122: 9116: 9112: 9095: 9091: 9074: 9070: 9062: 9058: 9050: 9046: 9038: 9034: 9017: 9013: 8996: 8992: 8984: 8980: 8972: 8968: 8951: 8947: 8935: 8931: 8914: 8910: 8893: 8889: 8864: 8860: 8853: 8839: 8835: 8823: 8819: 8803: 8799: 8782: 8778: 8770: 8766: 8757: 8753: 8732: 8728: 8705: 8699: 8695: 8678: 8674: 8667: 8651: 8637: 8633: 8616: 8612: 8595: 8591: 8583: 8579: 8562: 8558: 8541: 8537: 8520: 8516: 8511: 8507: 8502: 8498: 8481: 8477: 8463:Latin Panegyric 8460: 8456: 8447: 8443: 8435: 8431: 8419: 8415: 8398: 8394: 8386: 8382: 8374: 8370: 8362: 8358: 8350: 8346: 8329: 8325: 8308: 8304: 8296: 8292: 8285: 8269: 8265: 8257: 8253: 8245: 8241: 8233: 8229: 8221: 8217: 8209: 8205: 8198: 8184: 8180: 8170:Feriale Duranum 8167: 8163: 8158: 8154: 8133: 8129: 8121: 8117: 8096: 8092: 8067: 8063: 8055: 8051: 8043: 8039: 8018: 8014: 8006: 8002: 7994: 7987: 7980: 7966: 7962: 7954: 7950: 7933: 7929: 7921: 7914: 7904: 7902: 7894: 7893: 7889: 7881:Life of Hadrian 7878: 7871: 7863: 7859: 7851: 7847: 7839: 7835: 7796: 7789: 7782: 7768: 7761: 7753: 7749: 7738: 7734: 7726: 7722: 7717: 7713: 7708: 7704: 7682: 7678: 7669: 7665: 7657: 7653: 7635:origo vetustior 7632: 7628: 7623: 7619: 7612: 7592: 7588: 7568: 7564: 7557: 7553: 7548: 7544: 7531: 7527: 7520: 7500: 7496: 7457: 7448: 7433: 7429: 7421: 7417: 7412: 7408: 7399: 7395: 7386: 7382: 7377: 7373: 7369:, p. xiii. 7365: 7361: 7352: 7348: 7330:Roman Realities 7327: 7323: 7318: 7314: 7309: 7305: 7297: 7293: 7285: 7281: 7273: 7269: 7262: 7248: 7244: 7236: 7232: 7225: 7206: 7202: 7191: 7187: 7182: 7177: 7176: 7152: 7148: 7132: 7128: 7123: 7095: 7090: 7088: 7081: 7076: 7074: 7067: 7062: 7060: 7053: 7048: 7046: 7043: 7015: 7001:Levick, Barbara 6993: 6974: 6952: 6950: 6932: 6927: 6918: 6913: 6909: 6891: 6887: 6882: 6869: 6864: 6860: 6855: 6851: 6846: 6829: 6824: 6813: 6808: 6804: 6799: 6788: 6783: 6779: 6770: 6766: 6757: 6753: 6744: 6740: 6735: 6731: 6726: 6719: 6707: 6698: 6693: 6686: 6681: 6677: 6672: 6665: 6660: 6656: 6651: 6647: 6613: 6607: 6603: 6601: 6597: 6595: 6591: 6589: 6581: 6544: 6542: 6537: 6108: 6106: 6101: 5889:Ceionia Plautia 5854: 5852: 5847: 5842:Aurelia Fadilla 5824: 5811: 5809: 5806:Marcus Aurelius 5804: 5544: 5542: 5537: 5528: 5499:M. Annius Verus 4925:M. Annius Verus 4797: 4786: 4780: 4771: 4513:Salonia Matidia 4511: 4269: 4258: 4256: 4251: 4235: 4228: 4077: 4075: 4070: 4057: 4044:Marcia Furnilla 4032: 4030: 4025: 3758: 3755: 3726: 3692: 3664:Romanian people 3648: 3548: 3543: 3542: 3540: 3538: 3536: 3535: 3533: 3531: 3529: 3528: 3526: 3524: 3522: 3521: 3519: 3517: 3515: 3514: 3512: 3510: 3508: 3507: 3473: 3433: 3391: 3356:Archon eponymos 3337:Pompeia Plotina 3325: 3317:capaces imperii 3285:Diaspora Revolt 3265: 3263:Diaspora revolt 3259: 3257:Diaspora revolt 3202: 3195:Iranian plateau 2970: 2916:Gangetic Plains 2858: 2829: 2823: 2769:Rabbel II Soter 2765: 2719:, stationed at 2609:Gemonian stairs 2465:Trajan's Column 2458: 2452: 2447: 2430: 2426: 2415: 2409: 2380: 2352: 2342:as well as the 2256:Pharonic aspect 2245:Arabia Province 2202:Trajan's Column 2135:Trajan's Bridge 2127: 2109: 2085: 2064: 2026: 1991:Herod the Great 1952: 1919:amicus caesaris 1879: 1855: 1832: 1796: 1791:Flavian dynasty 1789: 1774: 1733:Marcus Aurelius 1656: 1639: 1541: 1525:Acilius Glabrio 1494:Severan dynasty 1467:Pompeia Plotina 1451:Flavian dynasty 1379: 1377:Military career 1363:Pompeia Plotina 1339:Salonia Matidia 1192: 1160: 1153:namesake father 1141: 703: 644: 551: 543:Trajan's Column 515:Parthian Empire 350: 342:, adopted name 332: 306: 302: 272: 208: 191:Pompeia Plotina 182: 176:Trajan's Column 153: 149: 126: 125:18 September 53 124: 76: 46: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 19317: 19307: 19306: 19301: 19299:Roman pharaohs 19296: 19291: 19286: 19281: 19276: 19271: 19266: 19261: 19256: 19251: 19246: 19241: 19236: 19231: 19226: 19221: 19219:Adult adoptees 19216: 19211: 19206: 19201: 19196: 19179: 19178: 19173: 19170: 19169: 19166: 19165: 19163: 19162: 19157: 19152: 19147: 19142: 19137: 19132: 19127: 19122: 19117: 19112: 19107: 19102: 19097: 19092: 19087: 19084: 19081: 19075: 19072: 19071: 19061: 19060: 19057: 19056: 19053: 19052: 19049: 19048: 19046: 19045: 19043:Maximinus Daza 19040: 19035: 19030: 19025: 19018: 19011: 19004: 18999: 18992: 18985: 18978: 18971: 18964: 18957: 18950: 18943: 18938: 18931: 18924: 18919: 18914: 18907: 18900: 18893: 18886: 18879: 18872: 18865: 18858: 18853: 18848: 18843: 18838: 18833: 18826: 18819: 18814: 18809: 18804: 18802:Antoninus Pius 18799: 18794: 18789: 18784: 18779: 18774: 18769: 18762: 18757: 18752: 18747: 18742: 18737: 18732: 18726: 18724: 18715: 18712:(30 BC–313 AD) 18703: 18702: 18699: 18698: 18696: 18695: 18690: 18685: 18680: 18675: 18670: 18663: 18658: 18653: 18648: 18643: 18638: 18633: 18628: 18623: 18618: 18613: 18608: 18603: 18598: 18593: 18588: 18583: 18578: 18573: 18568: 18563: 18558: 18552: 18550: 18544: 18543: 18541: 18540: 18535: 18530: 18524: 18522: 18513: 18501: 18500: 18497: 18496: 18494: 18493: 18488: 18483: 18478: 18476:Artaxerxes III 18472: 18470: 18464: 18463: 18461: 18460: 18455: 18450: 18444: 18442: 18436: 18435: 18433: 18432: 18425: 18420: 18415: 18410: 18404: 18402: 18396: 18395: 18393: 18392: 18386: 18384: 18378: 18377: 18375: 18374: 18369: 18364: 18359: 18352: 18347: 18345:Petubastis III 18342: 18336: 18334: 18328: 18327: 18325: 18324: 18319: 18314: 18309: 18304: 18299: 18294: 18289: 18282: 18277: 18269: 18267: 18258: 18246: 18245: 18242: 18241: 18239: 18238: 18233: 18232: 18231: 18228: 18221: 18219: 18216: 18210: 18207: 18200: 18199: 18178: 18177: 18174: 18173: 18170: 18169: 18166: 18165: 18163: 18162: 18157: 18152: 18147: 18142: 18136: 18134: 18128: 18127: 18125: 18124: 18119: 18113: 18111: 18105: 18104: 18102: 18101: 18096: 18089: 18084: 18079: 18074: 18069: 18062: 18057: 18052: 18046: 18044: 18038: 18037: 18035: 18034: 18029: 18022: 18017: 18012: 18007: 18002: 17997: 17992: 17985: 17980: 17975: 17969: 17967: 17961: 17960: 17958: 17957: 17950: 17945: 17940: 17935: 17930: 17925: 17920: 17913: 17907: 17905: 17899: 17898: 17896: 17895: 17890: 17885: 17880: 17875: 17870: 17865: 17859: 17857: 17848: 17840:3 Intermediate 17836: 17835: 17832: 17831: 17829: 17828: 17823: 17818: 17813: 17808: 17803: 17798: 17793: 17788: 17783: 17777: 17775: 17769: 17768: 17766: 17765: 17760: 17755: 17750: 17745: 17740: 17735: 17730: 17724: 17722: 17716: 17715: 17713: 17712: 17707: 17702: 17697: 17692: 17687: 17682: 17677: 17672: 17667: 17662: 17657: 17652: 17647: 17642: 17636: 17634: 17625: 17622:(1550–1070 BC) 17613: 17612: 17609: 17608: 17605: 17604: 17599: 17594: 17587: 17586: 17584: 17581: 17575: 17572: 17565: 17564: 17543: 17542: 17539: 17538: 17535: 17534: 17531: 17530: 17528: 17527: 17522: 17517: 17512: 17507: 17502: 17497: 17492: 17487: 17480: 17474: 17472: 17466: 17465: 17463: 17462: 17455: 17448: 17441: 17433: 17431: 17425: 17424: 17422: 17421: 17414: 17407: 17402: 17397: 17392: 17387: 17382: 17377: 17372: 17367: 17362: 17357: 17355:Neferhotep III 17352: 17347: 17341: 17339: 17333: 17332: 17330: 17329: 17324: 17319: 17312: 17307: 17302: 17295: 17288: 17281: 17273: 17271: 17265: 17264: 17262: 17261: 17254: 17247: 17240: 17233: 17226: 17219: 17212: 17207: 17202: 17197: 17192: 17187: 17185:Sewadjkare III 17182: 17177: 17172: 17167: 17162: 17157: 17154:Maaibre Sheshi 17150: 17147:'Ammu Ahotepre 17143: 17136: 17129: 17121: 17119: 17113: 17112: 17110: 17109: 17104: 17099: 17094: 17089: 17084: 17079: 17074: 17069: 17064: 17059: 17057:Merhotepre Ini 17054: 17049: 17044: 17039: 17034: 17029: 17024: 17019: 17017:Sobekhotep III 17014: 17009: 17004: 16999: 16994: 16987: 16982: 16977: 16972: 16967: 16962: 16957: 16952: 16947: 16942: 16937: 16932: 16927: 16922: 16917: 16912: 16907: 16902: 16897: 16889: 16887: 16878: 16875:(1802–1550 BC) 16870:2 Intermediate 16866: 16865: 16862: 16861: 16859: 16858: 16851: 16846: 16841: 16836: 16831: 16826: 16821: 16816: 16810: 16808: 16802: 16801: 16799: 16798: 16793: 16788: 16782: 16780: 16776: 16775: 16773: 16772: 16767: 16765:Mentuhotep III 16762: 16757: 16752: 16747: 16742: 16736: 16734: 16725: 16722:(2040–1802 BC) 16717:Middle Kingdom 16713: 16712: 16709: 16708: 16706: 16705: 16700: 16699: 16698: 16695: 16688: 16686: 16683: 16677: 16674: 16667: 16666: 16654:Middle Kingdom 16645: 16644: 16641: 16640: 16637: 16636: 16633: 16632: 16630: 16629: 16624: 16619: 16617:Neferkare VIII 16614: 16608: 16606: 16600: 16599: 16597: 16596: 16589: 16584: 16582:Nebkaure Khety 16579: 16574: 16572:Meryibre Khety 16568: 16566: 16560: 16559: 16557: 16556: 16549: 16542: 16535: 16528: 16523: 16518: 16513: 16508: 16506:Neferkamin Anu 16503: 16498: 16493: 16488: 16483: 16478: 16473: 16468: 16463: 16458: 16453: 16447: 16445: 16432: 16429:(2181–2040 BC) 16424:1 Intermediate 16420: 16419: 16416: 16415: 16413: 16412: 16405: 16398: 16393: 16388: 16383: 16378: 16373: 16368: 16362: 16360: 16354: 16353: 16351: 16350: 16345: 16343:Djedkare Isesi 16340: 16338:Menkauhor Kaiu 16335: 16330: 16325: 16320: 16315: 16310: 16304: 16302: 16296: 16295: 16293: 16292: 16285: 16280: 16275: 16268: 16263: 16258: 16253: 16247: 16245: 16239: 16238: 16236: 16235: 16230: 16223: 16216: 16211: 16204: 16199: 16194: 16188: 16186: 16177: 16174:(2686–2181 BC) 16165: 16164: 16161: 16160: 16158: 16157: 16152: 16145: 16138: 16131: 16126: 16121: 16114: 16107: 16100: 16093: 16086: 16079: 16074: 16069: 16063: 16061: 16055: 16054: 16052: 16051: 16044: 16037: 16032: 16027: 16022: 16017: 16012: 16007: 16002: 15992: 15990: 15981: 15978:(3150–2686 BC) 15973:Early Dynastic 15969: 15968: 15965: 15964: 15962: 15961: 15952: 15945: 15940: 15935: 15928: 15921: 15914: 15907: 15900: 15893: 15886: 15878: 15876: 15870: 15869: 15867: 15866: 15859: 15854: 