Semi-trailer truck

247:, giving 5 axles and 12 wheels in total. This format is now common across Europe as it is able to meet the EU maximum weight limit of 40,000 kg (88,000 pounds) without overloading any axle. Individual countries have raised their own weight limit. The U.K., for example, has a 44,000 kg (97,000 pounds) limit, an increase achieved by adding an extra axle to the tractor, usually in the form of a middle unpowered lifting axle (midlift) with a total of 14 wheels. The lift axles used on both tractors and trailers allow the trucks to remain legal when fully loaded (as weight per axle remains within the legal limits); on the other hand, these axle set(s) can be raised off the roadway for increased maneuverability or for reduced fuel consumption and tire wear when carrying lighter loads. Although lift axles usually operate automatically, they can be lowered manually even while carrying light loads, in order to remain within legal (safe) limits when, for example, navigating back-road bridges with severely restricted axle loads. 328:

the added benefit of one third fewer trucks on the road. The 1996 EU regulation defines a Europe Module System (EMS) as it was implemented in Sweden. The wording of EMS combinations and EuroCombi are now used interchangeably to point to truck combinations as specified in the EU document; however, apart from Sweden and Finland, the EuroCombi is only allowed to operate on specific roads in other EU member states. Since 1996 Sweden and Finland formally won a final exemption from the European Economic Area rules with 60 tonne and 25.25-metre (83 ft) combinations. From 2006, 25.25 m truck trailer combinations are to be allowed on restricted routes within Germany, following a similar (on-going) trial in The Netherlands. Similarly, Denmark has allowed 25.25 m combinations on select routes. These vehicles will run a 60-tonne (59.1-long-ton; 66.1-short-ton) weight limit. Two types are to be used: 1) a 26-tonne truck pulling a dolly and semi-trailer, or 2) an articulated tractor unit pulling a

530:

in the total maximum length of the semi-trailer truck being 57 ft (17.5 m) for trailers 48 ft in length, and 61 ft (18.55 m) for trailers 51 ft long. The increase in length will not result in the 97,000 lb weight limit being exceeded and will allow some operators to approach the weight limit which may not have been previously possible due to the previous length of trailers. The trial will run for a maximum of 10 years. Providing certain requirements are fulfilled, a Special Types General Order (STGO) allows for vehicles of any size or weight to travel on UK roads. However, in practice, any such vehicle has to travel by a route authorized by the Department of Transport and move under escort. The escort of abnormal loads in the UK is now predominantly carried out by private companies, but extremely large or heavy loads that require road closures must still be escorted by the police.

488: 1971:, a "Z" endorsement is required to drive any vehicle using air brakes; in provinces other than Ontario, the "A" endorsement is for air brake operation only, and an "S" endorsement is for both operation and adjustment of air brakes. Anyone holding a valid Ontario driver's license (i.e., excluding a motorcycle license) with a "Z" endorsement can legally drive any air-brake-equipped truck-trailer combination with a registered- or actual-gross-vehicle-weight (i.e., including towing- and towed-vehicle) up to 11 tonnes, that includes one trailer weighing no more than 4.6 tonnes if the license falls under the following three classes: Class E (school bus—maximum 24-passenger capacity or ambulance), F (regular bus—maximum 24-passenger capacity or ambulance) or G (car, van, or small-truck). 793:. This is reflected in the most popular configurations of trucks generally having dual drive axles and three axles on the trailers, with four tyres on each axle. This means that Australian single semi-trailer trucks will usually have 22 tyres, which is generally more than their counterparts in other countries. Super single tyres are sometimes used on tri-axle trailers. The suspension is designed with travel limiting, which will hold the rim off the road for one blown or deflated tyre for each side of the trailer, so a trailer can be driven at reduced speed to a safe place for repair. Super singles are also often used on the steer axle in Australia to allow greater loading over the steer axle. The increase in loading of steer tyres requires a permit. 546:

replace three standard semi-trailer trucks while, if limited to the current UK weight limit of 97,000 lb (44 t), it was claimed the Eco-Link would reduce carbon emissions by 16% and could still halve the number of trips needed for the same amount of cargo carried in conventional semi-trailer trucks. This is based on the fact that for light but bulky goods such as toilet paper, plastic bottles, cereals and aluminum cans, conventional semi-trailer trucks run out of cargo space before they reach the weight limit. At 97,000 lb (44 t), as opposed to 132,000 lb usually associated with B-Trains, the Eco-Link also exerts less weight per axle on the road compared to the standard six-axle 97,000 lb (44 t) semi-trailer truck.

575: 515:

some tractors and trailer having fewer axles. In practice, as with double decker buses and coaches in the UK, there is no legal height limit for semi-trailer trucks; however, bridges over 16.5 ft (5.03 m) do not have the height marked on them. Semi-trailer trucks in continental Europe have a height limit of 13.1 ft (4.0 m). Vehicles heavier than 44,000 kg are permitted on UK roads but are indivisible loads, which would be classed as abnormal (or oversize). Such vehicles are required to display an STGO (Special Types General Order) plate on the front of the tractor unit and, under certain circumstances, are required to travel by an authorized route and have an escort.

690: 378:

18.75 m (62 ft) truck and trailer to haul on the continent now could be handled by just two 25.25 m trucks – greatly reducing overall costs and emissions. Prepared since late 2012 and effective in January 2013, Finland has changed its regulations to allow total maximum legal weight of a combination to be 76 t (75 long tons; 84 short tons). At the same time the maximum allowed height would be increased by 20 cm (8 in); from current maximum of 4.2 m (13.8 ft) to 4.4 m (14.4 ft). The effect this major maximum weight increase would cause to the roads and bridges in Finland over time is strongly debated.

341: 856: 837: 2095:) provide exemptions for farmers, allowing non-commercial license holders to operate semis within a certain air-mile radius of their reporting location. State exemptions, however, are only applicable in intrastate commerce; stipulations of the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) may be applied in interstate commerce. Also a person under the age of 21 cannot operate a commercial vehicle outside the state where the commercial license was issued. This restriction may also be mirrored by certain states in their intrastate regulations. A person must be at least 18 in order to be issued a commercial license. 534:

light load is being carried; an arrangement known as a TAG axle when it is the rear axle, or mid-lift when it is the center axle). Some trailers have two axles which have twin tyres on each axle; other trailers have three axles, of which one axle can be a lift axle which has super-single wheels. In the UK, two wheels bolted to the same hub are classed as a single wheel, therefore a standard six-axle articulated truck is considered to have twelve wheels, even though it has twenty tyres. The UK also allows semi-trailer truck which have six tyres on two axles; these are known as four-wheelers.

713: 931: 1440: 1515:

extend the requirement for underride protection to the sides of large vehicles". However, to date, a side underride guard mandate has yet to ever be proposed by the USDOT or NHTSA. In fact, for side underride guards, NHTSA has disregarded successful crash tests that stop a passenger vehicle from underriding a semitrailer, ignored recommendations, disregarded administrative petitions, and denied petitions. In fact, for decades NHTSA has ignored credible scientific research on side underride guards and failed to take simple steps to stop these crashes.

50: 1384:, the use of the super-single tire is gaining popularity. There are several advantages to this configuration. The first of these is that super singles reduce fuel consumption. In 1999, tests on an oval track showed a 10% fuel savings when super singles were used. These savings are realized because less energy is wasted flexing fewer tire sidewalls. Second, the lighter overall tire weight allows a truck to be loaded with more freight. The third advantage is that the single wheel encloses less of the brake unit, which allows faster cooling and reduces 382: 1175:) are air hose connectors, each of which has a flat engaging face and retaining tabs. The faces are placed together, and the units are rotated so that the tabs engage each other to hold the connectors together. This arrangement provides a secure connection but allows the couplers to break away without damaging the equipment if they are pulled, as may happen when the tractor and trailer are separated without first uncoupling the air lines. These connectors are similar in design to the ones used for a similar purpose between 2742: 61: 2044: 872: 1396:

significantly lower axle weight on super singles must be considered when comparing road wear from single versus dual wheels. The majority of super singles sold in Europe have a width of 385 mm (15.2 in). The standard 385 tires have a legal load limit of 4,500 kg (9,900 lb). (Note that expensive, specially reinforced 385 tires approved for 5,000 kg (11,000 lb) do exist. Their market share is tiny, except for mounting on the steer axle.)

634:, while the diesel fuel cost could be $ 70,000 per year. Trucks average from 4 to 8 miles per US gallon (59 to 29 L/100 km), with fuel economy standards requiring better than 7 miles per US gallon (34 L/100 km) efficiency by 2014. Power requirements in standard conditions are 170 hp (130 kW) at 55 mph (89 km/h) or 280 hp (210 kW) at 70 mph (113 km/h), and somewhat different power usage in other conditions. 200: 73: 360:, the allowed length has been 24 m (79 ft) since 1967. Before that, the maximum length was unlimited; the only limitations were on axle load. What stopped Sweden from adopting the same rules as the rest of Europe, when securing road safety, was the national importance of a competitive forestry industry. Finland, with the same road safety issues and equally important forestry industry, followed suit. The change made trucks able to carry three stacks of 1129: 5345: 729: 5375: 758:, does not set maximum length requirements (except on auto and boat transporters), only minimums. Tractors can pull two or three trailers if the combination is legal in that state. Weight maximums are 20,000 lb (9,100 kg) on a single axle, 34,000 lb (15,000 kg) on a tandem, and 80,000 lb (36,000 kg) total for any vehicle or combination. There is a maximum width of 8.5 ft (2.6 m) and no maximum height. 300: 5365: 814:

weight of 62.5 tonnes and overall length of 25 m (82 ft), or 26 m (85 ft) if they are fitted with approved FUPS (Front Underrun Protection System) devices. B-doubles may only operate on designated roads, which includes most highways and some major metropolitan roads. B-doubles are very common in all parts of Australia including state capitals and on major routes they outnumber single trailer configurations.

550:

vehicles" may be permitted to draw more than one trailer and can be up to 85 ft (25.9 m). The point of law reportedly hinged on the definition of a "towing implement", with Denby prepared to argue that the second trailer on the Eco-Link was one. The Department for Transport were of the opinion that this refers to recovering a vehicle after an accident or breakdown, but the regulation does not explicitly state this.

1249: 239:, have a sheer face on the front. This allows shorter trucks with longer trailers (with larger freight capacity) within the legal maximum total length. Furthermore, it offers greater maneuverability in confined areas, a more balanced weight-distribution, and better overall view for the driver. The major disadvantage is that for repairs on COE trucks, the entire cab has to hinge forward to allow maintenance access. 638: 583: 5355: 1299:

High range using the same shift pattern. A Super-10 transmission, by contrast, has no range splitter; it uses alternating "stick and button" shifting (stick shifts 1-3-5-7-9, button shifts 2-4-6-8-10). The 13-, 15-, and 18-speed transmissions have the same basic shift pattern but include a splitter button to enable additional ratios found in each range. Some transmissions may have 12 speeds.

1900: 81: 522:, a coupled tractor unit and trailer will have a combined length of between 50 and 55 ft (15.25 and 16.75 m). Although the Construction and Use Regulations allow a maximum rigid length of 60 ft (18.2 m), this, combined with a shallow kingpin and fifth wheel set close to the rear of the tractor unit, can give an overall length of around 75 ft (22.75 m). 558:

December 2009 Denby Transport were preparing to drive the Eco-Link on public roads, but this was cut short because the Police pulled the semi-trailer truck over as it left the gates in order to test it for its legality "to investigate any... offenses which may be found". The Police said the vehicle was unlawful due to its length and Denby Transport was served with a notice by the

1975:

11 tonnes, that includes one trailer weighing no more than 4.6 tonnes. Anyone holding an Ontario Class A license (or its equivalent) can drive any truck-trailer combination with a registered- or actual-gross-vehicle-weight (i.e., including towing- and towed-vehicles) greater than 11 tonnes, that includes one or more trailers weighing more than 4.6 tonnes.

