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and identified subtle nuances to the contrasting positions. The study looked at, among others, dwelling types, unit density (site density) movement on the street, culsâde-sac or grids and the permeability of a residential area. Among its conclusions are, respectively, that flats are always safer than houses and the wealth of inhabitants matters, density is generally beneficial but more so at ground level, local movement is beneficial, but not larger scale movement, relative affluence and the number of neighbours have a greater effect than either being on a cul-de-sac or being on a through street. It also re-established that simple, linear cul-de-sac with good numbers of dwellings that are joined to through streets tend to be safe. As for permeability, it suggests that residential areas should be permeable enough to allow movement in all directions but no more. The overprovision of poorly used permeability is a crime hazard. The open, uniform grid could be seen as an example of undifferentiated permeability.
1549:. The advantage of the intersection density for pedestrians, however, can have a contrary effect for cars due to its potential for reducing speeds. Low speeds below 20 mph (32 km/h) have a significantly higher coefficient of pollutant production than above 30 mph (48 km/h), though the coefficient after leveling off tends to increase gradually after 50 mph (80 km/h). This effect is accentuated with high traffic density in areas with commercial uses where speeds come to a crawl. Since the grid plan is non-hierarchical and intersections are frequent, all streets can be subject to this potential reduction of average speeds, leading to a high production of pollutants. Greenhouse and noxious gases can be detrimental to the environment and to resident health.
1273:, severely criticized some of the grid's characteristics: "With a T-square and a triangle, finally, the municipal engineer could, without the slightest training as either an architect or a sociologist, 'plan' a metropolis, with its standard lots, its standard blocks, its standard street widths, in short, with its standardized comparable, and replaceable parts. The new gridiron plans were spectacular in their inefficiency and waste. By usually failing to discriminate sufficiently between main arteries and residential streets, the first were not made wide enough while the second were usually too wide for purely neighborhood functions... as for its contribution to the permanent social functions of the city, the anonymous gridiron plan proved empty."
1223:, who, based on observation, claimed that speeding cars would eventually kill tens of thousands of small children per year. Apparently, at this early stage of the car's entry into the grid, the streets of major cities worldwide were the scene of virtual "slaughter" as the fatality rate in proportion to population was more than double the current rate. In 2009, after several decades of road safety improvements and a continuous decline in fatalities, an estimated 33,963 people died in motor vehicle traffic crashes and, according to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, "Motor vehicle crashes are the leading cause of death for children from 3 to 14 years old." Planners, therefore, called for an inwardly focused "
841:
262:(498â408 BC), who planned and replanned many Greek cities in accordance with this form. The concept of a grid as the ideal method of town planning had become widely accepted by the time of Alexander the Great. His conquests were a step in the propagation of the grid plan throughout colonies, some as far-flung as Taxila in Pakistan, that would later be mirrored by the expansion of the Roman Empire. The Greek grid had its streets aligned roughly in relation to the cardinal points and generally looked to take advantage of visual cues based on the hilly landscape typical of Greece and Asia Minor. The street grid consisted of
1164:
1431:
7,800 feet (2,400 m) linear feet, a 39% reduction. Simultaneously, block lengths increase from 200 Ă 200 feet to 1240 Ă 200 feet. When all five blocks have reached the ultimate size of 1,240 feet (380 m) four street lengths out of total eight have been eliminated. Block lengths of 1,000 feet (300 m) or larger rarely appear in grid plans and are not recommended as they hinder pedestrian movement (Pedestrianism, below). From the pedestrian perspective, the smaller the block is, the easier the navigation and the more direct the route. Consequently, the finer grids are preferred.
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traffic. Any time traffic flows meet at an acute angle, someone cannot see traffic approaching them. The grid is thus a geometric response to our human physiology. It is very likely the original purpose of grid layouts comes from the
Athenian Agora. Before the grid organization, markets were laid out randomly in a field with traffic approaches at odd angles. This caused carts and wagons to turn over due to frequent collisions. Laying out the market stalls into regularized rows at right angles solved this problem and was later built into the Athenian Agora and copied ever since.
59:
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significantly reduced on through roads where traffic is, or perceived by parents to be, a risk. As a result of this misperception of risk, children living in cul-de-sac communities are more likely to be killed by vehicles. This increased risk of death is due to multiple factors, including the families driving longer distances to reach their destinations, parents spending less time teaching their children to be as wary of traffic, and an increased risk of the parents accidentally driving over the children in their "safe" driveways and cul-de-sac streets.
1383:
1369:). Each grid road was spaced roughly one kilometre along from the next, forming squares of approximately one square kilometre. Each square and each roundabout was given its own name. The system provided very easy transport within the city, although it confused visitors who were unfamiliar with the system. The grid squares thus formed are far larger than the city blocks described earlier, and the road layouts within the grid squares are generally 'organic' in form â matching the street hierarchy model described above.
1624:
31:
1570:, all of which are aimed at improving a street's social milieu. The amount of traffic on a street depends on variables such as the population density of the neighbourhood, car ownership and its proximity to commercial, institutional or recreational edifices. Most importantly, however, it depends on whether a street is or could become a through road to a destination. As a through road, it could sustain unpredictable levels of traffic that may fluctuate during the day and increase over time.
833:
1247:
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138:
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1094:, who marked it out in 1837 establishing the first formal town plan. This grid of streets, laid out when there were only a few hundred settlers, became the nucleus for what is now a city of over 5 million people, the city of Melbourne. The unusual dimensions of the allotments and the incorporation of narrow 'little' streets were the result of compromise between Hoddle's desire to employ the regulations established in 1829 by previous
578:(Canary Islands) in 1496. In 1573, King Philip II of Spain compiled the Laws of the Indies to guide the construction and administration of colonial communities. The Laws specified a square or rectangular central plaza with eight principal streets running from the plaza's corners. Hundreds of grid-plan communities throughout the Americas were established according to this pattern, echoing the practices of earlier Indian civilizations.
908:
774:, while the opposite side of this street is called the '1-st Line'. Next street is named the '2-nd Line' on the eastern side, and the '3-rd Line' on the western side. After the reorganization of house numbering in 1834 and 1858 the even house numbers are used on the odd-numbered lines, and respectively odd house numbers are used for the even-numbered lines. The maximum numbers for 'lines' in Petersburg are 28-29th lines.
229:(770-476 BC) stated: "a capital city should be square on plan. Three gates on each side of the perimeter lead into the nine main streets that crisscross the city and define its grid-pattern. And for its layout the city should have the Royal Court situated in the south, the Marketplace in the north, the Imperial Ancestral Temple in the east and the Altar to the Gods of Land and Grain in the west."
1391:
1720:, with a main street connecting between the perpendicular roads. However, this can be mitigated by allowing mixed use development so that destinations become closer to home. Many cities, especially in Latin America, still successfully retain their grid plans. Recently, planners in the United States and Canada have revisited the idea of reintroducing grid patterns to many cities and towns.
43:
811:
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length and width of a block. The higher the frequency of streets the longer is their total length. The smaller the block dimensions the higher the frequency of the streets. As the frequency of street increases so does the number of intersections. Intersections normally cost more than straight street length because they are labour-intensive and require street and traffic signage.
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993:. It is a composite, cellular city block consisting of four large corner blocks, four small blocks in between and a public square in the centre; the entire composition of approximately ten acres (four hectares) is known as a ward. Its cellular structure includes all the primary land uses of a neighborhood and has for that reason been called
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example, can find a regular walk challenging. For bicycles this disadvantage is accentuated as their normal speed is at least double that of pedestrians. Frequent stops negate the speed advantage and the physical benefit of bicycling and add to frustration. Intersections are not only unpleasant but also dangerous. Most
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up to four times the area of
Portland's block. New York's 1811 plan (see above) has blocks of 200 feet (61 m). in width and variable lengths ranging from about 500 feet (150 m) to 900 feet (270 m) feet. The corresponding frequency of streets for each of these block sizes affects the street length.
192:, housed a rotating labor force and was laid out in blocks of long galleries separated by streets in a formal grid. Many pyramid-cult cities used a common orientation: a northâsouth axis from the royal palace and an eastâwest axis from the temple, meeting at a central plaza where King and God merged and crossed.
1145:. All of these towns were laid out on a grid plan, so it was easy to divide the land into plots of an acre (approximately 0.4 ha.), and these became known as town acres. Adelaide was divided into 1042 Town Acres. Maps showing the divisions of the town acres are available for Adelaide, Nelson, and Wellington.
1207:
In maps of larger
American cities, the downtown areas are almost always grids. These areas represent the original land dimensions of the founded city, generally around one square mile. Some cities expanded the grid further out from the centre, but maps also show that, in general, as the distance from
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uses all three schemes: northâsouth streets are numbered from west to east, and eastâwest streets are split between a lettered series running southward from A through L and a series of streets named after trees or plants, running northward alphabetically from Ash to Walnut. As in many cities, some of
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were often standard, with each of its four walls generally having a length of 660 metres (2,150 ft). Familiarity was the aim of such standardisation: soldiers could be stationed anywhere around the Empire, and orientation would be easy within established towns if they had a standard layout. Each
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Two newer studies examined the frequency of collisions in two regional districts using the latest analytical tools. They investigated the potential correlation between street network patterns and frequency of collisions. In one study, cul-de-sac networks appeared to be much safer than grid networks,
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A dilemma arises from trying to meet important planning objectives when using the grid: pedestrianism, cost efficiency and environmental responsiveness. To serve pedestrians well, a rectangular configuration and high frequency of streets and intersections is the preferred route, which the orthogonal
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A key characteristic of the grid pattern is that any and all streets are equally accessible to traffic (non-hierarchical) and could be chosen at will as alternative routes to a destination. Cut-through driving, or shortcutting, has been resisted by residents. Cities responded by making modifications
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Traditional orthogonal grid patterns generally have greater street frequencies than discontinuous patterns. For example, Portland's block is 200 feet Ă 200 feet while
Miletus' is half that size and Timgad's half again (see diagram). Houston, Sacramento and Barcelona are progressively bigger reaching
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influences proportionately the number of street components that have to be constructed such as pavement, curbs and sidewalks, storm sewers and drains, light poles, and trees. The street length of a given area of development depends on the frequency at which streets occur which in turn depends on the
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The question of neighbourhood security has been a constant focus of research since Oscar Newman's work. New research has expanded the discussion on this disputed issue. A recent study did extensive spatial analysis and correlated several building, site plan and social factors with crime frequencies
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described ways to improve the social environment and security of neighbourhoods and streets. In a practical application of his theory at Five Oaks, the neighbourhood's grid pattern was modified to prevent through traffic and create identifiable smaller enclaves while maintaining complete pedestrian
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A street network pattern can affect the production of pollutants by the amount of car travel that it necessitates and the speed at which cars can travel. The grid plan with its frequent intersections may displace a portion of the local car trips with walking or biking due to the directness of route
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Frequency of intersections, however, becomes also a disadvantage for pedestrians and bicycles. It disrupts the relaxed canter of walking and forces pedestrians repeatedly onto the road, a hostile, anxiety-generating territory. People with physical limitations or frailties, children and seniors for
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on site becomes problematic with high percentages of impermeable surfaces. And since roads constitute the largest share of the total impermeable surfaces of a development, the difficulty is compounded by the grid type of layout. For these reasons modern planners have attempted to modify the rigid,
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to the east, including five squares of dedicated parkland. Penn advertised this orderly design as a safeguard against overcrowding, fire, and disease, which plagued
European cities. Holme drafted an ideal version of the grid, but alleyways sprouted within and between larger blocks as the city took
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A 2009 study suggests that land use patterns play a significant role in traffic safety and should be considered in conjunction with the network pattern. While all intersection types in general reduce the incidence of fatal crashes, four-way intersections, which occur regularly in a grid, increase
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Perceived and actual safety play a role in the use of the street. Perceived safety, though perhaps an inaccurate reflection of the number of injuries or fatalities, influences parents' decision to allow their children to play, walk or bike on the street. Actual levels of safety as measured by the
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Another important aspect of street grids and the use of rectilinear blocks is that traffic flows of either pedestrians, cars, or both, only cross at right angles. This is an important traffic safety feature, since no one entering the intersection needs to look over their shoulder to see oncoming
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street length (the sum of all individual street lengths) and the corresponding increase in block length. For a corresponding reduction of one, two, three and four streets within this 40-acre (16 ha) parcel, the street length is reduced from an original total of 12,600 feet (3,800 m) to
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Street networks of old cities that grew organically, though admired for being picturesque, can be confusing for visitors but rarely for the original inhabitants (see plan). Similarly confusing to visitors are the plans of modern subdivisions with discontinuous and curvilinear streets. Change of
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pavements. Of all three factors that affect cost, street width, street length and pavement width, only street length is pattern dependent. An objective cost comparison would, therefore, rely on this variable with the full understanding that the other variables, though optional, can play a role.