15847: 15840: 15833: 15826: 15819: 15812: 15805: 15798: 15791: 15784: 15777: 15770: 15762: 15760: 15751: 15739: 15738: 15735: 15734: 15732: 15731: 15726: 15725: 15724: 15721: 15714: 15712: 15709: 15703: 15700: 15693: 15692: 15671: 15670: 15663: 15662: 15655: 15648: 15640: 15631: 15630: 15627: 15624: 15623: 15621: 15620: 15619: 15618: 15613: 15603: 15598: 15593: 15587: 15581: 15575: 15569: 15562: 15560: 15556: 15555: 15553: 15552: 15547: 15542: 15537: 15525: 15520: 15508: 15503: 15498: 15493: 15488: 15483: 15478: 15473: 15468: 15456: 15451: 15446: 15441: 15436: 15424: 15419: 15414: 15402: 15390: 15385: 15361: 15343: 15338: 15333: 15328: 15323: 15321:Theodora (III) 15318: 15313: 15308: 15303: 15298: 15293: 15288: 15283: 15278: 15273: 15268: 15244: 15239: 15234: 15229: 15217: 15212: 15200: 15188: 15183: 15171: 15153: 15148: 15143: 15138: 15136:Constantine VI 15133: 15128: 15112: 15107: 15102: 15100:Theodosius III 15097: 15092: 15087: 15075: 15070: 15065: 15060: 15045:Constantine IV 15042: 15037: 15025: 15020: 15014: 15012: 15002: 15001: 14998: 14997: 14995: 14994: 14989: 14977: 14972: 14967: 14962: 14957: 14952: 14940: 14935: 14930: 14925: 14920: 14915: 14909: 14907: 14903:Eastern Empire 14899: 14898: 14896: 14895: 14888: 14883: 14876: 14869: 14864: 14857: 14852: 14845: 14838: 14833: 14826: 14821: 14814: 14798: 14792: 14790: 14786:Western Empire 14779: 14778: 14771: 14759:Magnus Maximus 14755: 14753:Valentinian II 14750: 14745: 14740: 14733: 14728: 14723: 14718: 14713: 14706: 14699: 14692: 14687: 14685:Constantius II 14682: 14680:Constantine II 14677: 14672: 14667: 14662: 14657: 14650: 14645: 14640: 14635: 14630: 14625: 14619: 14617: 14609: 14608: 14606: 14605: 14600: 14595: 14590: 14585: 14580: 14575: 14570: 14565: 14560: 14548: 14543: 14535: 14530: 14512: 14500: 14488: 14483: 14478: 14473: 14468: 14463: 14457: 14455: 14447: 14446: 14444: 14443: 14438: 14433: 14421: 14416: 14411: 14406: 14401: 14396: 14391: 14386: 14381: 14379:Antoninus Pius 14376: 14371: 14366: 14361: 14356: 14351: 14346: 14341: 14336: 14331: 14326: 14321: 14316: 14311: 14305: 14303: 14302:27 BC – AD 235 14295: 14294: 14282: 14281: 14274: 14267: 14259: 14251: 14250: 14238: 14235: 14219: 14203: 14199: 14198: 14185: 14182: 14166: 14150: 14146: 14145: 14133: 14130: 14114: 14098: 14094: 14093: 14081: 14078: 14062: 14053: 14049: 14048: 14036: 14033: 14016: 14000: 13996: 13995: 13964: 13961: 13945: 13918: 13914: 13913: 13909: 13908: 13903: 13900: 13891: 13886: 13882: 13881: 13880:Regnal titles 13877: 13876: 13856: 13853: 13847: 13846:External links 13844: 13843: 13842: 13823: 13820: 13819: 13818: 13812: 13802: 13790: 13787: 13786: 13785: 13763: 13757: 13744: 13738: 13725: 13719: 13706: 13700: 13687: 13681: 13668: 13662: 13649: 13643: 13630: 13624: 13608: 13602: 13589: 13583: 13570: 13564: 13551: 13545: 13532: 13526: 13510: 13484: 13478: 13465: 13459: 13443: 13428: 13417: 13396: 13390: 13377: 13370: 13349: 13343: 13330: 13324: 13311: 13305: 13292: 13291: 13290: 13268: 13262: 13246: 13240: 13227: 13221: 13208: 13196:Cizek, Eugen. 13191: 13185: 13169: 13163: 13150: 13133: 13122: 13116: 13103: 13097: 13077: 13071: 13054: 13045: 13039: 13026: 13020: 13005: 13002: 12999: 12998: 12989: 12976: 12951: 12926: 12900: 12888: 12867: 12865:December 2015. 12861:. Retrieved 15 12847: 12827: 12814: 12799: 12797:, pp. 257/258. 12778: 12776:, p. 290. 12766: 12754: 12752:, p. 488. 12742: 12729: 12717: 12708: 12698: 12672: 12646: 12631: 12607: 12577: 12565: 12553: 12537: 12523:Karl Strobel, 12516: 12504: 12495: 12482: 12456: 12446:D. S. Potter, 12439: 12437:, p. 132. 12427: 12415: 12413:, p. 379. 12403: 12401:, p. 307. 12391: 12379: 12358: 12346: 12334: 12332:, p. 306. 12322: 12310: 12298: 12277: 12270: 12250: 12232: 12177: 12149: 12147:, p. 201. 12137: 12116: 12107: 12098: 12077: 12052: 12039: 12030: 12008: 11999: 11986: 11984:, p. 203. 11971: 11969:, p. 289. 11959: 11938: 11925: 11909: 11897: 11895:, p. 200. 11880: 11859: 11850: 11829: 11817: 11796: 11775: 11773:, p. 110. 11760: 11738: 11717: 11696: 11679: 11664: 11647: 11638: 11626: 11614: 11602: 11600:, pp. 182/183. 11581: 11569: 11548: 11536: 11527: 11525:, p. 199. 11512: 11496:Maurice Sartre 11488: 11486:, p. 195. 11476: 11461: 11440: 11423: 11421:, p. 164. 11411: 11390: 11369: 11357: 11336: 11315: 11294: 11250: 11229: 11223:978-1784387075 11222: 11201: 11199:, p. 108. 11189: 11168: 11156: 11140: 11119: 11103: 11101:, p. 144. 11091: 11078: 11076:, p. 188. 11066: 11064:, p. 181. 11054: 11042: 11040:, p. 132. 11030: 11016:Paul Erdkamp, 11009: 11007:, p. 158. 10992: 10980: 10955: 10941:Pat Southern, 10934: 10922: 10901: 10880: 10878:, p. 279. 10868: 10859: 10838: 10836:, p. 181. 10826: 10817: 10815:, p. 154. 10805: 10793: 10772: 10760: 10748: 10746:, p. 177. 10736: 10721: 10709: 10684: 10672: 10670:, p. 241. 10660: 10639: 10637:, p. 104. 10627: 10606: 10594: 10592:, p. 101. 10582: 10567: 10565:, p. 269. 10552: 10539: 10522: 10520:, p. 268. 10510: 10489: 10468: 10455: 10434: 10413: 10401: 10395:978-1784387075 10394: 10371: 10354: 10342: 10316: 10288: 10273: 10261: 10249: 10237: 10216: 10214:, 6 (2005) 19. 10199: 10193:978-1784387075 10192: 10174: 10140: 10125: 10096: 10084: 10082:, p. 100. 10072: 10056: 10044: 9984: 9963: 9937: 9935:, p. 188. 9925: 9899: 9878: 9857: 9836: 9823: 9815: 9795: 9774: 9767: 9747: 9740: 9716: 9695: 9674: 9655: 9646: 9640:978-1784387075 9639: 9618: 9605: 9592: 9579: 9573: 9543: 9518: 9497: 9484: 9482:, p. 530. 9472: 9459: 9434: 9409: 9384: 9363: 9343: 9330: 9305: 9289: 9264: 9252: 9236: 9227: 9211: 9190: 9165: 9152: 9127: 9110: 9089: 9068: 9056: 9054:, p. 229. 9044: 9032: 9018:K. W. Arafat, 9011: 9009:, pp. 367/368. 8990: 8988:, p. 466. 8978: 8976:, p. 119. 8966: 8945: 8929: 8915:Junghwa Choi, 8908: 8887: 8869:, 172; Petit, 8858: 8833: 8817: 8797: 8776: 8774:, p. 240. 8764: 8751: 8726: 8693: 8672: 8631: 8610: 8589: 8587:, p. 241. 8577: 8556: 8535: 8514: 8505: 8496: 8475: 8454: 8441: 8429: 8413: 8392: 8380: 8368: 8366:, p. 402. 8356: 8354:, p. 121. 8344: 8323: 8302: 8300:, p. 178. 8290: 8283: 8263: 8261:, p. 198. 8251: 8239: 8237:, p. 262. 8227: 8215: 8213:, p. 111. 8203: 8197:978-1784387075 8196: 8178: 8161: 8152: 8127: 8115: 8090: 8088:, pp. 113–114. 8061: 8049: 8037: 8012: 8010:, p. 261. 8000: 7985: 7979:978-1784387075 7978: 7960: 7948: 7927: 7912: 7887: 7869: 7857: 7855:, p. 378. 7845: 7833: 7812:10.2307/298660 7787: 7781:978-1784387075 7780: 7759: 7747: 7732: 7720: 7711: 7702: 7676: 7663: 7651: 7626: 7617: 7610: 7586: 7562: 7551: 7542: 7525: 7518: 7512:. p. 13. 7494: 7473:10.2307/298660 7446: 7427: 7415: 7406: 7393: 7380: 7371: 7359: 7346: 7321: 7312: 7303: 7291: 7279: 7267: 7260: 7242: 7230: 7223: 7200: 7184: 7183: 7181: 7178: 7175: 7174: 7146: 7125: 7124: 7122: 7119: 7118: 7117: 7112: 7107: 7101: 7100: 7086: 7072: 7069:History portal 7058: 7042: 7039: 7036: 7035: 7034: 7033: 7025:, ed. (1870). 7023:Smith, William 7019: 7013: 6997: 6991: 6978: 6972: 6959: 6934: 6933: 6931: 6930: 6916: 6907: 6885: 6867: 6858: 6849: 6827: 6811: 6802: 6786: 6777: 6764: 6762:, pp. 319–322. 6758:Smith (1870), 6751: 6745:Smith (1870), 6738: 6729: 6717: 6696: 6684: 6675: 6663: 6654: 6644: 6635: 6634: 6631: 6630: 6629: 6628: 6611: 6608: 6602: 6596: 6590: 6580: 6578: 6575: 6572: 6562: 6561: 6558: 6557: 6555: 6552: 6551: 6548: 238–244 6535: 6533: 6531: 6526: 6524: 6522: 6520: 6518: 6516: 6514: 6512: 6510: 6508: 6506: 6504: 6502: 6500: 6498: 6496: 6494: 6492: 6490: 6488: 6486: 6484: 6482: 6480: 6478: 6476: 6474: 6472: 6469: 6468: 6466: 6463: 6462: 6460: 6458: 6456: 6454: 6452: 6450: 6448: 6446: 6444: 6442: 6440: 6438: 6436: 6434: 6432: 6430: 6428: 6426: 6424: 6422: 6420: 6418: 6416: 6414: 6412: 6410: 6408: 6406: 6404: 6402: 6400: 6398: 6396: 6394: 6392: 6390: 6388: 6385: 6384: 6382: 6380: 6378: 6375: 6374: 6368: 6366: 6361: 6359: 6354: 6352: 6350: 6347: 6345: 6342: 6340: 6334: 6332: 6330:Aurelia Sabina 6327: 6325: 6322: 6320: 6317: 6315: 6312: 6311: 6309: 6307: 6305: 6303: 6301: 6299: 6297: 6295: 6293: 6291: 6289: 6287: 6285: 6283: 6281: 6278: 6277: 6275: 6273: 6271: 6269: 6267: 6265: 6263: 6261: 6259: 6257: 6255: 6253: 6251: 6249: 6247: 6245: 6243: 6241: 6239: 6237: 6235: 6233: 6231: 6229: 6227: 6225: 6223: 6221: 6219: 6217: 6215: 6213: 6211: 6209: 6207: 6205: 6203: 6201: 6199: 6197: 6195: 6192: 6191: 6189: 6187: 6185: 6183: 6181: 6179: 6177: 6175: 6172: 6171: 6168: 6166: 6163: 6161: 6156: 6154: 6152: 6150: 6148: 6143: 6141: 6135: 6133: 6128: 6126: 6124: 6119: 6117: 6115: 6112: 177–192 6099: 6097: 6092: 6090: 6084: 6083: 6081: 6079: 6077: 6075: 6073: 6071: 6069: 6067: 6065: 6063: 6061: 6059: 6057: 6055: 6053: 6051: 6049: 6047: 6045: 6043: 6041: 6039: 6037: 6035: 6033: 6031: 6029: 6027: 6025: 6023: 6021: 6019: 6017: 6015: 6013: 6010: 6009: 6007: 6005: 6003: 6001: 5999: 5997: 5995: 5993: 5991: 5989: 5987: 5985: 5983: 5981: 5979: 5977: 5975: 5973: 5971: 5969: 5967: 5965: 5963: 5961: 5959: 5957: 5955: 5953: 5951: 5949: 5947: 5945: 5943: 5941: 5939: 5937: 5935: 5933: 5931: 5929: 5927: 5925: 5923: 5921: 5919: 5917: 5915: 5912: 5911: 5909: 5907: 5905: 5903: 5901: 5899: 5897: 5895: 5892: 5891: 5886: 5884: 5879: 5877: 5872: 5870: 5865: 5863: 5861: 5858: 161–169 5845: 5843: 5840: 5838: 5836: 5831: 5829: 5826:Faustina Minor 5822: 5820: 5818: 5815: 161–180 5802: 5800: 5794: 5793: 5791: 5789: 5787: 5785: 5783: 5781: 5779: 5777: 5775: 5773: 5771: 5769: 5767: 5765: 5763: 5761: 5759: 5757: 5755: 5753: 5751: 5749: 5747: 5745: 5743: 5741: 5739: 5737: 5735: 5733: 5731: 5729: 5727: 5725: 5723: 5721: 5719: 5717: 5715: 5713: 5711: 5709: 5707: 5705: 5702: 5701: 5699: 5697: 5695: 5693: 5691: 5689: 5687: 5685: 5683: 5681: 5679: 5677: 5675: 5673: 5671: 5669: 5667: 5665: 5663: 5661: 5659: 5657: 5655: 5653: 5651: 