Grid plan - Knowledge

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and identified subtle nuances to the contrasting positions. The study looked at, among others, dwelling types, unit density (site density) movement on the street, culs–de-sac or grids and the permeability of a residential area. Among its conclusions are, respectively, that flats are always safer than houses and the wealth of inhabitants matters, density is generally beneficial but more so at ground level, local movement is beneficial, but not larger scale movement, relative affluence and the number of neighbours have a greater effect than either being on a cul-de-sac or being on a through street. It also re-established that simple, linear cul-de-sac with good numbers of dwellings that are joined to through streets tend to be safe. As for permeability, it suggests that residential areas should be permeable enough to allow movement in all directions but no more. The overprovision of poorly used permeability is a crime hazard. The open, uniform grid could be seen as an example of undifferentiated permeability.

1549:. The advantage of the intersection density for pedestrians, however, can have a contrary effect for cars due to its potential for reducing speeds. Low speeds below 20 mph (32 km/h) have a significantly higher coefficient of pollutant production than above 30 mph (48 km/h), though the coefficient after leveling off tends to increase gradually after 50 mph (80 km/h). This effect is accentuated with high traffic density in areas with commercial uses where speeds come to a crawl. Since the grid plan is non-hierarchical and intersections are frequent, all streets can be subject to this potential reduction of average speeds, leading to a high production of pollutants. Greenhouse and noxious gases can be detrimental to the environment and to resident health. 1273:, severely criticized some of the grid's characteristics: "With a T-square and a triangle, finally, the municipal engineer could, without the slightest training as either an architect or a sociologist, 'plan' a metropolis, with its standard lots, its standard blocks, its standard street widths, in short, with its standardized comparable, and replaceable parts. The new gridiron plans were spectacular in their inefficiency and waste. By usually failing to discriminate sufficiently between main arteries and residential streets, the first were not made wide enough while the second were usually too wide for purely neighborhood functions... as for its contribution to the permanent social functions of the city, the anonymous gridiron plan proved empty." 1223:, who, based on observation, claimed that speeding cars would eventually kill tens of thousands of small children per year. Apparently, at this early stage of the car's entry into the grid, the streets of major cities worldwide were the scene of virtual "slaughter" as the fatality rate in proportion to population was more than double the current rate. In 2009, after several decades of road safety improvements and a continuous decline in fatalities, an estimated 33,963 people died in motor vehicle traffic crashes and, according to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, "Motor vehicle crashes are the leading cause of death for children from 3 to 14 years old." Planners, therefore, called for an inwardly focused " 841: 262:(498–408 BC), who planned and replanned many Greek cities in accordance with this form. The concept of a grid as the ideal method of town planning had become widely accepted by the time of Alexander the Great. His conquests were a step in the propagation of the grid plan throughout colonies, some as far-flung as Taxila in Pakistan, that would later be mirrored by the expansion of the Roman Empire. The Greek grid had its streets aligned roughly in relation to the cardinal points and generally looked to take advantage of visual cues based on the hilly landscape typical of Greece and Asia Minor. The street grid consisted of 1164: 1431:

7,800 feet (2,400 m) linear feet, a 39% reduction. Simultaneously, block lengths increase from 200 × 200 feet to 1240 × 200 feet. When all five blocks have reached the ultimate size of 1,240 feet (380 m) four street lengths out of total eight have been eliminated. Block lengths of 1,000 feet (300 m) or larger rarely appear in grid plans and are not recommended as they hinder pedestrian movement (Pedestrianism, below). From the pedestrian perspective, the smaller the block is, the easier the navigation and the more direct the route. Consequently, the finer grids are preferred.

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traffic. Any time traffic flows meet at an acute angle, someone cannot see traffic approaching them. The grid is thus a geometric response to our human physiology. It is very likely the original purpose of grid layouts comes from the Athenian Agora. Before the grid organization, markets were laid out randomly in a field with traffic approaches at odd angles. This caused carts and wagons to turn over due to frequent collisions. Laying out the market stalls into regularized rows at right angles solved this problem and was later built into the Athenian Agora and copied ever since.

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significantly reduced on through roads where traffic is, or perceived by parents to be, a risk. As a result of this misperception of risk, children living in cul-de-sac communities are more likely to be killed by vehicles. This increased risk of death is due to multiple factors, including the families driving longer distances to reach their destinations, parents spending less time teaching their children to be as wary of traffic, and an increased risk of the parents accidentally driving over the children in their "safe" driveways and cul-de-sac streets.

1383: 1369:). Each grid road was spaced roughly one kilometre along from the next, forming squares of approximately one square kilometre. Each square and each roundabout was given its own name. The system provided very easy transport within the city, although it confused visitors who were unfamiliar with the system. The grid squares thus formed are far larger than the city blocks described earlier, and the road layouts within the grid squares are generally 'organic' in form – matching the street hierarchy model described above. 1624: 31: 1570:, all of which are aimed at improving a street's social milieu. The amount of traffic on a street depends on variables such as the population density of the neighbourhood, car ownership and its proximity to commercial, institutional or recreational edifices. Most importantly, however, it depends on whether a street is or could become a through road to a destination. As a through road, it could sustain unpredictable levels of traffic that may fluctuate during the day and increase over time. 833: 1247: 432: 138: 659: 2277: 1334: 299: 3087: 1094:, who marked it out in 1837 establishing the first formal town plan. This grid of streets, laid out when there were only a few hundred settlers, became the nucleus for what is now a city of over 5 million people, the city of Melbourne. The unusual dimensions of the allotments and the incorporation of narrow 'little' streets were the result of compromise between Hoddle's desire to employ the regulations established in 1829 by previous 578:(Canary Islands) in 1496. In 1573, King Philip II of Spain compiled the Laws of the Indies to guide the construction and administration of colonial communities. The Laws specified a square or rectangular central plaza with eight principal streets running from the plaza's corners. Hundreds of grid-plan communities throughout the Americas were established according to this pattern, echoing the practices of earlier Indian civilizations. 908: 774:, while the opposite side of this street is called the '1-st Line'. Next street is named the '2-nd Line' on the eastern side, and the '3-rd Line' on the western side. After the reorganization of house numbering in 1834 and 1858 the even house numbers are used on the odd-numbered lines, and respectively odd house numbers are used for the even-numbered lines. The maximum numbers for 'lines' in Petersburg are 28-29th lines. 229:(770-476 BC) stated: "a capital city should be square on plan. Three gates on each side of the perimeter lead into the nine main streets that crisscross the city and define its grid-pattern. And for its layout the city should have the Royal Court situated in the south, the Marketplace in the north, the Imperial Ancestral Temple in the east and the Altar to the Gods of Land and Grain in the west." 1391: 1720:, with a main street connecting between the perpendicular roads. However, this can be mitigated by allowing mixed use development so that destinations become closer to home. Many cities, especially in Latin America, still successfully retain their grid plans. Recently, planners in the United States and Canada have revisited the idea of reintroducing grid patterns to many cities and towns. 43: 811: 1412:

length and width of a block. The higher the frequency of streets the longer is their total length. The smaller the block dimensions the higher the frequency of the streets. As the frequency of street increases so does the number of intersections. Intersections normally cost more than straight street length because they are labour-intensive and require street and traffic signage.

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example, can find a regular walk challenging. For bicycles this disadvantage is accentuated as their normal speed is at least double that of pedestrians. Frequent stops negate the speed advantage and the physical benefit of bicycling and add to frustration. Intersections are not only unpleasant but also dangerous. Most

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up to four times the area of Portland's block. New York's 1811 plan (see above) has blocks of 200 feet (61 m). in width and variable lengths ranging from about 500 feet (150 m) to 900 feet (270 m) feet. The corresponding frequency of streets for each of these block sizes affects the street length.

192:, housed a rotating labor force and was laid out in blocks of long galleries separated by streets in a formal grid. Many pyramid-cult cities used a common orientation: a north–south axis from the royal palace and an east–west axis from the temple, meeting at a central plaza where King and God merged and crossed. 1145:. All of these towns were laid out on a grid plan, so it was easy to divide the land into plots of an acre (approximately 0.4 ha.), and these became known as town acres. Adelaide was divided into 1042 Town Acres. Maps showing the divisions of the town acres are available for Adelaide, Nelson, and Wellington. 1207:

In maps of larger American cities, the downtown areas are almost always grids. These areas represent the original land dimensions of the founded city, generally around one square mile. Some cities expanded the grid further out from the centre, but maps also show that, in general, as the distance from

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uses all three schemes: north–south streets are numbered from west to east, and east–west streets are split between a lettered series running southward from A through L and a series of streets named after trees or plants, running northward alphabetically from Ash to Walnut. As in many cities, some of

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were often standard, with each of its four walls generally having a length of 660 metres (2,150 ft). Familiarity was the aim of such standardisation: soldiers could be stationed anywhere around the Empire, and orientation would be easy within established towns if they had a standard layout. Each

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Two newer studies examined the frequency of collisions in two regional districts using the latest analytical tools. They investigated the potential correlation between street network patterns and frequency of collisions. In one study, cul-de-sac networks appeared to be much safer than grid networks,

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A dilemma arises from trying to meet important planning objectives when using the grid: pedestrianism, cost efficiency and environmental responsiveness. To serve pedestrians well, a rectangular configuration and high frequency of streets and intersections is the preferred route, which the orthogonal

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A key characteristic of the grid pattern is that any and all streets are equally accessible to traffic (non-hierarchical) and could be chosen at will as alternative routes to a destination. Cut-through driving, or shortcutting, has been resisted by residents. Cities responded by making modifications