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A recent study in
California examined the amount of child play that occurred on the streets of neighbourhoods with different characteristics; grid pattern and culs-de-sac. The findings indicate that the open grid streets showed substantially lower play activity than the cul-de-sac street type.
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or mature woodlots in preference for the application of the immutable geometry. It is said of the New York City grid plan that it flattened all obstacles in its way. By contrast, recent discontinuous street patterns follow the configuration of natural features without disrupting them. The grid
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These innovations he based on functional grounds: the block size, to enable the creation of a quiet interior open space (60 m by 60 m) and allow ample sunlight and ventilation to its perimeter buildings; the rectilinear geometry, the wide streets and boulevards to sustain high mobility and the
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from traffic, and thereby encourage more outdoor play. It pointed the way toward the development of hybrid street network patterns that improve pedestrian movement but restrict cut-through driving. Similar studies in Europe and most recently in
Australia found that children's outdoor play is
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influences the cost by affecting the amount of materials and labour required to provide a finished road surface. Pavement width is generally based on traffic engineering considerations and is not dependent on pattern configuration. As with the street width, any pattern can have wide or narrow
422:
While the imposition of only one town form regardless of region could be seen as an imposition of imperial authority, there is no doubting the practical reasoning behind the formation of the Roman grid. Under Roman guidance, the grid was designed for efficiency and interchangeability, both
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Carrington's 1842 map records in detail the topography of the area, and shows the grid he laid out for the town's streets, ignoring the many river valleys. Carrington's tight street grid survived in 21st-century New
Plymouth, but made traffic movement through the central city difficult at
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Using
Macrolevel Collision Prediction Models in Road SafetyPlanning Applications Gordon R. Lovegrove and Tarek Sayed Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 1950, Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C., 2006, pp.
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An inherent advantage of the orthogonal geometry of a proper grid is its tendency to yield regular lots in well-packed sequences. This maximizes the use of the land of the block; it does not, however, affect street frequency. Any frequency of orthogonal streets produces the same
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layout, which has greater permeability for pedestrians than for cars due to its inclusion of dedicated pedestrian paths. It also showed a 7 to 10 percent range of reduction in driving with respect to the remainder six neighbourhood layouts in the set, an environmental benefit.
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grid geometry provides. To reduce development costs and environmental impact, lower frequency of streets is the logical path. Since these two design objectives are contradictory a balance needs to be struck. Such balance has been achieved in leading modern projects such as
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Published in 2003 by the UNESCO World
Heritage Centre, p36 and multiple further pps, Including footnote: "See Ildefonso CerdĂĄ, TeorĂa general de la urbanizaciĂłn y aplicaciĂłn de sus principios y doctrina a la reforma y ensanche de Barcelona, Madrid, 1867." Accessed 17 May
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Stringent adherence to the grid plan can cause steep inclines since the topology of the land is not taken into account. This may be unsafe for drivers, pedestrians and bicycles since it is more difficult to control speed and braking, particularly in winter conditions.
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designed a fourteen-block grid that fronted the river on 640 acres (exactly 1 square mile; about 2.6 km). After surveying the land, Waller organized the almost immediate sale of 306 lots, and by the end of the year the entire Texas government had arrived by
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An earlier study found significant differences in recorded accidents between residential neighborhoods that were laid out on a grid and those that included culs-de-sac and crescents. The frequency of accidents was significantly higher in the grid neighborhoods.
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at its heart, and their intersection would form the forum, around which would be sited important public buildings. Indeed, such was the degree of similarity between towns that Higgins states that soldiers "would be housed at the same address as they moved from
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The peculiarity of 'lines' (streets) naming in this grid is that are each side of street has its own number, so one 'line' is a side of a street, not the whole street. The numbering is latently zero-based, however the supposed "zero line" has its proper name
997:. Its street configuration presages modern traffic calming techniques applied to uniform grids where certain selected streets become discontinuous or narrow, thus discouraging through traffic. The configuration also represents an example of functional
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a watercolour and ink plan, drawn by 16-year-old draughtsman Robert George Thomas to instructions from Light... The streets were named by a Street Naming Committee that met on 23 May 1837, indicating that this plan must have been completed after that
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In his seminal 1982 study on livable streets that was conducted in neighbourhoods with a grid, Donald Appleyard showed that social networking and street playing degraded as traffic increased on a street. His research provided the groundwork for
1664:, Davis. Both score high in pedestrian and bike mode share and, at the same time, in reducing negative development externalities. Their layout configurations represent a fusion of the classic grid plan with recent street network patterns.
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these streets have been given new names violating the system (the former D Street is now Broadway, the former 12th Avenue is now Park Boulevard, etc.); this has meant that 2nd, not 1st, is the most common street name in the United States.
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the centre increases, a variety of patterns emerge in no particular discernible order. In juxtaposition to the grid, they appear random. These new patterns have been systematically classified and their design characteristics measured.
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have not, in general, regarded pedestrian movement as a priority and, consequently, have produced blocks that are usually in the 1,000 feet (300 m) range and often exceed it. As a result, street frequency drops and so does the
1405:. The wider the street, the higher the opportunity cost. Street width is determined by circulation and aesthetic considerations and is not dependent on the pattern configuration. Any configuration can have wide or narrow streets.
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freedom of movement. The positive outcome of these changes reinforces Appleyard's findings and the need to reduce or prevent through traffic on neighbourhood streets; a need that cannot be met with a typical, uniform, open grid.
3397:"The Grid and Modular Measures in The Town Planning of Mohenjodaro and Kathmandu Valley: A Study on Modular Measures in Block and Plot Divisions in the Planning of Mohenjodaro and Sirkap (Pakistan), and Thimi (Kathmandu Valley)"
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at each intersection. The horizontal roads were all given names ending in 'way' and H numbers (for 'horizontal', e.g., H3 Monks Way). The vertical roads were given names ending in 'street' and V numbers (for 'vertical', e.g.,
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365:(forts or camps) first as military centres; some of them developed into administrative hubs. The Roman grid was similar in form to the Greek version of a grid but allowed for practical considerations. For example, Roman
777:
Later in the middle of the 18th century another grid of rectangular blocks with the numbered streets appeared in the continental part of the city: 13 streets named from the '1-st Rota' up to the '13-th Rota', where the
1542:. But, as long as cars are also allowed on those streets, it makes the same routes more direct for cars, which could be an enticement for driving. The potential car trip displacement would result in a reduction of
1522:. In comparison with recent networks with discontinuous street types, grids can be up to 30% higher in impermeable surfaces attributable to roads. The emerging environmental priority of retaining as much as 90% of
206:: constructing and restoring temples, city walls, public buildings, and irrigation canals. The streets of Babylon were wide and straight, intersected approximately at right angles, and were paved with bricks and
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Final Facility Specific Speed Correction Factors:M6.SPD.002 David Brzezinski, Constance Hart, Phil Enns Assessment and Standards Division, Office of Transportation and Air Quality, U.S. Environmental Protection
1483:'s plan, for example, is set on a hill side and most of its northâsouth streets are stepped, a feature that would have made them inaccessible to carts, chariots and loaded animals. Many modern cities, such as
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The geometry of the normal, open grid is evidently unsuitable for protecting or enhancing the social environment of a street from the negative influence of traffic. Similarly, a 1972 ground-breaking study by
418:
extended from the town gates out towards neighbouring settlements. These were lined up to be as straight as possible, only deviating from their path due to natural obstacles that prevented a direct route.
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Wellington's plan was designed by New Zealand Company surveyor William Mein Smith in 1840. It comprised a series of interconnected grids which expanded along the town's valleys and up the lower slopes of
4285:
Hillier, Bill and Sahbaz, Ozlem (March 2008) "An evidence based approach to crime and urban design Or, can we have vitality, sustainability and security all at once?" Bartlett School of Graduate Studies,
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1231:; traffic generators, such as apartment complexes and shops, would be restricted to the edges of the superblock, along the arterial. This paradigm prevailed between about 1930 and 1960, especially in
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region. Many were built on ancient grids originally established as Roman colonial outposts. In the British Isles, the planned new town system involving a grid street layout was part of the system of
4515:
Eran Ben-Joseph, Livability and Safety of Suburban Street Patterns: A Comparative Study (Berkeley, CA: Institute of Urban and Regional Development, University of California, Working Paper 641, 1995)
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One of the greatest difficulties with grid plans is their lack of specialization, most of the important amenities being concentrated along the city's main arteries. Often grid plans are found in
1603:
Traditional street functions such as kids' play, strolling and socializing are incompatible with traffic flow, which the open, uniform grid geometry encourages. For these reasons, cities such as
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shape. As the United States expanded westward, grid-based city planning modeled on Philadelphia's layout would become popular among frontier cities, making grids ubiquitous across the country.
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street length and, therefore, the cost. In general, it is not the street pattern per se that affects costs but the frequency of streets that it either necessitates or purposely incorporates.