5649: 5647: 5645: 5643: 5641: 5639: 5637: 5635: 5633: 5631: 5629: 5627: 5625: 5623: 5621: 5619: 5617: 5615: 5613: 5611: 5609: 5607: 5605: 5602: 5601: 5599: 5597: 5595: 5593: 5591: 5589: 5587: 5585: 5583: 5581: 5578: 5577: 5572: 5570: 5568: 5566: 5564: 5562: 5557: 5555: 5553: 5551: 5548: 138–161 5539:Antoninus Pius 5535: 5533: 5526: 5524: 5522:M. Annius Libo 5519: 5517: 5514: 5512: 5510: 5508: 5503: 5501: 5495: 5494: 5492: 5490: 5488: 5486: 5484: 5482: 5480: 5478: 5476: 5474: 5472: 5470: 5468: 5466: 5464: 5462: 5460: 5458: 5456: 5454: 5452: 5450: 5448: 5446: 5443: 5442: 5440: 5438: 5436: 5434: 5432: 5430: 5428: 5426: 5424: 5422: 5420: 5418: 5416: 5414: 5412: 5410: 5408: 5406: 5404: 5402: 5400: 5398: 5396: 5394: 5392: 5390: 5388: 5386: 5384: 5382: 5380: 5378: 5376: 5374: 5372: 5370: 5368: 5366: 5364: 5362: 5360: 5358: 5356: 5354: 5352: 5350: 5347: 5346: 5344: 5342: 5340: 5338: 5336: 5334: 5332: 5329: 5328: 5323: 5321: 5316: 5314: 5309: 5307: 5304: 5302: 5300: 5298: 5296: 5294: 5292: 5290: 5288: 5286: 5284: 5282: 5280: 5278: 5276: 5274: 5272: 5270: 5268: 5266: 5261: 5259: 5257: 5255: 5253: 5251: 5249: 5247: 5245: 5242: 5241: 5239: 5237: 5235: 5233: 5231: 5229: 5227: 5225: 5223: 5221: 5219: 5217: 5215: 5213: 5211: 5209: 5207: 5205: 5202: 5201: 5199: 5197: 5195: 5193: 5191: 5189: 5187: 5185: 5183: 5181: 5179: 5177: 5175: 5173: 5171: 5169: 5167: 5165: 5160: 5158: 5156: 5153: 5151: 5150:Arria Antonina 5148: 5146: 5144: 5142: 5140: 5138: 5135: 5133: 5131: 5129: 5127: 5124: 5123: 5121: 5119: 5117: 5115: 5113: 5111: 5109: 5107: 5105: 5103: 5101: 5099: 5097: 5095: 5092: 5091: 5088: 5086: 5083: 5081: 5078: 5076: 5074: 5072: 5070: 5068: 5066: 5064: 5062: 5060: 5058: 5056: 5054: 5052: 5050: 5048: 5046: 5044: 5042: 5040: 5038: 5036: 5034: 5032: 5030: 5028: 5026: 5024: 5022: 5020: 5018: 5016: 5014: 5011: 5010: 5008: 5006: 5004: 5002: 5000: 4998: 4995: 4994: 4992: 4990: 4988: 4986: 4984: 4982: 4980: 4978: 4976: 4974: 4972: 4970: 4968: 4966: 4964: 4962: 4960: 4958: 4956: 4954: 4952: 4947: 4945: 4942: 4940: 4938: 4936: 4934: 4932: 4929: 4927: 4921: 4920: 4918: 4916: 4914: 4912: 4910: 4908: 4905: 4904: 4899: 4897: 4894: 4892: 4890: 4888: 4886: 4884: 4882: 4880: 4878: 4876: 4874: 4872: 4870: 4868: 4866: 4864: 4862: 4860: 4858: 4856: 4854: 4852: 4850: 4848: 4846: 4844: 4842: 4840: 4838: 4836: 4834: 4832: 4830: 4827: 4826: 4824: 4821: 4820: 4818: 4816: 4814: 4812: 4810: 4808: 4806: 4804: 4802: 4795: 4793: 4790: 117–138 4778: 4776: 4769: 4767: 4765: 4763: 4761: 4759: 4757: 4755: 4753: 4751: 4749: 4747: 4745: 4743: 4738: 4736: 4733: 4732: 4730: 4728: 4726: 4724: 4722: 4720: 4718: 4716: 4713: 4712: 4707: 4705: 4700: 4698: 4696: 4694: 4692: 4690: 4688: 4686: 4684: 4682: 4680: 4678: 4676: 4674: 4672: 4670: 4668: 4666: 4664: 4662: 4660: 4658: 4656: 4654: 4652: 4650: 4648: 4646: 4644: 4642: 4640: 4638: 4636: 4634: 4632: 4630: 4628: 4626: 4624: 4621: 4620: 4618: 4616: 4614: 4612: 4610: 4608: 4606: 4604: 4602: 4600: 4598: 4596: 4594: 4592: 4590: 4588: 4586: 4584: 4582: 4580: 4578: 4576: 4573: 4572: 4570: 4568: 4566: 4564: 4562: 4560: 4558: 4556: 4554: 4552: 4550: 4548: 4546: 4544: 4542: 4540: 4538: 4536: 4534: 4532: 4530: 4528: 4526: 4524: 4518: 4516: 4509: 4507: 4505: 4499: 4497: 4495: 4492:Lucius Mindius 4488: 4487: 4485: 4483: 4481: 4479: 4477: 4475: 4473: 4471: 4469: 4467: 4464: 4463: 4461: 4459: 4457: 4455: 4453: 4451: 4449: 4447: 4445: 4443: 4441: 4439: 4437: 4435: 4433: 4431: 4429: 4427: 4425: 4423: 4421: 4419: 4417: 4415: 4413: 4411: 4409: 4407: 4405: 4403: 4401: 4399: 4397: 4395: 4393: 4390: 4389: 4387: 4384: 4383: 4381: 4379: 4377: 4375: 4373: 4371: 4369: 4367: 4365: 4363: 4361: 4359: 4357: 4355: 4353: 4351: 4349: 4347: 4345: 4343: 4341: 4339: 4337: 4335: 4333: 4331: 4329: 4327: 4325: 4323: 4321: 4319: 4317: 4315: 4312: 4311: 4309: 4307: 4305: 4303: 4301: 4299: 4296: 4295: 4290: 4288: 4286:P. Aelius Afer 4283: 4281: 4276: 4274: 4267: 4265: 4249: 4247: 4242: 4240: 4233: 4231: 4226: 4224: 4221: 4220: 4218: 4216: 4214: 4212: 4210: 4208: 4206: 4204: 4202: 4200: 4198: 4196: 4194: 4192: 4189: 4188: 4186: 4184: 4182: 4180: 4178: 4176: 4174: 4172: 4170: 4168: 4166: 4164: 4162: 4160: 4158: 4156: 4154: 4152: 4150: 4148: 4146: 4144: 4142: 4140: 4138: 4136: 4134: 4132: 4130: 4128: 4126: 4124: 4122: 4120: 4117: 4116: 4114: 4112: 4110: 4108: 4106: 4103: 4102: 4097: 4095: 4090: 4088: 4086: 4084: 4068: 4066: 4064: 4062: 4059:Trajanus Pater 4055: 4053: 4048: 4046: 4041: 4039: 4022: 4021: 4019: 4017: 4015: 4013: 4011: 4008: 4007: 4005: 4003: 4001: 3999: 3997: 3995: 3993: 3991: 3989: 3987: 3985: 3983: 3981: 3979: 3977: 3975: 3973: 3971: 3969: 3967: 3965: 3963: 3961: 3959: 3957: 3955: 3953: 3951: 3949: 3947: 3945: 3943: 3941: 3939: 3937: 3935: 3932: 3931: 3929: 3927: 3925: 3922: 3921: 3918: 3916: 3914: 3912: 3910: 3908: 3906: 3903: 3901: 3898: 3896: 3894: 3892: 3890: 3888: 3886: 3883: 3881: 3876: 3874: 3868: 3867: 3865: 3863: 3861: 3859: 3857: 3855: 3853: 3851: 3849: 3847: 3845: 3843: 3841: 3839: 3837: 3835: 3833: 3831: 3829: 3826: 3825: 3823: 3821: 3819: 3817: 3815: 3813: 3811: 3809: 3807: 3805: 3803: 3801: 3799: 3797: 3795: 3793: 3791: 3789: 3787: 3785: 3783: 3781: 3779: 3777: 3775: 3773: 3771: 3769: 3767: 3760: 3759: 3756: 3754: 3753: 3746: 3739: 3731: 3725: 3722: 3717:sh'hik atzamot 3691: 3688: 3647: 3644: 3620:Julian Bennett 3504: 3481:Thomas Aquinas 3472: 3469: 3445:Antalya Museum 3432: 3429: 3390: 3387: 3378:Cato the Elder 3324: 3321: 3261:Main article: 3258: 3255: 3235:Parthamaspates 3004:Lusius Quietus 2969: 2966: 2857: 2854: 2825:Main article: 2822: 2819: 2811:Limes Arabicus 2797:Arabia Petraea 2764: 2761: 2485:client kingdom 2454:Main article: 2451: 2448: 2446: 2443: 2419:Roman currency 2408: 2405: 2394:. Trajan told 2379: 2376: 2360:chariot racing 2356:Circus Maximus 2351: 2348: 2206:Constantius II 2194:Triumphal arch 2186:Quirinal Hills 2161:region of the 2153:, including a 2126: 2123: 2025: 2022: 1878: 1873: 1834: 1833: 1831: 1830: 1823: 1816: 1808: 1805: 1804: 1801: 1800: 1793: 1781: 1780: 1776: 1775: 1773: 1772: 1767: 1761: 1758: 1757: 1753: 1752: 1749: 1748: 1745: 1739: 1738: 1735: 1729: 1728: 1725: 1719: 1718: 1715: 1713:Antoninus Pius 1709: 1708: 1705: 1699: 1698: 1695: 1689: 1688: 1685: 1675: 1674: 1670: 1669: 1658: 1657: 1654: 1646: 1645: 1638: 1635: 1607:éminence grise 1540: 1537: 1465:, and married 1391:muscle cuirass 1378: 1375: 1335:Ulpia Marciana 1310:, daughter of 1253:Roman citizens 1138: 1137: 1134: 1133: 1131: 1129: 1127: 1125: 1123: 1121: 1119: 1117: 1115: 1113: 1111: 1109: 1107: 1104: 1103: 1101: 1098: 1097: 1092: 1089: 1088: 1085: 1084: 1082: 1080: 1078: 1075: 1074: 1072: 1069: 1068: 1066: 1061: 1058: 1057: 1054: 1053: 1051: 1048: 1047: 1045: 1042: 1041: 1036: 1033: 1032: 1029: 1028: 1026: 1024: 1022: 1020: 1018: 1015: 1014: 1012: 1009: 1008: 1006: 1001: 998: 997: 994: 993: 991: 988: 987: 985: 982: 981: 979: 976: 975: 972: 971: 969: 967: 965: 962: 961: 959: 956: 955: 953: 948: 945: 944: 941: 940: 938: 935: 934: 932: 929: 928: 926: 923: 922: 919: 918: 916: 914: 912: 910: 908: 906: 904: 901: 900: 897: 896: 894: 889: 886: 885: 882: 881: 879: 876: 875: 873: 870: 869: 867: 864: 863: 860: 859: 857: 855: 853: 850: 849: 847: 844: 843: 841: 836: 833: 832: 829: 828: 826: 823: 822: 820: 817: 816: 814: 811: 810: 807: 806: 804: 802: 800: 798: 796: 793: 792: 790: 787: 786: 784: 779: 776: 775: 772: 771: 769: 766: 765: 763: 760: 759: 757: 754: 753: 750: 749: 747: 745: 743: 740: 739: 737: 734: 733: 731: 726: 724: 722: 720: 718: 711: 710: 704: 702: 699: 673:Dio Chrysostom 570:virtuous pagan 550: 547: 294: 293: 288: 284: 283: 278: 274: 273: 271: 270: 264: 258: 256: 252: 251: 249:Nerva–Antonine 246: 240: 239: 236: 235: 231: 230: 224: 223: 219: 218: 210: 209: 207: 206: 200: 198: 194: 193: 188: 184: 183: 180:Trajan's Forum 173: 171: 167: 166: 144: 140: 139: 121: 117: 116: 113: 112: 107: 103: 102: 97: 93: 92: 89: 85: 84: 78: 77: 70: 62: 61: 55: 54: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 19316: 19305: 19302: 19300: 19297: 19295: 19292: 19290: 19287: 19285: 19284:Roman legates 19282: 19280: 19277: 19275: 19272: 19270: 19267: 19265: 19262: 19260: 19257: 19255: 19252: 19250: 19247: 19245: 19242: 19240: 19237: 19235: 19232: 19230: 19227: 19225: 19222: 19220: 19217: 19215: 19212: 19210: 19207: 19205: 19202: 19200: 19197: 19195: 19192: 19191: 19189: 19176: 19171: 19161: 19158: 19156: 19153: 19151: 19148: 19146: 19143: 19141: 19138: 19136: 19133: 19131: 19128: 19126: 19123: 19121: 19118: 19116: 19113: 19111: 19108: 19106: 19103: 19101: 19098: 19096: 19093: 19091: 19088: 19085: 19082: 19080: 19077: 19076: 19073: 19066: 19062: 19044: 19041: 19039: 19036: 19034: 19031: 19029: 19026: 19024: 19023: 19019: 19017: 19016: 19012: 19010: 19009: 19005: 19003: 19000: 18998: 18997: 18993: 18991: 18990: 18986: 18984: 18983: 18979: 18977: 18976: 18972: 18970: 18969: 18965: 18963: 18962: 18958: 18956: 18955: 18951: 18949: 18948: 18944: 18942: 18939: 18937: 18936: 18932: 18930: 18929: 18925: 18923: 18920: 18918: 18915: 18913: 18912: 18908: 18906: 18905: 18901: 18899: 18898: 18894: 18892: 18891: 18887: 18885: 18884: 18880: 18878: 18877: 18873: 18871: 18870: 18866: 18864: 18863: 18859: 18857: 18854: 18852: 18849: 18847: 18844: 18842: 18839: 18837: 18834: 18832: 18831: 18827: 18825: 18824: 18820: 18818: 18815: 18813: 18810: 18808: 18805: 18803: 18800: 18798: 18795: 18793: 18790: 18788: 18785: 18783: 18780: 18778: 18775: 18773: 18770: 18768: 18767: 18763: 18761: 18758: 18756: 18753: 18751: 18748: 18746: 18743: 18741: 18738: 18736: 18733: 18731: 18728: 18727: 18725: 18723: 18719: 18716: 18708: 18704: 18694: 18691: 18689: 18686: 18684: 18681: 18679: 18676: 18674: 18671: 18669: 18668: 18664: 18662: 18659: 18657: 18654: 18652: 