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Traditional orthogonal grid patterns generally have greater street frequencies than discontinuous patterns. For example, Portland's block is 200 feet × 200 feet while Miletus' is half that size and Timgad's half again (see diagram). Houston, Sacramento and Barcelona are progressively bigger reaching

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influences proportionately the number of street components that have to be constructed such as pavement, curbs and sidewalks, storm sewers and drains, light poles, and trees. The street length of a given area of development depends on the frequency at which streets occur which in turn depends on the

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The question of neighbourhood security has been a constant focus of research since Oscar Newman's work. New research has expanded the discussion on this disputed issue. A recent study did extensive spatial analysis and correlated several building, site plan and social factors with crime frequencies

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described ways to improve the social environment and security of neighbourhoods and streets. In a practical application of his theory at Five Oaks, the neighbourhood's grid pattern was modified to prevent through traffic and create identifiable smaller enclaves while maintaining complete pedestrian

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A street network pattern can affect the production of pollutants by the amount of car travel that it necessitates and the speed at which cars can travel. The grid plan with its frequent intersections may displace a portion of the local car trips with walking or biking due to the directness of route

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Frequency of intersections, however, becomes also a disadvantage for pedestrians and bicycles. It disrupts the relaxed canter of walking and forces pedestrians repeatedly onto the road, a hostile, anxiety-generating territory. People with physical limitations or frailties, children and seniors for

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on site becomes problematic with high percentages of impermeable surfaces. And since roads constitute the largest share of the total impermeable surfaces of a development, the difficulty is compounded by the grid type of layout. For these reasons modern planners have attempted to modify the rigid,

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to the east, including five squares of dedicated parkland. Penn advertised this orderly design as a safeguard against overcrowding, fire, and disease, which plagued European cities. Holme drafted an ideal version of the grid, but alleyways sprouted within and between larger blocks as the city took

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A 2009 study suggests that land use patterns play a significant role in traffic safety and should be considered in conjunction with the network pattern. While all intersection types in general reduce the incidence of fatal crashes, four-way intersections, which occur regularly in a grid, increase

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Perceived and actual safety play a role in the use of the street. Perceived safety, though perhaps an inaccurate reflection of the number of injuries or fatalities, influences parents' decision to allow their children to play, walk or bike on the street. Actual levels of safety as measured by the

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Another important aspect of street grids and the use of rectilinear blocks is that traffic flows of either pedestrians, cars, or both, only cross at right angles. This is an important traffic safety feature, since no one entering the intersection needs to look over their shoulder to see oncoming

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street length (the sum of all individual street lengths) and the corresponding increase in block length. For a corresponding reduction of one, two, three and four streets within this 40-acre (16 ha) parcel, the street length is reduced from an original total of 12,600 feet (3,800 m) to

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Street networks of old cities that grew organically, though admired for being picturesque, can be confusing for visitors but rarely for the original inhabitants (see plan). Similarly confusing to visitors are the plans of modern subdivisions with discontinuous and curvilinear streets. Change of

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pavements. Of all three factors that affect cost, street width, street length and pavement width, only street length is pattern dependent. An objective cost comparison would, therefore, rely on this variable with the full understanding that the other variables, though optional, can play a role.

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A recent study in California examined the amount of child play that occurred on the streets of neighbourhoods with different characteristics; grid pattern and culs-de-sac. The findings indicate that the open grid streets showed substantially lower play activity than the cul-de-sac street type.

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or mature woodlots in preference for the application of the immutable geometry. It is said of the New York City grid plan that it flattened all obstacles in its way. By contrast, recent discontinuous street patterns follow the configuration of natural features without disrupting them. The grid

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These innovations he based on functional grounds: the block size, to enable the creation of a quiet interior open space (60 m by 60 m) and allow ample sunlight and ventilation to its perimeter buildings; the rectilinear geometry, the wide streets and boulevards to sustain high mobility and the

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from traffic, and thereby encourage more outdoor play. It pointed the way toward the development of hybrid street network patterns that improve pedestrian movement but restrict cut-through driving. Similar studies in Europe and most recently in Australia found that children's outdoor play is

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influences the cost by affecting the amount of materials and labour required to provide a finished road surface. Pavement width is generally based on traffic engineering considerations and is not dependent on pattern configuration. As with the street width, any pattern can have wide or narrow

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While the imposition of only one town form regardless of region could be seen as an imposition of imperial authority, there is no doubting the practical reasoning behind the formation of the Roman grid. Under Roman guidance, the grid was designed for efficiency and interchangeability, both

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Carrington's 1842 map records in detail the topography of the area, and shows the grid he laid out for the town's streets, ignoring the many river valleys. Carrington's tight street grid survived in 21st-century New Plymouth, but made traffic movement through the central city difficult at

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Using Macrolevel Collision Prediction Models in Road SafetyPlanning Applications Gordon R. Lovegrove and Tarek Sayed Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 1950, Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C., 2006, pp.

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An inherent advantage of the orthogonal geometry of a proper grid is its tendency to yield regular lots in well-packed sequences. This maximizes the use of the land of the block; it does not, however, affect street frequency. Any frequency of orthogonal streets produces the same

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layout, which has greater permeability for pedestrians than for cars due to its inclusion of dedicated pedestrian paths. It also showed a 7 to 10 percent range of reduction in driving with respect to the remainder six neighbourhood layouts in the set, an environmental benefit.

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grid geometry provides. To reduce development costs and environmental impact, lower frequency of streets is the logical path. Since these two design objectives are contradictory a balance needs to be struck. Such balance has been achieved in leading modern projects such as

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Published in 2003 by the UNESCO World Heritage Centre, p36 and multiple further pps, Including footnote: "See Ildefonso Cerdá, Teoría general de la urbanización y aplicación de sus principios y doctrina a la reforma y ensanche de Barcelona, Madrid, 1867." Accessed 17 May

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Stringent adherence to the grid plan can cause steep inclines since the topology of the land is not taken into account. This may be unsafe for drivers, pedestrians and bicycles since it is more difficult to control speed and braking, particularly in winter conditions.

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designed a fourteen-block grid that fronted the river on 640 acres (exactly 1 square mile; about 2.6 km). After surveying the land, Waller organized the almost immediate sale of 306 lots, and by the end of the year the entire Texas government had arrived by

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An earlier study found significant differences in recorded accidents between residential neighborhoods that were laid out on a grid and those that included culs-de-sac and crescents. The frequency of accidents was significantly higher in the grid neighborhoods.

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at its heart, and their intersection would form the forum, around which would be sited important public buildings. Indeed, such was the degree of similarity between towns that Higgins states that soldiers "would be housed at the same address as they moved from

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The peculiarity of 'lines' (streets) naming in this grid is that are each side of street has its own number, so one 'line' is a side of a street, not the whole street. The numbering is latently zero-based, however the supposed "zero line" has its proper name

997:. Its street configuration presages modern traffic calming techniques applied to uniform grids where certain selected streets become discontinuous or narrow, thus discouraging through traffic. The configuration also represents an example of functional 3789:

a watercolour and ink plan, drawn by 16-year-old draughtsman Robert George Thomas to instructions from Light... The streets were named by a Street Naming Committee that met on 23 May 1837, indicating that this plan must have been completed after that

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In his seminal 1982 study on livable streets that was conducted in neighbourhoods with a grid, Donald Appleyard showed that social networking and street playing degraded as traffic increased on a street. His research provided the groundwork for

1664:, Davis. Both score high in pedestrian and bike mode share and, at the same time, in reducing negative development externalities. Their layout configurations represent a fusion of the classic grid plan with recent street network patterns. 982:

these streets have been given new names violating the system (the former D Street is now Broadway, the former 12th Avenue is now Park Boulevard, etc.); this has meant that 2nd, not 1st, is the most common street name in the United States.

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the centre increases, a variety of patterns emerge in no particular discernible order. In juxtaposition to the grid, they appear random. These new patterns have been systematically classified and their design characteristics measured.

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have not, in general, regarded pedestrian movement as a priority and, consequently, have produced blocks that are usually in the 1,000 feet (300 m) range and often exceed it. As a result, street frequency drops and so does the

1405:. The wider the street, the higher the opportunity cost. Street width is determined by circulation and aesthetic considerations and is not dependent on the pattern configuration. Any configuration can have wide or narrow streets. 1587:

freedom of movement. The positive outcome of these changes reinforces Appleyard's findings and the need to reduce or prevent through traffic on neighbourhood streets; a need that cannot be met with a typical, uniform, open grid.

3397:"The Grid and Modular Measures in The Town Planning of Mohenjodaro and Kathmandu Valley: A Study on Modular Measures in Block and Plot Divisions in the Planning of Mohenjodaro and Sirkap (Pakistan), and Thimi (Kathmandu Valley)" 1364:

at each intersection. The horizontal roads were all given names ending in 'way' and H numbers (for 'horizontal', e.g., H3 Monks Way). The vertical roads were given names ending in 'street' and V numbers (for 'vertical', e.g.,

4755: 365:(forts or camps) first as military centres; some of them developed into administrative hubs. The Roman grid was similar in form to the Greek version of a grid but allowed for practical considerations. For example, Roman 777:

Later in the middle of the 18th century another grid of rectangular blocks with the numbered streets appeared in the continental part of the city: 13 streets named from the '1-st Rota' up to the '13-th Rota', where the

1542:. But, as long as cars are also allowed on those streets, it makes the same routes more direct for cars, which could be an enticement for driving. The potential car trip displacement would result in a reduction of 1522:. In comparison with recent networks with discontinuous street types, grids can be up to 30% higher in impermeable surfaces attributable to roads. The emerging environmental priority of retaining as much as 90% of 206:: constructing and restoring temples, city walls, public buildings, and irrigation canals. The streets of Babylon were wide and straight, intersected approximately at right angles, and were paved with bricks and 4226:

Final Facility Specific Speed Correction Factors:M6.SPD.002 David Brzezinski, Constance Hart, Phil Enns Assessment and Standards Division, Office of Transportation and Air Quality, U.S. Environmental Protection

1483:'s plan, for example, is set on a hill side and most of its north–south streets are stepped, a feature that would have made them inaccessible to carts, chariots and loaded animals. Many modern cities, such as 1577:

The geometry of the normal, open grid is evidently unsuitable for protecting or enhancing the social environment of a street from the negative influence of traffic. Similarly, a 1972 ground-breaking study by

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extended from the town gates out towards neighbouring settlements. These were lined up to be as straight as possible, only deviating from their path due to natural obstacles that prevented a direct route.