258:
Although the idea of the grid was present in Hellenic societal and city planning, it was not pervasive prior to the 5th century BC. However, it slowly gained primacy through the work of
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framed by major roads in a grid configuration. The road network within the sector uses cul-de-sac streets complemented by bike and foot paths which connect the entire sector and beyond.
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a very large block measuring 113 by 113 m (371 by 371 ft), far larger than the old city blocks and larger than any Roman, Greek blocks and their mutations (see drawing below);
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total number of collisions and the number and severity of injuries are a matter of public concern. Both should inform the layout, if the street network is to achieve its optimum use.
1631:
that often, and erroneously, is characterized as a grid. It shows the highly irregular city blocks and the range of street orientations, both common attributes of many historic cities
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1534:, have devised means to improve a street's retention capacity. However, frequent intersections as they occur in a regular grid would pose an obstacle to their effective application.
320:
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Recent studies have found higher traffic fatality rates in outlying suburban areas than in central cities and inner suburbs with smaller blocks and more-connected street patterns.
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significantly. The study recommends hybrid street networks with dense concentrations of T-intersections and concludes that a return to the 19th century gridiron is undesirable.
350:
respectively) could first be seen in Italy. According to Stanislawski (1946), the Romans did use grids until the time of the late Republic or early Empire, when they introduced
312:
398:
Outside of the castra, large tracts of land were also divided in accordance with the grid within the walls. These were typically 730 metres (2,400 ft) per side (called
1360:. In this planned city, which began construction in 1967, a system of ten "horizontal" (roughly eastâwest) and eleven "vertical" (roughly northâsouth) roads was used, with
3584:
328:
286:, in present-day western Turkey, where the orthogonal city grid was based on the cardinal points, on sloping terrain that struck views out towards a river and the city of
161:, were built with blocks divided by a grid of straight streets, running northâsouth and eastâwest. Each block was subdivided by small lanes. The cities and monasteries of
4534:
Sun, J. & Lovegrove, G. (2009). Research Study on Evaluating the Level of Safety of the Fused Grid Road Pattern, External Research Project for CMHC, Ottawa, Ontario
1495:, follow Priene's example. In a modern context, steep grades limit accessibility by car, and more so by bicycle, on foot, or wheelchair, particularly in cold climates.
3879:
1671:, a recent comparison of seven neighbourhood layouts found a 43 and 32 percent increase in walking with respect to a grid plan and conventional suburban layout in a
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The New Zealand Company settlements â including Wellington, New Plymouth and Nelson â were highly planned...All towns were laid out on a rectilinear or grid plan.
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105:
Two inherent characteristics of the grid plan, frequent intersections and orthogonal geometry, facilitate movement. The geometry helps with orientation and
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Governor Ralph Darling, requiring square blocks and wide, spacious streets and Bourke's desire for rear access ways (now the 'little' streets, for example
646:. The central diamond within a walled city with four gates was considered a good design for defence. The grid pattern was widely copied in the colonies of
1401:, or right of way (ROW), influences the amount of land that is devoted to streets, which becomes unavailable for development and therefore represents an
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at the new site. Apart from the speed of surveying advantage, the rationale at the time of the grid's adoption in this and other cities remains obscure.
342:
at the end of the 6th century BC. Its layout was based on Greek Ionic ideas, and it was here that the main eastâwest and northâsouth axes of a town (the
3632:
1611:, among many others, transformed existing residential streets part of a grid plan into permeable, linked culs-de-sac. This transformation retains the
369:
were often sited on flat land, especially close to or on important nodes like river crossings or intersections of trade routes. The dimensions of the
1016:(1890). In these western cities the streets were numbered even more carefully than in the east to suggest future prosperity and metropolitan status.
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South Australia and its mines: With an historical sketch of the colony, under its several administrations, to the period of Captain Grey's departure
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by nearly three to one. A second study found the grid plan to be the least safe by a significant margin with respect to all other street patterns.
1004:
In the westward development of the United States, the use of the grid plan was nearly universal in the construction of new settlements, such as in
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4135:
Southworth, Michael & Owens, Peter (1993). "The Evolving Metropolis: Studies of Community, Neighbourhood, and Street Form at the Urban Edge".
962:. As the city grew, the plan was duplicated to cover most of the remainder of the capital. Meanwhile, the core of the city faced disarray and the
593:, dating back to the 16th century, was built following a rigid grid plan of uniformly designed houses, dotted with palaces, churches and squares.
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1615:
and connectivity of the grid for the active modes of transport but filters and restricts car traffic on the cul-de-sac street to residents only.
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860:
was designed on a rectilinear street grid in 1682, one of the first cities in North America to use a grid system. At the urging of city founder
450:
became politically centralized in the 7th century AD, those societies adopted Chinese grid-planning principles in numerous locations. In Korea,
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717:: elongated rectangles. The longest side of each block faces the relatively narrow street with a numeric name (in Petersburg they are called
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effect. Orthogonal geometry also minimizes disputes over lot boundaries and maximizes the number of lots that could front a given street.
1186:. The Eixample grid introduced innovative design elements which were exceptional at the time and even unique among subsequent grid plans:
4261:
3491:
Belozerskaya, Marina and Lapatin, Kenneth (2004), Ancient Greece: art, architecture, and history. Los Angeles: Getty Publications, p. 94.
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3657:
4318:(1995) "Children and Their Living Surroundings for the Everyday Life and Development of Children." Children's Environments 12(4): 1-17
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1292:âis completely separated from the road network except for one or two connections to arterial roads. In a way, this is a return to
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Dumbaugh, Eric; Rae, Robert (2009). "Safe Urban Form: Revisiting the Relationship Between Community Design and Traffic Safety".
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977:
Often, some of the streets in a grid are numbered (First, Second, etc.), lettered, or arranged in alphabetical order. Downtown
947:
856:, one of the earliest colonies in America, was designed with a tiny 9-square grid at its founding in 1638. On a grander scale,
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852:, did not start with a grid system. However, even in pre-revolutionary days some cities saw the benefits of such a layout.
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405:
399:
4429:
Xiongbing Jin (2010) "Modeling the Influence of Neighbourhood Design on Daily Trip Patterns in Urban Neighbourhoods",
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grounds. In later periods, some parts of Tokyo were grid-planned, but grid plans are generally rare in Japan, and the
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3597:
359:
The military expansion of this period facilitated the adoption of the grid form as standard: the Romans established
3964:
3701:
1636:
street orientation, particularly when gradual or arbitrary, cannot be "mapped" in the mind. Impasses, crescents or
840:
687:
4800:
4330:"Individual, social and physical environmental correlates of children's active free-play: a cross-sectional study"
4052:
4303:
4187:
Statistics of Road Traffic Accidents in Europe and North America Published: January 2007 or Published: April 2007
1308:, there is a strong resemblance between the street arrangements of modern American suburbs and those of medieval
1284:". This is a thoroughly "asymmetric" street arrangement in which a residential subdivisionâoften surrounded by a
1126:
3744:
Batty, M. & Longley, P. (1994) Fractal Cities: A Geometry of Form and Function (San Diego, Calif.: Academic)
246:
Perhaps the most well-known grid system is that spread through the colonies of the Roman Empire. The archetypal
3620:
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1883:
1351:
885:
814:
710:
436:
218:
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1471:
Surveyor's plan of Salt Lake City, circa 1870s - an example of a typical, uniform, square-grid street network
250:
was introduced to Italy first by the Greeks, with such information transferred by way of trade and conquest.
1574:
to prevent it. Current recommended design practice suggests the use of 3-way intersections to alleviate it.
1227:" arrangement that minimized through automobile traffic and discouraged cars from traveling on anything but
828:
A diagram of three U.S. city grids at the same scale showing the differences in dimensions and configuration
575:
338:, whose territories in Italy encompassed what would eventually become Rome, founded what is now the city of
3992:
3985:
Llewellyn-Smith, Michael (2012). "The Background to the Founding of Adelaide and South Australia in 1836".
3257:
1178:, a Spanish civil engineer, defined a concept of urban planning, based on the grid, that he applied to the
662:
The map of St. Petersburg (1717). The grid of 'lines' and 'prospekts' is seen across the whole rectangular
4186:
4825:
2637:
1608:
967:
718:
395:". Pompeii has been cited by both Higgins and Laurence as the best-preserved example of the Roman grid.
4711:
4495:
2617:
2049:
1204:
truncated corners to facilitate turning of carts and coaches and particularly vehicles on fixed rails.
939:
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2602:
2121:
1989:
1854:
1769:
1492:
1138:
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158:
17:
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2641:
2587:
1973:
1929:
1784:
1579:
686:. Being aware of the modern European construction experience which he examined in the years of his
226:
4805:
3530:
4830:
3589:
2645:
2009:
1999:
1934:
1914:
1844:
1583:
1426:
A simple example of a grid street pattern (see diagram) illustrates the progressive reduction in
1258:
1232:
1134:
1122:
779:
4378:
4122:'activity-38-1.pdf' World Heritage Papers 5: Identification and Documentation of Modern Heritage
570:
of Ferdinand and Isabella. It was subsequently applied in the new cities established during the
109:
and its frequent intersections with the choice and directness of route to desired destinations.
4578:
David J. Cuff, William J. Young, Edward K. Muller, Wilbur Zelinsky, and Ronald F. Abler, eds.,
3290:
3280:
3002:
2665:
2653:
2438:
1944:
1874:
1163:
1035:, the functioning of the government required the rapid population of the town, which was named
1032:
702:), with three lengthwise thoroughfares, rectangularly crossed with about 30 crosswise streets.
120:. The grid plan dates from antiquity and originated in multiple cultures; some of the earliest
3837:
3382:
3378:
724:) while the shortest side faces wide avenues. To denote avenues in Petersburg, a special term
501:
The grid-planning tradition in Asia continued through the beginning of the 20th century, with
4840:
3803:
3396:
3110:
3100:
1954:
1759:
1648:
and injuries occur at intersections and the majority of the injuries to pedestrians crossing
1640:
frustrate the traveler especially when they are long, forcing an arduous retracing of steps.
1099:
919:, set out a northâsouth, eastâwest grid pattern with diagonal streets radiating out from the
647:
259:
4072:
3165:
1193:
a 20 m (66 ft) road width (right of way) compared with mostly 3 m in the old city;
3437:
Stanislawski, Dan (1946). "The Grid-Pattern Town", Geog. Rev., xxxvi, pp. 105-120, p. 116.
3338:
2136:
2116:
2081:
2059:
2044:
1964:
1604:
1069:
943:
799:
459:
58:
4666:
4166:
181:), dating from the 1st millennium BC to the 11th century AD, also had grid-based designs.
8:
4299:
3518:
A history of American architecture: buildings in their cultural and technological context
2680:
2366:
2111:
2054:
1804:
1754:
1515:
1499:
1171:. The blocks include wide open spaces that continue across the street to adjacent blocks.