18649: 18647: 18644: 18642: 18639: 18637: 18634: 18632: 18629: 18627: 18624: 18622: 18621:Cleopatra III 18619: 18617: 18614: 18612: 18609: 18607: 18604: 18602: 18599: 18597: 18594: 18592: 18589: 18587: 18584: 18582: 18579: 18577: 18574: 18572: 18569: 18567: 18564: 18562: 18559: 18557: 18554: 18553: 18551: 18549: 18545: 18539: 18536: 18534: 18531: 18529: 18526: 18525: 18523: 18521: 18517: 18514: 18506: 18502: 18492: 18489: 18487: 18484: 18482: 18479: 18477: 18474: 18473: 18471: 18469: 18465: 18459: 18456: 18454: 18451: 18449: 18446: 18445: 18443: 18441: 18437: 18431: 18430: 18426: 18424: 18423:Nepherites II 18421: 18419: 18416: 18414: 18411: 18409: 18406: 18405: 18403: 18401: 18397: 18391: 18388: 18387: 18385: 18383: 18379: 18373: 18370: 18368: 18365: 18363: 18360: 18358: 18357: 18353: 18351: 18348: 18346: 18343: 18341: 18338: 18337: 18335: 18333: 18329: 18323: 18320: 18318: 18315: 18313: 18310: 18308: 18305: 18303: 18300: 18298: 18295: 18293: 18290: 18288: 18287: 18283: 18281: 18278: 18276: 18275: 18271: 18270: 18268: 18266: 18262: 18259: 18251: 18247: 18237: 18234: 18229: 18226: 18225: 18223: 18222: 18220: 18214: 18211: 18205: 18201: 18192: 18188: 18183: 18179: 18161: 18158: 18156: 18153: 18151: 18148: 18146: 18143: 18141: 18138: 18137: 18135: 18133: 18129: 18123: 18120: 18118: 18115: 18114: 18112: 18110: 18106: 18100: 18097: 18095: 18094: 18090: 18088: 18085: 18083: 18080: 18078: 18075: 18073: 18070: 18068: 18067: 18063: 18061: 18058: 18056: 18053: 18051: 18048: 18047: 18045: 18043: 18039: 18033: 18030: 18028: 18027: 18023: 18021: 18018: 18016: 18013: 18011: 18008: 18006: 18003: 18001: 17998: 17996: 17993: 17991: 17990: 17986: 17984: 17981: 17979: 17976: 17974: 17971: 17970: 17968: 17966: 17962: 17956: 17955: 17954:Psusennes III 17951: 17949: 17946: 17944: 17941: 17939: 17936: 17934: 17931: 17929: 17926: 17924: 17921: 17919: 17918: 17914: 17912: 17909: 17908: 17906: 17904: 17900: 17894: 17891: 17889: 17886: 17884: 17881: 17879: 17876: 17874: 17871: 17869: 17866: 17864: 17861: 17860: 17858: 17856: 17852: 17849: 17845:(1069–664 BC) 17841: 17837: 17827: 17824: 17822: 17819: 17817: 17814: 17812: 17811:Ramesses VIII 17809: 17807: 17804: 17802: 17799: 17797: 17794: 17792: 17789: 17787: 17784: 17782: 17779: 17778: 17776: 17774: 17770: 17764: 17761: 17759: 17756: 17754: 17751: 17749: 17746: 17744: 17741: 17739: 17736: 17734: 17731: 17729: 17726: 17725: 17723: 17721: 17717: 17711: 17708: 17706: 17703: 17701: 17698: 17696: 17693: 17691: 17688: 17686: 17683: 17681: 17680:Amenhotep III 17678: 17676: 17673: 17671: 17668: 17666: 17663: 17661: 17658: 17656: 17653: 17651: 17648: 17646: 17643: 17641: 17638: 17637: 17635: 17633: 17629: 17626: 17618: 17614: 17603: 17600: 17595: 17589: 17588: 17585: 17579: 17576: 17570: 17566: 17557: 17553: 17548: 17544: 17526: 17523: 17521: 17520:Seqenenre Tao 17518: 17516: 17513: 17511: 17508: 17506: 17503: 17501: 17498: 17496: 17495:Sobekemsaf II 17493: 17491: 17488: 17486: 17485: 17481: 17479: 17476: 17475: 17473: 17471: 17467: 17461: 17460: 17456: 17454: 17453: 17449: 17447: 17446: 17445:Wepwawetemsaf 17442: 17440: 17439: 17435: 17434: 17432: 17430: 17426: 17420: 17419: 17415: 17413: 17412: 17408: 17406: 17403: 17401: 17398: 17396: 17393: 17391: 17388: 17386: 17383: 17381: 17378: 17376: 17373: 17371: 17368: 17366: 17363: 17361: 17358: 17356: 17353: 17351: 17348: 17346: 17343: 17342: 17340: 17338: 17334: 17328: 17325: 17323: 17320: 17318: 17317: 17313: 17311: 17308: 17306: 17303: 17301: 17300: 17296: 17294: 17293: 17289: 17287: 17286: 17282: 17280: 17279: 17275: 17274: 17272: 17270: 17266: 17260: 17259: 17255: 17253: 17252: 17248: 17246: 17245: 17241: 17239: 17238: 17234: 17232: 17231: 17227: 17225: 17224: 17220: 17218: 17217: 17213: 17211: 17208: 17206: 17203: 17201: 17198: 17196: 17193: 17191: 17188: 17186: 17183: 17181: 17178: 17176: 17173: 17171: 17168: 17166: 17163: 17161: 17158: 17156: 17155: 17151: 17149: 17148: 17144: 17142: 17141: 17137: 17135: 17134: 17130: 17128: 17127: 17123: 17122: 17120: 17118: 17114: 17108: 17105: 17103: 17100: 17098: 17095: 17093: 17090: 17088: 17085: 17083: 17080: 17078: 17075: 17073: 17070: 17068: 17065: 17063: 17060: 17058: 17055: 17053: 17052:Merneferre Ay 17050: 17048: 17047:Wahibre Ibiau 17045: 17043: 17040: 17038: 17035: 17033: 17032:Sobekhotep IV 17030: 17028: 17025: 17023: 17020: 17018: 17015: 17013: 17010: 17008: 17005: 17003: 17000: 16998: 16995: 16993: 16992: 16988: 16986: 16983: 16981: 16978: 16976: 16973: 16971: 16968: 16966: 16963: 16961: 16958: 16956: 16953: 16951: 16948: 16946: 16943: 16941: 16938: 16936: 16933: 16931: 16928: 16926: 16923: 16921: 16918: 16916: 16913: 16911: 16908: 16906: 16903: 16901: 16898: 16896: 16895: 16891: 16890: 16888: 16886: 16882: 16879: 16871: 16867: 16857: 16856: 16852: 16850: 16847: 16845: 16842: 16840: 16839:Amenemhat III 16837: 16835: 16832: 16830: 16827: 16825: 16822: 16820: 16817: 16815: 16812: 16811: 16809: 16807: 16803: 16797: 16794: 16792: 16789: 16787: 16784: 16783: 16781: 16777: 16771: 16770:Mentuhotep IV 16768: 16766: 16763: 16761: 16760:Mentuhotep II 16758: 16756: 16753: 16751: 16748: 16746: 16743: 16741: 16738: 16737: 16735: 16733: 16729: 16726: 16718: 16714: 16704: 16701: 16696: 16693: 16692: 16690: 16689: 16687: 16681: 16678: 16672: 16668: 16659: 16655: 16650: 16646: 16628: 16625: 16623: 16622:Wahkare Khety 16620: 16618: 16615: 16613: 16610: 16609: 16607: 16605: 16601: 16595: 16594: 16590: 16588: 16585: 16583: 16580: 16578: 16577:Neferkare VII 16575: 16573: 16570: 16569: 16567: 16565: 16561: 16555: 16554: 16550: 16548: 16547: 16543: 16541: 16540: 16536: 16534: 16533: 16529: 16527: 16524: 16522: 16519: 16517: 16514: 16512: 16509: 16507: 16504: 16502: 16499: 16497: 16494: 16492: 16489: 16487: 16484: 16482: 16479: 16477: 16474: 16472: 16469: 16467: 16464: 16462: 16459: 16457: 16454: 16452: 16449: 16448: 16446: 16444: 16440: 16436: 16433: 16425: 16421: 16411: 16410: 16406: 16404: 16403: 16399: 16397: 16394: 16392: 16389: 16387: 16384: 16382: 16379: 16377: 16374: 16372: 16369: 16367: 16364: 16363: 16361: 16359: 16355: 16349: 16346: 16344: 16341: 16339: 16336: 16334: 16331: 16329: 16326: 16324: 16321: 16319: 16316: 16314: 16311: 16309: 16306: 16305: 16303: 16301: 16297: 16291: 16290: 16286: 16284: 16281: 16279: 16276: 16274: 16273: 16269: 16267: 16264: 16262: 16259: 16257: 16254: 16252: 16249: 16248: 16246: 16244: 16240: 16234: 16231: 16229: 16228: 16224: 16222: 16221: 16217: 16215: 16212: 16210: 16209: 16205: 16203: 16200: 16198: 16195: 16193: 16190: 16189: 16187: 16185: 16181: 16178: 16170: 16166: 16156: 16153: 16151: 16150: 16146: 16144: 16143: 16139: 16137: 16136: 16132: 16130: 16127: 16125: 16124:Seth-Peribsen 16122: 16120: 16119: 16115: 16113: 16112: 16108: 16106: 16105: 16101: 16099: 16098: 16094: 16092: 16091: 16087: 16085: 16084: 16080: 16078: 16075: 16073: 16070: 16068: 16067:Hotepsekhemwy 16065: 16064: 16062: 16060: 16056: 16050: 16049: 16045: 16043: 16042: 16038: 16036: 16033: 16031: 16028: 16026: 16023: 16021: 16018: 16016: 16013: 16011: 16008: 16006: 16003: 16001: 15997: 15994: 15993: 15991: 15989: 15985: 15982: 15974: 15970: 15960: 15956: 15953: 15951: 15950: 15946: 15944: 15941: 15939: 15936: 15934: 15933: 15929: 15927: 15926: 15922: 15920: 15919: 15915: 15913: 15912: 15908: 15906: 15905: 15901: 15899: 15898: 15894: 15892: 15891: 15887: 15885: 15884: 15880: 15879: 15877: 15875: 15871: 15865: 15864: 15860: 15858: 15857:Double Falcon 15855: 15853: 15852: 15848: 15846: 15845: 15841: 15839: 15838: 15834: 15832: 15831: 15827: 15825: 15824: 15820: 15818: 15817: 15813: 15811: 15810: 15806: 15804: 15803: 15799: 15797: 15796: 15792: 15790: 15789: 15785: 15783: 15782: 15778: 15776: 15775: 15771: 15769: 15768: 15764: 15763: 15761: 15759: 15755: 15752: 15748:(pre-3150 BC) 15744: 15743:Protodynastic 15740: 15730: 15727: 15722: 15719: 15718: 15716: 15715: 15713: 15707: 15704: 15698: 15694: 15685: 15681: 15680:Protodynastic 15676: 15672: 15668: 15661: 15656: 15654: 15649: 15647: 15642: 15641: 15638: 15625: 15617: 15614: 15612: 15609: 15608: 15607: 15604: 15602: 15599: 15597: 15594: 15591: 15588: 15585: 15582: 15579: 15576: 15573: 15570: 15567: 15564: 15563: 15561: 15557: 15551: 15548: 15546: 15543: 15541: 15538: 15535: 15534: 15529: 15526: 15524: 15521: 15518: 15517: 15512: 15509: 15507: 15504: 15502: 15499: 15497: 15494: 15492: 15489: 15487: 15484: 15482: 15479: 15477: 15474: 15472: 15469: 15466: 15465: 15460: 15457: 15455: 15452: 15450: 15447: 15445: 15442: 15440: 15437: 15434: 15433: 15428: 15425: 15423: 15420: 15418: 15415: 15412: 15411: 15406: 15403: 15400: 15399: 15394: 15391: 15389: 15386: 15383: 15382: 15377: 15376: 15371: 15370: 15365: 15362: 15359: 15358: 15353: 15352: 15347: 15344: 15342: 15339: 15337: 15334: 15332: 15329: 15327: 15324: 15322: 15319: 15317: 15314: 15312: 15309: 15307: 15304: 15302: 15299: 15297: 15294: 15292: 15289: 15287: 15284: 15282: 15279: 15277: 15274: 15272: 15269: 15266: 15265: 15260: 15259: 15254: 15253: 15248: 15245: 15243: 15240: 15238: 15235: 15233: 15230: 15227: 15226: 15221: 15218: 15216: 15213: 15210: 15209: 15204: 15203:Theodora (II) 15201: 15198: 15197: 15192: 15189: 15187: 15184: 15181: 15180: 15175: 15172: 15169: 15168: 15163: 15162: 15157: 15154: 15152: 15149: 15147: 15144: 15142: 15139: 15137: 15134: 15132: 15129: 15126: 15125: 15124: 15118: 15117: 15113: 15111: 15110:Constantine V 15108: 15106: 15103: 15101: 15098: 15096: 15095:Anastasius II 15093: 15091: 15088: 15085: 15084: 15079: 15076: 15074: 15071: 15069: 15066: 15064: 15061: 15058: 15057: 15052: 15051: 15046: 15043: 15041: 15038: 15035: 15034: 15029: 15026: 15024: 15021: 15019: 15016: 15015: 15013: 15009: 15003: 14993: 14990: 14987: 14986: 14981: 14978: 14976: 14973: 