1236:, some local municipalities have prohibited or restricted the use of engine brake systems inside their jurisdictions, particularly in residential areas. The advantage to using engine braking instead of conventional brakes is that a truck can descend a long grade without overheating its wheel brakes. Some vehicles can also be equipped with hydraulic or electric 1338:. This cable is a bundle of wires in a single casing. Each wire controls one of the electrical circuits on the trailer, such as running lights, brake lights, turn signals, etc. A coiled cable is used which retracts these coils when not under tension, such as when not cornering. It is these coils that cause the cable to look like a pigtail. 562:(VOSA) inspector to remove the vehicle from the road for inspection. Having returned to the yard, Denby Transport was formally notified by Police and VOSA that the semi-trailer truck could not be used. Neither the Eco-Link, nor any other B-Train, have since been permitted on UK roads. However, this prompted the 657:, or eight tires on the trailer, four per axle. In the US it is common to refer to the number of wheel hubs, rather than the number of tires; an axle can have either single or dual tires with no legal difference. The combination of eight tires on the trailer and ten tires on the tractor is what led to the 1116:, provided by the towing engine, to carry half the load weight. When braking hard at high speeds, the vehicle has a tendency to fold at the pivot point between the towing vehicle and the trailer. Such a truck accident is called a "trailer swing", although it is also commonly described as a "jackknife." 2014:

Class 2 – Medium Rigid Vehicle: Any rigid vehicle with GLW 18,001 kg (39,685 lb) or less with light trailer of 3,500 kg (7,700 lb) or less, any combination vehicle with GCW 12,001 kg (26,458 lb) or less, any rigid vehicle of any weight with no more than two axles, or any

1514:

across the road, and helps protect cyclists, pedestrians and other vulnerable road users. In the 1969 proposal for rear underrride guards, the Federal Highway Administration indicated that, "It is anticipated that the proposed standard will be amended, after technical studies have been completed, to

1501:

are ineffective in protecting the passengers. The underride guard provides a rigid area for the car to contact that is lower than the lip of the bonnet/hood, preventing the vehicle from squatting and running under the truck and ensuring that the vehicle's crush zones and engine block absorb the force

805:

In total, the maximum length that any articulated vehicle may be (without a special permit and escort) is 53.5 m (176 ft), its maximum load may be up to 164 tonnes gross, and may have up to four trailers. However, heavy restrictions apply to the areas where such a vehicle may travel in

626:

configuration, where the driver sits next to or over the engine. With changes in the US to the maximum length of the combined vehicle, the cabover was largely phased out of North American over-the-road (long-haul) service by 2007. Cabovers were difficult to service; for a long time, the cab could not

533:

In the UK, some semi-trailer trucks have eight tyres on three axles on the tractor; these are known as six-wheelers or "six leggers," with either the centre or rear axle having single wheels which normally steer as well as the front axle and can be raised when not needed (i.e. when unloaded or only a

472:

Starting from 21 January 2019 the Government of Finland changed the maximum allowed length of truck from 25.25 to 34.50 meters (82.8 to 113.2 ft). New types of vehicle combinations that differ from the current standards may also be used on the road. The requirements for combinations also include

332:, member states gained the ability to adopt the same rules. In Italy the maximum permitted weight (unless exceptional transport is authorized) is 44 tonnes for any kind of combination with five axles or more. Czech Republic has allowed 25.25 m combinations with a permission for a selected route. 319:. However, rules limiting the semi-trailers to 16.5 m (54 ft) and 18.75 m are met with trucks carrying a standardized 7.82 m (26 ft) body with one additional 7.82 m body on tow as a trailer. 25.25-metre (83 ft) truck combinations were developed under the branding of 1950:

In order to obtain an HC License the driver must have held an MR or HR license for at least 12 months. To upgrade to an MC License the driver must have held a HR or HC license for at least 12 months. From licenses MR and upward there is also a B Condition which may apply to the license if testing in

761:

Roads other than Interstates are regulated by individual states, and laws vary widely. Maximum weight varies between 80,000 lb (36,000 kg) to 171,000 lb (78,000 kg), depending on the combination. Most states restrict operation of larger tandem trailer setups such as triple units,

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for an ongoing standardization effort where such truck combinations shall be legal to operate in all jurisdictions of the European Economic Area. With the 50% increase in cargo weight, the fuel efficiency increases an average of 20% with a corresponding relative decrease in carbon emissions and with

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on the prime mover. The second and third trailers are supported by turntables on the trailers in front of them. As a result, B-Triples are much more stable than road trains and handle exceptionally well. True road trains only operate in remote areas, regulated by each state or territory government.

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of these vehicles and the larger minimum turning radii associated with them. In general, these configurations are restricted to the Interstates. Except for these units, double setups are not restricted to certain roads any more than a single setup. They are also not restricted by weather conditions

557:

Although the Department for Transport advised that the Eco-Link was not permissible on public roads, Denby Transport gave the Police prior warning of the timing and route of the test drive on the public highway, as well as outlining their position in writing to the Eastern Traffic Area Office. On 1

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began conducting a trial of longer semi-trailers. The trial involves 900 semi-trailers of 48 ft (14.6 m) in length (i.e. 3 ft longer than the current maximum), and a further 900 semi-trailers of 51 ft (15.65 m) in length (i.e. 7 ft longer). This will result

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logs instead of two, as it would be in a short combination. They have one stack together with a crane on the 6×4 truck, and two additional stacks on a four axle trailer. The allowed gross weight in both countries is up to 60 t (59 long tons; 66 short tons) depending on the distance between the

1518:

In Europe, side and rear underrun protection are mandated on all lorries and trailers with a gross weight of 3,500 kilograms (7,700 lb) or more. Several US states and cities have adopted or are in the process of adopting truck side guards, including New York City, Philadelphia, and Washington

1447:

Underride protection systems can be installed at the rear, front and sides of a truck and the rear and sides of a trailer. A Rear Underrun Protection System (RUPS) is a rigid assembly hanging down from trailer's chassis, which is intended to provide some protection for passenger cars which collide

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One of the major disadvantages of the super singles is that they are currently not as widely available as a standard tire. In addition, if a tire should become deflated or be destroyed, there is not another tire attached to the same hub to maintain the dynamic stability of the vehicle, as would be

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A ten-speed manual transmission, for example, is controlled via a six-slot H-box pattern, similar to that in five-speed cars — five forward and one reverse gear. Gears six to ten (and high-speed reverse) are accessed by a Lo/High range splitter; gears one to five are Lo range; gears six to ten are

813:

Articulated trucks towing a single trailer or two trailers (commonly known as "short doubles") with a maximum overall length of 19 m (62 ft) are referred to as "General access heavy vehicles" and are permitted in all areas, including metropolitan. B-doubles are limited to a maximum total

796:

Long haul transport usually operates as B-doubles with two trailers (each with three axles), for a total of nine axles (including steering). In some lighter duty applications, only one of the rear axles of the truck is driven, and the trailer may have only two axles. From July 2007, the Australian

675:

To connect the second of a set of doubles to the first trailer, and to support the front half of the second trailer, a converter gear known as a "dolly" is used. This has one or two axles, a fifth-wheel coupling for the rear trailer, and a tongue with a ring-hitch coupling for the forward trailer.

514:

of a semi-trailer truck without the use of a Special Type General Order (STGO) is 44,000 kg (97,000 lb). In order for a 44,000 kg semi-trailer truck to be permitted on UK roads the tractor and semi-trailer must have three or more axles each. Lower weight semi-trailer trucks can mean

1505:

In addition to rear underride guards, truck tractor cabs may be equipped with a Front Underrun Protection System (FUPS) at the front bumper of the truck, if the front end is not low enough for the bumper to provide the adequate protection on its own. The safest tractor-trailers are also equipped

1987:

driving licence is required to drive a tractor-trailer in Europe. Category C (Γ in Greece) is required for vehicles over 7,500 kg (16,500 lb), while category E is for heavy trailers, which in the case of trucks and buses means any trailer over 750 kg (1,650 lb). Vehicles over

1974:

A Class B (any school bus), C (any urban-transit-vehicle or highway-coach), or D (heavy trucks other than tractor-trailers) license enables its holder to drive any truck-trailer combination with a registered- or actual-gross-vehicle-weight (i.e., including towing- and towed-vehicle) greater than

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required, but a clutch brake is required as well. The clutch brake stops the rotation of the gears and allows the truck to be put into gear without grinding when stationary. The clutch is pressed to the floor only to allow a smooth engagement of low gears when starting from a full stop; when the

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to show the benefits of such a vehicle, which were a reduction in road accidents and result in fewer road deaths, a reduction in emissions due to the one tractor unit still being used and no further highway investment being required. Furthermore, Denby Transport asserted that two Eco-Links would

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emissions reduction compared to the regular 60-tonne (59-long-ton; 66-short-ton) truck combinations. As the combination spreads its weight over more axles, braking distance, road wear and traffic safety is believed to be either the same or improved with the 90-tonne (89-long-ton; 99-short-ton)

368:

In the negotiations starting in the late 1980s preceding Sweden and Finland's entries to the European Economic Area and later the European Union, they insisted on exemptions from the EU rules citing environmental concerns and the transportation needs of the logging industry. In 1995, after their

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combinations came into use, often with one 6 m (20 ft) container on the B-link and a 12 m (40 ft) container (or two 6 m containers) on a semi-trailer bed. In allowing the longer truck combinations, what would take two 16.5 m (54 ft) semi-trailer trucks and one

817:

Maximum width of any vehicle is 2.5 m (8.2 ft) and a height of 4.3 m (14 ft). In the past few years, allowance has been made by several states to allow certain designs of heavy vehicles up to 4.6 m (15 ft) high but they are also restricted to designated routes. In

553:

During BTAC performance testing the Eco-Link was given an "excellent" rating for its performance in maneuverability, productivity, safety and emissions tests, exceeding ordinary semi-trailer trucks in many respects. Reportedly, private trials had also shown the Denby vehicle had a 20% shorter

549:

The vehicle was built after Denby Transport believed they had found a legal-loophole in the present UK law to allow the Eco-Link to be used on the public roads. The relevant legislation concerned the 1986 Road Vehicles Construction and Use Regulations. The 1986 regulations state that "certain

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In Europe, super singles became popular when the allowed weight of semitrailer rigs was increased from 38 to 40 tonnes. In this reform the trailer industry replaced two 10-tonne (22,000 lb) axles with dual wheels, with three 8-tonne (18,000 lb) axles on wide-base single wheels. The

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used to lift the logs from the ground can be mounted on the rear of the truck behind the load, allowing a short (lightweight) crane to reach both ends of the vehicle without uncoupling. Also, construction trucks are more often seen in a rigid + midaxle trailer configuration instead of the

242:

In Europe, usually only the driven tractor axle has dual wheels, while single wheels are used for every other axle on the tractor and the trailer. The most common combination used in Europe is a semi tractor with two axles and a cargo trailer with three axles, one of which is sometimes a

894:. New rules were introduced effective 1 February 2017, which increased the maximum height, width and weight of loads and vehicles, to simplify regulations, increase the amount of freight carried by road, and to improve the range of vehicles and trailers available to transport operators. 1286:

can have as few as three forward speeds or as many as 18 forward speeds (plus 2 reverse speeds). A large number of transmission ratios means the driver can operate the engine more efficiently. Modern on-highway diesel engines are designed to provide maximum torque in a narrow

2185:

and tankers. These trailers may be refrigerated, heated, ventilated, or pressurized, depending on climate and cargo. Some trailers have movable wheel axles that can be adjusted by moving them on a track underneath the trailer body and securing them in place with large

1202:

or service has a male on the truck and female on the trailer. This avoids coupling errors (causing no brakes) plus the connections will not come apart if pulled by accident. The three electrical lines will fit one way around a primary black, a secondary green, and an

1153:

The parking brake of the tractor unit and the emergency brake of the trailer are spring brakes that require air pressure in order to be released. They are applied when air pressure is released from the system, and disengaged when air pressure is supplied. This is a

1919:

Truck drivers in Australia require an endorsed license. These endorsements are gained through training and experience. The minimum age to hold an endorsed license is 18 years, and/or must have held open (full) driver's license for minimum 12 months.

1931:

vehicle mass) of more than 4.5 tonnes but not more than 8 tonnes. Any towed trailer must not weigh more than 9 tonnes GVM. Also includes vehicles with a GVM up to 8 tonnes which carry more than 12 adults including the driver and vehicles in Class

1519:

DC. The NTSB has recommended that the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) develop standards for side underride protection systems for trucks, and for newly manufactured trucks to be equipped with technology meeting the standards.