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Wellington's plan was designed by New Zealand Company surveyor William Mein Smith in 1840. It comprised a series of interconnected grids which expanded along the town's valleys and up the lower slopes of

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Hillier, Bill and Sahbaz, Ozlem (March 2008) "An evidence based approach to crime and urban design Or, can we have vitality, sustainability and security all at once?" Bartlett School of Graduate Studies,

316: 1231:; traffic generators, such as apartment complexes and shops, would be restricted to the edges of the superblock, along the arterial. This paradigm prevailed between about 1930 and 1960, especially in 551:

region. Many were built on ancient grids originally established as Roman colonial outposts. In the British Isles, the planned new town system involving a grid street layout was part of the system of

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Eran Ben-Joseph, Livability and Safety of Suburban Street Patterns: A Comparative Study (Berkeley, CA: Institute of Urban and Regional Development, University of California, Working Paper 641, 1995)

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One of the greatest difficulties with grid plans is their lack of specialization, most of the important amenities being concentrated along the city's main arteries. Often grid plans are found in

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Traditional street functions such as kids' play, strolling and socializing are incompatible with traffic flow, which the open, uniform grid geometry encourages. For these reasons, cities such as

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shape. As the United States expanded westward, grid-based city planning modeled on Philadelphia's layout would become popular among frontier cities, making grids ubiquitous across the country.

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street length and, therefore, the cost. In general, it is not the street pattern per se that affects costs but the frequency of streets that it either necessitates or purposely incorporates.

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Although the idea of the grid was present in Hellenic societal and city planning, it was not pervasive prior to the 5th century BC. However, it slowly gained primacy through the work of

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framed by major roads in a grid configuration. The road network within the sector uses cul-de-sac streets complemented by bike and foot paths which connect the entire sector and beyond.

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a very large block measuring 113 by 113 m (371 by 371 ft), far larger than the old city blocks and larger than any Roman, Greek blocks and their mutations (see drawing below);

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total number of collisions and the number and severity of injuries are a matter of public concern. Both should inform the layout, if the street network is to achieve its optimum use.

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that often, and erroneously, is characterized as a grid. It shows the highly irregular city blocks and the range of street orientations, both common attributes of many historic cities

4747: 1534:, have devised means to improve a street's retention capacity. However, frequent intersections as they occur in a regular grid would pose an obstacle to their effective application. 320: 4250: 1688:

Recent studies have found higher traffic fatality rates in outlying suburban areas than in central cities and inner suburbs with smaller blocks and more-connected street patterns.

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significantly. The study recommends hybrid street networks with dense concentrations of T-intersections and concludes that a return to the 19th century gridiron is undesirable.

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respectively) could first be seen in Italy. According to Stanislawski (1946), the Romans did use grids until the time of the late Republic or early Empire, when they introduced

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Outside of the castra, large tracts of land were also divided in accordance with the grid within the walls. These were typically 730 metres (2,400 ft) per side (called

1360:. In this planned city, which began construction in 1967, a system of ten "horizontal" (roughly east–west) and eleven "vertical" (roughly north–south) roads was used, with 3584: 328: 286:, in present-day western Turkey, where the orthogonal city grid was based on the cardinal points, on sloping terrain that struck views out towards a river and the city of 161:, were built with blocks divided by a grid of straight streets, running north–south and east–west. Each block was subdivided by small lanes. The cities and monasteries of 4534:

Sun, J. & Lovegrove, G. (2009). Research Study on Evaluating the Level of Safety of the Fused Grid Road Pattern, External Research Project for CMHC, Ottawa, Ontario

1495:, follow Priene's example. In a modern context, steep grades limit accessibility by car, and more so by bicycle, on foot, or wheelchair, particularly in cold climates. 3879: 1671:, a recent comparison of seven neighbourhood layouts found a 43 and 32 percent increase in walking with respect to a grid plan and conventional suburban layout in a 4616:

The New Zealand Company settlements – including Wellington, New Plymouth and Nelson – were highly planned...All towns were laid out on a rectilinear or grid plan.

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Two inherent characteristics of the grid plan, frequent intersections and orthogonal geometry, facilitate movement. The geometry helps with orientation and

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Governor Ralph Darling, requiring square blocks and wide, spacious streets and Bourke's desire for rear access ways (now the 'little' streets, for example

646:. The central diamond within a walled city with four gates was considered a good design for defence. The grid pattern was widely copied in the colonies of 1401:, or right of way (ROW), influences the amount of land that is devoted to streets, which becomes unavailable for development and therefore represents an 1048:

at the new site. Apart from the speed of surveying advantage, the rationale at the time of the grid's adoption in this and other cities remains obscure.

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at the end of the 6th century BC. Its layout was based on Greek Ionic ideas, and it was here that the main east–west and north–south axes of a town (the

3632: 1611:, among many others, transformed existing residential streets part of a grid plan into permeable, linked culs-de-sac. This transformation retains the 369:

were often sited on flat land, especially close to or on important nodes like river crossings or intersections of trade routes. The dimensions of the

1016:(1890). In these western cities the streets were numbered even more carefully than in the east to suggest future prosperity and metropolitan status. 3839:

South Australia and its mines: With an historical sketch of the colony, under its several administrations, to the period of Captain Grey's departure

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by nearly three to one. A second study found the grid plan to be the least safe by a significant margin with respect to all other street patterns.

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In the westward development of the United States, the use of the grid plan was nearly universal in the construction of new settlements, such as in

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Southworth, Michael & Owens, Peter (1993). "The Evolving Metropolis: Studies of Community, Neighbourhood, and Street Form at the Urban Edge".

962:. As the city grew, the plan was duplicated to cover most of the remainder of the capital. Meanwhile, the core of the city faced disarray and the 593:, dating back to the 16th century, was built following a rigid grid plan of uniformly designed houses, dotted with palaces, churches and squares. 4835: 1615:

and connectivity of the grid for the active modes of transport but filters and restricts car traffic on the cul-de-sac street to residents only.

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was designed on a rectilinear street grid in 1682, one of the first cities in North America to use a grid system. At the urging of city founder

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became politically centralized in the 7th century AD, those societies adopted Chinese grid-planning principles in numerous locations. In Korea,

3776: 3712: 2293: 1612: 1452: 717:: elongated rectangles. The longest side of each block faces the relatively narrow street with a numeric name (in Petersburg they are called 1451:

effect. Orthogonal geometry also minimizes disputes over lot boundaries and maximizes the number of lots that could front a given street.

1186:. The Eixample grid introduced innovative design elements which were exceptional at the time and even unique among subsequent grid plans: 4261: 3491:

Belozerskaya, Marina and Lapatin, Kenneth (2004), Ancient Greece: art, architecture, and history. Los Angeles: Getty Publications, p. 94.

4416: 3657: 4318:(1995) "Children and Their Living Surroundings for the Everyday Life and Development of Children." Children's Environments 12(4): 1-17 4676: 4162: 4820: 1292:—is completely separated from the road network except for one or two connections to arterial roads. In a way, this is a return to 4671: 4634: 4598: 4544:

Dumbaugh, Eric; Rae, Robert (2009). "Safe Urban Form: Revisiting the Relationship Between Community Design and Traffic Safety".

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Often, some of the streets in a grid are numbered (First, Second, etc.), lettered, or arranged in alphabetical order. Downtown

947: 856:, one of the earliest colonies in America, was designed with a tiny 9-square grid at its founding in 1638. On a grander scale, 3672: 4790: 4257: 3480: 3374: 1236: 3886: 4603: 1277: 852:, did not start with a grid system. However, even in pre-revolutionary days some cities saw the benefits of such a layout. 571: 4430: 4395: 405: 399: 4429:

Xiongbing Jin (2010) "Modeling the Influence of Neighbourhood Design on Daily Trip Patterns in Urban Neighbourhoods",

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grounds. In later periods, some parts of Tokyo were grid-planned, but grid plans are generally rare in Japan, and the

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The military expansion of this period facilitated the adoption of the grid form as standard: the Romans established

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street orientation, particularly when gradual or arbitrary, cannot be "mapped" in the mind. Impasses, crescents or

840: 687: 4800: 4330:"Individual, social and physical environmental correlates of children's active free-play: a cross-sectional study" 4052: 4303: 4187:

Statistics of Road Traffic Accidents in Europe and North America Published: January 2007 or Published: April 2007

1308:, there is a strong resemblance between the street arrangements of modern American suburbs and those of medieval 1284:". This is a thoroughly "asymmetric" street arrangement in which a residential subdivision—often surrounded by a 1126: 3744:

Batty, M. & Longley, P. (1994) Fractal Cities: A Geometry of Form and Function (San Diego, Calif.: Academic)

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Perhaps the most well-known grid system is that spread through the colonies of the Roman Empire. The archetypal

3620: 3274: 2360: 1883: 1351: 885: 814: 710: 436: 218: 4770: 3956: 3636: 1471:

Surveyor's plan of Salt Lake City, circa 1870s - an example of a typical, uniform, square-grid street network

250:

was introduced to Italy first by the Greeks, with such information transferred by way of trade and conquest.