14971: 14968: 14966: 14963: 14961: 14958: 14956: 14953: 14950: 14949: 14944: 14941: 14939: 14936: 14934: 14931: 14929: 14926: 14924: 14921: 14919: 14918:Theodosius II 14916: 14914: 14911: 14910: 14908: 14904: 14900: 14894: 14893: 14889: 14887: 14884: 14882: 14881: 14877: 14875: 14874: 14870: 14868: 14865: 14863: 14862: 14858: 14856: 14853: 14851: 14850: 14846: 14844: 14843: 14839: 14837: 14834: 14832: 14831: 14827: 14825: 14822: 14820: 14819: 14815: 14812: 14811: 14810: 14804: 14803: 14799: 14797: 14794: 14793: 14791: 14787: 14783: 14777: 14776: 14772: 14769: 14768: 14767: 14761: 14760: 14756: 14754: 14751: 14749: 14746: 14744: 14741: 14739: 14738: 14734: 14732: 14729: 14727: 14726:Valentinian I 14724: 14722: 14719: 14717: 14714: 14712: 14711: 14707: 14705: 14704: 14700: 14698: 14697: 14693: 14691: 14688: 14686: 14683: 14681: 14678: 14676: 14673: 14671: 14668: 14666: 14663: 14661: 14658: 14656: 14655: 14651: 14649: 14648:Constantine I 14646: 14644: 14641: 14639: 14638:Constantius I 14636: 14634: 14631: 14629: 14626: 14624: 14621: 14620: 14618: 14614: 14610: 14604: 14601: 14599: 14596: 14594: 14591: 14589: 14586: 14584: 14581: 14579: 14576: 14574: 14571: 14569: 14566: 14564: 14561: 14558: 14557: 14552: 14549: 14547: 14544: 14541: 14540: 14536: 14534: 14531: 14528: 14527: 14522: 14521: 14516: 14513: 14510: 14509: 14504: 14501: 14498: 14497: 14492: 14489: 14487: 14484: 14482: 14479: 14477: 14474: 14472: 14469: 14467: 14464: 14462: 14459: 14458: 14456: 14452: 14448: 14442: 14439: 14437: 14434: 14431: 14430: 14425: 14422: 14420: 14417: 14415: 14412: 14410: 14407: 14405: 14402: 14400: 14397: 14395: 14392: 14390: 14387: 14385: 14382: 14380: 14377: 14375: 14372: 14370: 14367: 14365: 14362: 14360: 14357: 14355: 14352: 14350: 14347: 14345: 14342: 14340: 14337: 14335: 14332: 14330: 14327: 14325: 14322: 14320: 14317: 14315: 14312: 14310: 14307: 14306: 14304: 14300: 14296: 14291: 14287: 14280: 14275: 14273: 14268: 14266: 14261: 14260: 14257: 14248: 14247: 14241: 14234: 14233: 14225: 14224: 14217: 14216: 14210: 14206: 14200: 14196: 14195: 14188: 14181: 14180: 14172: 14171: 14164: 14163: 14157: 14153: 14147: 14143: 14142: 14136: 14129: 14128: 14120: 14119: 14112: 14111: 14105: 14101: 14095: 14091: 14090: 14084: 14077: 14076: 14068: 14067: 14060: 14056: 14050: 14046: 14045: 14039: 14032: 14030: 14022: 14021: 14014: 14013: 14007: 14003: 13997: 13993: 13992: 13986: 13980: 13976: 13972: 13967: 13960: 13959: 13951: 13950: 13943: 13942: 13936: 13930: 13926: 13921: 13915: 13910: 13906: 13897: 13896: 13895:Roman emperor 13889: 13883: 13878: 13873: 13866: 13861: 13860: 13851: 13831: 13826: 13825: 13816: 13813: 13810: 13808: 13803: 13800: 13798: 13797:Roman History 13795:Cassius Dio, 13793: 13792: 13783: 13779: 13776: 13775:0-9818460-6-8 13772: 13768: 13764: 13760: 13754: 13750: 13745: 13741: 13735: 13731: 13726: 13722: 13716: 13712: 13707: 13703: 13697: 13693: 13688: 13684: 13678: 13674: 13669: 13665: 13659: 13655: 13650: 13646: 13640: 13636: 13631: 13627: 13621: 13617: 13613: 13609: 13605: 13599: 13595: 13590: 13586: 13580: 13576: 13571: 13567: 13561: 13557: 13552: 13548: 13542: 13538: 13533: 13529: 13523: 13519: 13515: 13511: 13508: 13504: 13496: 13492: 13485: 13481: 13475: 13471: 13466: 13462: 13456: 13452: 13448: 13444: 13441: 13437: 13433: 13430:Lepper, F.A. 13429: 13425: 13424: 13418: 13416: 13412: 13409: 13408:0-9539102-1-0 13405: 13401: 13397: 13393: 13387: 13383: 13378: 13375: 13371: 13369: 13365: 13362: 13361:0-19-814891-7 13358: 13354: 13350: 13346: 13340: 13336: 13331: 13327: 13321: 13317: 13312: 13308: 13302: 13298: 13293: 13288: 13287:0-306-80304-6 13284: 13280: 13276: 13275: 13273: 13269: 13265: 13259: 13255: 13251: 13247: 13243: 13237: 13233: 13228: 13224: 13218: 13214: 13209: 13207: 13203: 13199: 13192: 13188: 13182: 13178: 13174: 13170: 13166: 13160: 13156: 13151: 13147: 13143: 13139: 13134: 13131: 13127: 13123: 13119: 13113: 13109: 13104: 13100: 13094: 13089: 13088: 13082: 13078: 13074: 13068: 13064: 13060: 13055: 13052: 13051: 13046: 13042: 13036: 13032: 13027: 13023: 13017: 13013: 13008: 13007: 12993: 12986: 12980: 12965: 12961: 12955: 12940: 12936: 12930: 12914: 12910: 12904: 12897: 12892: 12885: 12881: 12877: 12871: 12860: 12857: 12851: 12844: 12841: 12837: 12831: 12824: 12818: 12810: 12803: 12796: 12792: 12788: 12782: 12775: 12770: 12763: 12758: 12751: 12746: 12739: 12733: 12726: 12721: 12712: 12702: 12687: 12683: 12676: 12660: 12656: 12650: 12642: 12638: 12634: 12628: 12624: 12620: 12619: 12611: 12604: 12592: 12588: 12581: 12574: 12569: 12562: 12557: 12550: 12546: 12541: 12534: 12533:3-515-05662-9 12530: 12526: 12520: 12513: 12508: 12499: 12492: 12486: 12471: 12467: 12460: 12453: 12449: 12443: 12436: 12431: 12425:, p. 78. 12424: 12419: 12412: 12411:Garzetti 2014 12407: 12400: 12395: 12389:, p. 53. 12388: 12383: 12376: 12375:0-521-80918-5 12372: 12368: 12362: 12356:, p. 50. 12355: 12350: 12344:, p. 64. 12343: 12338: 12331: 12326: 12319: 12314: 12308:, p. 52. 12307: 12302: 12295: 12294:0-472-11519-7 12291: 12287: 12281: 12273: 12267: 12263: 12262: 12254: 12247: 12246:Hadrianus 4.6 12243: 12242: 12236: 12230: 12227: 12226: 12221: 12217: 12215: 12210: 12206: 12203:), as in the 12202: 12198: 12194: 12186: 12181: 12173: 12169: 12168: 12160: 12153: 12146: 12141: 12134: 12130: 12126: 12120: 12111: 12102: 12095: 12094:3-428-08069-6 12091: 12087: 12081: 12074: 12070: 12066: 12062: 12056: 12049: 12043: 12034: 12027: 12023: 12019: 12012: 12003: 11996: 11990: 11983: 11978: 11976: 11968: 11963: 11956: 11955:0-521-20092-X 11952: 11948: 11942: 11935: 11929: 11922: 11916: 11914: 11906: 11901: 11894: 11889: 11887: 11885: 11877: 11873: 11869: 11863: 11854: 11847: 11843: 11839: 11833: 11826: 11825:Choisnel 2004 11821: 11814: 11813:0-7007-1098-1 11810: 11806: 11800: 11793: 11792:81-208-1408-8 11789: 11785: 11779: 11772: 11767: 11765: 11757: 11752: 11748: 11742: 11735: 11734:0-521-80918-5 11731: 11727: 11721: 11714: 11710: 11706: 11700: 11693: 11689: 11686:E. J. Keall, 11683: 11677:, p. 21. 11676: 11671: 11669: 11661: 11657: 11651: 11642: 11636:, p. 72. 11635: 11630: 11623: 11618: 11612:, p. 45. 11611: 11606: 11599: 11598:2-600-01099-8 11595: 11591: 11585: 11579:, p. 71. 11578: 11573: 11566: 11565:0-674-77886-3 11562: 11558: 11552: 11546:, p. 44. 11545: 11540: 11531: 11524: 11519: 11517: 11509: 11508:0-674-01683-1 11505: 11501: 11497: 11492: 11485: 11480: 11472: 11465: 11458: 11457:0-472-08315-5 11454: 11450: 11444: 11437: 11433: 11427: 11420: 11419:Choisnel 2004 11415: 11408: 11407:0-275-95259-2 11404: 11400: 11394: 11387: 11386:3-406-02505-6 11383: 11379: 11373: 11366: 11361: 11354: 11353:0-415-06644-1 11350: 11346: 11340: 11333: 11332:2-01-145542-1 11329: 11325: 11319: 11312: 11311:0-674-77886-3 11308: 11304: 11298: 11290: 11289: 11284: 11280: 11275: 11271: 11267: 11264: 11260: 11254: 11247: 11246:0-7134-6262-0 11243: 11239: 11233: 11225: 11219: 11215: 11208: 11206: 11198: 11193: 11186: 11182: 11178: 11172: 11165: 11160: 11153: 11150: 11144: 11137: 11133: 11129: 11123: 11116: 11113: 11107: 11100: 11095: 11088: 11082: 11075: 11070: 11063: 11058: 11051: 11046: 11039: 11034: 11027: 11023: 11019: 11013: 11006: 11001: 10999: 10997: 10989: 10984: 10977: 10973: 10965: 10962:Freya Stark, 10959: 10952: 10948: 10944: 10938: 10932:, p. 59. 10931: 10926: 10919: 10918:0-691-00170-7 10915: 10911: 10905: 10898: 10897:0-7103-0435-8 10894: 10890: 10884: 10877: 10872: 10863: 10856: 10855:87-7289-051-7 10852: 10848: 10842: 10835: 10830: 10821: 10814: 10809: 10802: 10797: 10790: 10789:0-203-07554-4 10786: 10782: 10776: 10770:, p. 33. 10769: 10768:Browning 1982 10764: 10757: 10752: 10745: 10740: 10734:, p. 46. 10733: 10728: 10726: 10718: 10713: 10706: 10702: 10701:0-8078-1939-5 10698: 10694: 10688: 10681: 10676: 10669: 10664: 10657: 10656:0-7146-3320-8 10653: 10649: 10643: 10636: 10631: 10624: 10623:90-382-0578-3 10620: 10616: 10610: 10604:, p. 61. 10603: 10598: 10591: 10586: 10579: 10574: 10572: 10564: 10559: 10557: 10549: 10543: 10536: 10532: 10526: 10519: 10514: 10507: 10506:0-203-94583-2 10503: 10499: 10493: 10486: 10482: 10478: 10472: 10465: 10459: 10452: 10448: 10444: 10438: 10431: 10430:0-415-04055-8 10427: 10423: 10417: 10411:, p. 49. 10410: 10405: 10397: 10391: 10387: 10380: 10378: 10376: 10369:, p. 74. 10368: 10363: 10361: 10359: 10352:, p. 93. 10351: 10346: 10339: 10335: 10331: 10327: 10320: 10313: 10302: 10298: 10292: 10285: 10280: 10278: 10268: 10266: 10259:, p. 96. 10258: 10253: 10246: 10241: 10234: 10230: 10226: 10220: 10213: 10209: 10203: 10195: 10189: 10185: 10178: 10171: 10168: 10154: 10150: 10144: 10138:, p. 73. 10137: 10132: 10130: 10122: 10110: 10106: 10100: 10094:, p. 13. 10093: 10088: 10081: 10076: 10069: 10066: 10060: 10053: 10048: 10041: 10039: 10035: 10031: 10027: 10023: 10019: 10015: 10001: 9997: 9991: 9989: 9981: 9980:0-203-41870-0 9977: 9973: 9967: 9951: 9947: 9941: 9934: 9929: 9913: 9909: 9903: 9896: 9895:0-253-20385-6 9892: 9888: 9882: 9875: 9871: 9867: 9861: 9854: 9853:0-226-29049-2 9850: 9846: 9840: 9833: 9832:Roman History 9827: 9818: 9812: 9808: 9807: 9799: 9791: 9787: 9786: 9778: 9770: 9764: 9760: 9759: 9751: 9743: 9737: 9733: 9732: 9723: 9721: 9713: 9709: 9705: 9699: 9692: 9688: 9684: 9678: 9670: 9666: 9659: 9650: 9642: 9636: 9632: 9625: 9623: 9615: 9609: 9603:50(2): 24–29. 