554:

stopping distance than conventional semi-trailer trucks of the same weight, due to having extra axles. The active steer system meant that the Eco-Link had a turning circle of 41 ft (12.5 m), the same as a conventional semi-trailer truck.

421:) started in December 2008. It will allow even longer vehicles to further rationalize the logging transports. As the name of the project points out, it will be able to carry four stacks of timber, instead of the usual three. The test is limited to 2266:, an American television show featured a semi-trailer truck called The Semi, operated by the Foundation for Law & Government (F.L.A.G.) as a mobile support facility for KITT. Also, in two episodes KITT faced off against an armored semi called 281:

the vehicle requires the same technique as backing an ordinary truck/full trailer combination, though the dolly/semi setup is probably longer, thus requiring more space for maneuvering. The tractor/semi-trailer configuration is rarely used on

1158:

design feature which ensures that if air pressure to either unit is lost, the vehicle will stop to a grinding halt, instead of continuing without brakes and becoming uncontrollable. The trailer controls are coupled to the tractor through two

1478:. The proposal to mandate rear underride guards was withdrawn in 1971 after strong lobbying and opposition by the trucking industry, and so they were not federally-mandated until 1996; that mandate did not go into effect until 1998. 1938:

HR (Heavy Rigid) – Class HR covers a rigid vehicle with three or more axles and a GVM of more than 15 tonnes. Any towed trailer must not weigh more than 9 tonnes GVM. Also includes articulated buses and vehicles in Class

797:

Federal and State Governments allowed the introduction of B-triple trucks on a specified network of roads. B-Triples are set up differently from conventional road trains. The front of their first trailer is supported by the

597:, the combination vehicles made up of a powered semi-tractor and one or more semitrailers are known as "semis", "semitrailers", "tractor-trailers", "big rigs", "semi-trucks", "eighteen-wheelers", or "semi-tractor-trailers". 2010:) will allow the driving of any vehicle with Gross Laden Weight (GLW) or Gross Combination Weight (GCW) of 6,000 kg (13,000 lb) or less. For other types of vehicles the classes are separately licensed as follows: 762:

turnpike doubles, and Rocky Mountain doubles. Reasons for limiting the legal trailer configurations include safety concerns and the impracticality of designing and constructing roads that can accommodate the larger

1966:

Regulations vary by province. A license to operate a vehicle with air brakes is required (i.e., normally a Class I, II, or III commercial license with an "A" or "S" endorsement in provinces other than Ontario). In

437:). The vehicle is a 30 m (98 ft) long truck trailer combination with a gross weight exceeding 90 tonnes (89 long tons; 99 short tons). It is estimated that this will give a 20% lower cost and 20–25% CO 1942:

HC (Heavy Combination) – Class HC covers heavy combination vehicles like a prime mover towing a semi-trailer, or rigid vehicles towing a trailer with a GVM of more than 9 tonnes. Also includes vehicles in Class

829:

are common, however, cabovers are most often seen on B-doubles on the eastern seaboard where the reduction in total length allows the vehicle to pull longer trailers and thus more cargo than it would otherwise.

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Trailers with two axle sets can be 20 m (66 ft) long, including heavy rigid vehicles towing two trailers. Oversized loads require, at minimum, a permit, and may require one or more pilot vehicles.

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with side underride guards, also called Side Underrun Protection System (SUPS). These additional barriers prevent passenger cars from skidding underneath the trailer from the side, such as in an oblique or

1935:

MR (Medium Rigid) – Class MR covers a rigid vehicle with two axles and a GVM of more than 8 tonnes. Any towed trailer must not weigh more than 9 tonnes GVM. Also includes vehicles in Class LR.

454:. In 2012, the Northland Mining company received permission for 90-tonne (89-long-ton; 99-short-ton) combinations with normal axle load (an extra dolly) for use on the 150 km (93 mi) 1410:

An innovation rapidly growing in popularity is the skirted trailer. The space between the road and the bottom of the trailer frame was traditionally left open until it was realized that the

1326:, as electric motors have better torque at 0 RPM than diesel engines, but this would significantly increase the weight of the truck itself, above the maximum legal weight for road vehicles. 469:

studying transport efficiency in the timber industry. The combined vehicle is 33 metres (108 ft) long, has 13 axles, and weighs a total of 104 tonnes (102 long tons; 115 short tons).

4188: 3232: 2021:

Class 4 – Heavy Rigid Vehicle: Any rigid vehicle of any weight, any combination vehicle which consists of a heavy vehicle and a light trailer, or any vehicle of Class 1 or 2 (but not 3).

1992:

can be driven with a C1 license. Buses require a D (Δ in Greece) license. A bus that is registered for no more than 16 passengers, excluding the driver, can be driven with a D1 license.

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Rocky Mountain Doubles: One 40 to 53 ft (12.2 to 16.2 m) trailer (though usually no more than 48 ft (14.6 m)) and one 28.5 ft (8.7 m) trailer (known as a "

922:(HPMV) permits are issued for vehicles exceeding 44 tonnes, or the above dimensions. Trucks up to 62 tonnes were allowed, with an initial bridge strengthening program costing $ 12.5m. 3193:

Hjelm, Linus; Bergqvist, Björn (2009). "European Truck Aerodynamics – A Comparison Between Conventional and CoE Truck Aerodynamics and a Look into Future Trends and Possibilities".

4313: 3290: 1392:

the case with dual wheels. With dual wheels, the remaining tire may be overloaded, but it will typically allow the vehicle to be safely stopped or driven to a repair facility.

5272: 654: 750:

In Canada, a Turnpike Double is two 53 ft (16.2 m) trailers, and a Rocky Mountain Double is a 50 ft (15.2 m) trailer with a 24 ft (7.3 m) "pup".

1951:

a synchromesh or automatic transmission vehicle. The B Condition may be removed upon the driver proving the ability to drive a constant mesh transmission using the clutch.

2346:, a Canadian reality TV show that follows the operations of Jamie Davis Motor Trucking, a heavy vehicle rescue and recovery towing company based in Hope, British Columbia. 3427: 2071:). These rules define a combination vehicle as a motor vehicle towing a heavy trailer, i.e., a trailer with a gross weight of more than 750 kilograms (1,653 lb). 473:

camera systems for side visibility, an advanced emergency braking and lane detector system, electronic driving stability system and electronically controlled brakes.

1481:

The bottom rear of the trailer is near head level for an adult seated in a car, and without the underride guard, the only protection for such an adult's head in a

836: 901:, or a rigid towing vehicle pulling a trailer with a drawbar, with a maximum of nine axles. Standard maximum vehicle lengths for trailers with one axle set are: 4881: 1443:

Crash test of an underride guard at 30–40 km/h (19–25 mph); the truck platform at head height has been prevented from slicing through the windshield

393:

have a standing special permit for 76-tonne (75-long-ton; 84-short-ton) combinations on select routes between mines in the inland and the processing plant in

5057: 3839: 767:

or "difficulty of operation". The Canadian province of Ontario, however, does have weather-related operating restrictions for larger tandem trailer setups.

2199: 810:

great care must be taken when sharing the road with longer articulated vehicles that often travel during the daytime, especially four-trailer road trains.

450:

counties in western Sweden: an enhanced truck and trailer combination for use in the forest and a b-double for plain highway transportation to the mill in

1306:, the clutch pedal is depressed full stroke to the floor for every gear shift, to ensure the gearbox is disengaged from the engine. On a semi-truck with 619:. The fifth-wheel trailer coupling on most tractor trucks is movable fore and aft, to allow adjustment in the weight distribution over its rear axle(s). 3813: 315:

member states was 18.75 m (61.5 ft) with a maximum weight of 40 or 44 tonnes (39.4 or 43.3 long tons; 44.1 or 48.5 short tons) if carrying an

5224: 4262: 4424: 1351:

2 turning lights; one for right and one for left, flashing (amber; red optional in North America. May be combined with a brake light in North America)

401:

has a special permit for a 32 m (105 ft), steering B-trailer-trailer combination carrying two 12 m (40 ft) containers to and from

5162: 4218: 1376: 4410: 4362: 1367: 4162: 5288: 5012: 4806: 818:

effect, a 4.6 meter high B-double will have to follow two sets of rules: they may access only those roads that are permitted for B-doubles

373:

of 7.82 m (26 ft) to draw a 13.6 m (45 ft) standard semi-trailer on a dolly, a total overall length of 25.25 m. Later,

4180: 3243: 1946:

MC (Multi Combination) – Class MC covers multi-combination vehicles like road trains and B-double vehicles. Also includes vehicles in Class HC.

1457: 231:), while the majority of North American trucks are "conventional" (called "normal control" or "bonneted" in the UK). European trucks, whether 3452: 487: 389:

However, longer and heavier combinations are regularly seen on public roads; special permits are issued for special cargo. The mining company

5267: 5152: 5115: 5080: 4623: 3913: 2318:, a History Channel show charts the lives of drivers who haul supplies to remote towns and work sites over frozen lakes that double as roads. 1419: 474: 4774: 4728: 1291:

range (usually 1200–1500 RPM); having more gear ratios means the driver can hold the engine in its optimum range regardless of road speed (

3602: 2032: 5178: 4905: 4510: 2052: 1984: 708:

B-Doubles: Twin 33 ft (10.1 m) trailers in B-double configuration (very common in Canada but rarely used in the United States).

208: 5092: 5040: 5019: 4995: 4961: 4944: 4893: 4698: 3309: 1473: 1165:, which provide air pressure, and an electrical cable, which provides power to the lights and any specialized features of the trailer. 3377: 3355: 5188: 5007: 4927: 4876: 4762: 4740: 4724: 3495: 2018:

Class 3 – Medium Combination Vehicle: Any combination vehicle of GCW 25,001 kg (55,118 lb) or less, or any Class 2 vehicle.

465:

As of 2015, the longest and heaviest truck in everyday use in Finland is operated by transport company Ketosen Kuljetus as part of a

4204:"Motor Vehicle Safety Standards; Rear Underride Protection; Trailers and Trucks with Gross Vehicle Weight Rating Over 10,000 Pounds" 4113: 3987: 3934: 1448:

with the rear of the trailer. Public awareness of this safeguard was increased in the aftermath of the accident that killed actress

1380:, on each axle is becoming popular among bulk cargo carriers and other weight-sensitive operators. With increased efforts to reduce 5157: 5052: 4845: 3857: 755: 566:

to undertake a desk study into semi-trailer trucks, which has resulted in the longer semi-trailer trial which commenced in 2012.

3645: 1144:. The use of air hoses allows for ease of coupling and uncoupling of trailers from the tractor unit. The most common failure is 4934: 4791: 4235: 1354:

2 marking lights behind if wider than certain specifications (red; plus a group of 3 red lights in the middle in North America)

855: 668:(the term "eighteen-wheeler" is a nickname for a five-axle over-the-road combination). Many trailers are equipped with movable 3961: 3726: 3435: 1422:(EPA) to provide fuel savings greater than 5%, and four split skirt concepts had EPA-verified fuel savings between 4% and 5%. 5246: 3210: 1580: 1568: 1530:

under the trailer at highway speeds. Another benefit of having a sturdy rear underride guard is that it may be secured to a

1132:

A pair of semi-trailer "Suzies" at the back of an Australian prime mover, red line for emergency/supply and blue for control

5368: 5358: 3709: 559: 356:

Denmark and Norway allow 25.25 m (83 ft) trucks (Denmark from 2008, and Norway from 2008 on selected routes). In

1232:

or combination of both. However, the use of compression brake alone produces a loud and distinctive noise, and to control

4693: 4385: 2334: 574: 2024:

Class 5 – Heavy Combination Vehicle: Any combination vehicle of any weight, and any vehicle covered by previous classes.