1574:

to prevent it. Current recommended design practice suggests the use of 3-way intersections to alleviate it.

1227:" arrangement that minimized through automobile traffic and discouraged cars from traveling on anything but 828:

A diagram of three U.S. city grids at the same scale showing the differences in dimensions and configuration

575: 338:, whose territories in Italy encompassed what would eventually become Rome, founded what is now the city of 3992: 3985:

Llewellyn-Smith, Michael (2012). "The Background to the Founding of Adelaide and South Australia in 1836".

3257: 1178:, a Spanish civil engineer, defined a concept of urban planning, based on the grid, that he applied to the 662:

The map of St. Petersburg (1717). The grid of 'lines' and 'prospekts' is seen across the whole rectangular

4186: 4825: 2637: 1608: 967: 718: 395:". Pompeii has been cited by both Higgins and Laurence as the best-preserved example of the Roman grid. 4711: 4495: 2617: 2049: 1204:

truncated corners to facilitate turning of carts and coaches and particularly vehicles on fixed rails.

939: 495: 4287: 3903: 3175: 2602: 2121: 1989: 1854: 1769: 1492: 1138: 1106: 158: 17: 3768: 2641: 2587: 1973: 1929: 1784: 1579: 686:. Being aware of the modern European construction experience which he examined in the years of his 226: 4805: 3530: 4830: 3589: 2645: 2009: 1999: 1934: 1914: 1844: 1583: 1426:

A simple example of a grid street pattern (see diagram) illustrates the progressive reduction in

1258: 1232: 1134: 1122: 779: 4378: 4122:'activity-38-1.pdf' World Heritage Papers 5: Identification and Documentation of Modern Heritage 570:

of Ferdinand and Isabella. It was subsequently applied in the new cities established during the

109:

and its frequent intersections with the choice and directness of route to desired destinations.

4578:

David J. Cuff, William J. Young, Edward K. Muller, Wilbur Zelinsky, and Ronald F. Abler, eds.,

3290: 3280: 3002: 2665: 2653: 2438: 1944: 1874: 1163: 1035:, the functioning of the government required the rapid population of the town, which was named 1032: 702:), with three lengthwise thoroughfares, rectangularly crossed with about 30 crosswise streets. 120:. The grid plan dates from antiquity and originated in multiple cultures; some of the earliest 3837: 3382: 3378: 724:) while the shortest side faces wide avenues. To denote avenues in Petersburg, a special term 501:

The grid-planning tradition in Asia continued through the beginning of the 20th century, with

4840: 3803: 3396: 3110: 3100: 1954: 1759: 1648:

and injuries occur at intersections and the majority of the injuries to pedestrians crossing

1640:

frustrate the traveler especially when they are long, forcing an arduous retracing of steps.

1099: 919:, set out a north–south, east–west grid pattern with diagonal streets radiating out from the 647: 259: 4072: 3165: 1193:

a 20 m (66 ft) road width (right of way) compared with mostly 3 m in the old city;

3437:

Stanislawski, Dan (1946). "The Grid-Pattern Town", Geog. Rev., xxxvi, pp. 105-120, p. 116.

3338: 2136: 2116: 2081: 2059: 2044: 1964: 1604: 1069: 943: 799: 459: 58: 4666: 4166: 181:), dating from the 1st millennium BC to the 11th century AD, also had grid-based designs. 8: 4299: 3518:

A history of American architecture: buildings in their cultural and technological context

2680: 2366: 2111: 2054: 1804: 1754: 1515: 1499: 1171:. The blocks include wide open spaces that continue across the street to adjacent blocks. 1142: 1130: 1121:

The term "town acre" (often spelt with initial capital letters) may have originated with

1077: 755: 513: 356:, a system which they spread around the Mediterranean and into northern Europe later on. 4302:(2007) "Cul-de-Sacs and Children's Outdoor Play: Quantitative and Qualitative Evidence" 3342: 824: 4561: 4468: 4443: 4356: 4329: 4010: 4006: 3579: 3557: 3155: 3120: 2971: 2327: 1939: 1809: 1717: 1321: 1020: 946:

was developed using a grid plan that is interrupted by diagonal avenues, most famously

730:

was introduced. Inside the grid of Vasilyevsky Island there are three prospekts, named

706: 695: 663: 531:

towns were planned using grids beginning in the 12th century, most prodigiously in the

352: 247: 4199:

Early Estimate of Motor Vehicle Traffic Fatalities in 2009 at crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov

3986: 1462: 1324:

in modern suburbia—isolates itself from the larger urban scene by using dead ends and

490:

eschewed the grid, opting instead for an irregular network of streets surrounding the

4727: 4565: 4473: 4361: 3996: 3809: 3697: 3651: 3603: 3593: 3476: 3370: 3180: 3135: 2576: 2393: 2086: 2076: 1979: 1764: 1744: 1645: 1366: 1211:

In the United States, the grid system was widely used in most major cities and their

1028: 986: 959: 726: 698:

was a typical rectangular grid of streets (originally intended to be canals, like in

691: 617: 608:

was the first Renaissance city laid out on the grid plan. Later came the New Town in

376: 4163:"Estimating global road fatalities - Regional Analyses - Highly Motorised Countries" 1514:

The grid's inherent high street and intersection frequencies produce large areas of

1455:

said Manhattan's grid plan facilitated "buying, selling and improving real estate".

1316:

cities. In each case, the community unit at hand—the clan or extended family in the

1199:

major roads, perpendicular and diagonal, measuring 50 m (160 ft) in width.

1175: 1168: 4845: 4553: 4463: 4455: 4444:"Urban sprawl as a risk factor in motor vehicle occupant and pedestrian fatalities" 4351: 4341: 4315: 4144: 4097: 3680: 3408: 3346: 3296: 3195: 2911: 2156: 2131: 2033: 1919: 1909: 1899: 1657: 1448: 1402: 1281: 927: 916: 912: 893: 869: 853: 791: 694:

to elaborate the first general plan of the city. The project of this architect for

447: 178: 4492:"Danger in Exurbia | U.Va. Study Reveals Outer Suburbs More Dangerous Than Cities" 3351: 1224: 4059: 3719: 3306: 2961: 2956: 2421: 2350: 2230: 2145: 2101: 2091: 2039: 2029: 2019: 1983: 1894: 1559: 1289: 1095: 990: 935: 783: 683: 560: 335: 170: 4593: 4392:"Tomorrow's Cities, Tomorrow's Suburbs | Better! Cities & Towns Online" 3930: 3326: 2298: 2215: 1382: 4198: 3805:

Keeping a Trust: South Australia's Wyatt Benevolent Institution and Its Founder

3301: 3105: 3053: 2921: 2649: 2315: 1949: 1789: 1623: 1596: 1503: 1220: 1073: 1005: 951: 901: 873: 759: 679: 121: 71: 4557: 4148: 1076:) of the river were laid out in grid pattern, with the city surrounded by the 30: 4814: 4210: 3038: 2951: 2946: 2765: 2543: 2485: 2356: 2205: 2183: 1959: 1904: 1889: 1879: 1739: 1661: 1563: 1484: 1357: 1338: 1285: 1270: 1228: 1110: 1091: 1065: 1057: 1036: 1013: 1001:, where pedestrian and vehicular traffic can safely and comfortably coexist. 971: 963: 955: 931: 881: 629: 455: 382: 302: 95: 35: 3607: 3327:"Street network patterns for mitigating urban heat islands in arid climates" 498:

is accordingly based on increasingly fine subdivisions, rather than a grid.

4477: 4459: 4365: 4346: 3561: 2936: 2753: 2685: 2675: 2670: 2538: 2472: 2254: 2200: 2166: 2024: 1924: 1829: 1824: 1508: 1434:

Patterns that incorporate discontinuous street types such as crescents and

1301: 1297: 1254: 1246: 1040: 998: 920: 868:

designed a system of wide streets intersecting at right angles between the

865: 861: 857: 832: 675: 639: 563:

is an example of a town planned on a grid system in the late 11th century.

471: 467: 221:

of various ancient Chinese states. Guidelines put into written form in the

174: 150: 117: 113: 1019:

One of the main advantages of the grid plan was that it allowed the rapid

66:, South Australia was laid out in a grid, surrounded by gardens and parks. 3695:

Twelve Historical New York City Street and Transit Maps from 1860 to 1967

3048: 3043: 2926: 2840: 2621: 2611: 2310: 2178: 1869: 1839: 1668: 1637: 1546: 1280:

and urban planners abandoned the grid virtually wholesale in favor of a "

1250: 1083: 889: 597: 567: 483: 431: 236: 232: 4701: 137: 4215:

The City in History: Its Origins, Its Transformation, and Its Prospects

4121: 3673:"The Great American Grid – A History of the American Grid in 4 Minutes" 3413: 3285: 3269: 3225: 3221: 3216: 3190: 3086: 3075: 3028: 2835: 2707: 2690: 2381: 2376: 2242: 1779: 1672: 1539: 1476: 1435: 1361: 1333: 1326: 1216: 1009: 763: 658: 491: 475: 339: 106: 1215:

until the 1960s. However, during the 1920s, the rapid adoption of the

539:

that were built during the 13th and 14th centuries. Medieval European

3237: 3145: 3140: 3130: 3065: 3016: 2966: 2830: 2748: 2736: 2712: 2607: 2564: 2467: 2285: 2221:

Most cities and towns in Argentina follow a traditional square grid.