9602: 9596: 9589: 9583: 9576: 9574:9780674030954 9570: 9566: 9562: 9557: 9556: 9547: 9540: 9539:0-8078-5520-0 9536: 9532: 9528: 9522: 9515: 9511: 9507: 9501: 9494: 9488: 9481: 9476: 9469: 9463: 9452: 9448: 9444: 9438: 9427: 9426:0-19-925521-0 9423: 9419: 9413: 9406: 9402: 9398: 9394: 9388: 9381: 9380:0-8078-2852-1 9377: 9373: 9367: 9360: 9357: 9353: 9347: 9340: 9334: 9323: 9319: 9315: 9309: 9302: 9299: 9293: 9282: 9281:3-11-008015-X 9278: 9274: 9268: 9261: 9256: 9249: 9246: 9240: 9231: 9224: 9221: 9215: 9208: 9207:0-415-08621-3 9204: 9200: 9194: 9183: 9179: 9175: 9169: 9162: 9156: 9145: 9144:0-203-48218-2 9141: 9137: 9131: 9120: 9114: 9107: 9106:0-521-66317-2 9103: 9099: 9093: 9086: 9085:0-19-925521-0 9082: 9078: 9072: 9065: 9060: 9053: 9048: 9041: 9036: 9029: 9028:0-521-55340-7 9025: 9021: 9015: 9008: 9007:3-11-004971-6 9004: 9000: 8994: 8987: 8982: 8975: 8970: 8963: 8962:0-7885-0565-3 8959: 8955: 8949: 8942: 8939: 8933: 8926: 8922: 8918: 8912: 8905: 8904:0-415-07172-0 8901: 8897: 8891: 8884: 8880: 8876: 8872: 8868: 8865:Brian Jones, 8862: 8851: 8850:0-203-03625-5 8847: 8843: 8840:Brian Jones, 8837: 8830: 8827: 8821: 8814: 8811: 8807: 8801: 8794: 8793:0-19-814772-4 8790: 8786: 8783:Simon Swain, 8780: 8773: 8768: 8761: 8755: 8748: 8747:0-691-11691-1 8744: 8740: 8736: 8730: 8723: 8722:90-5867-239-5 8719: 8715: 8711: 8703: 8697: 8690: 8689:90-04-13795-5 8686: 8682: 8676: 8665: 8664:0-19-511580-5 8661: 8657: 8649: 8645: 8641: 8635: 8628: 8627:0-19-925521-0 8624: 8620: 8614: 8607: 8603: 8599: 8596:Joshua Rice, 8593: 8586: 8581: 8574: 8570: 8566: 8560: 8553: 8552:3-519-07628-4 8549: 8545: 8539: 8532: 8531:0-415-04504-5 8528: 8524: 8518: 8509: 8500: 8493: 8489: 8485: 8479: 8472: 8468: 8464: 8458: 8451: 8445: 8439:, p. 37. 8438: 8433: 8426: 8423: 8417: 8410: 8406: 8402: 8396: 8389: 8384: 8377: 8372: 8365: 8360: 8353: 8348: 8341: 8337: 8333: 8327: 8320: 8316: 8312: 8306: 8299: 8294: 8286: 8284:0-521-38421-4 8280: 8276: 8275: 8267: 8260: 8255: 8248: 8243: 8236: 8231: 8225:, p. 52. 8224: 8219: 8212: 8211:Grainger 2004 8207: 8199: 8193: 8189: 8182: 8175: 8172: 8171: 8165: 8156: 8149: 8145: 8141: 8137: 8131: 8124: 8119: 8112: 8108: 8104: 8100: 8094: 8087: 8086:0-472-08865-3 8083: 8079: 8075: 8071: 8070:Aventine Hill 8065: 8058: 8053: 8046: 8045:Grainger 2004 8041: 8034: 8030: 8026: 8022: 8016: 8009: 8004: 7997: 7992: 7990: 7981: 7975: 7971: 7964: 7958:, p. 43. 7957: 7952: 7945: 7941: 7937: 7931: 7925:, p. 58. 7924: 7919: 7917: 7901: 7897: 7891: 7885: 7882: 7876: 7874: 7867:, p. 13. 7866: 7861: 7854: 7853:Garzetti 2014 7849: 7842: 7837: 7829: 7825: 7821: 7817: 7813: 7809: 7805: 7801: 7794: 7792: 7783: 7777: 7773: 7766: 7764: 7757:, p. 41. 7756: 7751: 7743: 7736: 7730:, p. 40. 7729: 7724: 7715: 7706: 7699: 7696: 7695: 7690: 7687: 7686: 7680: 7673: 7667: 7660: 7655: 7648: 7644: 7640: 7636: 7630: 7621: 7613: 7607: 7604:. p. 3. 7603: 7599: 7598: 7590: 7583: 7579: 7575: 7572: 7566: 7560: 7555: 7546: 7539: 7535: 7529: 7521: 7515: 7511: 7507: 7506: 7498: 7490: 7486: 7482: 7478: 7474: 7470: 7466: 7462: 7455: 7453: 7451: 7444: 7440: 7436: 7431: 7424: 7419: 7410: 7403: 7397: 7390: 7384: 7375: 7368: 7363: 7356: 7350: 7343: 7342:0-8143-1594-1 7339: 7335: 7331: 7325: 7316: 7307: 7300: 7295: 7289:, p. 15. 7288: 7283: 7277:, p. 14. 7276: 7271: 7263: 7257: 7253: 7246: 7239: 7234: 7226: 7220: 7216: 7215: 7210: 7204: 7198: 7197:Book 68, 3–4. 7194: 7189: 7185: 7171: 7167: 7166:Pseudo-Simeon 7163: 7158: 7157: 7150: 7144: 7140: 7136: 7130: 7126: 7116: 7113: 7111: 7108: 7106: 7103: 7102: 7098: 7087: 7084: 7073: 7070: 7059: 7056: 7045: 7030: 7029: 7024: 7020: 7016: 7010: 7006: 7002: 6998: 6994: 6992:0-670-15708-2 6988: 6984: 6979: 6975: 6973:0-8390-0193-2 6969: 6965: 6960: 6949: 6945: 6941: 6940: 6939: 6936: 6935: 6925: 6923: 6921: 6911: 6904: 6901: 6900: 6895: 6889: 6880: 6878: 6876: 6874: 6872: 6862: 6853: 6844: 6842: 6840: 6838: 6836: 6834: 6832: 6822: 6820: 6818: 6816: 6806: 6797: 6795: 6793: 6791: 6781: 6774: 6768: 6761: 6755: 6748: 6742: 6733: 6724: 6722: 6714: 6710: 6705: 6703: 6701: 6691: 6689: 6679: 6670: 6668: 6658: 6649: 6645: 6643: 6640: 6637: 6636: 6626: 6624: 6620: 6612: 6609: 6587: 6579: 6576: 6573: 6570: 6569: 6568: 6567: 6564: 6563: 6553: 6540: 6530: 6470: 6467: 6464: 6447: 6445: 6443: 6386: 6383: 6381: 6376: 6372: 6365: 6358: 6338: 6331: 6313: 6310: 6300: 6298: 6290: 6288: 6279: 6256: 6230: 6228: 6193: 6190: 6188: 6186: 6184: 6182: 6178: 6176: 6174: 6173: 6160: 6155: 6153: 6149: 6147: 6139: 6132: 6125: 6123: 6104: 6096: 6089: 6085: 6082: 6078: 6074: 6068: 6054: 6052: 6044: 6042: 6038: 6036: 6032: 6030: 6014: 6012: 6011: 6006: 6004: 6002: 5986: 5984: 5982: 5976: 5972: 5970: 5966: 5934: 5932: 5918: 5916: 5913: 5910: 5908: 5906: 5904: 5902: 5898: 5896: 5893: 5890: 5883: 5876: 5869: 5868:Ceionia Fabia 5862: 5850: 5835: 5827: 5807: 5799: 5795: 5792: 5768: 5766: 5758: 5756: 5754: 5748: 5746: 5728: 5726: 5718: 5716: 5714: 5706: 5704: 5703: 5698: 5686: 5684: 5664: 5662: 5658: 5656: 5654: 5624: 5622: 5618: 5614: 5612: 5608: 5606: 5603: 5596: 5594: 5588: 5586: 5582: 5580: 5579: 5576: 5561: 5540: 5531: 5523: 5507: 5500: 5496: 5493: 5485: 5477: 5475: 5447: 5445: 5444: 5417: 5411: 5409: 5391: 5359: 5357: 5353: 5351: 5348: 5345: 5343: 5341: 5339: 5337: 5330: 5327: 5320: 5313: 5293: 5287: 5285: 5265: 5243: 5240: 5232: 5230: 5228: 5224: 5222: 5220: 5218: 5210: 5208: 5203: 5198: 5190: 5188: 5182: 5178: 5176: 5164: 5155:Arria Fadilla 5125: 5122: 5120: 5118: 5104: 5096: 5094: 5093: 5071: 5059: 5057: 5053: 5049: 5047: 5043: 5041: 5012: 5009: 5003: 5001: 4999: 4997: 4996: 4991: 4987: 4985: 4951: 4926: 4922: 4919: 4917: 4915: 4913: 4911: 4906: 4903: 4883: 4877: 4875: 4828: 4822: 4800: 4783: 4774: 4742: 4741:Matidia Minor 4734: 4731: 4729: 4727: 4714: 4711: 4704: 4703:Paulina Minor 4665: 4653: 4651: 4622: 4619: 4599: 4597: 4595: 4593: 4591: 4581: 4579: 4574: 4569: 4561: 4559: 4547: 4545: 4543: 4541: 4537: 4529: 4527: 4522: 4514: 4503: 4493: 4489: 4486: 4474: 4472: 4468: 4466: 4465: 4412: 4396: 4394: 4391: 4388: 4385: 4336: 4334: 4332: 4313: 4310: 4308: 4304: 4302: 4300: 4298: 4297: 4294: 4293:Paulina Major 4287: 4280: 4272: 4262: 98–117 4254: 4246: 4238: 4222: 4219: 4213: 4211: 4209: 4193: 4191: 4190: 4167: 4161: 4159: 4155: 4147: 4145: 4137: 4135: 4118: 4115: 4113: 4111: 4109: 4107: 4105: 4104: 4101: 4094: 4073: 4060: 4052: 4045: 4028: 4023: 4020: 4012: 4010: 4009: 3956: 3952: 3950: 3946: 3944: 3933: 3930: 3928: 3926: 3924: 3923: 3880: 3873: 3869: 3866: 3842: 3840: 3838: 3830: 3828: 3827: 3822: 3798: 3796: 3778: 3770: 3768: 3765: 3762: 3761: 3752: 3747: 3745: 3740: 3738: 3733: 3732: 3730: 3729: 3721: 3718: 3712: 3703: 3699: 3698: 3697:Esther Rabbah 3687: 3685: 3681: 3677: 3673: 3669: 3665: 3661: 3657: 3653: 3643: 3641: 3637: 3633: 3629: 3624: 3621: 3617: 3612: 3607: 3605: 3601: 3597: 3596:Edward Gibbon 3593: 3592:Enlightenment 3588: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3575:commissioned 3574: 3566: 3562: 3558: 3557:heroic nudity 3553: 3547: 3546: 3502: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3487: 3486:Divine Comedy 3482: 3478: 3468: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3446: 3443:. Now at the 3442: 3437: 3428: 3426: 3425:Constantine I 3422: 3421: 3416: 3415:third century 3408: 3404: 3400: 3395: 3386: 3384: 3379: 3375: 3374: 3367: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3353: 3349: 3344: 3342: 3338: 3334: 3330: 3320: 3318: 3314: 3310: 3309:Marcius Turbo 3306: 3300: 3298: 3294: 3290: 3286: 3278: 3274: 3269: 3264: 3254: 3252: 3248: 3244: 3236: 3232: 3227: 3225: 3221: 3216: 3212: 3208: 3199: 3196: 3192: 3188: 3183: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3162: 3158: 3156: 3151: 3147: 3143: 3139: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3102: 3100: 3096: 3091: 3089: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3059: 3055: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3029: 3025: 3022:(present-day 3021: 3017: 3013: 3009: 3005: 3000: 2996: 2995:Parthamasiris 2987: 2983: 2979: 2974: 2965: 2962: 2956: 2954: 2950: 2946: 2945:Kushan Empire 2942: 2938: 2929: 2928:the Palladium 2924: 2920: 2917: 2912: 2908: 2903: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2885: 2880: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2853: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2833: 2828: 2818: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2803: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2760: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2710: 2706: 2701: 2697: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2657:Marcianopolis 2654: 2650: 2649: 2643: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2621: 2616: 2612: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2588: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2558: 2554: 2549: 2545: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2524: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2505: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2466: 2462: 2457: 2442: 2440: 2436: 2429:grams to 2.88 2424: 2420: 2414: 2404: 2400: 2397: 2393: 2384: 2375: 2372: 2367: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2347: 2345: 2341: 2336: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2321: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2275: 2271: 2266: 2261: 2257: 2252: 2248: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2209: 2207: 2203: 2200:: and later, 2199: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2174:Forum Traiani 2170: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2131: 2122: 2120: 2116: 2106: 2104: 2100: 2095: 2091: 2084: 2080: 2073: 2068: 2062: 2058: 2057: 2050: 2048: 2039: 2035: 2030: 2021: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2010:Mouseion Hill 2007: 2003: 1999: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1979: 1977: 1973: 1972: 1966: 1962: 1956: 1950: 1945: 1939: 1937: 1933: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1911: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1888: 1883: 1877: 1872: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1852: 1850: 1845: 1841: 