871:. Addition of TMV to a battery electrode increases the reactive surface area by an order of magnitude, resulting in an increase in the battery's capacity by up to six times compared to a planar electrode geometry. The TMV-based vector also enabled C. acutatum to transiently express exogenous GFP up to six subcultures and for at least 2 mo after infection, without the need to develop transformation technology, RNAi can be expressed in the phytopathogenic fungus Colletotrichum acutatum by VIGS using a recombinant vector based on TMV in which the ORF of the gene encoding the green fluorescent protein (GFP) was transcribed in fungal cells from a duplicate of the TMV coat protein (CP) subgenomic mRNA promoter and demonstrated that the approach could be used to obtain foreign protein expression in fungi.
792:
42:
585:
596:
67:
274:. Later, in 1903, Ivanovsky published a paper describing abnormal crystal intracellular inclusions in the host cells of the affected tobacco plants and argued the connection between these inclusions and the infectious agent. However, Ivanovsky remained rather convinced, despite repeated failures to produce evidence, that the causal agent was an unculturable bacterium, too small to be retained on the employed Chamberland filters and to be detected in the light microscope. In 1898,
425:
368:
2628:
667:, it is almost symptomless. TMV is able to infect and complete its replication cycle in a plant pathogenic fungus,TMV is able to enter and replicate in cells of C. acutatum, C. clavatum, and C. theobromicola, which may not be an exception, although it has neither been found nor probably searched for in nature.
654:
may also be seen where the infected plant leaves display small localized random wrinkles. These symptoms develop quickly and are more pronounced on younger leaves. Its infection does not result in plant death, but if infection occurs early in the season, plants are stunted. Lower leaves are subjected
708:
for at least two years. As for any plant disease, looking for resistant strains against TMV may also be advised. Furthermore, the cross protection method can be administered, where the stronger strain of TMV infection is inhibited by infecting the host plant with a mild strain of TMV, similar to the
555:
Following entry into its host via mechanical inoculation, TMV uncoats itself to release its viral RNA strand. As uncoating occurs, the MetHel:Pol gene is translated to make the capping enzyme MetHel and the RNA Polymerase. Then the viral genome will further replicate to produce multiple mRNAs via a
476:(CP). The coding sequence starts with the first reading frame, which is 69 nucleotides away from the 5' end of the RNA. The noncoding region at the 5' end can be varied in different individual virions, but there hasn't been any variation found between virions in the noncoding region at the 3' end.
724:
has been developed to allow the host plant to produce the TMV coat protein within their cells. It was hypothesized that the TMV genome will be re-coated rapidly upon entering the host cell, thus it prevents the initiation of TMV replication. Later it was found that the mechanism that protects the
507:
structure. Rather, it will over-winter in infected tobacco stalks and leaves in the soil, on the surface of contaminated seed (TMV can even survive in contaminated tobacco products for many years, so smokers can accidentally transmit it by touch, although not in the smoke itself). With the direct
415:
map at 3.6 Å resolution. Inside the capsid helix, near the core, is the coiled RNA molecule, which is made up of 6,395 ±10 nucleotides. The structure of the virus plays an important role in the recognition of the viral DNA. This happens due to the formation of an obligatory intermediate produced
779:
Another possible source of prevention for TMV is the use of salicylic acid. A study completed by a research team at the
University of Cambridge found that treating plants with salicylic acid reduced the amount of TMV viral RNAs and viral coat protein present in the tobacco plants. Their research
575:
composed of two layers of protomers arranged in a helix. The helical capsid grows by the addition of protomers to the end of the rod. As the rod lengthens, the RNA passes through a channel in its center and forms a loop at the growing end. In this way the RNA can easily fit as a spiral into the
406:
which are assembled into four main alpha-helices, which are joined by a prominent loop proximal to the axis of the virion. Virions are ~300 nm in length and ~18 nm in diameter. Negatively stained electron microphotographs show a distinct inner channel of radius ~2 nm. The RNA is
546:
for longer distance movement within the plant. Moreover, TMV can be transmitted from one plant to another by direct contact. Although TMV does not have defined transmission vectors, the virus can be easily transmitted from the infected hosts to the healthy plants by human handling.
354:
of TMV is single-stranded. This conjecture was proven to be correct after her death and is now known to be the + strand. The investigations of tobacco mosaic disease and subsequent discovery of its viral nature were instrumental in the establishment of the general concepts of
687:
would provide the most favorable condition for TMV to spread out, due to the high population density of possible hosts and the constant temperature throughout the year. It also could be useful to culture TMV in vitro in sap because it can survive up to 3000 days.