1142:
1130:
1121:
The term "town acre" (often spelt with initial capital letters) may have originated with
1077:
755:
513:
356:, a system which they spread around the Mediterranean and into northern Europe later on.
4302:(2007) "Cul-de-Sacs and Children's Outdoor Play: Quantitative and Qualitative Evidence"
3342:
824:
4561:
4468:
4443:
4356:
4329:
4010:
4006:
3579:
3557:
3155:
3120:
2971:
2327:
1939:
1809:
1717:
1321:
1020:
946:
was developed using a grid plan that is interrupted by diagonal avenues, most famously
730:
was introduced. Inside the grid of Vasilyevsky Island there are three prospekts, named
706:
695:
663:
531:
towns were planned using grids beginning in the 12th century, most prodigiously in the
352:
247:
4199:
Early Estimate of Motor Vehicle Traffic Fatalities in 2009 at crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov
3986:
1462:
1324:
in modern suburbiaâisolates itself from the larger urban scene by using dead ends and
490:
eschewed the grid, opting instead for an irregular network of streets surrounding the
4727:
4565:
4473:
4361:
3996:
3809:
3697:
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3180:
3135:
2576:
2393:
2086:
2076:
1979:
1764:
1744:
1645:
1366:
1211:
In the United States, the grid system was widely used in most major cities and their
1028:
986:
959:
726:
698:
was a typical rectangular grid of streets (originally intended to be canals, like in
691:
617:
608:
was the first Renaissance city laid out on the grid plan. Later came the New Town in
376:
4163:"Estimating global road fatalities - Regional Analyses - Highly Motorised Countries"
1514:
The grid's inherent high street and intersection frequencies produce large areas of
1455:
said Manhattan's grid plan facilitated "buying, selling and improving real estate".
1316:
cities. In each case, the community unit at handâthe clan or extended family in the
1199:
major roads, perpendicular and diagonal, measuring 50 m (160 ft) in width.
1175:
1168:
4845:
4553:
4463:
4455:
4444:"Urban sprawl as a risk factor in motor vehicle occupant and pedestrian fatalities"
4351:
4341:
4315:
4144:
4097:
3680:
3408:
3346:
3296:
3195:
2911:
2156:
2131:
2033:
1919:
1909:
1899:
1657:
1448:
1402:
1281:
927:
916:
912:
893:
869:
853:
791:
694:
to elaborate the first general plan of the city. The project of this architect for
447:
178:
4492:"Danger in Exurbia | U.Va. Study Reveals Outer Suburbs More Dangerous Than Cities"
3351:
1224:
4059:
3719:
3306:
2961:
2956:
2421:
2350:
2230:
2145:
2101:
2091:
2039:
2029:
2019:
1983:
1894:
1559:
1289:
1095:
990:
935:
783:
683:
560:
335:
170:
4593:
4392:"Tomorrow's Cities, Tomorrow's Suburbs | Better! Cities & Towns Online"
3930:
3326:
2298:
2215:
1382:
4198:
3805:
Keeping a Trust: South Australia's Wyatt Benevolent Institution and Its Founder
3301:
3105:
3053:
2921:
2649:
2315:
1949:
1789:
1623:
1596:
1503:
1220:
1073:
1005:
951:
901:
873:
759:
679:
121:
71:
4557:
4148:
1076:) of the river were laid out in grid pattern, with the city surrounded by the
30:
4814:
4210:
3038:
2951:
2946:
2765:
2543:
2485:
2356:
2205:
2183:
1959:
1904:
1889:
1879:
1739:
1661:
1563:
1484:
1357:
1338:
1285:
1270:
1228:
1110:
1091:
1065:
1057:
1036:
1013:
1001:, where pedestrian and vehicular traffic can safely and comfortably coexist.
971:
963:
955:
931:
881:
629:
455:
382:
302:
95:
35:
3607:
3327:"Street network patterns for mitigating urban heat islands in arid climates"
498:
is accordingly based on increasingly fine subdivisions, rather than a grid.
4477:
4459:
4365:
4346:
3561:
2936:
2753:
2685:
2675:
2670:
2538:
2472:
2254:
2200:
2166:
2024:
1924:
1829:
1824:
1508:
1434:
Patterns that incorporate discontinuous street types such as crescents and
1301:
1297:
1254:
1246:
1040:
998:
920:
868:
designed a system of wide streets intersecting at right angles between the
865:
861:
857:
832:
675:
639:
563:
is an example of a town planned on a grid system in the late 11th century.
471:
467:
221:
of various ancient Chinese states. Guidelines put into written form in the
174:
150:
117:
113:
1019:
One of the main advantages of the grid plan was that it allowed the rapid
66:, South Australia was laid out in a grid, surrounded by gardens and parks.
3695:
Twelve Historical New York City Street and Transit Maps from 1860 to 1967
3048:
3043:
2926:
2840:
2621:
2611:
2310:
2178:
1869:
1839:
1668:
1637:
1546:
1280:
and urban planners abandoned the grid virtually wholesale in favor of a "
1250:
1083:
889:
597:
567:
483:
431:
236:
232:
4701:
137:
4215:
The City in History: Its Origins, Its Transformation, and Its Prospects
4121:
3673:"The Great American Grid â A History of the American Grid in 4 Minutes"
3413:
3285:
3269:
3225:
3221:
3216:
3190:
3086:
3075:
3028:
2835:
2707:
2690:
2381:
2376:
2242:
1779:
1672:
1539:
1476:
1435:
1361:
1333:
1326:
1216:
1009:
763:
658:
491:
475:
339:
106:
1215:
until the 1960s. However, during the 1920s, the rapid adoption of the
539:
that were built during the 13th and 14th centuries. Medieval European
3237:
3145:
3140:
3130:
3065:
3016:
2966:
2830:
2748:
2736:
2712:
2607:
2564:
2467:
2285:
2221:
Most cities and towns in Argentina follow a traditional square grid.
2151:
2126:
1994:
1864:
1834:
1567:
1543:
1488:
1394:
In a numbered grid system, adding an extra street can cause confusion
1183:
1157:
1087:
978:
897:
818:
714:
699:
621:
609:
298:
222:
199:
195:
1027:
of a large parcel of land. For example, when the legislature of the
505:, Japan (est. 1868) following a grid plan under American influence.
435:
Grid blocks in Sapporo circa 1930, subdivisions are named after the
99:
4334:
International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity
4073:"Nelson region - European settlement:Nelson town blocks (1st of 2)"
3713:
NATIONAL LEAGUE OF CITIES: Most Common U.S. Street Names at nlc.org
3553:
3160:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2894:
2791:
2769:
2582:
2572:
2526:
2502:
2450:
2371:
2333:
2323:
2289:
2271:
2210:
2161:
2096:
1519:
1463:
Ecological features, rainwater absorption, and pollutant generation
1293:
1179:
1061:
601:
590:
548:
540:
532:
451:
306:
278:
272:
240:
63:
1390:
907:
4417:"Cul-de-Sacs Are Killing Us: Public Safety Lessons From Suburbia"
3531:"St Edmundsbury Local History - St Edmundsbury from 1066 to 1216"
3212:
3095:
3070:
2976:
2884:
2871:
2859:
2818:
2426:
2345:
2141:
2071:
1969:
1849:
1819:
1814:
1799:
1774:
1749:
1531:
1313:
1024:
994:
643:
613:
605:
582:
552:
521:
517:
502:
287:
243:. The city's grid covered 21 square kilometres (8 square miles).
207:
203:
154:
142:
51:
4298:
Handy, Susan; Sommer, Samantha; Ogilvie, Julie; Cao, Xinyu; and
2276:
844:
Map of the Original City of Philadelphia in 1682 by Thomas Holme
754:) while the far ends of each line cross with the embankments of
566:
The Roman model was also used in Spanish settlements during the
508:
4251:"Traditional Neighborhood Development Street Design Guidelines"
3150:
3125:
3115:
2981:
2941:
2916:
2889:
2854:
2850:
2845:
2813:
2781:
2633:
2597:
2592:
2462:
2405:
2306:
2106:
2014:
1794:
1480:
1317:
1262:
1212:
849:
671:
625:
556:
536:
528:
463:
361:
283:
166:
162:
91:
555:. An example of a medieval planned city in The Netherlands is
4236:
Philip Langdon, 2006: Seaside Stews Over Street Connections.
4021:
3242:
3200:
3185:
3170:
2931:
2906:
2808:
2786:
2724:
2627:
2490:
2415:
2410:
2004:
1859:
1628:
635:
586:
544:
487:
479:
443:
214:
189:
3585:
Crabgrass frontier: The suburbanization of the United States
3467:
3465:
3463:
3461:
1031:
decided in 1839 to move the capital to a new site along the
974:
and a parks system that is still today a jewel of the city.
810:
805:
42:
4702:
M. Takezawa, K. Wakamatsu, and M. Otsuka (28 August 2016).
3033:
2514:
1523:
1309:
1045:
482:(Heian-KyĂŽ, AD 794â1868) also adapted from Tang's capital,
185:
87:
47:
1467:
848:
Many of the earliest cities in the United States, such as
3458:
2563:
Schematic plan of Hoddle's allotments for the village of
1498:
The same inflexibility of the grid leads to disregarding
1167:
The city blocks and streets of Barcelona as conceived by
985:
An exception to the typical, uniform grid is the plan of
423:
facilitated by and aiding the expansion of their empire.
1915:
Pittsburgh (former Allegheny City section), Pennsylvania
1153:
124:
were built using grid plans in the Indian subcontinent.
4037:"Town Acre Reference Map - Map of the City of Adelaide"
2559:
600:
in Northern Europe. In 1606, the newly founded city of
4582:, Temple University Press, Philadelphia, 1989; p. 149.
3880:"Contextual Historical Overview for Christchurch City"
3401:
Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering
3325:
Chenary, Kimia; Soltani, Ali; Sharifi, Ayyoob (2023).
470:
Chinese model. The ancient capitals of Japan, such as
116:, the grid plan method of land measurement was called
4795:
3852:
Original from Oxford University; Digitized 2 Oct 2007
3324:
1356:
One famous grid system is in the British new town of
1125:, who was involved in various schemes to promote the
4328:
Veitch, Jenny; Salmon, Jo & Ball, Kylie (2010).
3988:
Behind the Scenes: The Politics of Planning Adelaide
1723:
426:
27:
Type of urban plan in which city streets form a grid
4441:
3910:. State Library of South Australia. 5 February 2015
1148:
1051:
596:The grid plan became popular with the start of the
486:. However, for reasons of defense, the planners of
3433:
3431:
1618:
1552:
202:in the 18th century BC, ordered the rebuilding of
4791:Superblocks, Barcelona Answer to Car-Centric City
3766:
1711:
1627:A 2Ă2 km square segment of the street network of
404:) and contained 100 parcels of land (each called
4812:
4327:
836:Twenty American grids compared at the same scale
666:, while actually only the eastern part was built
4134:
3984:
3868:. Melbourne: City of Melbourne. pp. 25â29.