1829: 1824: 1822: 1817: 1815: 1810: 1809: 1807: 1806: 1799: 1794: 1792: 1787: 1786: 1783: 1782: 1778: 1777: 1771: 1768: 1766: 1763: 1762: 1760: 1759: 1755: 1754: 1747:177–192 1746: 1744: 1741: 1740: 1737:161–180 1736: 1734: 1731: 1730: 1727:161–169 1726: 1724: 1721: 1720: 1717:138–161 1716: 1714: 1711: 1710: 1707:117–138 1706: 1704: 1701: 1700: 1696: 1694: 1691: 1690: 1686: 1684: 1681: 1680: 1677: 1676: 1672: 1671: 1663: 1660: 1659: 1652: 1648: 1647: 1643: 1642: 1637:Roman emperor 1634: 1632: 1628: 1623: 1618: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1583: 1577: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1566:ex post facto 1562: 1558: 1550: 1545: 1539:Rise to power 1536: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1501: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1474: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1427: 1425: 1423: 1418: 1416: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1383: 1374: 1372: 1368: 1367:Aventine Hill 1364: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1331: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1260: 1258: 1254: 1249: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1206: 1200: 1198: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1154: 1150: 1145: 1132: 1130: 1128: 1126: 1124: 1122: 1120: 1118: 1116: 1114: 1112: 1110: 1108: 1106: 1105: 1102: 1100: 1099: 1096: 1091: 1090: 1087: 1086: 1077: 1076: 1071: 1070: 1065: 1060: 1059: 1056: 1055: 1050: 1049: 1044: 1043: 1040: 1035: 1034: 1031: 1030: 1017: 1016: 1011: 1010: 1005: 1000: 999: 996: 995: 990: 989: 984: 983: 978: 977: 974: 973: 964: 963: 958: 957: 952: 947: 946: 943: 942: 937: 936: 931: 930: 925: 924: 921: 920: 903: 902: 899: 898: 893: 888: 887: 884: 883: 878: 877: 872: 871: 866: 865: 862: 861: 852: 851: 846: 845: 840: 835: 834: 831: 830: 825: 824: 819: 818: 813: 812: 809: 808: 795: 794: 789: 788: 783: 778: 777: 774: 773: 768: 767: 762: 761: 756: 755: 752: 751: 742: 741: 736: 735: 730: 725: 717: 716: 713: 712: 708: 707: 698: 696: 692: 688: 687: 680: 678: 674: 670: 666: 662: 658: 654: 653:Roman History 650: 642: 638: 637:Parthian Wars 634: 630: 626: 622: 621: 616: 612: 608: 607: 602: 597: 595: 591: 590:Edward Gibbon 587: 583: 579: 575: 571: 567: 563: 559: 558: 546: 544: 540: 536: 532: 528: 524: 520: 516: 512: 508: 504: 499: 498: 492: 488: 484: 479: 477: 473: 469: 465: 461: 457: 451: 444: 443: 437: 433: 429: 425: 419: 413: 409: 405: 401: 397: 392: 391: 384: 382: 377: 372: 368: 367:Roman history 364: 360: 356: 355:Roman emperor 345: 341: 337: 336: 327: 300: 292: 289: 285: 282: 279: 275: 268: 265: 263: 260: 259: 257: 253: 250: 247: 245: 241: 232: 229: 225: 220: 215: 211: 205: 202: 201: 199: 195: 192: 189: 185: 181: 177: 174:Rome, in the 172: 168: 164: 160: 156: 145: 141: 137: 133: 129: 122: 118: 114: 111: 108: 104: 101: 98: 94: 90: 86: 83: 82:Roman emperor 79: 74: 71:Marble bust, 68: 63: 60: 56: 51: 48: 44: 40: 33: 19: 19020: 19013: 19006: 18994: 18987: 18980: 18973: 18966: 18959: 18952: 18945: 18933: 18926: 18909: 18902: 18895: 18888: 18881: 18874: 18867: 18860: 18828: 18821: 18807:Lucius Verus 18791: 18764: 18665: 18641:Berenice III 18631:Cleopatra IV 18606:Cleopatra II 18538:Alexander IV 18458:Nectanebo II 18427: 18408:Nepherites I 18367:Artaxerxes I 18354: 18284: 18272: 18255:(664–332 BC) 18235: 18191:Roman Period 18093:Shoshenq VII 18091: 18064: 18024: 18005:Shoshenq III 17987: 17952: 17915: 17893:Psusennes II 17806:Ramesses VII 17786:Ramesses III 17670:Amenhotep II 17665:Thutmose III 17601: 17490:Sobekemsaf I 17482: 17457: 17450: 17443: 17436: 17416: 17409: 17314: 17297: 17292:'Aper-'Anati 17290: 17283: 17276: 17256: 17249: 17242: 17235: 17228: 17221: 17214: 17200:Sekheperenre 17152: 17145: 17138: 17131: 17124: 17022:Neferhotep I 17012:Seth Meribre 16989: 16975:Djedkheperew 16892: 16853: 16844:Amenemhat IV 16834:Senusret III 16824:Amenemhat II 16740:Mentuhotep I 16702: 16591: 16551: 16544: 16537: 16530: 16456:Neferkare II 16407: 16400: 16333:Nyuserre Ini 16287: 16270: 16225: 16218: 16206: 16147: 16142:Neferkasokar 16140: 16133: 16116: 16109: 16102: 16095: 16088: 16081: 16046: 16039: 15947: 15930: 15923: 15916: 15909: 15902: 15895: 15890:Finger Snail 15888: 15881: 15861: 15849: 15842: 15835: 15828: 15821: 15814: 15807: 15800: 15793: 15786: 15779: 15772: 15765: 15728: 15533:Andronikos V 15531: 15514: 15462: 15430: 15408: 15396: 15379: 15373: 15367: 15355: 15349: 15262: 15256: 15250: 15223: 15206: 15194: 15177: 15165: 15159: 15146:Nikephoros I 15121: 15120: 15114: 15081: 15078:Justinian II 15073:Tiberius III 15063:Justinian II 15054: 15048: 15031: 14983: 14955:Anastasius I 14946: 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Commodus 3680:Roman Dacia 3672:Dacian Wars 3640:kosmocrator 3632:kosmocrator 3477:Middle Ages 3475:During the 3431:Iconography 3075:Mesopotamia 3028:Caspian Sea 2978:inscription 2717:XIII Gemina 2694:Carpathians 2585:auxiliaries 2509:Dacian army 2435:Dacian wars 2213:Via Traiana 2056:correctores 2034:Civic Crown 1976:Hellenistic 1971:vigintiviri 1965:correctores 1898:instead of 1687:96–98 1431:Aelius Afer 1387:civic crown 1155:, c. AD 115 695:numismatics 677:perorations 669:Panegyricus 649:Cassius Dio 639:written by 611:ghostwriter 601:Dacian Wars 578:Machiavelli 574:Renaissance 523:Mesopotamia 228:Regnal name 96:Predecessor 19204:117 deaths 19188:Categories 19028:Diocletian 18982:Quintillus 18935:Aemilianus 18890:Gordian II 18862:Elagabalus 18683:Arsinoe IV 18566:Arsinoe II 18491:Darius III 18418:Psammuthes 18307:Psamtik II 18122:Bakenranef 18060:Pedubast I 18055:Takelot II 18050:Harsiese A 18032:Osorkon IV 18020:Shoshenq V 18000:Osorkon II 17973:Shoshenq I 17943:Smendes II 17923:Pinedjem I 17868:Amenemnisu 17821:Ramesses X 17796:Ramesses V 17748:Amenmesses 17728:Ramesses I 17690:Smenkhkare 17660:Hatshepsut 17650:Thutmose I 17400:Montuemsaf 17390:Dedumose I 17190:Nebdjefare 17180:Merdjefare 16950:Nedjemibre 16945:Sewadjkare 16819:Senusret I 16791:Qakare Ini 16612:Meryhathor 16516:Neferkaure 16511:Qakare Iby 16496:Neferkahor 16481:Neferkamin 16289:Thamphthis 16283:Shepseskaf 16197:Sekhemkhet 16048:Horus Bird 15925:Scorpion I 15369:Andronikos 15357:Nikephoros 15306:Michael IV 15271:Romanos II 15191:Theophilos 15186:Michael II 15167:Staurakios 15151:Staurakios 15123:Nikephoros 15116:Artabasdos 15028:Heraclonas 14985:Theodosius 14943:Basiliscus 14703:Nepotianus 14696:Magnentius 14690:Constans I 14643:Severus II 14623:Diocletian 14568:Quintillus 14533:Aemilianus 14526:Volusianus 14471:Gordian II 14436:Elagabalus 14299:Principate 14024:98 13953:91 13874:August 117 13809:Chapter 13 13537:Pax Romana 13351:Isaac, B. 13146:1166989366 12939:Britannica 12913:Britannica 12896:Veyne 1976 12659:www.khm.at 12549:Breviarium 12435:Young 2001 12387:Petit 1976 12174:(1): 1–10. 11610:Petit 1976 11544:Petit 1976 11261:, made of 11062:Veyne 2001 11050:Veyne 2001 10988:Young 2001 10876:Veyne 2005 10834:Young 2001 10330:Antiquitas 10306:8 November 10158:8 November 10114:8 November 9946:"Alimenta" 9933:Petit 1976 9918:5 December 9897:, pp. 6/7. 9845:The Romans 9834:, 68.15.1. 9563:, p. 9395:. London: 9260:Veyne 2005 9163:, 10.70.2. 9064:Veyne 2005 9052:Veyne 2005 9040:Veyne 2005 8871:Pax Romana 8772:Veyne 2005 8585:Veyne 2005 8437:Veyne 2005 8388:Veyne 2005 8364:Veyne 2005 8298:Jones 2002 8057:Veyne 1976 7905:26 January 7900:Britannica 7611:0253214351 7540:, pp. 1–3. 7519:0253214351 7180:References 6614:Small Caps 5798:Cornificia 3654:, Trajan ( 3636:Paul Veyne 3471:After Rome 3447:in Turkey. 3341:Apronianus 3207:Sanatruces 3058:the Senate 3038:Sestertius 3008:Mauretania 2976:An AD 116 2911:Paul Veyne 2737:equestrian 2733:procurator 2729:John Lydus 2709:Tower Hill 2671:after its 2565:II Traiana 2502:Sarmatians 2494:Marcomanni 2490:rex amicus 2411:See also: 2378:Christians 2371:gladiators 2286:River Nile 2260:hieroglyph 2225:Brundisium 2221:Beneventum 2182:Capitoline 2159:Iron Gates 2103:eleutheria 2038:Glyptothek 1923:status quo 1900:contumacia 1869:proconsuls 1779:Succession 1673:Chronology 1622:Germanicus 1402:Roman army 1359:Narbonense 1266:married a 1185:Santiponce 1177:municipium 1175:), in the 1171:in modern 701:Early life 418:gens Ulpia 400:Andalusian 390:municipium 269:(adoptive) 178:, part of 73:Glyptothek 19199:53 births 19160:Ptolemaic 18968:Gallienus 18883:Gordian I 18846:Caracalla 18772:Vespasian 18766:Vitellius 18548:Ptolemaic 18390:Amyrtaeus 18372:Darius II 18317:Ahmose II 18297:Psamtik I 18236:uncertain 18224:Pharaohs 18160:Tanutamun 17995:Takelot I 17978:Osorkon I 17928:Masaharta 17878:Amenemope 17781:Setnakhte 17743:Merneptah 17685:Akhenaten 17602:uncertain 17484:Nebmaatre 17305:Sakir-Har 17258:Yaqub-Har 17170:Nebefawre 16920:Hotepibre 16786:Segerseni 16755:Intef III 16703:uncertain 16691:Pharaohs 16323:Neferefre 16149:Hudjefa I 16030:Semerkhet 15767:Hedju Hor 15729:uncertain 15717:Pharaohs 15611:Classical 15596:Empresses 15580:(286–296) 15574:(267–273) 15568:(260–274) 15311:Michael V 15237:Alexander 15050:Heraclius 15018:Heraclius 14970:Justin II 14880:Glycerius 14867:Anthemius 14737:Procopius 14675:Martinian 14654:Maxentius 14583:Florianus 14556:Saloninus 14551:Gallienus 14520:Hostilian 14496:Philip II 14466:Gordian I 14414:Caracalla 14349:Vespasian 14344:Vitellius 14031: IV 13782:496004778 13501:147–168. 12944:9 January 12919:9 January 12886:, p. 166. 12641:944109355 12545:Eutropius 12535:, p. 319. 12377:, p. 229. 12296:, p. 263. 12135:, p. 377. 12096:, p. 448. 12028:, p. 100. 11878:, p. 162. 11848:, p. 129. 11815:, p. 120. 11794:, p. 135. 11736:, p. 227. 11715:, p. 310. 11660:Sassanids 11567:, p. 101. 11409:, p. 232. 11388:, p. 289. 11355:, p. 235. 11334:, p. 171. 11313:, p. 103. 