2151: 2126: 1994: 1864: 1834: 1567: 1543: 1488: 1394:

In a numbered grid system, adding an extra street can cause confusion

1183: 1157: 1087: 978: 897: 818: 714: 699: 621: 609: 298: 222: 199: 195: 1027:

of a large parcel of land. For example, when the legislature of the

505:, Japan (est. 1868) following a grid plan under American influence. 435:

Grid blocks in Sapporo circa 1930, subdivisions are named after the

99: 4334:

International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity

4073:"Nelson region - European settlement:Nelson town blocks (1st of 2)" 3713:

NATIONAL LEAGUE OF CITIES: Most Common U.S. Street Names at nlc.org

3553: 3160: 2996: 2991: 2986: 2894: 2791: 2769: 2582: 2572: 2526: 2502: 2450: 2371: 2333: 2323: 2289: 2271: 2210: 2161: 2096: 1519: 1463:

Ecological features, rainwater absorption, and pollutant generation

1293: 1179: 1061: 601: 590: 548: 540: 532: 451: 306: 278: 272: 240: 63: 1390: 907: 4417:"Cul-de-Sacs Are Killing Us: Public Safety Lessons From Suburbia" 3531:"St Edmundsbury Local History - St Edmundsbury from 1066 to 1216" 3212: 3095: 3070: 2976: 2884: 2871: 2859: 2818: 2426: 2345: 2141: 2071: 1969: 1849: 1819: 1814: 1799: 1774: 1749: 1531: 1313: 1024: 994: 643: 613: 605: 582: 552: 521: 517: 502: 287: 243:. The city's grid covered 21 square kilometres (8 square miles). 207: 203: 154: 142: 51: 4298:

Handy, Susan; Sommer, Samantha; Ogilvie, Julie; Cao, Xinyu; and

2276: 844:

Map of the Original City of Philadelphia in 1682 by Thomas Holme

754:) while the far ends of each line cross with the embankments of 566:

The Roman model was also used in Spanish settlements during the

508: 4251:"Traditional Neighborhood Development Street Design Guidelines" 3150: 3125: 3115: 2981: 2941: 2916: 2889: 2854: 2850: 2845: 2813: 2781: 2633: 2597: 2592: 2462: 2405: 2306: 2106: 2014: 1794: 1480: 1317: 1262: 1212: 849: 671: 625: 556: 536: 528: 463: 361: 283: 166: 162: 91: 555:. An example of a medieval planned city in The Netherlands is 4236:

Philip Langdon, 2006: Seaside Stews Over Street Connections.

4021: 3242: 3200: 3185: 3170: 2931: 2906: 2808: 2786: 2724: 2627: 2490: 2415: 2410: 2004: 1859: 1628: 635: 586: 544: 487: 479: 443: 214: 189: 3585:

Crabgrass frontier: The suburbanization of the United States

3467: 3465: 3463: 3461: 1031:

decided in 1839 to move the capital to a new site along the

974:

and a parks system that is still today a jewel of the city.

810: 805: 42: 4702:

M. Takezawa, K. Wakamatsu, and M. Otsuka (28 August 2016).

3033: 2514: 1523: 1309: 1045: 482:(Heian-Kyô, AD 794–1868) also adapted from Tang's capital, 185: 87: 47: 1467: 848:

Many of the earliest cities in the United States, such as

3458: 2563:

Schematic plan of Hoddle's allotments for the village of

1498:

The same inflexibility of the grid leads to disregarding

1167:

The city blocks and streets of Barcelona as conceived by

985:

An exception to the typical, uniform grid is the plan of

423:

facilitated by and aiding the expansion of their empire.

1915:

Pittsburgh (former Allegheny City section), Pennsylvania

1153: 124:

were built using grid plans in the Indian subcontinent.

4037:"Town Acre Reference Map - Map of the City of Adelaide" 2559: 600:

in Northern Europe. In 1606, the newly founded city of

4582:, Temple University Press, Philadelphia, 1989; p. 149. 3880:"Contextual Historical Overview for Christchurch City" 3401:

Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering

3325:

Chenary, Kimia; Soltani, Ali; Sharifi, Ayyoob (2023).

470:

Chinese model. The ancient capitals of Japan, such as

116:, the grid plan method of land measurement was called 4795: 3852:

Original from Oxford University; Digitized 2 Oct 2007

3324: 1356:

One famous grid system is in the British new town of

1125:, who was involved in various schemes to promote the 4328:

Veitch, Jenny; Salmon, Jo & Ball, Kylie (2010).

3988:

Behind the Scenes: The Politics of Planning Adelaide

1723: 426: 27:

Type of urban plan in which city streets form a grid

4441: 3910:. State Library of South Australia. 5 February 2015 1148: 1051: 596:The grid plan became popular with the start of the 486:. However, for reasons of defense, the planners of 3433: 3431: 1618: 1552: 202:in the 18th century BC, ordered the rebuilding of 4791:Superblocks, Barcelona Answer to Car-Centric City 3766: 1711: 1627:A 2×2 km square segment of the street network of 404:) and contained 100 parcels of land (each called 4812: 4327: 836:Twenty American grids compared at the same scale 666:, while actually only the eastern part was built 4134: 3984: 3868:. Melbourne: City of Melbourne. pp. 25–29. 3428: 543:using grid plans were widespread, ranging from 239:, is the largest ancient grid-plan site in the 3512: 3510: 3090:Grid street plan comparison in the Philippines 709:are the same, as was later implemented in the 4217:. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. p.425. 3866:Melbourne: The City's History and Development 3475:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. p.60. 880:Another well-known grid plan is the plan for 509:Europe and its colonies (12th-17th centuries) 213:The tradition of grid plans is continuous in 4732:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4546:Journal of the American Planning Association 4137:Journal of the American Planning Association 3574: 3572: 3570: 4667:"City planning - Early settlement planning" 4594:"City planning - Early settlement planning" 4543: 4442:Ewing, R; Schieber, RA; Zegeer, CV (2003). 3931:"City planning - Early settlement planning" 3507: 3001:Towns and villages from the results of the 3447: 3445: 3443: 3367:The Ancient Indus Valley: New Perspectives 1502:sensitive areas such as small streams and 1475:Typical uniform grids are unresponsive to 1372: 638:, constructed in 1613–1618, was the first 4806:City Street Orientations around the World 4467: 4355: 4345: 3808:. Adelaide: Wakefield Press. p. 37. 3567: 3412: 3350: 2280:Enlargement plan map of Barcelona (1859). 1196:square blocks with truncated corners; and 950:. These diagonals are often connected by 806:Early United States (17th-19th centuries) 282:). This was probably best exemplified in 4379:Cul-de-Sacs: Suburban Dream or Dead End? 4034: 3928: 3842:. Adelaide: T. and W. Boone. p. 117 3394: 3085: 2558: 2275: 1622: 1466: 1389: 1381: 1332: 1245: 1162: 1152: 942:. Under the L'Enfant plan, the original 906: 839: 831: 823: 809: 657: 653: 512: 430: 297: 136: 57: 41: 29: 4672:Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand 4635:Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand 4599:Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand 4070: 3922: 3578: 3440: 3231: 217:from the 15th century BC onward in the 14: 4836:Urban studies and planning terminology 4813: 4768: 4679:from the original on 23 September 2023 4642:from the original on 23 September 2023 4606:from the original on 23 September 2023 3835: 3829: 3767:Margaret Anderson (31 December 2013). 3656:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 3331:International Journal of Digital Earth 4258:Institute of Transportation Engineers 3954: 3896: 3863: 3735:. University of Virginia Press, 2012. 3395:Pant, Mohan; Fumo, Shjui (May 2005). 1129:in the 1830s, and, as founder of the 1090:, Victoria, named after the surveyor 612:and almost the entire city centre of 184:A workers' village (2570–2500 BC) at 132: 3801: 3760: 1562:and for several initiatives such as 1320:world, the economically homogeneous 572:Spanish colonization of the Americas 4769:Robson, Daniel (21 November 2010). 4431:Memorial University of Newfoundland 3779:from the original on 18 August 2017 2630:in many of the older inner suburbs. 1269:A prominent 20th century urbanist, 1086:is the name given to the layout of 311:1.- Decumano; 2.- Cardo ; 3.- 24: 4796:Historical Society of Pennsylvania 4704:"The Layout of Kyoto City Streets" 4098:"Town Acre Map of Wellington 1841" 4077:Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand 3935:Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand 1511:solution to a multifaceted issue. 25: 4857: 4784: 4628:Lambert, Ron (1 September 2016). 4035:Adelaide, City of (5 June 2014). 2567:, Victoria, Australia, March 1837 2339: 1724:Cities and towns with a grid plan 1377: 1235:, where notable examples include 427:Asia from the first millennium AD 253: 4758:from the original on 2018-09-12. 4630:"Taranaki places - New Plymouth" 4592:Schrader, Ben (26 March 2015) . 3965:History Trust of South Australia 3957:"Light's Plan of Adelaide, 1840" 3955:Elton, Jude (10 December 2013). 3885:(PDF). June 2005. Archived from 3535:www.stedmundsburychronicle.co.uk 3502:Roman Pompeii: space and society 2418:, partially with the Beruto plan 2189: 1733: 1728: 1345: 1149:Late 19th century to the present 1064:, South Australia, spanning the 1052:Early 19th century – Australasia 305:Roman city matching the current 34:A simple grid plan from 1908 of 4821:3rd-millennium BC introductions 4762: 4740: 4695: 4664: 4658: 4621: 4585: 4572: 4537: 4528: 4518: 4509: 4484: 4435: 4423: 4409: 4384: 4372: 4321: 4308: 4304:University of California, Davis 4292: 4279: 4243: 4230: 4220: 4204: 4192: 4180: 4155: 4128: 4115: 4090: 4071:Walrond, Carl (1 August 2015). 4064: 4028: 3978: 3948: 3872: 3857: 3795: 3769:"Light's Plan of Adelaide 1837" 3747: 3738: 3725: 3706: 3687: 3665: 3625: 3614: 3547: 3523: 2742: 1619:Pedestrian and bicycle movement 1553:Social environment and security 1518:in the street pavement and the 1127:colonisation of South Australia 896:for the development of most of 293: 4665:Schrader, Ben (26 Mar 2015) . 4260:. October 1999. Archived from 3494: 3485: 3388: 3359: 3318: 3081: 2659: 2456: 2387: 2361:Milton Keynes grid road system 1712:Reconstruction and development 1352:Milton Keynes grid road system 1109:, New Zealand, was planned by 705:The shape of street blocks on 374:would have the aforementioned 13: 1: 4591: 3929:Schrader, Ben (26 Mar 2015). 3352:10.1080/17538947.2023.2243901 3312: 1386:Block sizes and street length 478:(Heijô-Kyô, AD 710–784), and 4748:"The linear roads of Nagoya" 4627: 3993:University of Adelaide Press 3904:"Foundation of the Province" 3677:www.thegreatamericangrid.com 3258:District 1, Ho Chi Minh City 3206: 2900: 2865: 2554: 2248: 2194: 1116: 7: 3275:Commissioners' Plan of 1811 3263: 3059: 3022: 2775: 2759: 2532: 1884:Commissioners' Plan of 1811 1702:total and injurious crashes 1609:Vancouver, British Columbia 886:Commissioners' Plan of 1811 815:Commissioners' Plan of 1811 762:rivers in the delta of the 711:Commissioners' Plan of 1811 10: 4862: 3251: 2768:in the market district of 2730: 2718: 2618:Newcastle, New South Wales 2549: 2520: 2508: 2432: 2269: 2050:Wilmington, North Carolina 1507:represents a rationalist, 1349: 888:, a proposal by the state 576:San Cristóbal de La Laguna 496:Japanese addressing system 219:traditional urban planning 127: 4580:The Atlas of Pennsylvania 4558:10.1080/01944360902950349 4288:University College London 4149:10.1080/01944369308975880 4102:Wellington City Libraries 3009: 2696: 2496: 2478: 2260: 2172: 2065: 1990:Sioux Falls, South Dakota 1770:Charlotte, North Carolina 1679: 1493:Saint John, New Brunswick 1039:. Charged with the task, 970:, was adopted to build a 795: 159:Indus Valley civilization 98:to each other, forming a 46:A grid plan from 1799 of 4771:"Sapporo's warm welcome" 4381:, Morning Edition on NPR 3836:Dutton, Francis (1846). 3516:Gelernter, Mark (2001), 3369: ; ABC-CLIO, 2008; 2878: 2824: 2802: 2701: 2444: 2399: 2265: 2224: 1974:Street layout of Seattle 1930:Providence, Rhode Island 1785:Columbia, South Carolina 574:, after the founding of 227:Spring and Autumn period 4801:The Great American Grid 4314:Huttenmoser, Marco and 4011:10.20851/j.ctt1sq5wvd.8 3590:Oxford University Press 3471:Higgins, Hannah (2009) 3277:(Manhattan street grid) 2797: 2236: 2000:St. Petersburg, Florida 1845:Lake Charles, Louisiana 1667:Examining the issue of 1584:Defensible Space Theory 1527:uniform, classic grid. 1373:Benefits and criticisms 1239:(an early example) and 1123:Edward Gibbon Wakefield 940:Pierre Charles L'Enfant 688:Grand Embassy to Europe 145:in the Classical period 4460:10.2105/ajph.93.9.1541 4347:10.1186/1479-5868-7-11 3564:all have grid layouts. 