3428:
543:using grid plans were widespread, ranging from
239:, is the largest ancient grid-plan site in the
3512:
3510:
3090:Grid street plan comparison in the Philippines
709:are the same, as was later implemented in the
4217:. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. p.425.
3866:Melbourne: The City's History and Development
3475:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. p.60.
880:Another well-known grid plan is the plan for
509:Europe and its colonies (12th-17th centuries)
213:The tradition of grid plans is continuous in
4732:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
4546:Journal of the American Planning Association
4137:Journal of the American Planning Association
3574:
3572:
3570:
4667:"City planning - Early settlement planning"
4594:"City planning - Early settlement planning"
4543:
4442:Ewing, R; Schieber, RA; Zegeer, CV (2003).
3931:"City planning - Early settlement planning"
3507:
3001:Towns and villages from the results of the
3447:
3445:
3443:
3367:The Ancient Indus Valley: New Perspectives
1502:sensitive areas such as small streams and
1475:Typical uniform grids are unresponsive to
1372:
638:, constructed in 1613â1618, was the first
4806:City Street Orientations around the World
4467:
4355:
4345:
3808:. Adelaide: Wakefield Press. p. 37.
3567:
3412:
3350:
2280:Enlargement plan map of Barcelona (1859).
1196:square blocks with truncated corners; and
950:. These diagonals are often connected by
806:Early United States (17th-19th centuries)
282:). This was probably best exemplified in
4379:Cul-de-Sacs: Suburban Dream or Dead End?
4034:
3928:
3842:. Adelaide: T. and W. Boone. p. 117
3394:
3085:
2558:
2275:
1622:
1466:
1389:
1381:
1332:
1245:
1162:
1152:
942:. Under the L'Enfant plan, the original
906:
839:
831:
823:
809:
657:
653:
512:
430:
297:
136:
57:
41:
29:
4672:Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand
4635:Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand
4599:Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand
4070:
3922:
3578:
3440:
3231:
217:from the 15th century BC onward in the
14:
4836:Urban studies and planning terminology
4813:
4768:
4679:from the original on 23 September 2023
4642:from the original on 23 September 2023
4606:from the original on 23 September 2023
3835:
3829:
3767:Margaret Anderson (31 December 2013).
3656:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
3331:International Journal of Digital Earth
4258:Institute of Transportation Engineers
3954:
3896:
3863:
3735:. University of Virginia Press, 2012.
3395:Pant, Mohan; Fumo, Shjui (May 2005).
1129:in the 1830s, and, as founder of the
1090:, Victoria, named after the surveyor
612:and almost the entire city centre of
184:A workers' village (2570â2500 BC) at
132:
3801:
3760:
1562:and for several initiatives such as
1320:world, the economically homogeneous
572:Spanish colonization of the Americas
4769:Robson, Daniel (21 November 2010).
4431:Memorial University of Newfoundland
3779:from the original on 18 August 2017
2630:in many of the older inner suburbs.
1269:A prominent 20th century urbanist,
1086:is the name given to the layout of
311:1.- Decumano; 2.- Cardo ; 3.-
24:
4796:Historical Society of Pennsylvania
4704:"The Layout of Kyoto City Streets"
4098:"Town Acre Map of Wellington 1841"
4077:Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand
3935:Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand
1511:solution to a multifaceted issue.
25:
4857:
4784:
4628:Lambert, Ron (1 September 2016).
4035:Adelaide, City of (5 June 2014).
2567:, Victoria, Australia, March 1837
2339:
1724:Cities and towns with a grid plan
1377:
1235:, where notable examples include
427:Asia from the first millennium AD
253:
4758:from the original on 2018-09-12.
4630:"Taranaki places - New Plymouth"
4592:Schrader, Ben (26 March 2015) .
3965:History Trust of South Australia
3957:"Light's Plan of Adelaide, 1840"
3955:Elton, Jude (10 December 2013).
3885:(PDF). June 2005. Archived from
3535:www.stedmundsburychronicle.co.uk
3502:Roman Pompeii: space and society
2418:, partially with the Beruto plan
2189:
1733:
1728:
1345:
1149:Late 19th century to the present
1064:, South Australia, spanning the
1052:Early 19th century â Australasia
305:Roman city matching the current
34:A simple grid plan from 1908 of
4821:3rd-millennium BC introductions
4762:
4740:
4695:
4664:
4658:
4621:
4585:
4572:
4537:
4528:
4518:
4509:
4484:
4435:
4423:
4409:
4384:
4372:
4321:
4308:
4304:University of California, Davis
4292:
4279:
4243:
4230:
4220:
4204:
4192:
4180:
4155:
4128:
4115:
4090:
4071:Walrond, Carl (1 August 2015).
4064:
4028:
3978:
3948:
3872:
3857:
3795:
3769:"Light's Plan of Adelaide 1837"
3747:
3738:
3725:
3706:
3687:
3665:
3625:
3614:
3547:
3523:
2742:
1619:Pedestrian and bicycle movement
1553:Social environment and security
1518:in the street pavement and the
1127:colonisation of South Australia
896:for the development of most of
293:
4665:Schrader, Ben (26 Mar 2015) .
4260:. October 1999. Archived from
3494:
3485:
3388:
3359:
3318:
3081:
2659:
2456:
2387:
2361:Milton Keynes grid road system
1712:Reconstruction and development
1352:Milton Keynes grid road system
1109:, New Zealand, was planned by
705:The shape of street blocks on
374:would have the aforementioned
13:
1:
4591:
3929:Schrader, Ben (26 Mar 2015).
3352:10.1080/17538947.2023.2243901
3312:
1386:Block sizes and street length
478:(HeijĂŽ-KyĂŽ, AD 710â784), and
4748:"The linear roads of Nagoya"
4627:
3993:University of Adelaide Press
3904:"Foundation of the Province"
3677:www.thegreatamericangrid.com
3258:District 1, Ho Chi Minh City
3206:
2900:
2865:
2554:
2248:
2194:
1116:
7:
3275:Commissioners' Plan of 1811
3263:
3059:
3022:
2775:
2759:
2532:
1884:Commissioners' Plan of 1811
1702:total and injurious crashes
1609:Vancouver, British Columbia
886:Commissioners' Plan of 1811
815:Commissioners' Plan of 1811
762:rivers in the delta of the
711:Commissioners' Plan of 1811
10:
4862:
3251:
2768:in the market district of
2730:
2718:
2618:Newcastle, New South Wales
2549:
2520:
2508:
2432:
2269:
2050:Wilmington, North Carolina
1507:represents a rationalist,
1349:
888:, a proposal by the state
576:San CristĂłbal de La Laguna
496:Japanese addressing system
219:traditional urban planning
127:
4580:The Atlas of Pennsylvania
4558:10.1080/01944360902950349
4288:University College London
4149:10.1080/01944369308975880
4102:Wellington City Libraries
3009:
2696:
2496:
2478:
2260:
2172:
2065:
1990:Sioux Falls, South Dakota
1770:Charlotte, North Carolina
1679:
1493:Saint John, New Brunswick
1039:. Charged with the task,
970:, was adopted to build a
795:
159:Indus Valley civilization
98:to each other, forming a
46:A grid plan from 1799 of
4771:"Sapporo's warm welcome"
4381:, Morning Edition on NPR
3836:Dutton, Francis (1846).
3516:Gelernter, Mark (2001),
3369: ; ABC-CLIO, 2008;
2878:
2824:
2802:
2701:
2444:
2399:
2265:
2224:
1974:Street layout of Seattle
1930:Providence, Rhode Island
1785:Columbia, South Carolina
574:, after the founding of
227:Spring and Autumn period
4801:The Great American Grid
4314:Huttenmoser, Marco and
4011:10.20851/j.ctt1sq5wvd.8
3590:Oxford University Press
3471:Higgins, Hannah (2009)
3277:(Manhattan street grid)
2797:
2236:
2000:St. Petersburg, Florida
1845:Lake Charles, Louisiana
1667:Examining the issue of
1584:Defensible Space Theory
1527:uniform, classic grid.
1373:Benefits and criticisms
1239:(an early example) and
1123:Edward Gibbon Wakefield
940:Pierre Charles L'Enfant
688:Grand Embassy to Europe
145:in the Classical period
4460:10.2105/ajph.93.9.1541
4347:10.1186/1479-5868-7-11
3564:all have grid layouts.
3500:Laurence, Ray (2007),
3291:Land Ordinance of 1785
3281:Comprehensive planning
3091:
3003:transmigration program
2568:
2439:Newtown Pery, Limerick
2281:
1632:
1472:
1395:
1387:
1342:
1300:'s seminal history of
1266:
1172:
1160:
1060:drew up his plans for
924:
845:
837:
829:
821:
787:
667:
524:
439:
331:
157:, major cities of the
146:
67:
55:
39:
3864:Lewis, Miles (1995).
3111:Bonifacio Global City
3089:
2562:
2279:
1760:Bristol, Rhode Island
1626:
1530:Some cities, notably
1470:
1393:
1385:
1336:
1249:
1243:(a late-period one).
1219:caused a panic among
1166:
1156:
1100:Little Collins Street
989:(1733), known as the
930:, the capital of the
910:
843:
835:
827:
813:
661:
654:Russia (18th century)
648:British North America
516:
434:
313:Foro de Caesaraugusta
301:
270:(equivalent to Roman
260:Hippodamus of Miletus
140:
61:
45:
33:
4300:Mokhtarian, Patricia
4267:on February 20, 2011
4201:Accessed 16 May 2017
4189:Accessed 17 May 2017
3802:Fort, Carol (2008).
3722:Accessed 16 May 2017
3621:ExplorePaHistory.com
3451:Burns, Ross (2005),
3232:United Arab Emirates
3005:throughout Indonesia
2137:Thunder Bay, Ontario
2060:Winter Park, Florida
2045:Wilmington, Delaware
1965:San Jose, California
1605:Berkeley, California
1516:impermeable surfaces
1296:styles: as noted in
944:District of Columbia
934:, was planned under
872:to the west and the
800:Izmaylovsky Regiment
54:, by Isaac Tillberg.
3755:The Oglethorpe Plan
3733:The Oglethorpe Plan
3580:Jackson, Kenneth T.
3453:Damascus: A History
3343:2023IJDE...16.3145C
2367:New Town, Edinburgh
2112:Quebec City, Quebec
1805:Fargo, North Dakota
1755:Birmingham, Alabama
1595:Culs-de-sac reduce
1337:A one km sector in
1131:New Zealand Company
1078:Adelaide Park Lands
1068:. Two areas south (
948:Pennsylvania Avenue
690:, the Czar ordered
682:founded in 1703 by
618:planned communities
4826:City layout models
4714:on 2 November 2020
4448:Am J Public Health
4256:. Washington, DC:
4058:2021-01-15 at the
3995:. pp. 11â38.