11266:limestone 11259:Pokr Vedi 11187:, p. 262. 11138:, p. 130. 10978:, p. 211. 10899:, p. 279. 10857:, p. 142. 10791:, p. 234. 10658:, p. 122. 10625:, p. 218. 10550:1 (2013). 10508:, p. 222. 10487:, p. 288. 10453:, p. 253. 10167:Decebalus 10038:Decebalus 9982:, p. 158. 9876:, p. 181. 9855:, p. 272. 9714:, p. 304. 9693:, p. 109. 9516:, p. 155. 9407:, p. 116. 9209:, p. 185. 9108:, p. 293. 9030:, p. 192. 8964:, p. 121. 8927:, p. 162. 8885:, p. 120. 8795:, p. 237. 8749:, p. 399. 8724:, p. 196. 8575:, p. 175. 8533:, p. 274. 8494:, p. 277. 8473:, p. 137. 8411:, p. 128. 8352:Rees 2012 8342:, p. 131. 8321:, p. 314. 8259:Rees 2012 8113:, p. 338. 8035:, p. 180. 7946:, p. 131. 7828:162241585 7574:Turdetani 7489:162241585 7344:, p. 427. 6760:"Hadrian" 6713:"Hadrian" 6627:or other) 3711:romanized 3579:to paint 3499:Purgatory 3463:who made 3401:, in the 3289:Kitos War 3245:, on the 3193:into the 3174:Ahin Posh 3172:, at the 3134:Ctesiphon 3118:Euphrates 3083:Abgar VII 2926:Trajan, " 2673:legionary 2639:peregrine 2631:decurions 2553:Decebalus 2533:Adamclisi 2481:Decebalus 2325:Arcinazzo 2310:cartouche 2296:, on the 2282:Old Cairo 2217:Via Appia 2172:Trajan's 2167:boardwalk 2099:conventus 2090:corrector 2083:gymnasium 2014:Pausanias 2002:Commagene 1961:corrector 1949:Nicomedia 1904:honorific 1896:moderatio 1611:Vespasian 1603:kingmaker 1498:Abgar VII 1455:patrician 1284:Vespasian 1248:origin. 1224:) in the 1169:Andalusia 691:epigraphy 657:Byzantine 572:. In the 533:. He was 152:(aged 63) 106:Successor 19120:21 to 23 19038:Galerius 19033:Maximian 19022:Numerian 18989:Aurelian 18941:Valerian 18904:Balbinus 18897:Pupienus 18851:Macrinus 18823:Pertinax 18817:Commodus 18782:Domitian 18745:Claudius 18740:Caligula 18735:Tiberius 18730:Augustus 18350:Darius I 18302:Necho II 18145:Shebitku 18117:Tefnakht 17710:Horemheb 17640:Ahmose I 17452:Pantjeny 17438:Senebkay 17418:Pepi III 17380:Bebiankh 17237:Shenshek 17195:Nebsenre 17027:Sihathor 16997:Khendjer 16960:Renseneb 16905:Nerikare 16750:Intef II 16627:Merykare 16532:Wadjkare 16476:Merenhor 16371:Userkare 16278:Menkaure 16272:Bikheris 16261:Djedefre 16227:Qahedjet 16111:Wadjenes 16097:Horus Sa 16090:Nubnefer 16077:Nynetjer 16041:Sneferka 15781:Ni-Neith 15667:Pharaohs 15606:Usurpers 15601:Augustae 15559:See also 15464:Nicholas 15286:Basil II 15083:Tiberius 15068:Leontius 15056:Tiberius 15033:Tiberius 15011:610–1453 15006:Eastern/ 14960:Justin I 14913:Arcadius 14873:Olybrius 14855:Majorian 14796:Honorius 14775:Eugenius 14710:Vetranio 14660:Licinius 14633:Galerius 14628:Maximian 14613:Dominate 14603:Numerian 14573:Aurelian 14546:Valerian 14491:Philip I 14481:Balbinus 14476:Pupienus 14424:Macrinus 14399:Pertinax 14394:Commodus 14359:Domitian 14324:Claudius 14319:Caligula 14314:Tiberius 14309:Augustus 14189: II 13614:(1994). 13516:(1999). 13449:(1979). 13415:59267318 13368:20091873 13252:(1999). 13083:(2013). 12593:. Vienna 12551:, 8.5.3. 12466:"Trajan" 12225:Stromata 12075:, p. 11. 11957:, p. 91. 11934:suffecti 11459:, p. 89. 11281:(1967). 10953:, p. 25. 10920:, p. 15. 9956:25 April 9671:(1): 32. 9533:, 2004, 9399:, 2009, 9382:, p. 31. 9287:668–669. 9087:, p. 91. 8906:, p. 63. 8741:, 2013, 8716:, 2002, 8691:, p. 28. 8629:, p. 90. 8150:, p. 42. 8080:, 2002, 8027:, 2007, 7698:XI, 4725 7689:XI, 4686 7211:(2012). 7135:Gazipaşa 7041:See also 7003:(2014). 6953:14 April 6623:Augustae 6103:Commodus 5530:Faustina 5516:Fundania 4799:Antinous 4237:Marciana 3656:Romanian 3628:personal 3305:Attianus 3291:," with 3211:Osroes I 3187:portoria 3170:Kanishka 3150:de facto 3130:Seleucia 3110:Adiabene 3079:Osrhoene 3020:Mardians 2986:Artaxata 2953:Hercules 2949:Plutarch 2907:alimenta 2845:hegemony 2767:In 106, 2711:, London 2581:Pannonia 2577:Brigetio 2569:Laodicea 2477:Domitian 2423:denarius 2413:Alimenta 2333:Talamone 2298:propylon 2294:Domitian 2288:and the 2276:, Egypt. 2233:Damascus 2227:and the 2198:basilica 2040:, Munich 1995:Athenian 1932:Plutarch 1927:informal 1865:Bithynia 1844:donative 1743:Commodus 1547:Bust of 1529:Pannonia 1490:Ganymede 1482:bisexual 1424:legionis 1422:Tribunus 1406:Governor 1357:and the 1276:Tiberius 1212:and the 661:epitomes 633:Parthica 566:medieval 562:Augustus 503:Nabataea 497:alimenta 468:Pannonia 464:Germania 436:Domitian 353:) was a 287:Religion 75:, Munich 19015:Carinus 18996:Tacitus 18954:Quietus 18797:Hadrian 18481:Khabash 18312:Wahibre 18292:Necho I 18286:Nekauba 18274:Ammeris 18217:Dynasty 18155:Taharqa 18150:Shabaka 18087:Rudamun 18066:Iuput I 17911:Herihor 17863:Smendes 17763:Twosret 17753:Seti II 17597:female) 17582:Dynasty 17478:Rahotep 17375:Semenre 17345:Djehuti 17327:Khamudi 17316:Yanassi 17299:Salitis 17251:Yakareb 17244:Khamure 17175:Sehebre 17097:Merkare 16745:Intef I 16684:Dynasty 16593:Imhotep 16553:Iytjenu 16539:Khuiqer 16451:Menkare 16402:Neferka 16386:Pepi II 16308:Userkaf 16202:Sanakht 16025:Anedjib 16005:Hor-Aha 15938:Iry-Hor 15932:Shendjw 15904:Pen-Abu 15788:Hat-Hor 15710:Dynasty 15616:Eastern 15516:Matthew 15410:Alexios 15258:Stephen 15220:Basil I 15105:Leo III 14980:Maurice 14923:Marcian 14906:395–610 14830:Joannes 14789:395–480 14743:Gratian 14616:284–610 14598:Carinus 14578:Tacitus 14454:235–285 14374:Hadrian 13905:Hadrian 13899:98–117 13854:Trajan 13799:Book 68 13440:2898605 12874:Petit, 12575:27.3.7. 12475:21 June 12197:Hadrian 11705:Parthia 11028:, p. 5. 10014:Dacians 10005:21 July 9161:Letters 9159:Pliny, 8376:Letters 8174:1.14-15 7806:: 145. 7571:Iberian 7467:: 144. 7162:Antioch 7139:Cilicia 7133:modern 6619:Augusti 6586:emperor 6146:Lucilla 6122:Fadilla 5319:unknown 5312:Plautia 4782:Hadrian 4271:Plotina 3713:: 3668:culture 3652:Romania 3600:Mommsen 3495:Jupiter 3461:Hadrian 3333:Selinus 3297:Quietus 3182:Assyria 3114:Babylon 3088:Singara 3067:Nisibis 3050:Armenia 3046:Obverse 2980:of the 2937:tetarte 2879:Palmyra 2841:Parthia 2703:Modern 2690:Oltenia 2635:aediles 2605:Capitol 2555:in the 2541:Iazyges 2537:Dacicus 2331:and at 2306:Dendera 2300:of the 2290:Red Sea 2272:at the 2270:Mammisi 2143:Hadrian 2008:on the 1908:optimus 1703:Hadrian 1668:96–192) 1587:Hadrian 1570:Tacitus 1439:Paulina 1435:Hadrian 1415:Legatus 1343:Baetica 1286:in the 1189:Seville 1181:Italica 549:Sources 539:Hadrian 535:deified 531:Selinus 527:Assyria 519:Armenia 511:his war 458:led by 426:in the 404:Seville 396:Italica 376:Optimus 361:of the 338:; born 244:Dynasty 204:Hadrian 159:Cilicia 155:Selinus 128:Italica 110:Hadrian 18:Traiano 19194:Trajan 19155:Argead 19002:Probus 18922:Decius 18917:Philip 18792:Trajan 18520:Argead 18429:Muthis 18382:XXVIII 18362:Xerxes 18230:female 18208:Period 17917:Piankh 17888:Siamun 17758:Siptah 17733:Seti I 17573:Period 17525:Kamose 17459:Snaaib 17429:Abydos 17285:Semqen 17278:Sharek 17230:Sheneh 17210:'Apepi 17205:Bebnum 17160:Nehesy 16980:Sebkay 16900:Sonbef 16697:female 16675:Period 16486:Nikare 16376:Pepi I 16313:Sahure 16266:Khafre 16251:Snefru 16220:Sedjes 16192:Djoser 16118:Senedj 15996:Narmer 15955:Narmer 15837:Wazner 15802:Hsekiu 15774:Ny-Hor 15723:female 15701:Period 15378:& 15354:& 15261:& 15232:Leo VI 15208:Thekla 15164:& 15131:Leo IV 15053:& 14992:Phocas 14948:Marcus 14933:Leo II 14849:Avitus 14766:Victor 14731:Valens 14721:Jovian 14716:Julian 14588:Probus 14523:& 14503:Decius 14451:Crisis 14369:Trajan 14229:With: 14176:With: 14124:With: 14072:With: 14026:With: 13955:With: 13870: 13780: 13773: 13755: 13736: 13717: 13698: 13679: 13660: 13641: 13622: 13600: 13581: 13562: 13543: 13524: 13505: 13499: 13476: 13457: 13438: 13413: 13406: 13388: 13366: 13359: 13341: 13322: 13303: 13285: 13277:v. 1. 13260: 13238: 13219: 13204: 13183: 13161: 13144: 13132:, 1983 13114: 13095: 13069: 13037: 13018: 12882: 12863: 12793: 12639: 12629: 12563:41.13. 12531: 12373: 12292: 12268: 12229:Book I 12218:) and 12131: 12092: 12071: 12024: 11953: 11923:, 216. 11874: 11844: 11811: 11790: 11732: 11711: 11596: 11563: 11506: 11455: 11405: 11384: 11351: 11330: 11309: 11244: 11220: 11183: 11134: 11024: 10974: 10968: 10949: 10916: 10895: 10853: 10787: 10699: 10654: 10621: 10504: 10483: 10466:, 253. 10449: 10428: 10392: 10190: 10034:Dacian 10026:Bucova 9978: 9893: 9872: 9851: 9813: 9765: 9738: 9710: 9689: 9637: 9571: 9537: 9512: 9495:, 117. 9470:, 669. 9455: 9449: 9430: 9424: 9403: 9378: 9341:, 429. 9326: 9320: 9285: 9279: 9205: 9186: 9180: 9148: 9142: 9123: 9104: 9083: 9026: 9005: 8960: 8923: 8902: 8881: 8854: 8848: 8791: 8762:, 348. 8745: 8720: 8706: 8687: 8668: 8662: 8652: 8646: 8625: 8604: 8571: 8550: 8529: 8490: 8469: 8407: 8338: 8317: 8281: 8194: 8146: 8109: 8099:Decius 8084: 8031: 7976: 7942: 7826: 7820:298660 7818: 7778: 7659:Appian 7608: 7516: 7487: 7481:298660 7479: 7423:Appian 7340: 7258: 7221: 7011: 6989: 6970: 6773:passim 6639:Notes: 6604: 6598: 6592: 6582: 5575:Avidia 4773:Sabina 4253:Trajan 4229:Flavia 4051:Marcia 3702:Hebrew 3684:nation 3660:Traian 3565:Greece 3465:beards 3407:Vienna 3399:Salona 3389:Legacy 3360:Athens 3247:Tigris 3220:Edessa 3203: 3168:ruler 3166:Kushan 3142:Charax 3106:Tigris 3071:Batnae 3024:Ghilan 3012:Araxes 2999:Fronto 2895:Aureus 2884:satrap 2874:Charax 2866:Bostra 2815:Bosrah 2749:fundus 2739:rank ( 2721:Apulum 2684:, the 2665:Oescus 2653:Apulum 2559:(1919) 2467:, Rome 2431: 2427: 2392:Pontus 2308:. His 2262:name ( 2163:Danube 2139:Danube 2119:Digest 2110: 2094:ad hoc 2086: 2065: 2020:man". 2018:Syrian 1953: 1944:Apamea 1936:Delphi 1887:Xanten 1861:Achaea 1856: 1756:Family 1693:Trajan 1627:Danube 1521:Chatti 1486:Julian 1447:consul 1324:Ameria 1316:Furnia 1296:Marcia 1292:Marcia 1282:under 1264:Ulpius 1242:Traius 1238:Ulpius 1226:Umbria 1205:Appian 1195:BC by 1193: 1161: 1149:aureus 1095:Furnia 1004:Marcia 729:Ulpius 693:, and 645: 641:Arrian 631:. 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Index