247:
28:
135:
175:
On June 9, 1907, following the spring referendum on the matter, a temporary board of directors was established in
Astoria to organize the formation of the new newspaper. Astoria was not the pre-ordained choice for the location of the forthcoming newspaper, as the provisional board determined that the
214:
attracted about 1,700 subscribers. The front page featured world news, frequently translated from
English newspapers, with an editorial page appearing on page 2. The paper's size fluctuated from 4 to 8 pages, with the rest of the publication's content consisting of local Astoria news, correspondence
179:
Astoria's large
Finnish population was especially energized by the new project and shares of stock sold there, in the words of one board member, "like glasses of wine in a dry state." A total of $ 2,500 was raised by October 20, allowing the project to legally proceed, and stockholders met to choose
412:
parties, the 1920 convention of the SSJ moved to place federation newspapers more tightly under central control, with the executive committee of the federation given approval over the hiring and firing of personnel. The editorial policy of the paper was moved into the
Communist orbit and increasing
296:
The
Western Workmen's Co-operative Publishing Company supplemented its income by working locally in Astoria as a job printer. It additionally was hired by the Finnish Socialist Federation (SSJ) to print pamphlets, books, and magazines on behalf of the organization, including from 1913 the glossy
176:
press would be located in the town from which the greatest money for capitalization could be raised. Provision was made for the issuance of $ 5,000 of capital stock, to be sold in 500 shares priced at $ 10 each, and on July 24, 1907 the venture was formally incorporated.
272:
The weekly was launched with a press run of 3,000 and soon grew to be the largest circulation publication of the
Western Workmen's Co-operative Publishing Company, hitting the 5,000 mark in 1912; the 8,000 mark in 1920; and peaking with a circulation of 12,000 in 1926.
172:, was deemed too far distant to provide timely news coverage of events of the Finnish-American population on the Pacific Coast and a referendum of SSJ locals in the western region voted in favor of establishing a new publication.
203:(The Comrade), rolled off the press. The publication's initial bi-weekly schedule proved to be little more than a fiction during its first financially challenged months of operation, however, with finances strapped by the
832:
Hilja J. Karvonen, "Three
Proponents of Women's Rights in the Finnish-American Labor Movement from 1910 to 1930: Selma Jokela McCone, Maiju Nurmi, and Helmi Mattson," in Michael Karni and Douglas Ollila, Jr. (eds.),
478:(Woman's Banner). The paper continued in production from Superior until June 1978, at which time it was terminated and briefly converted into a section of the Communist Party's faltering Finnish-language weekly,
269:
and was targeted to a
Finnish-speaking female audience, including not only discussion of radical theory and history but matter concerning family affairs, household economy, and literature by women.
235:(The Pioneer), nevertheless allowed the paper to tout itself on its masthead as maintaining a circulation "greater than the combined circulation of all other newspapers printed in Astoria."
964:
261:
In July 1911 a newspaper clearly of national scope was launched by the
Finnish Socialist Federation through the Western Workmen's Co-operative Publishing Company — the weekly newspaper
859:
934:
959:
192:, was chosen as the first editor of the new newspaper. Väinö Riipa was selected as the paper's first business manager and given the task of acquiring a printing press in
851:
142:
during its first 15 years featured the joined hands over a globe logo of the
Socialist Party of America. The paper went to a daily publication schedule in 1912.
359:, a light-hearted socialist who would figure large in the history of the SSJ as the leader of its moderate wing following the 1919 split into Socialist and
254:
featured the arm-and-torch alternative logo of the Socialist Party of America. The paper maintained a national readership and had a larger circulation than
381:
during his earlier colonization efforts, and Henry Askeli, later head of the Finnish Federation and briefly prominent in the American Communist movement.