3718:2013-02-16 at the
3662:Swarthmore College
3558:Dorchester Heights
3455:, Routledge, p. 39
3414:10.3130/jaabe.4.51
3156:Intramuros, Manila
3092:
2972:Siak Sri Indrapura
2569:
2328:Eixample, Valencia
2282:
1810:Fresno, California
1718:linear settlements
1652:the right of way.
1646:traffic collisions
1633:
1538:that it offers to
1473:
1396:
1388:
1343:
1267:
1173:
1161:
925:
884:formulated in the
846:
838:
830:
822:
707:Vasilyevsky Island
696:Vasilyevsky Island
668:
664:Vasilyevsky Island
525:
440:
332:
235:, near modern-day
147:
133:Ancient grid plans
68:
56:
40:
4708:The Kyoto Project
3481:978-0-262-51240-4
3375:978-1-57607-907-2
3136:Claveria, Cagayan
2394:La Chaux-de-Fonds
1980:Savannah, Georgia
1765:Cedar Falls, Iowa
1745:Anniston, Alabama
1367:V6 Grafton Street
1278:traffic engineers
1029:Republic of Texas
987:Savannah, Georgia
966:, led by Senator
960:Washington Circle
772:Kadetskaya liniya
692:Domenico Trezzini
462:, the capital of
454:, the capital of
412:decumanus maximus
377:decumanus maximus
344:decumanus maximus
200:Babylonian Empire
179:Kathmandu Valleys
141:The grid plan of
16:(Redirected from
4853:
4779:
4778:
4766:
4760:
4759:
4744:
4738:
4737:
4731:
4723:
4721:
4719:
4710:. Archived from
4699:
4693:
4692:
4686:
4684:
4662:
4656:
4655:
4649:
4647:
4625:
4619:
4618:
4613:
4611:
4589:
4583:
4576:
4570:
4569:
4541:
4535:
4532:
4526:
4522:
4516:
4513:
4507:
4506:
4504:
4503:
4494:. Archived from
4488:
4482:
4481:
4471:
4439:
4433:
4427:
4421:
4420:
4413:
4407:
4406:
4404:
4403:
4394:. Archived from
4388:
4382:
4376:
4370:
4369:
4359:
4349:
4325:
4319:
4316:Marie Meierhofer
4312:
4306:
4296:
4290:
4283:
4277:
4276:
4274:
4272:
4266:
4255:
4247:
4241:
4240:, September 2006
4234:
4228:
4224:
4218:
4208:
4202:
4196:
4190:
4184:
4178:
4177:
4175:
4174:
4165:. Archived from
4159:
4153:
4152:
4132:
4126:
4119:
4113:
4112:
4110:
4108:
4094:
4088:
4087:
4085:
4083:
4068:
4062:
4051:
4049:
4047:
4032:
4026:
4025:
4019:
4017:
3982:
3976:
3975:
3973:
3971:
3952:
3946:
3945:
3943:
3941:
3926:
3920:
3919:
3917:
3915:
3900:
3894:
3893:
3891:
3884:
3876:
3870:
3869:
3861:
3855:
3854:
3849:
3847:
3833:
3827:
3826:
3824:
3822:
3799:
3793:
3792:
3786:
3784:
3764:
3758:
3751:
3745:
3742:
3736:
3729:
3723:
3710:
3704:
3691:
3685:
3684:
3679:. Archived from
3669:
3663:
3661:
3655:
3647:
3645:
3644:
3635:. Archived from
3629:
3623:
3618:
3612:
3611:
3576:
3565:
3551:
3545:
3544:
3542:
3541:
3527:
3521:
3514:
3505:
3498:
3492:
3489:
3483:
3469:
3456:
3449:
3438:
3435:
3426:
3425:
3423:
3421:
3416:
3392:
3386:
3363:
3357:
3356:
3354:
3337:(1): 3145â3161.
3322:
3297:Street hierarchy
2860:Neyveli Township
2319:
2302:
2132:Sudbury, Ontario
1920:Portland, Oregon
1658:Vauban, Freiburg
1597:perceived danger
1403:opportunity cost
1282:street hierarchy
1133:, the plans for
928:Washington, D.C.
917:Washington, D.C.
870:Schuylkill River
854:New Haven Colony
797:
585:capital city of
448:Korean peninsula
80:grid street plan
21:
4861:
4860:
4856:
4855:
4854:
4852:
4851:
4850:
4811:
4810:
4787:
4782:
4775:the Japan times
4767:
4763:
4746:
4745:
4741:
4725:
4724:
4717:
4715:
4700:
4696:
4682:
4680:
4663:
4659:
4645:
4643:
4626:
4622:
4609:
4607:
4590:
4586:
4577:
4573:
4542:
4538:
4533:
4529:
4523:
4519:
4514:
4510:
4501:
4499:
4490:
4489:
4485:
4440:
4436:
4428:
4424:
4415:
4414:
4410:
4401:
4399:
4390:
4389:
4385:
4377:
4373:
4326:
4322:
4313:
4309:
4297:
4293:
4284:
4280:
4270:
4268:
4264:
4253:
4249:
4248:
4244:
4235:
4231:
4225:
4221:
4209:
4205:
4197:
4193:
4185:
4181:
4172:
4170:
4161:
4160:
4156:
4133:
4129:
4120:
4116:
4106:
4104:
4096:
4095:
4091:
4081:
4079:
4069:
4065:
4060:Wayback Machine
4045:
4043:
4033:
4029:
4015:
4013:
4003:
3983:
3979:
3969:
3967:
3953:
3949:
3939:
3937:
3927:
3923:
3913:
3911:
3902:
3901:
3897:
3892:on 22 May 2010.
3889:
3882:
3878:
3877:
3873:
3862:
3858:
3845:
3843:
3834:
3830:
3820:
3818:
3816:
3800:
3796:
3782:
3780:
3765:
3761:
3752:
3748:
3743:
3739:
3730:
3726:
3720:Wayback Machine
3711:
3707:
3692:
3688:
3671:
3670:
3666:
3649:
3648:
3642:
3640:
3633:"Archived copy"
3631:
3630:
3626:
3619:
3615:
3600:
3577:
3568:
3552:
3548:
3539:
3537:
3529:
3528:
3524:
3515:
3508:
3499:
3495:
3490:
3486:
3470:
3459:
3450:
3441:
3436:
3429:
3419:
3417:
3393:
3389:
3365:Jane McIntosh,
3364:
3360:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3307:Urban structure
3293:(United States)
3266:
3254:
3234:
3209:
3084:
3062:
3025:
3012:
2957:Pematangsiantar
2903:
2881:
2868:
2827:
2805:
2800:
2778:
2762:
2745:
2733:
2721:
2704:
2699:
2662:
2557:
2552:
2535:
2523:
2511:
2499:
2481:
2459:
2447:
2435:
2422:Reggio Calabria
2402:
2390:
2353:(medieval grid)
2351:Bury St Edmunds
2342:
2313:
2296:
2274:
2268:
2263:
2251:
2239:
2227:
2197:
2192:
2175:
2146:Concession road
2102:Oshawa, Ontario
2092:London, Ontario
2068:
2040:Wichita, Kansas
2030:Washington D.C.
2020:Tulsa, Oklahoma
1984:Oglethorpe Plan
1895:Omaha, Nebraska
1736:
1731:
1726:
1714:
1682:
1621:
1560:traffic calming
1555:
1500:environmentally
1465:
1380:
1375:
1354:
1348:
1306:The City Shaped
1151:
1119:
1096:New South Wales
1070:the city centre
1054:
991:Oglethorpe Plan
952:traffic circles
936:French-American
808:
656:
561:Bury St Edmunds
511:
429:
336:Etruscan people
321:Termas pĂșblicas
310:
296:
256:
135:
130:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4859:
4849:
4848:
4843:
4838:
4833:
4831:Road transport
4828:
4823:
4809:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4786:
4785:External links
4783:
4781:
4780:
4761:
4739:
4694:
4657:
4620:
4584:
4571:
4552:(3): 309â329.
4536:
4527:
4517:
4508:
4483:
4434:
4422:
4419:. 7 June 2011.
4408:
4383:
4371:
4320:
4307:
4291:
4278:
4242:
4238:New Urban News
4229:
4219:
4211:Mumford, Lewis
4203:
4191:
4179:
4154:
4143:(3): 271â288.
4127:
4114:
4089:
4063:
4041:data.sa.gov.au
4027:
4001:
3977:
3947:
3921:
3895:
3871:
3856:
3828:
3814:
3794:
3759:
3746:
3737:
3724:
3705:
3693:Landers, John
3686:
3683:on 2013-11-08.
3664:
3624:
3613:
3598:
3566:
3546:
3522:
3506:
3493:
3484:
3457:
3439:
3427:
3387:
3358:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3310:
3309:
3304:
3302:Urban planning
3299:
3294:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3272:
3265:
3262:
3261:
3260:
3253:
3250:
3249:
3248:
3245:
3240:
3233:
3230:
3229:
3228:
3219:
3208:
3205:
3204:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3106:Basco, Batanes
3103:
3098:
3083:
3080:
3079:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3061:
3058:
3057:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3024:
3021:
3020:
3019:
3011:
3008:
3007:
3006:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2902:
2899:
2898:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2880:
2877:
2876:
2875:
2867:
2864:
2863:
2862:
2857:
2853:, a suburb of
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2826:
2823:
2822:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2795:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2777:
2774:
2773:
2772:
2761:
2758:
2757:
2756:
2751:
2744:
2741:
2740:
2739:
2732:
2729:
2728:
2727:
2720:
2717:
2716:
2715:
2710:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2694:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2661:
2658:
2657:
2656:
2650:Canley Heights
2631:
2625:
2615:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2577:Light's Vision
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2547:
2546:
2541:
2534:
2531:
2530:
2529:
2522:
2519:
2518:
2517:
2510:
2507:
2506:
2505:
2498:
2495:
2494:
2493:
2488:
2480:
2477:
2476:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2458:
2455:
2454:
2453:
2446:
2443:
2442:
2441:
2434:
2431:
2430:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2413:
2408:
2401:
2398:
2397:
2396:
2389:
2386:
2385:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2354:
2348:
2341:
2340:United Kingdom
2338:
2337:
2336:
2331:
2321:
2304:
2270:Main article:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2258:
2257:
2250:
2247:
2246:
2245:
2238:
2235:
2234:
2233:
2226:
2223:
2219:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2187:
2186:
2181:
2174:
2171:
2170:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2067:
2064:
2063:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1977:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1950:Salt Lake City
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1790:Columbus, Ohio
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1713:
1710:
1681:
1678:
1620:
1617:
1564:living streets
1554:
1551:
1464:
1461:
1416:Pavement width
1379:
1378:Financial cost
1376:
1374:
1371:
1350:Main article:
1347:
1344:
1276:In the 1960s,
1229:arterial roads
1221:urban planners
1201:
1200:
1197:
1194:
1191:
1176:Ildefons CerdĂ
1169:Ildefons CerdĂ
1150:
1147:
1118:
1115:
1074:North Adelaide
1053:
1050:
1033:Colorado River
1006:Salt Lake City
968:James McMillan
902:Houston Street
874:Delaware River
807:
804:
802:were located.