1538:", a movement of the trailer away from the dock, which opens up a dangerous gap during loading or unloading operations. 1489:

and A pillars. The front of the car goes under the platform of the trailer rather than making contact via the passenger

5122: 4801: 4781: 4451: 2506: 5318: 5142: 4835: 4714: 4616: 3878: 3788: 3679: 3301: 2630: 1237: 442:

truck-trailer. In the same program two types of 76-tonne (75-long-ton; 84-short-ton) combinations will be tested in

3892: 30:"Big rig", "Eighteen wheeler", and "Truck and trailer" redirect here. For use of the expression in rugby union, see 5236: 5214: 5198: 5147: 5110: 5075: 4747: 4485: 1357:

2 marking lights front if wider than the truck or wider than certain specifications (white; amber in North America)

1323: 951: 890:

New Zealand legislation governing truck dimensions falls under the Vehicle Dimensions and Mass Rules, published by

3765: 2605:

is about a trucker stuck on the side of the highway during a blizzard, fantasizing about being home with his wife.

608:; those built for hauling heavy-duty commercial-construction machinery may have as many as five, some often being 477: 4973: 4866: 4825: 4786: 4769: 3843: 1640: 871: 510:, a semi-trailer truck is known as an 'articulated lorry' (or colloquially as an 'artic'). The maximum permitted 17: 5002: 4951: 4917: 4912: 4900: 4871: 4861: 4840: 4688: 4683: 4658: 2653: 2190:. The purpose of this is to help adjust weight distribution over the various axles, to comply with local laws. 2080: 1466: 627:

be lifted on its hinges to a full 90-degree forward tilt, severely limiting access to the front of the engine.

31: 3517: 2166: 5409: 5087: 5047: 5035: 4990: 4968: 4956: 4939: 4888: 4830: 4813: 4796: 3817: 3589:

pay over $ 100,000 for your first commercial vehicle. 18-wheeler drinks .. easily more than $ 70,000 annually

2544: 2262: 2001: 1269: 4598:

Promote trailer safety and the success of the trailer manufacturing industry through education and advocacy.

3695: 1334:

An electrical connection is made between the tractor and the trailer through a cable often referred to as a

5399: 5348: 5330: 4978: 4922: 4818: 4757: 4735: 4719: 4678: 4673: 4609: 3576: 2540: 2274: 2160: 2084: 2006:

In New Zealand, drivers of heavy vehicles require specific licenses, termed as classes. A Class 1 license (

1877: 1307: 277:

on the truck, maneuvering a trailer hooked to a dolly is different from maneuvering a fifth wheel trailer.

4336: 4203: 2170:. The system allows the cargo to switch from highway to railway or vice versa with relative ease by using 5241: 4983: 4752: 3380:

HCT as an enabler for Combined Transports – A Study on potentials of implementing HCT-vehicles in Sweden]

2356: 2205: 2088: 781: 518:

Most UK trailers are 45 ft (13.7 m) long and, dependent on the position of the fifth wheel and

35: 3172: 5414: 5231: 4147: 3291:"Study Of Stability Measures And Legislation Of Heavy Articulated Vehicles In Different OECD Countries" 3048: 2595: 2573: 2250: 1586: 689: 262: 4288: 286:

since they use the two major advantages of having the weight of the load on the drive wheels, and the

5193: 5183: 2125:

S – School Buses – Any school bus designed to transport 11 or more passengers (including the driver).

1839: 1315: 1097: 519: 3341: 3275: 2761: 2091:(GVWR) of the towed vehicle(s) is in excess of 10,000 lb (4,500 kg). Some states (such as 1268:

to allow the driver to have as much control as possible. However, all truck manufacturers now offer

1187:

air supply line pressurizes the trailer's air tank and disengages the emergency brake, and a second

1150:, usually caused when the drums or discs and the linings of the brakes overheat from excessive use. 4036:"EPA Smartway Verification of Trailer Undercarriage Advanced Aerodynamic Drag Reduction Technology" 3409: 3378:

https://www.combine-project.com/sites/default/files/content/resource/files/combine_output_wp3.4.pdf

2852: 2756: 2689: 2646: 2429: 2232: 2113:

N – Tankers – the driver is acquainted with the unique handling characteristics of liquids tankers.

1652: 1381: 1283: 1204: 683: 563: 526: 39: 3197:. Lecture Notes in Applied and Computational Mechanics. Vol. 41. Springer. pp. 469–477. 340: 4386:"Trapped Under Trucks: The Inside Story of the Government's Failure to Prevent Underride Crashes" 2683: 2609: 2577: 2375: 1276: 744: 676:

Individual states may further allow longer vehicles, known as "longer combination vehicles" (or

5298: 2668: 2218: 2031:

Further information on the New Zealand licensing system for heavy vehicles can be found at the

1833: 1319:

truck is moving, the clutch pedal is pressed only far enough to break torque for gear changes.

1288: 1077: 312: 3746:. Freight Management and Operations. US Department of Transportation. May 2003. FHWA-OP-03-099 3070: 2832: 5308: 3328: 3297: 3262: 2444: 2386: 1862: 1622: 1120:

is a condition where the tractive unit swings round against the trailer, and not vice versa.

361: 4540: 3988:"r/Trucks – Why aren't semi trucks diesel-electric like trains and busses? Genuine question" 3239: 2580:

tells the story of a trucker who calls home to his family every night while out on the road.

2565:

Country song "Eighteen Wheels and a Dozen Roses", made popular in 1987 by singer-songwriter

2330:) as a crown witness for the mafia who goes undercover, when forced into it, to fight crime. 3842:(Press release). Ministry for the Department of Infrastructure. 9 July 2007. Archived from 2862: 2661: 2470: 2322: 2158:

are modified to hold the cargo trailer or container with wheels or without. This is called

2122:

P – Buses – Any Vehicle designed to transport 16 or more passengers (including the driver).

1101: 1062: 988: 798: 537:

In 2009, the operator Denby Transport designed and built a 83 ft long (25.25 m)

369:

entry to the union, the rules changed again, this time to allow trucks carrying a standard

270: 118: 2181:

come in many styles, lengths, and shapes. Some common types are: vans, reefers, flatbeds,

1452:

on 29 June 1967, when the car she was in hit the rear of a tractor-trailer, causing fatal

712: 8: 4632: 3899: 3864: 3743: 3469: 3146: 2948: 2766: 2380: 2299: 2107: 1908: 1747: 1727: 1691: 1439: 1265: 1253: 1037: 1018:

There are many types of semi-trailers in use, designed to haul a wide range of products.

891: 500: 3561: 3120: 2171: 1112:

cannot move by itself because it only has wheels at the rear end: it requires a forward

930: 130:

There are a wide variety of English-language terms for a semi-trailer truck, including:

5219: 2973: 2867: 2812: 2696: 2638: 2459: 2438: 2403: 2394: 2240: 1776: 1722: 1482: 1302:

Another difference between semi-trucks and cars is the way the clutch is set up. On an

1161: 1072: 807: 4471: 4072: 2137:

Modern day semi-trailer trucks often operate as a part of a domestic or international

381: 5374: 5293: 4518: 4404: 4121: 3675: 3206: 3023: 2903: 2421: 2342: 2314: 1702: 1311: 1042: 426: 4148:"Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards; Rear Impact Guards, Rear Impact Protection" 705:", known colloquially as "a set of joints"): Two 28.5 ft (8.7 m) trailers. 615:

The most common tractor-cab layout has a forward engine, one steering axle, and two

49: 4047: 3631: 3539: 3448: 3198: 3095: 2888: 2786: 2747: 2363: 2142: 2064: 2056: 1957:

transmissions, predominantly Road Ranger eighteen-speed transmissions in Australia.

1574: 1535: 1415: 1273: 1067: 740:

Turnpike Doubles: Two 40 ft (12.2 m) – 53 ft (16.2 m) trailers.

2998: 2338:, a UK television show showing the trucking company Eddie Stobart and its drivers. 5404: 4096: 3202: 2797: 2584: 1882: 1857: 1852: 1449: 1233: 938:

with an enclosed cargo space. The underside view shows the arrangement of the 18

349: 258: 224: 162: 1988:

3,500 kg (7,700 lb)—which is the maximum limit of B license—but under

898: 2827: 2817: 2559: 2489: 2453: 2425:, Stephen King's 1986 film, featured big rigs as its primary homicidal villains 2306: 2224:

NBC ran two popular TV series about truck drivers in the 1970s featuring actor

1786: 1610: 1507: 1219: 542: 507: 308: 228: 204: 622:

Ubiquitous in Europe but less common in North America since the 1990s, is the

5393: 4648: 4125: 2928: 2857: 2847: 2791: 2727: 2723: 2613: 2528: 2513: 2434: 2414: 2399: 2283: 2267: 2043: 1781: 1592: 1556: 1405: 1264:

Because of the wide variety of loads the semi may carry, they usually have a

1229: 1109: 1057: 974: 878: 594: 466: 316: 220: 60: 385:

12 m (40 ft) container turnpike doubles have been tested in Sweden

27:

Combination of a tractor unit and one or more semi-trailers to carry freight

2923: 2898: 2883: 2878: 2837: 2741: 2704: 2617: 2602: 2588: 2566: 2555: 2517: 2464: 2327: 2291: 2255: 2225: 2187: 2178: 2092: 1928: 1815: 1801: 1766: 1742: 1646: 1531: 1523: 1176: 1105: 1013: 962: 957: 843: 702: 693: 646: 601: 511: 406: 287: 283: 105: 101: 54: 3914:"Land Transport Rule – Vehicle Dimensions and Mass 2016 – Rule 41001/2016" 1198:

or emergency), have a female on the truck and male on the trailer, but a

430: 5378: 4051: 3456: 2908: 2822: 2548: 2479: 2449: 1821: 1712: 1696: 1664: 1658: 1616: 1604: 1511: 1453: 1117: 1032: 947: 459: 455: 398: 266: 236: 232: 199: 72: 2310:, a CMT show features trucks getting 'tricked out' (heavily customized). 2119:

T – Doubles & Triples – the licensee may pull more than one trailer.

1128: 447: 5303: 3496:"Largest lorry in western Europe to start operating in Finnish Lapland" 2893: 2873: 2807: 2719: 2675: 2536: 2532: 2483: 2295: 1761: 1634: 1562: 1527: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1411: 1385: 1303: 1292: 1272:(manual gearboxes with automated gear change), as well as conventional 1224: 1146: 1137: 1084: 1052: 1047: 862: 790: 677: 616: 422: 402: 390: 278: 133: 4601: 2598:

tells the story of a female trucker, sung by a male with a deep voice.

2413:, George Miller's 1981 film, features the titular character driving a 1425:

Skirted trailers are often combined with Underrun Protection Systems (

1256:

have 4–5 ratios on main shift and 3–4 on the auxiliary: pictured is a

1100:, hooked to a horseshoe-shaped quick-release coupling device called a 1001: 669: 5325: 5313: 4099:

Reauthorization of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration

4035: 3305: 2494: 2475: 2409: 2368: 2138: 1796: 1791: 1737: 1732: 1670: 1598: 1429:), greatly improving safety for passenger vehicles sharing the road. 1155: 1023: 983: 786: 763: 609: 370: 345: 299: 244: 113: 85: 4286: 4168:

from the original on 15 December 2023 – via National Archives.

2390:, a 1977 film featuring a number of trucks on the side of the bandit 2116:

X – Signifies Hazardous Materials and Tanker endorsements, combined.

2102:

are necessary for certain cargo and vehicle arrangements and types;

5263:

Association for Standardisation of Automation and Measuring Systems

3428:"Dispensation for 90 Tonnes Truckes is Favorable for All Concerned" 2781: 2521: 2182: 2148: 1717: 1707: 1522:

In addition to safety benefits, these underride guards may improve

846: 665: 623: 451: 443: 410: 374: 329: 65: 1923:

The following are the heavy vehicle license classes in Australia:

1222:, which could be either a compression brake (usually shortened to 897:

Common combinations in New Zealand are a standard semi-trailer, a

728: 680:), and may allow them to operate on roads other than Interstates. 434: 4384:

Ingram, A. C. Thompson, Kartikay Mehrotra, Julia (13 June 2023).

4224:

from the original on 6 August 2023 – via National Archives.