823:
371:
939:
374:, an assistant editor from 1917 to 1918 who was a well-known humorist both in Finland and the United States and who had been a close associate of
389:
356:
338:
333:, one of the leading lights in the Finnish Socialist Federation. Nuorteva would be succeeded in 1913 by yet another prominent figure in the SSJ,
266:
954:
860:
http://www.migrationinstitute.fi/files/pdf/englanninkieliset_historialliset_julkaisut/the_forging_of_finnish-american_communism_1917-1924.pdf
88:
seeking to consolidate operations, the Western Workmen's Co-operative Publishing Company was terminated in 1931. The western regional organ
919:
334:
265:(The Woman Comrade). The paper, which varied in size from 8 to 16 pages, was first edited by former member of the Finnish parliament
909:
872:
181:
452:
With its circulation having fallen to 3,000 at the end of 1930, down from a peak of about 5,600 eight years earlier,
409:
914:
466:
was likewise moved to Superior, Wisconsin, at this time, where it continued to be produced out of the offices of
392:, an adept and prolific writer of essays, fiction, and poetry who headed the paper through the 1920s and 1930s.
929:
924:
162:. The westernmost publishing center of the Finnish Socialist Federation (SSJ), centered around the newspaper
944:
151:
329:
in July 1908, only to return for a second stint in the editorial desk in 1910. He was replaced in 1911 by
405:
401:
306:
189:
400:
With factional warfare emerging in the Finnish Federation in 1919, following the 3-for-1 split of the
221:
By 1916 Toveri's circulation reached the 4,000 mark — which while small compared to the press runs of
949:
856:(History of the Finnish-American Labor Movement). Fitchburg, MA: Raivaaja Publishing Company, 1951.
59:
661:
The Immigrant Labor Press in North America, 1840s-1970s: Volume 1: Migrants form Northern Europe.
314:
840:
P. George Hummasti, "Ethnicity and Radicalism: The Finns of Astoria and the Toveri, 1890–1930,"
456:
was terminated through merger with the Communist Party's midwestern Finnish-language newspaper,
750:
Velma Doby, "Toveritar/Naisten Viiri", in Mari Jo Buhle, Paul Puhle, and Dan Georgakas (eds.),
17:
474:(Working Woman). Another name change was forthcoming in 1936, when the paper was rechristened
424:
In December 1922, a major fire in Astoria disrupted publication of two local newspapers, the
301:(May Day). Book printing on behalf of the SSJ included works of socialist poetry, fiction by
159:
888:
792:
180:
an editor and business manager for the publication. Aku Kissanen, a prominent member of the
360:
85:
196:, hiring typographers and press workers, and establishing a printing facility in Astoria.
8:
169:
99:
77:(established 1911) would soon gain a larger circulation than the more frequently issued
835:
For the Common Good: Finnish Immigrants and the Radical Response to Industrial America.
806:
118:
where they were placed at the disposal of the Finnish-language Kirja publishing house.
375:
489:
330:
215:
from various Finnish-American communities in the western region, and advertising.
193:
155:
44:
31:
Employees of the Western Workmen's Co-operative Publishing Company in front of the
73:
Targeted to a national female audience rather than a local readership, the weekly
791:
147:
51:
280:
there were special annual magazines produced for a juvenile audience, including
70:(The Woman Comrade), periodicals designed for young readers, as well as books.
541:
Finnish Radicals in Astoria, Oregon, 1904–1940: A Study in Immigrant Socialism.
440:
426:
521:
Finns in the United States: A History of Settlement, Dissent, and Integration.
903:
798:
414:
378:
246:
226:
204:
867:
302:
207:, and a regular publication schedule was only possible the following year.
115:
218:
The paper moved from a bi-weekly to a daily publication schedule in 1912.
146:
The Western Workmen's Co-operative Publishing Company was established in
845:
633:
Ethnicity and Radicalism: The Finns of Astoria and the Toveri, 1890–1930
632:
504:
under the control there of the Finnish-language Kirja publishing house.
27:
305:, and Finnish translations of socialist pamphlets by luminaries of the
134:
519:
Auvo Kostiainen, "Papers and Publications," in Auvo Kostiainen (ed.),
164:
94:
501:
434:. The papers continued publication with the aid of the facilities of
199:
On December 7, 1907, the first issue of the new bi-weekly newspaper,
111:
47:
500:
was likewise crated up in Astoria and shipped abroad, winding up in
754:
First edition. New York: Garland Publishing Co., 1990; pp. 776-777.
231:
797:
659:
Auvo Kostiainen, "Finns," in Dirk Hoerder with Christiane Harzig,
523:
East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University Press, 2014; pg. 208.