680:St. Petersburg
655:
652:
620:and cities in
510:
507:
474:(AD 694â710),
466:, adapted the
437:numbered roads
428:
425:
317:Puerto fluvial
295:
292:
255:
254:Ancient Greece
252:
134:
131:
129:
126:
122:planned cities
90:plan in which
72:urban planning
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4858:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4818:
4816:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4788:
4776:
4772:
4765:
4757:
4753:
4749:
4743:
4735:
4729:
4713:
4709:
4705:
4698:
4691:
4678:
4674:
4673:
4668:
4661:
4654:
4641:
4637:
4636:
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4605:
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4581:
4575:
4567:
4563:
4559:
4555:
4551:
4547:
4540:
4531:
4521:
4512:
4498:on 2006-09-03
4497:
4493:
4487:
4479:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4461:
4457:
4454:(9): 1541â5.
4453:
4449:
4445:
4438:
4432:
4426:
4418:
4412:
4398:on 2017-01-18
4397:
4393:
4387:
4380:
4375:
4367:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4339:
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4305:
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4295:
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4259:
4252:
4246:
4239:
4233:
4223:
4216:
4212:
4207:
4200:
4195:
4188:
4183:
4169:on 2010-07-04
4168:
4164:
4158:
4150:
4146:
4142:
4138:
4131:
4123:
4118:
4103:
4099:
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4078:
4074:
4067:
4061:
4057:
4054:
4042:
4038:
4031:
4023:
4012:
4008:
4004:
4002:9781922064400
3998:
3994:
3990:
3989:
3981:
3966:
3962:
3958:
3951:
3936:
3932:
3925:
3909:
3905:
3899:
3888:
3881:
3875:
3867:
3860:
3853:
3841:
3840:
3832:
3817:
3815:9781862547827
3811:
3807:
3806:
3798:
3791:
3778:
3774:
3770:
3763:
3756:
3750:
3741:
3734:
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3721:
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3714:
3709:
3703:
3699:
3696:
3690:
3682:
3678:
3674:
3668:
3659:
3653:
3639:on 2007-04-20
3638:
3634:
3628:
3622:
3617:
3609:
3605:
3601:
3599:0-19-504983-7
3595:
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3575:
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3532:
3526:
3519:
3513:
3511:
3503:
3497:
3488:
3482:
3478:
3474:
3473:The Grid Book
3468:
3466:
3464:
3462:
3454:
3448:
3446:
3444:
3434:
3432:
3415:
3410:
3406:
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3259:
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3202:
3199:
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3149:
3147:
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3142:
3139:
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3129:
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3122:
3119:
3117:
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3112:
3109:
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3104:
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3099:
3097:
3094:
3093:
3088:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3063:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3039:Kota Kinabalu
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3026:
3018:
3014:
3013:
3004:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2952:Palangka Raya
2950:
2948:
2947:North Jakarta
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
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2896:
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2834:
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2829:
2828:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2806:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2779:
2771:
2767:
2766:Dar es Salaam
2764:
2763:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2746:
2738:
2735:
2734:
2726:
2723:
2722:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2705:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2663:
2655:
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2647:
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2639:
2635:
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2626:
2623:
2619:
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2613:
2609:
2606:
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2601:
2599:
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2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2578:
2574:
2571:
2570:
2566:
2561:
2545:
2544:Byala Slatina
2542:
2540:
2537:
2536:
2528:
2525:
2524:
2516:
2513:
2512:
2504:
2501:
2500:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2486:St Petersburg
2483:
2482:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2460:
2452:
2449:
2448:
2440:
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2423:
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2409:
2407:
2404:
2403:
2395:
2392:
2391:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2362:
2358:
2357:Milton Keynes
2355:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2343:
2335:
2332:
2329:
2325:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2308:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2284:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2256:
2253:
2252:
2244:
2241:
2240:
2232:
2229:
2228:
2222:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2206:Mar del Plata
2204:
2202:
2199:
2198:
2190:South America
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2176:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2147:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2069:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2035:
2034:L'Enfant Plan
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2010:Traverse City
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1985:
1981:
1978:
1975:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1960:San Francisco
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1905:Panorama City
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1890:Oklahoma City
1888:
1885:
1881:
1880:New York City
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
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1838:
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1833:
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1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
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1793:
1791:
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1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1737:
1734:United States
1729:North America
1721:
1719:
1709:
1705:
1703:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1686:
1677:
1674:
1670:
1665:
1663:
1662:Village Homes
1659:
1653:
1651:
1647:
1641:
1639:
1630:
1625:
1616:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1601:
1598:
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1569:
1565:
1561:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1541:
1535:
1533:
1528:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1512:
1510:
1505:
1501:
1496:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1485:San Francisco
1482:
1478:
1469:
1460:
1456:
1454:
1450:
1444:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1429:
1424:
1420:
1417:
1413:
1410:
1409:Street length
1406:
1404:
1400:
1392:
1384:
1370:
1368:
1363:
1359:
1358:Milton Keynes
1353:
1346:Milton Keynes
1340:
1339:Milton Keynes
1335:
1331:
1329:
1328:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1290:security gate
1287:
1283:
1279:
1274:
1272:
1271:Lewis Mumford
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1242:
1241:Panorama City
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1209:
1205:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1188:
1187:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1170:
1165:
1159:
1155:
1146:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1114:
1112:
1111:Edward Jollie
1108:
1103:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1092:Robert Hoddle
1089:
1085:
1081:
1079:
1075:
1072:) and north (
1071:
1067:
1066:River Torrens
1063:
1059:
1058:William Light
1049:
1047:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1017:
1015:
1014:Oklahoma City
1011:
1007:
1002:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
983:
980:
975:
973:
972:National Mall
969:
965:
964:McMillan Plan
961:
957:
956:Dupont Circle
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
932:United States
929:
922:
918:
914:
913:L'Enfant Plan
909:
905:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
882:New York City
878:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
842:
834:
826:
820:
816:
812:
803:
801:
793:
789:
785:
781:
775:
773:
767:
765:
761:
757:
756:Bolshaya Neva
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
728:
723:
721:
716:
712:
708:
703:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
665:
660:
651:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
631:
630:United States
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
594:
592:
588:
584:
579:
577:
573:
569:
564:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
523:
519:
515:
506:
504:
499:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
456:Unified Silla
453:
449:
445:
438:
433:
424:
420:
417:
416:cardo maximus
413:
409:
408:
403:
402:
396:
394:
390:
385:
384:
383:cardo maximus
379:
378:
372:
368:
364:
363:
357:
355:
354:
349:
348:cardo maximus
345:
341:
337:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
308:
304:
303:Caesaraugusta
300:
291:
289:
285:
281:
280:
275:
274:
269:
265:
261:
251:
249:
244:
242:
238:
234:
230:
228:
224:
220:
216:
211:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
191:
187:
182:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
144:
139:
125:
123:
119:
115:
110:
108:
103:
101:
97:
93:
89:
86:is a type of
85:
84:gridiron plan
81:
77:
73:
65:
60:
53:
49:
44:
37:
36:Palaio Faliro
32:
19:
4841:Mohenjo-daro
4774:
4764:
4751:
4742:
4716:. Retrieved
4712:the original
4707:
4697:
4688:
4683:23 September
4681:. Retrieved
4670:
4660:
4651:
4646:23 September
4644:. Retrieved
4633:
4623:
4615:
4610:23 September
4608:. Retrieved
4597:
4587:
4579:
4574:
4549:
4545:
4539:
4530:
4520:
4511:
4500:. Retrieved
4496:the original
4486:
4451:
4447:
4437:
4425:
4411:
4400:. Retrieved
4396:the original
4386:
4374:
4337:
4333:
4323:
4310:
4294:
4281:
4269:. Retrieved
4262:the original
4245:
4237:
4232:
4222:
4214:
4206:
4194:
4182:
4171:. Retrieved
4167:the original
4157:
4140:
4136:
4130:
4117:
4105:. Retrieved
4101:
4092:
4080:. Retrieved
4076:
4066:
4044:. Retrieved
4040:
4030:
4020:– via
4014:. Retrieved
3987:
3980:
3968:. Retrieved
3960:
3950:
3938:. Retrieved
3934:
3924:
3912:. Retrieved
3907:
3898:
3887:the original
3874:
3865:
3859:
3851:
3844:. Retrieved
3838:
3831:
3819:. Retrieved
3804:
3797:
3788:
3781:. Retrieved
3772:
3762:
3754:
3749:
3740:
3732:
3727:
3708:
3702:1-882608-16X
3694:
3689:
3681:the original
3676:
3667:
3641:. Retrieved
3637:the original
3627:
3616:
3588:. New York:
3583:
3562:South Boston
3549:
3538:. Retrieved
3534:
3525:
3517:
3501:
3496:
3487:
3472:
3452:
3418:. Retrieved
3407:(1): 51â59.
3404:
3400:
3390:
3377: ; pp.
3366:
3361:
3334:
3330:
3320:
2754:Johannesburg
2743:South Africa
2686:New Plymouth
2676:Invercargill
2671:Christchurch
2654:greater west
2539:Stara Zagora
2473:Nieuw-Vennep
2255:Barquisimeto
2220:
2216:BahĂa Blanca
2201:Buenos Aires
1925:Philadelphia
1830:Jacksonville
1825:Indianapolis
1715:
1706:
1701:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1687:
1683:
1666:
1654:
1649:
1642:
1634:
1613:permeability
1602:
1593:
1589:
1580:Oscar Newman
1576:
1572:
1556:
1536:
1529:
1513:
1509:reductionist
1497:
1474:
1457:
1445:
1440:
1433:
1427:
1425:
1421:
1415:
1414:
1408:
1407:
1399:Street width
1398:
1397:
1355:
1325:
1305:
1302:urban design
1298:Spiro Kostof
1275:
1268:
1255:Burkina Faso
1237:Leimert Park
1210:
1206:
1202:
1174:
1139:New Plymouth
1120:
1107:Christchurch
1105:The city of
1104:
1082:
1055:
1041:Edwin Waller
1018:
1003:
999:shared space
984:
976:
926:
921:U.S. Capitol
879:
866:Thomas Holme
862:William Penn
858:Philadelphia
847:
776:
771:
768:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
725:
719:
704:
676:planned city
669:
640:planned city
634:
595:
580:
565:
535:of southern
526:
500:
472:Fujiwara-KyĂŽ
468:Tang dynasty
441:
421:
415:
411:
406:
400:
397:
392:
388:
381:
375:
370:
366:
360:
358:
353:centuriation
351:
347:
343:
333:
315: ; 4.-
294:Ancient Rome
277:
271:
267:
263:
257:
245:
231:
212:
198:king of the
194:
183:
151:Mohenjo-daro
149:By 2600 BC,
148:
118:centuriation
114:ancient Rome
111:
104:
96:right angles
83:
79:
75:
69:
62:The city of
3753:Wilson, T.