3624: 2842: 2802: 2279: 2155: 1968: 1498: 1248: 1027: 826: 658: 538: 496: 394: 273:

to which the trailer is coupled. Because the dolly attaches to a

109: 3195:

The Aerodynamics of Heavy Vehicles II: Trucks, Buses, and Trains

2254:(1987–1988), a semi-futuristic action-adventure series starring 789:

road transport has a reputation for using very large trucks and

637: 582: 303:

All EuroCombi variants being considered for Europe-wide adoption

269:

can be used to pull semi-trailers. The dolly is equipped with a

4181:"What does side underrun protection do on trucks and trailers?" 1927:

LR (Light Rigid) – Class LR covers a rigid vehicle with a GVM (

1341:

In most countries, a trailer or semi-trailer must have minimum

968: 733: 717: 650: 357: 274: 216: 3518:"A Guide to Haulage & Courier Vehicle Types & Weights" 2087:(or GCWR) in excess of 26,000 lb (11,800 kg) if the 397:, taking a 50-tonne (49-long-ton; 55-short-ton) load of ore. 4236:"Side guard on semitrailer prevents underride in 40 mph test" 3789:"Top 10 Heaviest Semi Trucks in the United States and Canada" 2918: 2913: 2771: 2145: 1867: 1827: 1771: 1628: 1191:

line controls the brake application during normal operation.

1141: 993: 587: 492: 4583: 4554: 2110:(HazMat or HM) – necessary if materials require HM placards. 1899: 664:, although this term is considered by some truckers to be a 80: 5273:

Organisation Internationale des Constructeurs d'Automobiles

4589: 2079:

Drivers of semi-trailer trucks generally require a Class A

1872: 1676: 1460:

proposed requiring a rear underride guard, also known as a

1371: 1113: 943: 939: 605: 4097:

United States Congressional Committee on Commerce (1997).

3173:"The Sales & Service Literature of Leyland Motors Ltd" 1179:. Two air lines typically connect to the trailer unit. An 954:. The legend for labeled parts of the truck is as follows: 4643: 2776: 1887: 998:

10. landing gear – legs for when semi-trailer is detached

4595: 4263:"Wabash prototype: Side underride guard with aero skirt" 3766:"Federal Size Regulations for Commercial Motor Vehicles" 3696:"British Columbia, max. dimension of semi-trailer truck" 2527:

The eighteen-wheeled truck was immortalized in numerous

112:. A semi-trailer attaches to the tractor with a type of 4592:, safety and education in and around trucking in the US 4449: 4014:"COST 334: Effects of Wide Single Tyres and Dual Tyres" 261:, which generally has to be equipped with lights and a 4452:"U.S. Slow to Require Side Underride Guards on Trucks" 942:(wheels). Shown in blue in the underside view are the 4287:

National Transportation Safety Board (3 April 2014).

3391:"The next environmental improvement: Long truck rigs" 2616:, a former trucker, co-written with Even Stevens and 4586:, dedicated to trucking information in UK and Europe 3453:

explanation by Finnish Forest Association in English

2737: 2278:, a 1980s cartoon featuring tractor-trailers as the 2200:

Trucking industry in popular culture (United States)

1911:

is required to operate various commercial vehicles.

1414:

air swirling under the trailer is a major source of

754:

The US federal government, which only regulates the

732:

53 ft (16 m) container turnpike double in

2624: 478:

Maximum length of a vehicle combination 34.5 metres

475:

Maximum length of a vehicle combination 34.5 metres

96:(also known by a wide variety of other terms - see 4114:"Agency Drops Safety Plan Opposed by Trucking Men" 4021:European Commission, Directorate General Transport 3356:"Två regeringsbeslut för längre och tyngre fordon" 1418:. Three split skirt concepts were verified by the 1240:which have an advantage of near silent operation. 724:Triples: Three 28.5 ft (8.7 m) trailers. 4324:(132): 39362–39363 – via National Archives. 2083:(CDL) to operate any combination vehicles with a 1194:In the UK, male/female quick release connectors ( 825:In Australia, both conventional prime movers and 352:; the overall length is 25.25 m (83 ft) 5391: 4486:"Here's Everything We Know About the Tesla Semi" 4040:SAE International Journal of Commercial Vehicles 3935:"More monster trucks to thunder along our roads" 3710:"Manitoba, max. dimension of semi-trailer truck" 3577:"What It Really Costs to Own a Commercial Truck" 2298:' leader Motormaster. Optimus Prime returned in 2055:) require a combination vehicle driver license ( 630:As of 25 May 2016, a truck could cost 4373:(1): 39899–39901 – via National Archives. 4363:"Denial of petition for a defect investigation" 4350:(1): 55077–55078 – via National Archives. 3727:"Ontario, max. dimension of semi-trailer truck" 3461: 4511:"Ministry of Transportation | ontario.ca" 3651:. Ireland Road Safety Authority. February 2013 3646:"Guidelines on Maximum Weights and Dimensions" 3192: 2290:in Japanese version), their second-in-command 1370:are the most common, use of two single, wider 5268:European Automobile Manufacturers Association 4617: 3603:"10 Things You Didn't Know About Semi Trucks" 3542:. HM (UK) Revenue & Customs. 5 April 2016 3488: 3164: 1420:United States Environmental Protection Agency 1207:lead, all of which are collectively known as 215:The main difference between tractor units in 4409:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3879:"Vehicle dimensions and mass (VDAM) changes" 3744:"Commercial Vehicle Size and Weight Program" 3674:(3 ed.). Victory WWII Pub. p. 10. 3498:. Finnish Forest Association. 26 August 2015 672:to allow adjusting the weight distribution. 541:(or B-Double) semi-trailer truck called the 3840:"Vaile Announces the B-Triple Road Network" 3625:"Understanding Tractor-trailer Performance" 2367:, Steven Spielberg's 1971 film, features a 2258:, featuring hi-tech, multi-function trucks. 1684: 1541: 1260:with five main ratios and three auxiliaries 5364: 4624: 4610: 4483: 4450:The National Law Review (17 August 2019). 4178: 3401: 3138: 2379:, a 1975 Columbia Pictures film, starring 1546:Current semi-truck manufacturers include: 1218:Another braking feature of semi-trucks is 1136:Semi trucks use air pressure, rather than 1108:that allows easy hook up and release. The 1091: 936:conventional 18-wheeler semi-trailer truck 189: 5189:History of the internal combustion engine 3786: 3186: 3170: 2326:, featuring Federal Agent Michael Cates ( 2047:Taiwanese sign prohibiting heavy trailers 1847:Former semi-truck manufacturers include: 806:most states. In remote areas such as the 413:. Another example is the ongoing project 3288: 2042: 1898: 1438: 1247: 1127: 1104:or a turntable hitch at the rear of the 929: 727: 711: 688: 636: 581: 573: 486: 380: 339: 298: 198: 79: 71: 59: 48: 5179:Automotive industry crisis of 2008–2010 4631: 3669: 3467: 3230: 3144: 696:pup 28.5 ft (8.7 m) trailers 14: 5392: 4383: 4260: 4191:from the original on 15 December 2023. 4179:Cottingham, Darren (2 December 2019). 4111: 3407: 3289:Wideberg, J.; et al. (May 2006). 3233:"Fewer Trucks Improve the Environment" 2493:, a 2008 documentary film directed by 1322:Theoretically, semi-trucks could have 980:6. air dam (not present in all trucks) 978:5. sleeper (not present in all trucks) 586:Tractor unit hauling tractor units in 227:(COE, called "forward control" in the 32:Glossary of rugby union terms § T 5247:Minor automotive manufacturing groups 5153:Countries by motor vehicle production 4605: 4360: 4337:"Denial of a petition for rulemaking" 4334: 4311: 4261:Wilson, Charles (29 September 2017). 4201: 4145: 3574: 3226: 3224: 3222: 1953:Constant mesh transmission refers to 1581:China National Heavy Duty Truck Group 653:axles at the rear, each of which has 433:and the sawmill in Munksund (outside 294: 5354: 4033: 2335:Eddie Stobart: Trucks & Trailers 1903:View of a truck's interior dashboard 1096:The cargo trailer is, by means of a 1007: 905:Semi-trailer: 19 m (62 ft) 560:Vehicle and Operator Services Agency 4429:MOBILITY AND TRANSPORT, Road Safety 4023:. European Union. 29 November 2001. 3858:"Vehicle Dimensions and Mass Guide" 3787:Jakubicek, Paul (16 January 2015). 3468:Nilsson, Stefan (28 October 2015). 2718:Over the Road, a podcast series by 1894: 1399: 1361: 1310:(non-synchronized), such as by the 335: 250: 24: 4335:NHTSA, USDOT (24 September 1979). 4314:"Grant of petition for rulemaking" 3959: 3893:"Overdimension vehicles and loads" 3358:. Regeringskansliet. 16 April 2015 3219: 3171:Sutcliffe, Mike A. (Summer 2013). 3024:"Big rig Definition & Meaning" 2507:Category:Songs about truck driving 2063:) to drive a combination vehicle ( 1808: 1432: 934:Side view and underside view of a 822:for 4.6 meter high vehicles. 491:Semi-trailer trucks with extended 307:The maximum overall length in the 25: 5426: 4577: 4484:O'Dell, John (5 September 2019). 3768:. US Department of Transportation 3470:"104-tons Scania i finskt försök" 3449:full law text in Finnish language 3434:. 30 October 2012. Archived from 2631:Category:Truck racing video games 2524:with an imaginary trucking story. 2051:The Road Traffic Security Rules ( 482: 5373: 5363: 5353: 5344: 5343: 5199:Timeline of motor vehicle brands 5158:Countries by vehicles per capita 4112:Morris, John D. (19 July 1971). 3600: 3145:Kilcarr, Sean (10 August 2017). 2740: 2625:Video games and truck simulators 2620:, sings of the life on the road. 2591:is about a trucker and his wife. 2132: 2074: 1995: 1295:ratio must also be considered). 870: 854: 849:and B double trailer combination 835: 578:Various american trucks lines up 569: 97: 76:Tractor with an end-dump trailer 4547: 4533: 4503: 4477: 4465: 4443: 4417: 4377: 4354: 4328: 4305: 4280: 4254: 4228: 4195: 4172: 4139: 4105: 4090: 4065: 4027: 4006: 3980: 3953: 3927: 3906: 3885: 3871: 3850: 3832: 3806: 3780: 3758: 3736: 3719: 3702: 3688: 3663: 3638: 3617: 3594: 3568: 3554: 3532: 3510: 3442: 3420: 3383: 3370: 3348: 3282: 2562:, was named after these trucks. 2371:281 tanker truck as the villain 2177:The large trailers pulled by a 2085:gross combination weight rating 1641:Mahindra Truck and Bus Division 1549: 1314:Roadranger series, not only is 1243: 925: 920:High-productivity motor vehicle 429:between the timber terminal in 4474:; Retrieved: 29 November 2007. 4472:Underride Guard on Everything2 4202:NHTSA, USDOT (19 March 1969). 3113: 3088: 3063: 3041: 3016: 2991: 2966: 2941: 2654:Big Rigs: Over the Road Racing 1914: 1270:automated manual transmissions 908:Simple: 22 m (72 ft) 885: 409:factory, all on the island of 125: 13: 1: 4555:"Official Rigs of Rods Forum" 4312:NHTSA, USDOT (10 July 2014). 4146:NHTSA, USDOT (10 July 2014). 2935: 2210: 2002:Driver licence in New Zealand 1842:(Latin America, South Africa) 323:which influenced the name of 171:Artic (short for articulated) 4361:NHTSA, USDOT (5 July 2022). 4046:(2). EPA Smartway: 607–615. 3672:US Military Wheeled Vehicles 3634:. 2006. p. 5. LEGT6380. 3575:Smith, Allen (25 May 2016). 3231:Ramberg, K. (October 2004). 3203:10.1007/978-3-540-85070-0_45 2033:New Zealand Transport Agency 1324:diesel-electric transmission 911:Pole: 20 m (66 ft) 775: 291:tractor/semi-trailer setup. 249:For greater detail, see the 223:is that European models are 7: 3968:. Fried Rogers Goldberg LLC 3962:"Truck Jackknife Accidents" 3814:"Long Combination Vehicles" 2733: 2712: 2357:Category:Films about trucks 2206:Category:Works about trucks 2089:gross vehicle weight rating 2081:commercial driver's license 1978: 1754: 782:Road transport in Australia 604:typically has two or three 88:semi-trailer truck in China 36:18 wheeler (disambiguation) 10: 5431: 3182:(60). The Leyland Society. 2628: 2574:Roll On (Eighteen Wheeler) 2551:'s "Six Days on the Road". 2504: 2474:, a 2001 film directed by 2463:, a 2008 film directed by 2448:, a 1998 film directed by 2433:, a 1987 film directed by 2398:, a 1978 film directed by 2354: 2203: 2197: 2141:infrastructure to support 1999: 1493:, so the car's protective 1403: 1308:constant-mesh transmission 1123: 1011: 779: 770: 716:UPS truck with triples in 462:route, carrying iron ore. 348:pulling a trailer using a 100:) is the combination of a 29: 5339: 5281: 5255: 5207: 5194:History of the motorcycle 5184:History of the automobile 5171: 5143:Automobile sales by model 5135: 5103: 5068: 5028: 4854: 4707: 4666: 4657: 4639: 4541:"Ontario drivers classes" 2068: 2060: 2038: 1961: 1329: 756:Interstate Highway System 194: 5237:Motorcycle manufacturers 5215:Automobile manufacturers 5148:Best-selling automobiles 4572: 4289:"Safety Recommendations" 3670:Crismon, Fred W (2001). 3457:76 tons in the newspaper 2853:Long combination vehicle 2757:Air brake (road vehicle) 2690:MotorStorm: Pacific Rift 2647:American Truck Simulator 2594:"Truck Drivin' Song" by 2500: 2430:Over the Top (1987 film) 2350: 2193: 1685:Canada and United States 1542:Semi-truck manufacturers 1534:with a hook to prevent " 1382:greenhouse gas emissions 684:Long combination vehicle 564:Department for Transport 527:Department for Transport 40:Big Rig (disambiguation) 3408:Krantz, Olivia (2014). 3147:"Getting cabover crazy" 1497:becomes irrelevant and 1456:. After her death, the 1277:automatic transmissions 1092:Coupling and uncoupling 190:Regional configurations 53:Conventional style cab 5299:Automotive engineering 4729:manufacturers detailed 4425:"Heavy goods vehicles" 4185:Driver Knowledge Tests 4034:Wood, Richard (2012). 3605:. Popularmechanics.com 3540:"Moving goods by road" 3336:Cite journal requires 3270:Cite journal requires 2669:Euro Truck Simulator 2 2154:Various types of rail 2048: 1904: 1444: 1261: 1140:fluid, to actuate the 1133: 1004: 877:B-double truck on the 736: 720: 697: 642: 590: 579: 503: 386: 353: 304: 251:United Kingdom section 212: 203:A semi-trailer truck ( 89: 77: 69: 57: 34:. For other uses, see 5020:List of manufacturers 4846:List of manufacturers 4699:List of manufacturers 4431:. European Commission 4267:Trailer Body Builders 3966:Fried Rogers Goldberg 3298:University of Seville 2794:(a.k.a. Dial-a-truck) 2722:on truck driving the 2387:Smokey and the Bandit 2046: 2027:Class 6 – Motorcycle. 1902: 1863:Crane Carrier Company 1442: 1251: 1131: 933: 731: 715: 701:Doubles (officially " 692: 641:Rocky Mountain Double 640: 585: 577: 525:In January 2012, the 490: 384: 365:first and last axle. 343: 302: 202: 83: 75: 63: 52: 5410:Articulated vehicles 5289:Auto and motor shows 4161:(132): 39362–39363. 4052:10.4271/2012-01-2043 3410:"Where Size Matters" 3051:. Collins Dictionary 2863:Progressive shifting 2662:Euro Truck Simulator 2610:Drivin' My Life Away 2323:18 Wheels of Justice 1510:, or if the trailer 1254:manual transmissions 1169:Glad-hand connectors 989:fifth wheel coupling 5400:American inventions 5242:Truck manufacturers 4633:Automotive industry 3900:NZ Transport Agency 3881:. 13 February 2017. 3865:NZ Transport Agency 3438:on 28 January 2013. 