130:, organized a plot to dismiss Bayan. In March 1340, they closed the gates of the palace walls while Bayan was hunting in the nearby countryside. They refused to let him in and soon afterwards arrested him. Bayan was sent into exile and Toqto’a toppled him. In November Toqto’a replaced Bayan as grand councillor.
424:'s (Emperor's) decree and gave instructions to his soldiers that they must respect their new commander who had come to replace him. Because of his popularity, many of the troops under his command refused to serve under a new commander and left the army or joined the rebels. While Toqto'a was in exile in
358:
back to its southern channel as a way to repair the Grand Canal. In April 1351, he began his great project, employing 150,000 civilian workers, 20,000 soldiers, and 1,845,636 yastuq of paper currency. Earlier issues of paper currency had been limited by silver reserves, but Toqto’a issued 2 million
283:
and classic
Confucian scholars at court. During the state-sponsored compilation of the history of the three previous dynasties, Toqto'a insisted that both the southern literati and the Han literati from north China accept the concept of "coexisting legitimate dynasties", which also positioned the
342:
out of service and beginning the river’s migration to a new channel north of the
Shandong peninsula. Meanwhile, piracy made the sea route for transporting South Chinese grain to the capital increasingly risky. Toqto'a's successor, the new councillor, Berke-Buqa, was too weak to handle all those
370:
broke out in
Yingzhou in 1351, the Yuan attacks failed. Toqto'a was ordered to march against them and assembled an army of mostly Chinese volunteers in 1353–54. He was successful in defeating the rebels. On October 23, 1352, he retook the strategic city of Xuzhou after a six-day siege. Other
287:
He resigned as minister in 1344, seeking to retire, but the emperor brought him back to court in 1349 after struggling with successive years of famine, saying, "Among men there is Toqto'a; among horses there is the
Frankish horse; both are the most outstanding of their time."
271:
is known for its technical errors, naiveness, lack of precision and over-lapsing. It has been argued the compilation team did not have suitable contextual material to provide an in-depth analysis, and audacious comments.
1076:
417:, falsely accused him of corruption and induced the Khagan to strip him of his dignities in 1354. They quickly arranged his dismissal and banishment by imperial decree, just as the siege of Gaoyou was nearing victory.
371:
provincial officials raised Han
Chinese, Mongol, and Miao armies to attack the rebels. By winter of 1353–54, the “Red Turban” movement was virtually extinct. Even so, piracy and the occupation of the Grand Canal at
303:. That year, however, there was widespread rebellion and remilitarisation, which ultimately prevented the reopening of the Grand Canal. In 1352, Toqto'a responded by assembling his own "Yellow Army", recapturing
259:
were former nomadic barbarians, their Liao dynasty did not deserve a compiled standard official history. Due to the dispute over whether the Liao dynasty should be considered a legitimate dynasty, the
82:(the three predecessor Chinese states to the Yuan dynasty). Later in life, he was falsely accused, banished, and murdered. Losing him, the Yuan court might have lost its last chance to defeat the
1069:
263:
was not officially compiled until 1342–1343, when Toqto’a finally decided to treat the Liao, Jin, and Song dynasties all as legitimate dynasties in
Chinese history. The compilation of the
315:, the last holdout on Grand Canal which had been seized by a salt smuggler, and was on the brink of succeeding when he was abruptly dismissed by the emperor due to machinations in court.
267:
was finished in one year by highly skilled imperial historians, but without elaborate proofreading and textual criticism. Because of this double time and lack of supporting context, the
1062:
334:. During the 1330s, plague and famine devastated the Huai River area, while unrest appeared in the South Chinese, Manchurian, and the Tibetan borderlands. Massive flooding of the
149:
dynasties. The immense work was done within a relatively short period (a few years), which caused a lack of proofreading and textual criticism. The three works produced were:
390:, importing 2,000 South Chinese farmers and spending 5 million ding of currency, all the while assembling another army to attack Gaoyou and reopen the Grand Canal.
678:
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1336:
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627:
Atwood, Christopher P. (2023). "The Empire of the Great Khan: The Yuan Ulus, 1260–1368". In Biran, Michal; Kim, Hodong (eds.).
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Atwood, Christopher P. (2023). "The Empire of the Great Khan: The Yuan Ulus, 1260–1368". In Biran, Michal; Kim, Hodong (eds.).