3500:Laurence, Ray (2007), 3291:Land Ordinance of 1785 3281:Comprehensive planning 3091: 3003:transmigration program 2568: 2439:Newtown Pery, Limerick 2281: 1632: 1472: 1395: 1387: 1342: 1300:'s seminal history of 1266: 1172: 1160: 1060:drew up his plans for 924: 845: 837: 829: 821: 787: 667: 524: 439: 331: 157:, major cities of the 146: 67: 55: 39: 3864:Lewis, Miles (1995). 3111:Bonifacio Global City 3089: 2562: 2279: 1760:Bristol, Rhode Island 1626: 1530:Some cities, notably 1470: 1393: 1385: 1336: 1249: 1243:(a late-period one). 1219:caused a panic among 1166: 1156: 1100:Little Collins Street 989:(1733), known as the 930:, the capital of the 910: 843: 835: 827: 813: 661: 654:Russia (18th century) 648:British North America 516: 434: 313:Foro de Caesaraugusta 301: 270:(equivalent to Roman 260:Hippodamus of Miletus 140: 61: 45: 33: 4300:Mokhtarian, Patricia 4267:on February 20, 2011 4201:Accessed 16 May 2017 4189:Accessed 17 May 2017 3802:Fort, Carol (2008). 3722:Accessed 16 May 2017 3621:ExplorePaHistory.com 3451:Burns, Ross (2005), 3232:United Arab Emirates 3005:throughout Indonesia 2137:Thunder Bay, Ontario 2060:Winter Park, Florida 2045:Wilmington, Delaware 1965:San Jose, California 1605:Berkeley, California 1516:impermeable surfaces 1296:styles: as noted in 944:District of Columbia 934:, was planned under 872:to the west and the 800:Izmaylovsky Regiment 54:, by Isaac Tillberg. 3755:The Oglethorpe Plan 3733:The Oglethorpe Plan 3580:Jackson, Kenneth T. 3453:Damascus: A History 3343:2023IJDE...16.3145C 2367:New Town, Edinburgh 2112:Quebec City, Quebec 1805:Fargo, North Dakota 1755:Birmingham, Alabama 1595:Culs-de-sac reduce 1337:A one km sector in 1131:New Zealand Company 1078:Adelaide Park Lands 1068:. Two areas south ( 948:Pennsylvania Avenue 690:, the Czar ordered 682:founded in 1703 by 618:planned communities 4826:City layout models 4714:on 2 November 2020 4448:Am J Public Health 4256:. Washington, DC: 4058:2021-01-15 at the 3995:. pp. 11–38. 3718:2013-02-16 at the 3662:Swarthmore College 3558:Dorchester Heights 3455:, Routledge, p. 39 3414:10.3130/jaabe.4.51 3156:Intramuros, Manila 3092: 2972:Siak Sri Indrapura 2569: 2328:Eixample, Valencia 2282: 1810:Fresno, California 1718:linear settlements 1652:the right of way. 1646:traffic collisions 1633: 1538:that it offers to 1473: 1396: 1388: 1343: 1267: 1173: 1161: 925: 884:formulated in the 846: 838: 830: 822: 707:Vasilyevsky Island 696:Vasilyevsky Island 668: 664:Vasilyevsky Island 525: 440: 332: 235:, near modern-day 147: 133:Ancient grid plans 68: 56: 40: 4708:The Kyoto Project 3481:978-0-262-51240-4 3375:978-1-57607-907-2 3136:Claveria, Cagayan 2394:La Chaux-de-Fonds 1980:Savannah, Georgia 1765:Cedar Falls, Iowa 1745:Anniston, Alabama 1367:V6 Grafton Street 1278:traffic engineers 1029:Republic of Texas 987:Savannah, Georgia 966:, led by Senator 960:Washington Circle 772:Kadetskaya liniya 692:Domenico Trezzini 462:, the capital of 454:, the capital of 412:decumanus maximus 377:decumanus maximus 344:decumanus maximus 200:Babylonian Empire 179:Kathmandu Valleys 141:The grid plan of 16:(Redirected from 4853: 4779: 4778: 4766: 4760: 4759: 4744: 4738: 4737: 4731: 4723: 4721: 4719: 4710:. Archived from 4699: 4693: 4692: 4686: 4684: 4662: 4656: 4655: 4649: 4647: 4625: 4619: 4618: 4613: 4611: 4589: 4583: 4576: 4570: 4569: 4541: 4535: 4532: 4526: 4522: 4516: 4513: 4507: 4506: 4504: 4503: 4494:. Archived from 4488: 4482: 4481: 4471: 4439: 4433: 4427: 4421: 4420: 4413: 4407: 4406: 4404: 4403: 4394:. Archived from 4388: 4382: 4376: 4370: 4369: 4359: 4349: 4325: 4319: 4316:Marie Meierhofer 4312: 4306: 4296: 4290: 4283: 4277: 4276: 4274: 4272: 4266: 4255: 4247: 4241: 4240:, September 2006 4234: 4228: 4224: 4218: 4208: 4202: 4196: 4190: 4184: 4178: 4177: 4175: 4174: 4165:. Archived from 4159: 4153: 4152: 4132: 4126: 4119: 4113: 4112: 4110: 4108: 4094: 4088: 4087: 4085: 4083: 4068: 4062: 4051: 4049: 4047: 4032: 4026: 4025: 4019: 4017: 3982: 3976: 3975: 3973: 3971: 3952: 3946: 3945: 3943: 3941: 3926: 3920: 3919: 3917: 3915: 3900: 3894: 3893: 3891: 3884: 3876: 3870: 3869: 3861: 3855: 3854: 3849: 3847: 3833: 3827: 3826: 3824: 3822: 3799: 3793: 3792: 3786: 3784: 3764: 3758: 3751: 3745: 3742: 3736: 3729: 3723: 3710: 3704: 3691: 3685: 3684: 3679:. Archived from 3669: 3663: 3661: 3655: 3647: 3645: 3644: 3635:. Archived from 3629: 3623: 3618: 3612: 3611: 3576: 3565: 3551: 3545: 3544: 3542: 3541: 3527: 3521: 3514: 3505: 3498: 3492: 3489: 3483: 3469: 3456: 3449: 3438: 3435: 3426: 3425: 3423: 3421: 3416: 3392: 3386: 3363: 3357: 3356: 3354: 3337:(1): 3145–3161. 3322: 3297:Street hierarchy 2860:Neyveli Township 2319: 2302: 2132:Sudbury, Ontario 1920:Portland, Oregon 1658:Vauban, Freiburg 1597:perceived danger 1403:opportunity cost 1282:street hierarchy 1133:, the plans for 928:Washington, D.C. 917:Washington, D.C. 870:Schuylkill River 854:New Haven Colony 797: 585:capital city of 448:Korean peninsula 80:grid street plan 21: 4861: 4860: 4856: 4855: 4854: 4852: 4851: 4850: 4811: 4810: 4787: 4782: 4775:the Japan times 4767: 4763: 4746: 4745: 4741: 4725: 4724: 4717: 4715: 4700: 4696: 4682: 4680: 4663: 4659: 4645: 4643: 4626: 4622: 4609: 4607: 4590: 4586: 4577: 4573: 4542: 4538: 4533: 4529: 4523: 4519: 4514: 4510: 4501: 4499: 4490: 4489: 4485: 4440: 4436: 4428: 4424: 4415: 4414: 4410: 4401: 4399: 4390: 4389: 4385: 4377: 4373: 4326: 4322: 4313: 4309: 4297: 4293: 4284: 4280: 4270: 4268: 4264: 4253: 4249: 4248: 4244: 4235: 4231: 4225: 4221: 4209: 4205: 4197: 4193: 4185: 4181: 4172: 4170: 4161: 4160: 4156: 4133: 4129: 4120: 4116: 4106: 4104: 4096: 4095: 4091: 4081: 4079: 4069: 4065: 4060:Wayback Machine 4045: 4043: 4033: 4029: 4015: 4013: 4003: 3983: 3979: 3969: 3967: 3953: 3949: 3939: 3937: 3927: 3923: 3913: 3911: 3902: 3901: 3897: 3892:on 22 May 2010. 3889: 3882: 3878: 3877: 3873: 3862: 3858: 3845: 3843: 3834: 3830: 3820: 3818: 3816: 3800: 3796: 3782: 3780: 3765: 3761: 3752: 3748: 3743: 3739: 3730: 3726: 3720:Wayback Machine 3711: 3707: 3692: 3688: 3671: 3670: 3666: 3649: 3648: 3642: 3640: 3633:"Archived copy" 3631: 3630: 3626: 3619: 3615: 3600: 3577: 3568: 3552: 3548: 3539: 3537: 3529: 3528: 3524: 3515: 3508: 3499: 3495: 3490: 3486: 3470: 3459: 3450: 3441: 3436: 3429: 3419: 3417: 3393: 3389: 3365:Jane McIntosh, 3364: 3360: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3307:Urban structure 3293:(United States) 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4803: 4798: 4793: 4786: 4785:External links 4783: 4781: 4780: 4761: 4739: 4694: 4657: 4620: 4584: 4571: 4552:(3): 309–329. 4536: 4527: 4517: 4508: 4483: 4434: 4422: 4419:. 7 June 2011. 4408: 4383: 4371: 4320: 4307: 4291: 4278: 4242: 4238:New Urban News 4229: 4219: 4211:Mumford, Lewis 4203: 4191: 4179: 4154: 4143:(3): 271–288. 4127: 4114: 4089: 4063: 4041:data.sa.gov.au 4027: 4001: 3977: 3947: 3921: 3895: 3871: 3856: 3828: 3814: 3794: 3759: 3746: 3737: 3724: 3705: 3693:Landers, John 3686: 3683:on 2013-11-08. 3664: 3624: 3613: 3598: 3566: 3546: 3522: 3506: 3493: 3484: 3457: 3439: 3427: 3387: 3358: 3316: 3314: 3311: 3310: 3309: 3304: 3302:Urban planning 3299: 3294: 3288: 3283: 3278: 3272: 3265: 3262: 3261: 3260: 3253: 3250: 3249: 3248: 3245: 3240: 3233: 3230: 3229: 3228: 3219: 3208: 3205: 3204: 3203: 3198: 3193: 3188: 3183: 3178: 3173: 3168: 3163: 3158: 3153: 3148: 3143: 3138: 3133: 3128: 3123: 3118: 3113: 3108: 3106:Basco, Batanes 3103: 3098: 3083: 3080: 3079: 3078: 3073: 3068: 3061: 3058: 3057: 3056: 3051: 3046: 3041: 3036: 3031: 3024: 3021: 3020: 3019: 3011: 3008: 3007: 3006: 2999: 2994: 2989: 2984: 2979: 2974: 2969: 2964: 2959: 2954: 2949: 2944: 2939: 2934: 2929: 2924: 2919: 2914: 2909: 2902: 2899: 2898: 2897: 2892: 2887: 2880: 2877: 2876: 2875: 2867: 2864: 2863: 2862: 2857: 2853:, a suburb of 2848: 2843: 2838: 2833: 2826: 2823: 2822: 2821: 2816: 2811: 2804: 2801: 2799: 2796: 2795: 2794: 2789: 2784: 2777: 2774: 2773: 2772: 2761: 2758: 2757: 2756: 2751: 2744: 2741: 2740: 2739: 2732: 2729: 2728: 2727: 2720: 2717: 2716: 2715: 2710: 2703: 2700: 2698: 2695: 2694: 2693: 2688: 2683: 2678: 2673: 2668: 2661: 2658: 2657: 2656: 2650:Canley Heights 2631: 2625: 2615: 2605: 2600: 2595: 2590: 2585: 2580: 2577:Light's Vision 2556: 2553: 2551: 2548: 2547: 2546: 2541: 2534: 2531: 2530: 2529: 2522: 2519: 2518: 2517: 2510: 2507: 2506: 2505: 2498: 2495: 2494: 2493: 2488: 2480: 2477: 2476: 2475: 2470: 2465: 2458: 2455: 2454: 2453: 2446: 2443: 