3315:on 24 November 2020 2767:Articulated vehicle 2762:Articulated lorries 2601:"Cold Shoulder" by 2596:"Weird Al" Yankovic 2531:songs, such as the 2520:, spurred sales of 2381:Jan-Michael Vincent 2156:flat bed train cars 2108:Hazardous Materials 1661:(South Korea-India) 1485:would be the car's 1348:2 stop lights (red) 1345:2 rear lights (red) 1266:manual transmission 1162:gladhand connectors 892:NZ Transport Agency 419:One more pile/stack 146:Truck & trailer 4725:manufacturers list 4118:The New York Times 3240:Svenskt Näringsliv 3071:"eighteen-wheeler" 2868:Refrigerator truck 2813:Gladhand connector 2639:18 Wheels of Steel 2439:Sylvester Stallone 2404:Kris Kristofferson 2241:B. J. and the Bear 2049: 1905: 1723:Nikola Corporation 1502:of the collision. 1483:rear-end collision 1445: 1262: 1134: 1043:Intermodal chassis 1005: 808:Northern Territory 737: 721: 698: 643: 591: 580: 504: 403:Gothenburg harbour 387: 354: 305: 295:Continental Europe 213: 211:in London, England 94:semi-trailer truck 90: 78: 70: 58: 5415:Freight transport 5387: 5386: 5294:Automotive design 5232:Bus manufacturers 5225:by parent company 5163:Top manufacturers 5131: 5130: 4521:on 21 August 2007 4217:(34): 5383–5384. 4073:"Underride Guard" 3793:BigTruckGuide.com 3579:. Ask The Trucker 3562:"Merriam-Webster" 3520:. Returnloads.net 3397:. 3 October 2008. 3212:978-3-540-85069-4 3049:"tractor-trailer" 2904:Trailer (vehicle) 2516:", a pop song by 2422:Maximum Overdrive 2343:Highway Thru Hell 2315:Ice Road Truckers 1703:Hyundai Translead 1008:Types of trailers 427:European route E4 178:Canadian English 168:Articulated lorry 16:(Redirected from 5422: 5377: 5367: 5366: 5357: 5356: 5347: 5346: 5319:list of vehicles 4664: 4663: 4626: 4619: 4612: 4603: 4602: 4567: 4566: 4564: 4562: 4551: 4545: 4544: 4537: 4531: 4530: 4528: 4526: 4517:. 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Archived from 3237: 3228: 3217: 3216: 3190: 3184: 3183: 3177: 3168: 3162: 3161: 3159: 3157: 3151:American Trucker 3142: 3136: 3135: 3133: 3131: 3117: 3111: 3110: 3108: 3106: 3092: 3086: 3085: 3083: 3081: 3067: 3061: 3060: 3058: 3056: 3045: 3039: 3038: 3036: 3034: 3020: 3014: 3013: 3011: 3009: 2995: 2989: 2988: 2986: 2984: 2970: 2964: 2963: 2961: 2959: 2945: 2889:Terminal tractor 2787:Containerization 2750: 2748:Transport portal 2745: 2744: 2376:White Line Fever 2275:The Transformers 2228:in major roles: 2216:1960s TV series 2070: 2062: 2015:Class 1 vehicle. 1991: 1909:driver's license 1895:Driver's license 1699:(Canadian plant) 1526:by reducing air 1427:underride guards 1416:aerodynamic drag 1400:Skirted trailers 1362:Wheels and tires 1316:double-clutching 874: 858: 839: 662:eighteen wheeler 633: 336:Nordic countries 158:Eighteen-wheeler 104:and one or more 21: 5430: 5429: 5425: 5424: 5423: 5421: 5420: 5419: 5390: 5389: 5388: 5383: 5335: 5277: 5251: 5203: 5167: 5127: 5099: 5064: 5024: 4850: 4703: 4653: 4635: 4630: 4580: 4575: 4570: 4560: 4558: 4553: 4552: 4548: 4539: 4538: 4534: 4524: 4522: 4509: 4508: 4504: 4494: 4492: 4482: 4478: 4470: 4466: 4456: 4454: 4448: 4444: 4434: 4432: 4423: 4422: 4418: 4402: 4401: 4394: 4392: 4382: 4378: 4359: 4355: 4339: 4333: 4329: 4310: 4306: 4296: 4294: 4291: 4285: 4281: 4271: 4269: 4259: 4255: 4245: 4243: 4234: 4233: 4229: 4221: 4206: 4200: 4196: 4177: 4173: 4165: 4150: 4144: 4140: 4130: 4128: 4110: 4106: 4095: 4091: 4081: 4079: 4071: 4070: 4066: 4056: 4054: 4032: 4028: 4016: 4012: 4011: 4007: 3997: 3995: 3986: 3985: 3981: 3971: 3969: 3960:Rogers, Brian. 3958: 3954: 3944: 3942: 3933: 3932: 3928: 3916: 3912: 3911: 3907: 3895: 3891: 3890: 3886: 3877: 3876: 3872: 3860: 3856: 3855: 3851: 3846:on 2 June 2008. 3838: 3837: 3833: 3823: 3821: 3812: 3811: 3807: 3797: 3795: 3785: 3781: 3771: 3769: 3764: 3763: 3759: 3749: 3747: 3742: 3741: 3737: 3729: 3725: 3724: 3720: 3712: 3708: 3707: 3703: 3694: 3693: 3689: 3682: 3668: 3664: 3654: 3652: 3648: 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Loved Mama 2509: 2503: 2359: 2353: 2213: 2208: 2202: 2196: 2135: 2077: 2041: 2004: 1998: 1989: 1981: 1964: 1917: 1897: 1892: 1853:Asia MotorWorks 1845: 1811: 1809:Other locations 1806: 1757: 1752: 1687: 1682: 1587:Dongfeng Trucks 1552: 1544: 1450:Jayne Mansfield 1435: 1433:Underride guard 1408: 1402: 1364: 1332: 1246: 1234:noise pollution 1171:(also known as 1126: 1094: 1089: 1016: 1010: 999: 997: 991: 986: 981: 979: 977: 972: 966: 960: 955: 928: 888: 881: 875: 866: 859: 850: 840: 784: 778: 773: 686:types include: 631: 572: 495:, representing 485: 440: 425:county and the 344:A truck with a 338: 297: 233:straight trucks 225:cab over engine 197: 192: 182:Transport truck 163:British English 155:Tractor-trailer 128: 43: 28: 23: 22: 18:Tractor trailer 15: 12: 11: 5: 5428: 5418: 5417: 5412: 5407: 5402: 5385: 5384: 5382: 5381: 5371: 5361: 5351: 5340: 5337: 5336: 5334: 5333: 5328: 5323: 5322: 5321: 5311: 5306: 5301: 5296: 5291: 5285: 5283: 5282:Related topics 5279: 5278: 5276: 5275: 5270: 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Rigs of Rods 4546: 4532: 4515:www.ontario.ca 4502: 4476: 4464: 4442: 4416: 4376: 4353: 4327: 4304: 4279: 4253: 4227: 4194: 4171: 4138: 4104: 4089: 4064: 4026: 4005: 3979: 3952: 3941:. 27 July 2013 3926: 3905: 3884: 3870: 3849: 3831: 3820:on 17 May 2013 3805: 3779: 3757: 3735: 3718: 3701: 3687: 3680: 3662: 3637: 3616: 3593: 3567: 3564:. 28 May 2023. 3553: 3531: 3509: 3487: 3460: 3441: 3419: 3400: 3382: 3369: 3347: 3338:|journal= 3281: 3272:|journal= 3218: 3211: 3185: 3180:Leyland Torque 3163: 3137: 3112: 3087: 3062: 3040: 3015: 2990: 2965: 2939: 2937: 2934: 2932: 2931: 2926: 2921: 2916: 2911: 2906: 2901: 2896: 2891: 2886: 2881: 2876: 2871: 2865: 2860: 2855: 2850: 2845: 2840: 2835: 2830: 2828:List of trucks 2825: 2820: 2818:Hybrid vehicle 2815: 2810: 2805: 2800: 2795: 2789: 2784: 2779: 2774: 2769: 2764: 2759: 2753: 2752: 2751: 2735: 2732: 2731: 2730: 2714: 2711: 2709: 2708: 2701: 2693: 2680: 2672: 2665: 2658: 2650: 2643: 2634: 2626: 2623: 2622: 2621: 2606: 2599: 2592: 2581: 2570: 2563: 2552: 2525: 2502: 2499: 2498: 2497: 2486: 2467: 2456: 2454:Patrick Swayze 2441: 2426: 2418: 2406: 2391: 2383: 2372: 2352: 2349: 2348: 2347: 2339: 2331: 2319: 2311: 2307:Trick My Truck 2303: 2271: 2259: 2251:The Highwayman 2247: 2246: 2245: 2237: 2222: 2212: 2209: 2195: 2192: 2134: 2131: 2130: 2129: 2126: 2123: 2120: 2117: 2114: 2111: 2076: 2073: 2040: 2037: 2029: 2028: 2025: 2022: 2019: 2016: 1997: 1994: 1980: 1977: 1963: 1960: 1948: 1947: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1933: 1916: 1913: 1896: 1893: 1891: 1890: 1885: 1880: 1875: 1870: 1865: 1860: 1855: 1849: 1844: 1843: 1837: 1831: 1825: 1819: 1812: 1810: 1807: 1805: 1804: 1799: 1794: 1789: 1787:Renault Trucks 1784: 1779: 1774: 1769: 1764: 1758: 1756: 1753: 1751: 1750: 1745: 1740: 1735: 1730: 1725: 1720: 1715: 1710: 1705: 1700: 1694: 1688: 1686: 1683: 1681: 1680: 1674: 1668: 1662: 1656: 1650: 1644: 1638: 1632: 1626: 1620: 1614: 1608: 1602: 1596: 1590: 1584: 1578: 1572: 1569:C&C Trucks 1566: 1560: 1553: 1551: 1548: 1543: 1540: 1508:side collision 1434: 1431: 1404:Main article: 1401: 1398: 1363: 1360: 1359: 1358: 1355: 1352: 1349: 1346: 1331: 1328: 1245: 1242: 1220:engine braking 1173:palm couplings 1125: 1122: 1093: 1090: 1088: 1087: 1082: 1081: 1080: 1070: 1065: 1060: 1055: 1050: 1045: 1040: 1035: 1030: 1020: 1012:Main article: 1009: 1006: 927: 924: 913: 912: 909: 906: 887: 884: 883: 882: 876: 869: 867: 860: 853: 851: 842:An Australian 841: 834: 780:Main article: 777: 774: 772: 769: 752: 751: 748: 741: 726: 725: 710: 709: 706: 624:cabover engine 571: 568: 543:Denby Eco-Link 508:United Kingdom 484: 483:United Kingdom 481: 438: 337: 334: 296: 293: 229:United Kingdom 205:Renault Magnum 196: 193: 191: 188: 187: 186: 185:Transfer truck 183: 176: 175: 172: 169: 160: 159: 156: 153: 150: 147: 144: 141: 127: 124: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5427: 5416: 5413: 5411: 5408: 5406: 5403: 5401: 5398: 5397: 5395: 5380: 5376: 5372: 5370: 5362: 5360: 5352: 5350: 5342: 5341: 5338: 5332: 5329: 5327: 5324: 5320: 5317: 5316: 5315: 5312: 5310: 5307: 5305: 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4962:manufacturers 4960: 4959: 4958: 4955: 4953: 4950: 4946: 4945:manufacturers 4943: 4942: 4941: 4938: 4936: 4933: 4929: 4928:manufacturers 4926: 4925: 4924: 4921: 4919: 4916: 4914: 4911: 4907: 4906:manufacturers 4904: 4903: 4902: 4899: 4895: 4894:manufacturers 4892: 4891: 4890: 4887: 4883: 4882:manufacturers 4880: 4879: 4878: 4875: 4873: 4870: 4868: 4865: 4863: 4860: 4859: 4857: 4853: 4847: 4844: 4842: 4839: 4837: 4834: 4832: 4829: 4827: 4824: 4820: 4819:manufacturers 4817: 4816: 4815: 4812: 4808: 4807:manufacturers 4805: 4804: 4803: 4800: 4798: 4795: 4793: 4790: 4788: 4785: 4783: 4780: 4776: 4775:manufacturers 4773: 4772: 4771: 4768: 4764: 4763:manufacturers 4761: 4760: 4759: 4756: 4754: 4751: 4749: 4746: 4742: 4741:manufacturers 4739: 4738: 4737: 4734: 4730: 4726: 4723: 4722: 4721: 4718: 4716: 4713: 4712: 4710: 4706: 4700: 4697: 4695: 4692: 4690: 4687: 4685: 4682: 4680: 4677: 4675: 4672: 4671: 4669: 4665: 4662: 4660: 4656: 4650: 4649:Motor vehicle 4647: 4645: 4642: 4641: 4638: 4634: 4627: 4622: 4620: 4615: 4613: 4608: 4607: 4604: 4597: 4594: 4591: 4590:Ol' Blue, USA 4588: 4585: 4582: 4581: 4556: 4550: 4542: 4536: 4520: 4516: 4512: 4506: 4491: 4487: 4480: 4473: 4468: 4453: 4446: 4430: 4426: 4420: 4412: 4406: 4391: 4387: 4380: 4372: 4368: 4364: 4357: 4349: 4345: 4338: 4331: 4323: 4319: 4315: 4308: 4290: 4283: 4268: 4264: 4257: 4241: 4237: 4231: 4220: 4216: 4212: 4205: 4198: 4190: 4186: 4182: 4175: 4164: 4160: 4156: 4149: 4142: 4127: 4123: 4119: 4115: 4108: 4101:. p. 39. 4100: 4093: 4078: 4074: 4068: 4053: 4049: 4045: 4041: 4037: 4030: 4022: 4015: 4009: 3994:. 21 May 2022 3993: 3989: 3983: 3967: 3963: 3956: 3940: 3936: 3930: 3923:. 1 May 2021. 3922: 3915: 3909: 3901: 3894: 3888: 3880: 3874: 3866: 3859: 3853: 3845: 3841: 3835: 3819: 3815: 3809: 3794: 3790: 3783: 3767: 3761: 3745: 3739: 3728: 3722: 3711: 3705: 3697: 3691: 3683: 3681:0-970056-71-0 3677: 3673: 3666: 3647: 3641: 3633: 3626: 3620: 3604: 3597: 3590: 3578: 3571: 3563: 3557: 3541: 3535: 3519: 3513: 3497: 3491: 3475: 3471: 3464: 3458: 3454: 3450: 3445: 3437: 3433: 3429: 3423: 3415: 3411: 3404: 3396: 3392: 3386: 3379: 3373: 3357: 3351: 3343: 3330: 3311: 3307: 3303: 3299: 3292: 3285: 3277: 3264: 3245: 3241: 3234: 3227: 3225: 3223: 3214: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3189: 3181: 3174: 3167: 3152: 3148: 3141: 3126: 3122: 3116: 3101: 3097: 3091: 3076: 3072: 3066: 3050: 3044: 3029: 3025: 3019: 3004: 3000: 2994: 2979: 2975: 2969: 2954: 2950: 2949:"semitrailer" 2944: 2940: 2930: 2929:Truck sleeper 2927: 2925: 2922: 2920: 2917: 2915: 2912: 2910: 2907: 2905: 2902: 2900: 2897: 2895: 2892: 2890: 2887: 2885: 2882: 2880: 2877: 2875: 2872: 2869: 2866: 2864: 2861: 2859: 2858:Oversize load 2856: 2854: 2851: 2849: 2848:Logging truck 2846: 2844: 2841: 2839: 2836: 2834: 2831: 2829: 2826: 2824: 2821: 2819: 2816: 2814: 2811: 2809: 2806: 2804: 2801: 2799: 2796: 2793: 2792:DAT Solutions 2790: 2788: 2785: 2783: 2780: 2778: 2775: 2773: 2770: 2768: 2765: 2763: 2760: 2758: 2755: 2754: 2749: 2743: 2738: 2729: 2725: 2724:North America 2721: 2717: 2716: 2707: 2706: 2702: 2699: 2698: 2694: 2692: 2691: 2686: 2685: 2681: 2678: 2677: 2673: 2671: 2670: 2666: 2664: 2663: 2659: 2656: 2655: 2651: 2649: 2648: 2644: 2641: 2640: 2636: 2635: 2632: 2619: 2615: 2614:Eddie Rabbitt 2611: 2607: 2604: 2600: 2597: 2593: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2568: 2564: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2529:country music 2526: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2510: 2508: 2496: 2492: 2491: 2487: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2472: 2468: 2466: 2462: 2461: 2457: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2446: 