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Fearing that his uncle's ambitious character would harm their family's prestige, Toqto’a and his father, allied with the
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still blocked grain shipments from the south and caused hunger in the capital. Toqto’a proposed another grand plan for
279:(Emperor Shun of Yuan), Toqto'a helped the emperor overthrow his uncle Bayan Chinsang and defuse tensions between the
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of unbacked paper currency to pay for labor and materials. This certainly affected the empire's overall economy.
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In 1351, Toqto'a undertook a vast river works project deploying 200,000 men to dredge a new channel for the
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1351:
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issues. In August 1349, Toqto’a was recalled to the imperial capital and reappointed grand councillor.
17:
376:
1084:
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Chinese
Lexicography : A History from 1046 BC to AD 1911: A History from 1046 BC to AD 1911
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Although Toqto’a had a vast number of loyal troops under him, on
January 7, he accepted the
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1222:
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In the winter of 1350–51, Toqto'a's attempt to suppress the activities of the pirate chief
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330:) generated heavy opposition, and Toqto’a resigned, joining his father in
51:; 1314–1356) was a high-ranking minister and an official historian of the
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This article is about a minister of the Yuan dynasty. For other uses, see
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for flood prevention, aiming to reopen the Grand Canal which connected
1214:
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failed. With the support of
Emperor Toghan-Temür, Toqto’a advocated
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aristocrat
Majarday (also rendered as Chuan) in 1314. His uncle was
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189:; "Dynastic History of the Liao Dynasty"), finalized in 1343.
1227:
428:, he was poisoned by Hama's assassins on January 10, 1356.
133:
In 1343 Toqto’a led a team of officials to quickly compile
114:(r. 1333–1370), the last Yuan emperor. Toqto’a was given a
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http://www.bniao.org/Asset/Source/bnBook_ID-1642_No-01.pdf
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However, Toqto'a's former protégé and now court rival
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At the time some Chinese scholars argued that as the
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inundated more than a decade of cities, putting the
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299:in south China to the northern Mongol capital in
1313:
631:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 107–180.
591:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 107–180.
322:to facilitate water transport to the capital of
106:(d. 1340), who had been raised to the rank of
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318:In 1344, however, a grand plan to divert the
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629:The Cambridge History of the Mongol Empire
589:The Cambridge History of the Mongol Empire
754:
525:Heming Yong; Jing Peng (14 August 2008).
251:; "Dynastic History of the Song Dynasty")
978:Historical Records of the Five Dynasties
220:; "Dynastic History of the Jin Dynasty")
14:
1314:
626:
586:
1086:High-ranking ministers and commanders
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728:
660:
622:
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431:
311:leader. In 1353, he began a siege of
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580:
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475: • Cyrillic: Тогтох;
24:
613:
58:He was the author of three of the
25:
1368:
966:Old History of the Five Dynasties
934:History of the Northern Dynasties
926:History of the Southern Dynasties
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1337:Assassinated Chinese politicians
1347:14th-century Chinese historians
688:Notable Yuan dynasty historians
1342:Yuan dynasty right chancellors
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531:. OUP Oxford. pp. 382–3.
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441:in the 2013 television series
366:When the religiously oriented
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27:Chinese minister and historian
13:
1:
806:Records of the Three Kingdoms
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307:and capturing a well-known
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409:, backed by the Emperor's
49:The Great Historian Tuotuo
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284:Mongol Yuan as unifiers.