2442: 2441: 2434: 2431: 2430: 2429: 2424: 2419: 2413: 2408: 2401: 2398: 2397: 2396: 2389: 2386: 2385: 2384: 2379: 2374: 2369: 2364: 2354: 2348: 2341: 2340:United Kingdom 2338: 2337: 2336: 2331: 2321: 2304: 2270:Main article: 2267: 2264: 2262: 2259: 2258: 2257: 2250: 2247: 2246: 2245: 2238: 2235: 2234: 2233: 2226: 2223: 2219: 2218: 2213: 2208: 2203: 2196: 2193: 2191: 2188: 2187: 2186: 2181: 2174: 2171: 2170: 2169: 2164: 2159: 2154: 2149: 2139: 2134: 2129: 2124: 2119: 2114: 2109: 2104: 2099: 2094: 2089: 2084: 2079: 2074: 2067: 2064: 2063: 2062: 2057: 2052: 2047: 2042: 2037: 2027: 2022: 2017: 2012: 2007: 2002: 1997: 1992: 1987: 1977: 1967: 1962: 1957: 1952: 1950:Salt Lake City 1947: 1942: 1937: 1932: 1927: 1922: 1917: 1912: 1907: 1902: 1897: 1892: 1887: 1877: 1872: 1867: 1862: 1857: 1852: 1847: 1842: 1837: 1832: 1827: 1822: 1817: 1812: 1807: 1802: 1797: 1792: 1790:Columbus, Ohio 1787: 1782: 1777: 1772: 1767: 1762: 1757: 1752: 1747: 1742: 1735: 1732: 1730: 1727: 1725: 1722: 1713: 1710: 1681: 1678: 1620: 1617: 1564:living streets 1554: 1551: 1464: 1461: 1416:Pavement width 1379: 1378:Financial cost 1376: 1374: 1371: 1350:Main article: 1347: 1344: 1276:In the 1960s, 1229:arterial roads 1221:urban planners 1201: 1200: 1197: 1194: 1191: 1176:Ildefons Cerdà 1169:Ildefons Cerdà 1150: 1147: 1118: 1115: 1074:North Adelaide 1053: 1050: 1033:Colorado River 1006:Salt Lake City 968:James McMillan 902:Houston Street 874:Delaware River 807: 804: 802:were located. 680:St. Petersburg 655: 652: 620:and cities in 510: 507: 474:(AD 694–710), 466:, adapted the 437:numbered roads 428: 425: 317:Puerto fluvial 295: 292: 255: 254:Ancient Greece 252: 134: 131: 129: 126: 122:planned cities 90:plan in which 72:urban planning 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4858: 4847: 4844: 4842: 4839: 4837: 4834: 4832: 4829: 4827: 4824: 4822: 4819: 4818: 4816: 4807: 4804: 4802: 4799: 4797: 4794: 4792: 4789: 4788: 4776: 4772: 4765: 4757: 4753: 4749: 4743: 4735: 4729: 4713: 4709: 4705: 4698: 4691: 4678: 4674: 4673: 4668: 4661: 4654: 4641: 4637: 4636: 4631: 4624: 4617: 4605: 4601: 4600: 4595: 4588: 4581: 4575: 4567: 4563: 4559: 4555: 4551: 4547: 4540: 4531: 4521: 4512: 4498:on 2006-09-03 4497: 4493: 4487: 4479: 4475: 4470: 4465: 4461: 4457: 4454:(9): 1541–5. 4453: 4449: 4445: 4438: 4432: 4426: 4418: 4412: 4398:on 2017-01-18 4397: 4393: 4387: 4380: 4375: 4367: 4363: 4358: 4353: 4348: 4343: 4339: 4335: 4331: 4324: 4317: 4311: 4305: 4301: 4295: 4289: 4282: 4263: 4259: 4252: 4246: 4239: 4233: 4223: 4216: 4212: 4207: 4200: 4195: 4188: 4183: 4169:on 2010-07-04 4168: 4164: 4158: 4150: 4146: 4142: 4138: 4131: 4123: 4118: 4103: 4099: 4093: 4078: 4074: 4067: 4061: 4057: 4054: 4042: 4038: 4031: 4023: 4012: 4008: 4004: 4002:9781922064400 3998: 3994: 3990: 3989: 3981: 3966: 3962: 3958: 3951: 3936: 3932: 3925: 3909: 3905: 3899: 3888: 3881: 3875: 3867: 3860: 3853: 3841: 3840: 3832: 3817: 3815:9781862547827 3811: 3807: 3806: 3798: 3791: 3778: 3774: 3770: 3763: 3756: 3750: 3741: 3734: 3728: 3721: 3717: 3714: 3709: 3703: 3699: 3696: 3690: 3682: 3678: 3674: 3668: 3659: 3653: 3639:on 2007-04-20 3638: 3634: 3628: 3622: 3617: 3609: 3605: 3601: 3599:0-19-504983-7 3595: 3591: 3587: 3586: 3581: 3575: 3573: 3571: 3563: 3559: 3555: 3550: 3536: 3532: 3526: 3519: 3513: 3511: 3503: 3497: 3488: 3482: 3478: 3474: 3473:The Grid Book 3468: 3466: 3464: 3462: 3454: 3448: 3446: 3444: 3434: 3432: 3415: 3410: 3406: 3402: 3398: 3391: 3384: 3380: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3362: 3353: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3328: 3321: 3317: 3308: 3305: 3303: 3300: 3298: 3295: 3292: 3289: 3287: 3284: 3282: 3279: 3276: 3273: 3271: 3268: 3267: 3259: 3256: 3255: 3246: 3244: 3241: 3239: 3236: 3235: 3227: 3223: 3220: 3218: 3214: 3211: 3210: 3202: 3199: 3197: 3194: 3192: 3189: 3187: 3184: 3182: 3179: 3177: 3174: 3172: 3169: 3167: 3164: 3162: 3159: 3157: 3154: 3152: 3149: 3147: 3144: 3142: 3139: 3137: 3134: 3132: 3129: 3127: 3124: 3122: 3119: 3117: 3114: 3112: 3109: 3107: 3104: 3102: 3099: 3097: 3094: 3093: 3088: 3077: 3074: 3072: 3069: 3067: 3064: 3063: 3055: 3052: 3050: 3047: 3045: 3042: 3040: 3039:Kota Kinabalu 3037: 3035: 3032: 3030: 3027: 3026: 3018: 3014: 3013: 3004: 3000: 2998: 2995: 2993: 2990: 2988: 2985: 2983: 2980: 2978: 2975: 2973: 2970: 2968: 2965: 2963: 2960: 2958: 2955: 2953: 2952:Palangka Raya 2950: 2948: 2947:North Jakarta 2945: 2943: 2940: 2938: 2935: 2933: 2930: 2928: 2925: 2923: 2920: 2918: 2915: 2913: 2910: 2908: 2905: 2904: 2896: 2893: 2891: 2888: 2886: 2883: 2882: 2873: 2870: 2869: 2861: 2858: 2856: 2852: 2849: 2847: 2844: 2842: 2839: 2837: 2834: 2832: 2829: 2828: 2820: 2817: 2815: 2812: 2810: 2807: 2806: 2793: 2790: 2788: 2785: 2783: 2780: 2779: 2771: 2767: 2766:Dar es Salaam 2764: 2763: 2755: 2752: 2750: 2747: 2746: 2738: 2735: 2734: 2726: 2723: 2722: 2714: 2711: 2709: 2706: 2705: 2692: 2689: 2687: 2684: 2682: 2679: 2677: 2674: 2672: 2669: 2667: 2664: 2663: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2632: 2629: 2626: 2623: 2619: 2616: 2613: 2609: 2606: 2604: 2601: 2599: 2596: 2594: 2591: 2589: 2586: 2584: 2581: 2578: 2574: 2571: 2570: 2566: 2561: 2545: 2544:Byala Slatina 2542: 2540: 2537: 2536: 2528: 2525: 2524: 2516: 2513: 2512: 2504: 2501: 2500: 2492: 2489: 2487: 2486:St Petersburg 2483: 2482: 2474: 2471: 2469: 2466: 2464: 2461: 2460: 2452: 2449: 2448: 2440: 2437: 2436: 2428: 2425: 2423: 2420: 2417: 2414: 2412: 2409: 2407: 2404: 2403: 2395: 2392: 2391: 2383: 2380: 2378: 2375: 2373: 2370: 2368: 2365: 2362: 2358: 2357:Milton Keynes 2355: 2352: 2349: 2347: 2344: 2343: 2335: 2332: 2329: 2325: 2322: 2317: 2312: 2308: 2305: 2300: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2284: 2283: 2278: 2273: 2256: 2253: 2252: 2244: 2241: 2240: 2232: 2229: 2228: 2222: 2217: 2214: 2212: 2209: 2207: 2206:Mar del Plata 2204: 2202: 2199: 2198: 2190:South America 2185: 2182: 2180: 2177: 2176: 2168: 2165: 2163: 2160: 2158: 2155: 2153: 2150: 2147: 2143: 2140: 2138: 2135: 2133: 2130: 2128: 2125: 2123: 2120: 2118: 2115: 2113: 2110: 2108: 2105: 2103: 2100: 2098: 2095: 2093: 2090: 2088: 2085: 2083: 2080: 2078: 2075: 2073: 2070: 2069: 2061: 2058: 2056: 2053: 2051: 2048: 2046: 2043: 2041: 2038: 2035: 2034:L'Enfant Plan 2031: 2028: 2026: 2023: 2021: 2018: 2016: 2013: 2011: 2010:Traverse City 2008: 2006: 2003: 2001: 1998: 1996: 1993: 1991: 1988: 1985: 1981: 1978: 1975: 1971: 1968: 1966: 1963: 1961: 1960:San Francisco 1958: 1956: 1953: 1951: 1948: 1946: 1943: 1941: 1938: 1936: 1933: 1931: 1928: 1926: 1923: 1921: 1918: 1916: 1913: 1911: 1908: 1906: 1905:Panorama City 1903: 1901: 1898: 1896: 1893: 1891: 1890:Oklahoma City 1888: 1885: 1881: 1880:New York City 1878: 1876: 1873: 1871: 1868: 1866: 1863: 1861: 1858: 1856: 1853: 1851: 1848: 1846: 1843: 1841: 1838: 1836: 1833: 1831: 1828: 1826: 1823: 1821: 1818: 1816: 1813: 1811: 1808: 1806: 1803: 1801: 1798: 1796: 1793: 1791: 1788: 1786: 1783: 1781: 1778: 1776: 1773: 1771: 1768: 1766: 1763: 1761: 1758: 1756: 1753: 1751: 1748: 1746: 1743: 1741: 1738: 1737: 1734:United States 1729:North America 1721: 1719: 1709: 1705: 1703: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1686: 1677: 1674: 1670: 1665: 1663: 1662:Village Homes 1659: 1653: 1651: 1647: 1641: 1639: 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1066:River Torrens 1063: 1059: 1058:William Light 1049: 1047: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1017: 1015: 1014:Oklahoma City 1011: 1007: 1002: 1000: 996: 992: 988: 983: 980: 975: 973: 972:National Mall 969: 965: 964:McMillan Plan 961: 957: 956:Dupont Circle 953: 949: 945: 941: 937: 933: 932:United States 929: 922: 918: 914: 913:L'Enfant Plan 909: 905: 903: 899: 895: 891: 887: 883: 882:New York City 878: 875: 871: 867: 863: 859: 855: 851: 842: 834: 826: 820: 816: 812: 803: 801: 793: 789: 785: 781: 775: 773: 767: 765: 761: 757: 756:Bolshaya Neva 753: 749: 745: 741: 737: 733: 729: 728: 723: 721: 716: 712: 708: 703: 701: 697: 693: 689: 685: 681: 677: 673: 665: 660: 651: 649: 645: 641: 637: 633: 631: 630:United States 627: 623: 619: 615: 611: 607: 603: 599: 594: 592: 588: 584: 579: 577: 573: 569: 564: 562: 558: 554: 550: 546: 542: 538: 534: 530: 523: 519: 515: 506: 504: 499: 497: 493: 489: 485: 481: 477: 473: 469: 465: 461: 457: 456:Unified Silla 453: 449: 445: 438: 433: 424: 420: 417: 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