485:
418:
185:
92:
was absorbed by the long-running Finnish-language radical daily,
55:
965:
Finnish-language newspapers published in the United States
110:(Working Woman). The company's presses were exported to
824:"Astoria Was a Hotbed of Finnish Newspaper Publishing,"
460:
The final issue was published dated February 28, 1931.
366:
Other important figures who would work on the staff of
337:, who would in turn be replaced by veteran journalist
935:
Communist periodicals published in the United States
81:
which went to a daily publication schedule in 1912.
960:
Non-English-language newspapers published in Oregon
150:in 1907 by individuals closely associated with the
484:With many radical Finnish-Americans emigrating to
663:Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1987; pp. 231-233.
492:at this time, the printing press which published
41:Western Workman's Co-operative Publishing Company
901:
488:in an attempt to escape the ill effects of the
844:vol. 96, no. 4 (Winter 1995/96), pp. 362-393.
413:space was given to news coverage of events in
853:Amerikan suomalaisen työväenliikkeen historia
726:
724:
697:
695:
384:The best known and most successful editor of
895:—pdfs of full issues, broken run, 1915–1922.
614:
612:
610:
608:
606:
579:
577:
575:
535:
533:
531:
529:
893:Chronicling America, Library of Congress.
783:
721:
692:
126:
639:vol. 96, no. 4 (Winter 1995/96), pg. 366.
603:
572:
526:
789:
245:
133:
50:newspaper and book publisher located in
26:
940:Socialist Party of America publications
746:
744:
742:
740:
341:, a former member of the staff at both
14:
902:
513:
421:, and translations of Soviet writers.
238:
655:
653:
651:
649:
647:
645:
291:
250:The masthead of some early issues of
184:who had been recently forced to flee
955:Publishing companies based in Oregon
837:Superior, WI: Työmies Society, 1977.
778:Finnish Radicals in Astoria, Oregon,
765:Finnish Radicals in Astoria, Oregon,
737:
732:Finnish Radicals in Astoria, Oregon,
716:Finnish Radicals in Astoria, Oregon,
703:Finnish Radicals in Astoria, Oregon,
687:Finnish Radicals in Astoria, Oregon,
674:Finnish Radicals in Astoria, Oregon,
620:Finnish Radicals in Astoria, Oregon,
598:Finnish Radicals in Astoria, Oregon,
585:Finnish Radicals in Astoria, Oregon,
567:Finnish Radicals in Astoria, Oregon,
554:Finnish Radicals in Astoria, Oregon,
210:During its first year of operation,
154:to supply radical literature in the
920:Defunct Finnish-language newspapers
543:New York: Arno Press, 1979; pg. 40.
102:, while the national women's paper
84:With circulation declining and the
62:. The firm produced the newspapers
24:
816:
752:Encyclopedia of the American Left.
642:
229:Finnish-language socialist daily,
182:Social Democratic Party of Finland
25:
976:
882:
878:on the Finnish language Knowledge
552:Väinö Riipa, quoted in Hummasti,
395:
351:In 1915 Parras would depart from
770:
757:
708:
679:
666:
325:Debut editor Aku Kissanen left
35:offices, Astoria, Oregon, 1913.
625:
590:
559:
546:
447:
58:, on the Pacific coast of the
13:
1:
910:1907 establishments in Oregon
188:following the failure of the
43:, established in 1907, was a
842:Oregon Historical Quarterly,
800:History of Oregon Newspapers
790:Turnbull, George S. (1939).
637:Oregon Historical Quarterly,
507:
152:Finnish Socialist Federation
7:
98:(The Worker), published in
10:
981:
402:Socialist Party of America
320:
307:Socialist Party of America
190:Russian Revolution of 1905
158:to readers throughout the
121:
311:The Law and White Slavery
297:annual literary magazine
876:(yhdysvaltalainen lehti)
288:(Children's Christmas).
284:(Children's Spring) and
106:was relaunched there as
60:United States of America
915:1931 disestablishments
793:"Clatsop County"
539:Paul George Hummasti,
258:
143:
36:
631:P. George Hummasti, "
249:
137:
30:
930:Communist newspapers
925:Socialist newspapers
822:Steve A. Forrester,
404:into the Socialist,
315:Kate Richards O'Hare
276:In association with
86:Communist Party, USA
945:Communist Party USA
807:Binfords & Mort
170:Superior, Wisconsin
100:Superior, Wisconsin
480:Työmies-Eteenpain.