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98:Toqto’a was born to the
94:Early life and education
1332:Yuan dynasty historians
1248:Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad
1238:Rashid al-Din Hamadani
794:Book of the Later Han
757:Twenty-Four Histories
637:10.1017/9781316337424
597:10.1017/9781316337424
61:Twenty-Four Histories
1223:Shams al-Din Juvayni
368:Red Turban Rebellion
110:during the reign of
84:Red Turban Rebellion
890:Book of Northern Qi
572:Xu Elina-Qian, p.22
488:traditional Chinese
173:traditional Chinese
116:Confucian education
104:Bayan of the Merkid
480:simplified Chinese
478: •
462: •
432:In popular culture
165:simplified Chinese
135:dynastic histories
1352:Chinese reformers
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1308:
1092:and its divisions
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538:978-0-19-156167-2
16:(Redirected from
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1263:Golden Horde
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1200:Bayan Merkid
1174:Bayan Baarin
1161:Yuan dynasty
1115:Shigi Qutuqu
1098:Early empire
1043:Zhang Tingyu
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937:(Li Yanshou)
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929:(Li Yanshou)
924:
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907:Linghu Defen
902:Book of Zhou
900:
888:
876:
866:Book of Chen
864:
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830:Book of Song
828:
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780:
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588:
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407:Ayushiridara
392:
384:rice farming
365:
356:Yellow River
348:Fang Guozhen
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336:Yellow River
317:
293:Yellow River
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277:Toghon Temür
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112:Toghon Temur
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53:Yuan dynasty
48:
44:
37:
36:
1327:1356 deaths
1322:1314 births
1243:Demasq Kaja
1191:Dawlat Shah
1110:Yelü Chucai
971:Xue Juzheng
914:Book of Sui
878:Book of Wei
847:Xiao Zixian
818:Book of Jin
782:Book of Han
386:in central
340:Grand Canal
90:'s nephew.
55:of China.
1316:Categories
1291:Nogai Khan
1151:Arghun Aqa
983:Ouyang Xiu
955:Ouyang Xiu
871:Yao Silian
859:Yao Silian
842:Book of Qi
709:Ma Duanlin
704:Hu Sanxing
512:References
443:Empress Ki
439:Jin Yi-han
309:Red Turban
76:, and the
1215:Ilkhanate
1130:Masud Beg
1031:Song Lian
919:Wei Zheng
895:Li Baiyao
811:Chen Shou
775:Sima Qian
469:ᠲᠣᠭᠲᠠᠭᠠᠬᠤ
464:Mongolian
352:rerouting
18:Toghtogha
1286:Boroldai
1195:El Temür
883:Wei Shou
835:Shen Yue
699:Fang Hui
471:Toqtogha
413:consort
401:and the
326:(modern
297:Jiangnan
281:Qubilaid
269:Liao Shi
265:Liao Shi
261:Liao Shi
248:Sòng Shǐ
231:Song Shi
186:Liáo Shǐ
161:Liao Shi
1281:Negudar
1271:Kuremsa
1205:Toqto'a
1147:Bulghai
1135:Chinqai
1125:Subutai
1088:of the
1045:et al.)
1033:et al.)
1021:et al.)
1019:Toqto'a
1009:et al.)
1007:Toqto'a
997:et al.)
995:Toqto'a
973:et al.)
961:et al.)
959:Song Qi
921:et al.)
909:et al.)
825:et al.)
714:Toqto'a
554:p. 177.
415:Lady Ki
397:of the
375:by the
328:Beijing
257:Khitans
235:Chinese
217:Jīn Shǐ
204:Chinese
200:Jin Shi
137:of the
38:Toqto’a
32:Toqto’a
1276:Nevruy
1253:Chupan
1183:Sengga
1140:Khadag
1105:Muqali
799:Fan Ye
787:Ban Gu
643:
603:
535:
501:Tuōtuō
498::
496:pinyin
490::
482::
426:Yunnan
422:Khagan
411:Korean
399:Qanqli
373:Gaoyou
313:Gaoyou
305:Xuzhou
245::
243:pinyin
237::
214::
212:pinyin
206::
183::
181:pinyin
175::
167::
145:, and
128:Khagan
122:Career
100:Merkid
70:, the
45:Dayong
1301:Edigu
1296:Mamai
1187:Bolad
770:Shiji
450:Notes
388:Hebei
332:Gansu
229:, or
198:, or
159:, or
88:Bayan
1228:Buqa
1144:Bala
641:ISBN
601:ISBN
533:ISBN
395:Hama
361:ding
354:the
324:Dadu
301:Dadu
223:The
192:The
153:The
147:Song
139:Liao
1179:Aju
633:doi
593:doi
143:Jin
118:.
1318::
957:,
639:.
615:^
599:.
577:^
559:^
494:;
492:脫脫
486:;
484:脱脱
466::
405:,
241:;
239:宋史
210:;
208:金史
179:;
177:遼史
171:;
169:辽史
141:,
1078:e
1071:t
1064:v
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649:.
635::
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595::
541:.
473:;
445:.
233:(
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