2442: 2440: 2436: 2435:Menahem Golan 2432: 2431: 2427: 2424: 2423: 2419: 2416: 2415:Mack R series 2412: 2411: 2407: 2405: 2401: 2400:Sam Peckinpah 2397: 2396: 2392: 2389: 2388: 2384: 2382: 2378: 2377: 2373: 2370: 2366: 2365: 2361: 2360: 2358: 2345: 2344: 2340: 2337: 2336: 2332: 2329: 2325: 2324: 2320: 2317: 2316: 2312: 2309: 2308: 2304: 2301: 2300:the 2007 film 2297: 2294:, and as the 2293: 2289: 2285: 2284:Optimus Prime 2281: 2277: 2276: 2272: 2269: 2265: 2264: 2260: 2257: 2253: 2252: 2248: 2243: 2242: 2238: 2235: 2234: 2230: 2229: 2227: 2223: 2221: 2220: 2215: 2214: 2207: 2201: 2191: 2189: 2184: 2180: 2175: 2173: 2172:gantry cranes 2169: 2168: 2163: 2162: 2157: 2152: 2150: 2147: 2144: 2143:containerized 2140: 2133:Role in trade 2128:W – Tow Truck 2127: 2124: 2121: 2118: 2115: 2112: 2109: 2105: 2104: 2103: 2101: 2098:In addition, 2096: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2075:United States 2072: 2066: 2058: 2054: 2045: 2036: 2034: 2026: 2023: 2020: 2017: 2013: 2012: 2011: 2009: 2003: 1993: 1986: 1976: 1972: 1970: 1959: 1958: 1954: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1925: 1924: 1921: 1912: 1910: 1901: 1889: 1886: 1884: 1881: 1879: 1876: 1874: 1871: 1869: 1866: 1864: 1861: 1859: 1856: 1854: 1851: 1850: 1848: 1841: 1838: 1835: 1832: 1829: 1826: 1823: 1820: 1817: 1814: 1813: 1803: 1800: 1798: 1795: 1793: 1790: 1788: 1785: 1783: 1782:Mercedes-Benz 1780: 1778: 1775: 1773: 1770: 1768: 1765: 1763: 1760: 1759: 1749: 1746: 1744: 1741: 1739: 1736: 1734: 1731: 1729: 1726: 1724: 1721: 1719: 1716: 1714: 1711: 1709: 1706: 1704: 1701: 1698: 1695: 1693: 1690: 1689: 1678: 1675: 1672: 1669: 1666: 1663: 1660: 1657: 1654: 1651: 1648: 1645: 1642: 1639: 1636: 1633: 1630: 1627: 1625:(South Korea) 1624: 1621: 1618: 1615: 1612: 1609: 1606: 1603: 1600: 1597: 1594: 1593:Eicher Motors 1591: 1588: 1585: 1582: 1579: 1576: 1573: 1570: 1567: 1564: 1561: 1558: 1557:Ashok Leyland 1555: 1554: 1547: 1539: 1537: 1536:trailer creep 1533: 1529: 1525: 1520: 1516: 1513: 1509: 1503: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1479: 1477: 1475: 1470: 1468: 1463: 1462:Mansfield bar 1459: 1455: 1451: 1441: 1437: 1430: 1428: 1423: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1407: 1406:Trailer skirt 1397: 1393: 1389: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1378: 1377:super singles 1373: 1369: 1356: 1353: 1350: 1347: 1344: 1343: 1342: 1339: 1337: 1327: 1325: 1320: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1300: 1296: 1294: 1290: 1285: 1284:transmissions 1280: 1278: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1259: 1255: 1250: 1241: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1230:exhaust brake 1227: 1226: 1221: 1216: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1201: 1197: 1192: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1177:railroad cars 1174: 1170: 1166: 1164: 1163: 1157: 1151: 1149: 1148: 1143: 1139: 1130: 1121: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1110:truck trailer 1107: 1106:towing engine 1103: 1099: 1086: 1083: 1079: 1076: 1075: 1074: 1071: 1069: 1066: 1064: 1063:Hopper-Bottom 1061: 1059: 1056: 1054: 1051: 1049: 1046: 1044: 1041: 1039: 1036: 1034: 1031: 1029: 1025: 1022: 1021: 1019: 1015: 1003: 995: 990: 985: 976: 970: 964: 959: 953: 952:differentials 949: 945: 941: 937: 932: 923: 921: 917: 910: 907: 904: 903: 902: 900: 895: 893: 880: 879:Sturt Highway 873: 868: 864: 857: 852: 848: 845: 838: 833: 832: 831: 828: 823: 821: 815: 811: 809: 803: 800: 794: 792: 788: 783: 768: 765: 759: 757: 749: 746: 742: 739: 738: 735: 730: 723: 722: 719: 714: 707: 704: 700: 699: 695: 691: 687: 685: 681: 679: 673: 671: 667: 663: 660: 656: 652: 648: 647:cargo trailer 639: 635: 628: 625: 620: 618: 613: 611: 607: 603: 598: 596: 595:North America 589: 584: 576: 570:North America 567: 565: 561: 555: 551: 547: 544: 540: 535: 531: 528: 523: 521: 516: 513: 509: 502: 498: 494: 489: 480: 479: 476: 470: 468: 467:pilot project 463: 461: 457: 453: 449: 445: 436: 432: 428: 424: 420: 416: 415:En Trave Till 412: 408: 404: 400: 396: 392: 383: 379: 376: 372: 366: 363: 362:cut-to-length 359: 351: 347: 342: 333: 331: 326: 322: 318: 317:ISO container 314: 310: 301: 292: 289: 285: 284:timber trucks 280: 276: 272: 268: 264: 263:license plate 260: 257:When using a 255: 254: 252: 246: 240: 238: 234: 230: 226: 222: 221:North America 218: 210: 206: 201: 184: 181: 180: 179: 173: 170: 167: 166: 165: 164: 157: 154: 151: 148: 145: 142: 139: 138: 137: 135: 131: 123: 121: 120: 115: 111: 107: 106:semi-trailers 103: 99: 95: 87: 82: 74: 67: 62: 56: 51: 47: 45: 41: 37: 33: 19: 4694:South Africa 4559:. Retrieved 4549: 4535: 4523:. Retrieved 4519:the original 4514: 4505: 4493:. Retrieved 4489: 4479: 4467: 4457:20 September 4455:. Retrieved 4445: 4433:. Retrieved 4428: 4419: 4393:. Retrieved 4389: 4379: 4370: 4366: 4356: 4347: 4343: 4330: 4321: 4317: 4307: 4295:. Retrieved 4282: 4270:. Retrieved 4266: 4256: 4244:. Retrieved 4239: 4230: 4214: 4210: 4197: 4184: 4174: 4158: 4154: 4141: 4129:. Retrieved 4117: 4107: 4098: 4092: 4080:. Retrieved 4076: 4067: 4055:. Retrieved 4043: 4039: 4029: 4020: 4008: 3996:. Retrieved 3991: 3982: 3970:. Retrieved 3965: 3955: 3943:. Retrieved 3938: 3929: 3920: 3908: 3887: 3873: 3852: 3844:the original 3834: 3822:. Retrieved 3818:the original 3808: 3796:. Retrieved 3792: 3782: 3770:. Retrieved 3760: 3748:. Retrieved 3738: 3721: 3704: 3690: 3671: 3665: 3653:. Retrieved 3640: 3619: 3607:. Retrieved 3601:Dyer, Ezra. 3596: 3588: 3581:. Retrieved 3570: 3556: 3544:. Retrieved 3534: 3522:. Retrieved 3512: 3502:10 September 3500:. Retrieved 3490: 3480:10 September 3478:. Retrieved 3476:(in Swedish) 3473: 3463: 3444: 3436:the original 3432:Northland.eu 3431: 3422: 3413: 3403: 3395:Volvo Trucks 3394: 3385: 3372: 3362:27 September 3360:. Retrieved 3350: 3329:cite journal 3317:. Retrieved 3310:the original 3284: 3263:cite journal 3251:. Retrieved 3244:the original 3194: 3188: 3179: 3166: 3154:. Retrieved 3150: 3140: 3128:. Retrieved 3124: 3121:"juggernaut" 3115: 3103:. Retrieved 3099: 3090: 3078:. Retrieved 3074: 3065: 3053:. Retrieved 3043: 3031:. Retrieved 3027: 3018: 3006:. Retrieved 3002: 2993: 2981:. Retrieved 2977: 2968: 2956:. Retrieved 2952: 2943: 2924:Truck driver 2899:Tractor unit 2884:Semi-trailer 2879:Roll trailer 2838:Loading dock 2833:Loader crane 2705:Rigs of Rods 2703: 2697:Rig 'n' Roll 2695: 2688: 2682: 2674: 2667: 2660: 2652: 2645: 2637: 2618:David Malloy 2603:Garth Brooks 2589:Garth Brooks 2567:Kathy Mattea 2556:thrash metal 2518:C. W. McCall 2488: 2469: 2465:David Caesar 2458: 2443: 2428: 2420: 2408: 2393: 2385: 2374: 2362: 2341: 2333: 2328:Lucky Vanous 2321: 2313: 2305: 2292:Ultra Magnus 2287: 2273: 2263:Knight Rider 2261: 2249: 2239: 2231: 2226:Claude Akins 2217: 2179:tractor unit 2176: 2165: 2159: 2153: 2136: 2100:endorsements 2099: 2097: 2093:North Dakota 2078: 2050: 2030: 2007: 2005: 1982: 1973: 1965: 1956: 1952: 1949: 1922: 1918: 1906: 1846: 1748:Western Star 1692:Freightliner 1647:SAIC Hongyan 1550:Asia-Pacific 1545: 1532:loading dock 1524:fuel mileage 1521: 1517: 1504: 1480: 1472: 1465: 1461: 1446: 1436: 1426: 1424: 1409: 1394: 1390: 1375: 1365: 1340: 1335: 1333: 1321: 1301: 1297: 1281: 1263: 1257: 1252:Traditional 1244:Transmission 1223: 1217: 1212: 1208: 1199: 1195: 1193: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1172: 1168: 1167: 1160: 1152: 1145: 1135: 1095: 1073:Refrigerator 1017: 1014:Semi-trailer 1002:tandem axles 992:9. enclosed 965:(detachable) 963:semi-trailer 958:tractor unit 935: 926:Construction 919: 918: 914: 896: 889: 865:in Australia 824: 819: 816: 812: 804: 795: 785: 760: 753: 703:STAA doubles 682: 674: 670:tandem axles 661: 649:usually has 644: 629: 621: 614: 602:tractor unit 599: 592: 556: 552: 548: 536: 532: 524: 517: 512:gross weight 505: 471: 464: 418: 414: 407:Volvo Trucks 388: 367: 355: 324: 320: 306: 288:loader crane 275:pintle hitch 267:rigid trucks 256: 248: 241: 214: 177: 161: 140:Semi-trailer 132: 129: 117: 102:tractor unit 93: 91: 68:semi-tractor 46: 44: 5123:New Zealand 4935:Netherlands 4802:South Korea 4792:Philippines 4782:North Korea 4082:29 November 4077:Everything2 3632:Caterpillar 2974:"semitruck" 2909:Trailer bus 2823:Jackknifing 2549:Dave Dudley 2545:Phantom 309 2480:Paul Walker 2478:, starring 2460:Prime Mover 2452:, starring 2450:Kevin Hooks 2437:, starring 2402:, starring 2244:(1978–1981) 2236:(1974–1976) 2008:car license 1996:New Zealand 1985:category CE 1858:Caterpillar 1822:Ford Otosan 1677:XCMG Hanvan 1665:Tata Motors 1659:Tata Daewoo 1605:Foton Motor 1454:head trauma 1374:, known as 1368:dual wheels 1282:Semi-truck 1213:suzie coils 1200:yellow line 1118:Jackknifing 1102:fifth wheel 971:compartment 948:drive shaft 886:New Zealand 844:prime mover 791:road trains 694:STAA double 655:dual wheels 632:US$ 100,000 617:drive axles 501:Silverstone 460:Svappavaara 456:Kaunisvaara 271:fifth wheel 237:articulated 126:Other terms 119:fifth wheel 5394:Categories 5304:Drive time 4836:Uzbekistan 4715:Bangladesh 4659:By country 4490:Trucks.com 4435:2 November 4390:ProPublica 3972:12 January 3416:(2): 8–15. 3319:30 October 3130:7 February 3105:7 February 3080:7 February 3008:7 February 2983:7 February 2958:7 February 2936:References 2894:Tank truck 2874:Road train 2870:("reefer") 2808:Dump truck 2720:Radiotopia 2684:MotorStorm 2676:Hard Truck 2629:See also: 2541:Teddy Bear 2537:Giddyup Go 2533:Red Sovine 2505:See also: 2484:Steve Zahn 2355:See also: 2296:Stunticons 2219:Cannonball 2211:Television 2204:See also: 2198:See also: 2161:Intermodal 2000:See also: 1907:A special 1840:Volkswagen 1762:DAF Trucks 1635:JAC Motors 1575:CAMC Hanma 1563:BharatBenz 1528:turbulence 1512:jackknifes 1495:crush zone 1491:car bumper 1487:windshield 1386:brake fade 1304:automobile 1293:drive axle 1225:Jake brake 1147:brake fade 1038:Car hauler 984:fuel tanks 863:road train 787:Australian 610:lift axles 423:Norrbotten 391:Boliden AB 174:Juggernaut 143:Semi-truck 134:US English 5326:Debadging 5314:Rebadging 5111:Australia 5076:Argentina 4748:Indonesia 4596:natm.com/ 4561:18 August 4240:IIHS-HLDI 4126:0362-4331 4057:2 October 3772:2 October 3306:Scania AB 3055:21 August 2522:CB radios 2495:Doug Pray 2476:John Dahl 2445:Black Dog 2410:Mad Max 2 2369:Peterbilt 2282:' leader 2256:Sam Jones 2233:Movin' On 2183:sidelifts 2167:piggyback 2139:transport 1955:crash box 1915:Australia 1836:(Belarus) 1733:Peterbilt 1671:UD Trucks 1599:FAW Group 1412:turbulent 1366:Although 1274:hydraulic 1238:retarders 1181:emergency 1156:fail-safe 1138:hydraulic 799:turntable 776:Australia 764:wheelbase 431:Överkalix 346:swap body 325:EuroCombi 245:lift axle 235:or fully 209:Ninatrans 116:called a 108:to carry 5349:Category 5331:Glossary 5309:Facelift 4974:Slovakia 4867:Bulgaria 4826:Thailand 4787:Pakistan 4770:Malaysia 4525:11 March 4495:10 April 4405:cite web 4219:Archived 4189:Archived 4163:Archived 3750:7 August 3609:25 March 3253:30 March 3033:9 August 2782:Cab over 2734:See also 2713:Podcasts 2535:titles " 2471:Joy Ride 2280:Autobots 2149:shipment 2053:道路交通安全規則 1990:7,500 kg 1830:(Russia) 1824:(Turkey) 1818:(Turkey) 1718:Navistar 1708:Kenworth 1499:air bags 1196:red line 1098:king pin 1048:Dry bulk 899:B-double 847:Kenworth 827:cabovers 666:misnomer 452:Skoghall 448:Bohuslän 444:Dalsland 411:Hisingen 405:and the 375:B-double 371:CEN unit 330:B-double 321:EcoCombi 253:, below. 66:cab over 5359:Commons 5220:marques 5172:History 5104:Oceania 5003:Ukraine 4952:Romania 4918:Ireland 4913:Hungary 4901:Germany 4872:Croatia 4862:Belarus 4841:Vietnam 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