470:under a new name,
355:to be replaced by
292:Other publications
259:
144:
37:
896:
376:utopian socialist
127:Establishment of
16:(Redirected from
972:
894:
811:
810:
804:
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781:
774:
768:
761:
755:
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629:
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601:
594:
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581:
570:
563:
557:
550:
544:
537:
524:
517:
490:Great Depression
331:Santeri Nuorteva
168:(The Worker) in
156:Finnish-language
138:The masthead of
45:Finnish-language
21:
980:
979:
975:
974:
973:
971:
970:
969:
950:Astoria, Oregon
900:
899:
885:
850:Elis Sulkanen,
827:Daily Astorian,
819:
817:Further reading
814:
788:
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758:
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450:
410:Communist Labor
398:
323:
294:
244:
148:Astoria, Oregon
132:
124:
66:(The Comrade),
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
978:
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967:
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957:
952:
947:
942:
937:
932:
927:
922:
917:
912:
898:
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883:External links
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486:Soviet Karelia
449:
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441:Seaside Signal
427:Daily Astorian
419:Marxist theory
397:
396:Centralization
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829:May 27, 2016.
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476:Naisten Viiri
473:
472:Työlaisnainen
469:
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459:
455:
445:
443:
442:
437:
433:
429:
428:
422:
420:
416:
415:Soviet Russia
411:
407:
403:
393:
391:
390:Helmi Mattson
387:
382:
380:
379:Matti Kurikka
377:
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357:William Reivo
354:
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339:Eemeli Parras
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227:Massachusetts
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205:Panic of 1907
202:
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160:American West
157:
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108:Työlaisnainen
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627:
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467:
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451:
439:
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431:
425:
423:
399:
385:
383:
372:A. B. Mäkelä
367:
365:
352:
350:
346:
342:
326:
324:
310:
309:, including
303:Henry Askeli
298:
295:
286:Lasten Joulu
285:
282:Lasten Kevät
281:
277:
275:
271:
267:Maiju Raunio
262:
260:
255:
251:
240:
230:
222:
220:
217:
211:
209:
200:
198:
178:
174:
163:
145:
139:
128:
116:Soviet Union
107:
103:
93:
89:
83:
78:
74:
72:
67:
63:
40:
38:
32:
448:Termination
904:Categories
890:Toveritar,
776:Hummasti,
763:Hummasti,
730:Hummasti,
718:pp. 44-45.
714:Hummasti,
701:Hummasti,
685:Hummasti,
676:pp. 42-43.
672:Hummasti,
618:Hummasti,
600:pp. 41-42.
596:Hummasti,
583:Hummasti,
569:pp. 40-41.
565:Hummasti,
363:factions.
335:John Viita
239:Launch of
868:Toveritar
508:Footnotes
502:Leningrad
498:Toveritar
464:Toveritar
406:Communist
386:Toveritar
370:included
361:Communist
278:Toveritar
263:Toveritar
252:Toveritar
241:Toveritar
112:Leningrad
104:Toveritar
75:Toveritar
68:Toveritar
48:socialist
846:In JSTOR
780:pg. 184.
767:pg. 183.
458:Työmies.
438:and the
430:and the
347:Työmies.
343:Raivaaja
232:Raivaaja
225:and the
194:Portland
734:pg. 45.
705:pg. 44.
689:pg. 43.
622:pg. 42.
587:pg. 41.
556:pg. 40.
468:Työmies
353:Toveri,
321:Editors
256:Toveri.
223:Työmies
186:Finland
165:Työmies
122:History
114:in the
95:Työmies
79:Toveri,
52:Astoria
874:Toveri
802:
494:Toveri
454:Toveri
436:Toveri
432:Budget
408:, and
368:Toveri
327:Toveri
212:Toveri
201:Toveri
140:Toveri
129:Toveri
90:Toveri
64:Toveri
56:Oregon
33:Toveri
18:Toveri
299:Vappu
871:and
496:and
388:was
345:and
39:The
635:,"
313:by
906::
805:.
796:.
739:^
723:^
694:^
644:^
605:^
574:^
528:^
444:.
417:,
317:.
54:,
809:.
20:)
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