3731:Wilson, T.
3504:, p. 15-16.
3420:18 December
3176:San Nicolas
3082:Philippines
3049:Subang Jaya
2927:Lubuk Pakam
2841:Gandhinagar
2660:New Zealand
2636:suburbs of
2622:Dangar Grid
2612:Hoddle Grid
2457:Netherlands
2388:Switzerland
2314: [
2311:Plan Castro
2297: [
2179:Mexico City
1870:Minneapolis
1840:Los Angeles
1669:walkability
1638:cul-de-sacs
1540:pedestrians
1453:John Randal
1436:culs-de-sac
1362:roundabouts
1327:culs-de-sac
1322:subdivision
1259:Upper Volta
1251:Ouagadougou
1233:Los Angeles
1084:Hoddle Grid
1021:subdivision
1012:(1872) and
890:legislature
864:, surveyor
616:, and many
598:Renaissance
568:Reconquista
237:Mexico City
233:Teotihuacan
225:during the
4815:Categories
4502:2006-09-03
4402:2019-07-20
4173:2014-12-12
4107:16 January
4082:16 January
4046:16 January
3970:16 January
3940:16 January
3846:22 October
3821:22 October
3643:2007-04-08
3540:2021-05-18
3313:References
3286:Fused grid
3270:City block
3226:Fused grid
3222:Anchorvale
3217:Fused grid
3191:Tuguegarao
3121:Candelaria
3076:Jauharabad
3029:Batu Pahat
2836:Chandigarh
2708:Alexandria
2691:Wellington
2638:Smithfield
2382:Winchelsea
2377:Whitehaven
2122:Saint John
2055:Windermere
1945:Sacramento
1855:Manchester
1780:Cincinnati
1673:fused grid
1568:Home Zones
1524:rain water
1477:topography
1286:noise wall
1225:superblock
1217:automobile
1135:Wellington
1010:Dodge City
954:, such as
938:architect
764:Neva River
674:the first
549:Florentine
520:schema in
492:Edo Castle
460:Sanggyeong
340:Marzabotto
248:Roman Grid
107:wayfinding
4752:ćć€ć±.tokyo
4566:153379995
3961:Adelaidia
3908:SA Memory
3773:Adelaidia
3238:Abu Dhabi
3207:Singapore
3146:Koronadal
3141:Kidapawan
3131:Cebu City
3066:Islamabad
3017:Beersheba
2967:Pontianak
2912:Gilimanuk
2901:Indonesia
2874:peninsula
2866:Hong Kong
2831:Amaravati
2749:Cape Town
2737:Mogadishu
2713:Port Said
2666:Ashburton
2608:Melbourne
2565:Melbourne
2555:Australia
2468:The Hague
2294:Pla CerdĂ
2286:Barcelona
2249:Venezuela
2195:Argentina
2152:Vancouver
2127:Saskatoon
1995:St. Louis
1955:San Diego
1875:New Haven
1865:Milwaukee
1835:Las Vegas
1547:emissions
1544:pollutant
1520:sidewalks
1489:Vancouver
1184:Barcelona
1158:Barcelona
1117:Town acre
1113:in 1850.
1088:Melbourne
979:San Diego
898:Manhattan
819:Manhattan
798:) of the
780:companies
715:Manhattan
700:Amsterdam
622:Australia
610:Edinburgh
541:new towns
309:city map:
268:stenophoi
223:Kaogongji
196:Hammurabi
76:grid plan
18:Town acre
4756:Archived
4728:cite web
4718:21 April
4677:Archived
4640:Archived
4604:Archived
4478:12948977
4366:20181061
4056:Archived
3777:Archived
3757:, p. 175
3716:Archived
3652:cite web
3608:11785435
3582:(1985).
3554:Back Bay
3520:, p. 15.
3264:See also
3196:Victoria
3181:Santiago
3161:Magalang
3060:Pakistan
3023:Malaysia
2997:Wonogiri
2992:Waingapu
2987:Surabaya
2792:Bulawayo
2776:Zimbabwe
2770:Kariakoo
2760:Tanzania
2603:Tamworth
2583:Ballarat
2573:Adelaide
2533:Bulgaria
2527:Mannheim
2503:Kraljevo
2451:Valletta
2372:Plymouth
2334:Donostia
2324:Valencia
2290:Eixample
2272:Ensanche
2231:Santiago
2211:La Plata
2167:Victoria
2162:Winnipeg
2097:Montreal
2087:Hamilton
2077:Edmonton
1940:Richmond
1294:medieval
1180:Eixample
1062:Adelaide
1056:In 1836
1008:(1870),
894:New York
760:Smolenka
740:Sredniy
727:prospekt
628:and the
602:Mannheim
591:Valletta
533:bastides
529:European
484:Chang'an
452:Gyeongju
446:and the
407:heredium
401:centuria
307:Zaragoza
279:cardines
273:decumani
264:plateiai
241:Americas
173:(in the
64:Adelaide
4846:Harappa
4469:1448007
4357:2841089
4271:May 23,
4213:(1961)
3339:Bibcode
3252:Vietnam
3247:Sharjah
3213:Punggol
3096:Bacolod
3071:Karachi
3054:Taiping
2977:Sibolga
2962:Pinrang
2885:Beijing
2872:Kowloon
2819:Sapporo
2731:Somalia
2719:Senegal
2652:in the
2642:Austral
2588:Ballina
2550:Oceania
2521:Germany
2509:Finland
2433:Ireland
2427:Messina
2346:Glasgow
2157:Windsor
2142:Toronto
2082:Halifax
2072:Calgary
1970:Seattle
1935:Raleigh
1910:Phoenix
1900:Orlando
1850:Lubbock
1820:Houston
1815:Holyoke
1800:Detroit
1775:Chicago
1750:Atlanta
1532:Seattle
1449:packing
1314:Moorish
1265:), 1930
1213:suburbs
1025:auction
995:fractal
792:Russian
732:Bolshoi
684:Peter I
644:Ireland
614:Glasgow
606:Germany
583:baroque
553:burgage
547:to the
522:Gascony
518:Bastide
503:Sapporo
410:). The
329:Muralla
288:Miletus
208:bitumen
204:Babylon
155:Harappa
143:Miletus
128:History
94:run at
92:streets
52:Finland
4690:hills.
4653:times.
4564:
4476:
4466:
4364:
4354:
4340:: 11.
4227:Agency
4016:16 Jan
4009:
3999:
3914:16 Jan
3812:
3700:
3606:
3596:
3560:, and
3479:
3373:
3151:Lucena
3126:Candon
3116:Butuan
3010:Israel
2982:Sragen
2942:Nabire
2922:Kolaka
2917:Kenyam
2890:Datong
2855:Mumbai
2851:Mulund
2846:Jaipur
2814:Nagoya
2782:Harare
2697:Africa
2681:Nelson
2646:Auburn
2634:Sydney
2598:Hobart
2593:Cairns
2497:Serbia
2479:Russia
2463:Elburg
2406:Naples
2307:Madrid
2261:Europe
2184:Puebla
2173:Mexico
2117:Regina
2107:Ottawa
2066:Canada
2015:Tucson
1795:Dallas
1740:Austin
1680:Safety
1607:, and
1504:creeks
1491:, and
1481:Priene
1318:Muslim
1263:Africa
1143:Nelson
1046:oxcart
1037:Austin
900:above
850:Boston
784:German
746:) and
744:Middle
722:(Line)
720:Liniya
672:Russia
626:Canada
557:Elburg
537:France
464:Balhae
458:, and
393:castra
389:castra
371:castra
367:castra
362:castra
327:; 7.-
325:Teatro
323:; 6.-
319:; 5.-
284:Priene
167:Taxila
163:Sirkap
74:, the
4562:S2CID
4525:73â82
4265:(PDF)
4254:(PDF)
4022:JSTOR
4007:JSTOR
3890:(PDF)
3883:(PDF)
3783:5 May
3243:Dubai
3201:Vigan
3186:Tagum
3171:Pasay
3166:Muñoz
3101:Banga
2937:Metro
2932:Medan
2907:Batam
2895:Xi'an
2879:China
2825:India
2809:Kyoto
2803:Japan
2787:Gweru
2725:Dakar
2702:Egypt
2628:Perth
2620:(see
2610:(see
2575:(see
2491:Yeysk
2445:Malta
2416:Milan
2411:Turin
2400:Italy
2359:(see
2326:(see
2318:]
2309:(see
2301:]
2288:(see
2266:Spain
2225:Chile
2144:(see
2032:(see
2025:Tyler
2005:Tampa
1982:(see
1972:(see
1882:(see
1860:Miami
1629:Paris
1582:on a
1441:total
1428:total
1288:or a
1257:, ex
788:Rotte
752:Small
636:Derry
587:Malta
545:Wales
488:Tokyo
480:Kyoto
444:Japan
215:China
190:Egypt
175:Indus
171:Thimi
82:, or
4734:link
4720:2020
4685:2023
4648:2023
4612:2023
4474:PMID
4362:PMID
4273:2017
4125:2017
4109:2021
4084:2021
4048:2021
4018:2021
3997:ISBN
3972:2021
3942:2021
3916:2021
3848:2019
3823:2019
3810:ISBN
3790:date
3785:2018
3698:ISBN
3658:link
3604:OCLC
3594:ISBN
3477:ISBN
3422:2019
3371:ISBN
3044:Muar
3034:Ipoh
3015:Old
2798:Asia
2648:and
2515:Pori
2484:Old
2292:and
2243:Lima
2237:Peru
1660:and
1650:with
1566:and
1312:and
1310:Arab
1141:and
1023:and
958:and
915:for
911:The
817:for
796:ŃĐŸŃĐ°
758:and
748:Maly
713:for
678:was
581:The
527:New
476:Nara
414:and
380:and
346:and
334:The
276:and
266:and
186:Giza
177:and
169:and
153:and
100:grid
88:city
48:Pori
4554:doi
4464:PMC
4456:doi
4352:PMC
4342:doi
4145:doi
4053:PDF
3409:doi
3383:346
3379:231
3347:doi
3224:as
3215:as
1182:of
1102:).
892:of
738:),
736:Big
670:In
642:in
604:in
442:As
391:to
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