397:
of coat protein and one molecule of genomic single strand RNA, 6400 bases long. The coat protein self-assembles into the rod-like helical structure (16.3 proteins per helix turn) around the RNA, which forms a hairpin loop structure (see the
811:), virus assembly and disassembly, and so on, are fundamentally due to the large quantities that can be obtained, plus the fact that it does not infect animals. After growing several hundred infected tobacco plants in a
815:, followed by a few simple laboratory procedures, a scientist can produce several grams of the virus. In fact, tobacco mosaic virus is so proliferate that the inclusion bodies can be seen with only a light microscope.
773:. can be used to reduce the severity of symptoms from TMV in tobacco plants. In the study, treated tobacco plants had more growth and less build-up of TMV virions than tobacco plants that hadn't been treated.
278:
independently replicated
Ivanovsky's filtration experiments and then showed that the infectious agent was able to reproduce and multiply in the host cells of the tobacco plant. Beijerinck adopted the term of
776:
A research has been conducted by H.Fraenkel-Conrat to show the influence of acetic acid on the
Tobacco Mosaic Virus. According to the research, 67% acetic acid resulted as degradation of the virus.
571:
After the coat protein and RNA genome of TMV have been synthesized, they spontaneously assemble into complete TMV virions in a highly organized process. The protomers come together to form disks or
2572:
Atanasova P, Rothenstein D, Schneider JJ, Hoffmann RC, Dilfer S, Eiben S, et al. (November 2011). "Virus-templated synthesis of ZnO nanostructures and formation of field-effect transistors".
655:
to "mosaic burn" especially during periods of hot and dry weather. In these cases, large dead areas develop in the leaves. This constitutes one of the most destructive phases of
416:
from a protein allows the virus to recognize a specific RNA hairpin structure. The intermediate induces the nucleation of TMV self-assembly by binding with the hairpin structure.
270:
gave the first concrete evidence for the existence of a non-bacterial infectious agent, showing that infected sap remained infectious even after filtering through the finest
238:
was damaging tobacco crops, it was not until 1930 that the infectious agent was determined to be a virus. It is the first pathogen identified as a virus. The virus was
887:
2025:
Mascia, Tiziana; Nigro, Franco; Abdallah, Alì; Ferrara, Massimo; De
Stradis, Angelo; Faedda, Roberto; Palukaitis, Peter; Gallitelli, Donato (18 March 2014).
859:
and TRBO plant expression technologies. Due to its cylindrical shape, high aspect ratio, self-assembling nature, and ability to incorporate metal coatings (
331:(coat) protein assemble by themselves to functional viruses, indicating that this is the most stable structure (the one with the lowest free energy). The
675:
TMV is one of the most stable viruses and has a wide survival range. As long as the surrounding temperature remains below approximately 40 degrees
308:
304:
965:
2809:
2384:"Harnessed viruses in the age of metagenomics and synthetic biology: an update on infectious clone assembly and biotechnologies of plant viruses"
2694:
1952:
2162:
Wang S (2009-10-28). "Molecular
Mechanism of Plant Growth Promotion and Induced Systemic Resistance to Tobacco Mosaic Virus by Bacillus spp".
2822:
539:
called P30 which enlarges the plasmodesmata. TMV most likely moves from cell-to-cell as a complex of the RNA, P30, and replicate proteins.
2870:
1853:
299:
in 1946, even though it was later shown some of his conclusions (in particular, that the crystals were pure protein, and assembled by
1926:
606:
Like other plant pathogenic viruses, TMV has a very wide host range and has different effects depending on the host being infected.
2796:
646:. There are many different strains. The first symptom of this virus disease is a light green coloration between the veins of young
197:
1284:
Caspar DL (January 1964). Anfinsen CB, Anson ML, Edsall JT (eds.). "Assembly and
Stability of the Tobacco Mosaic Virus Particle".
1258:
2684:
2656:
2556:
2366:
2146:
1909:
1342:
1241:
980:
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showed that salicylic acid most likely was disrupting replication and transcription and more specifically, the RdRp complex.
650:. This is followed quickly by the development of a "mosaic" or mottled pattern of light and dark green areas in the leaves.
528:. The infection does not spread through contact with insects, but instead spreads by direct contact to the neighboring cells
17:
2890:
2242:"Salicylic Acid Interferes with Tobacco Mosaic Virus Replication via a Novel Salicylhydroxamic Acid-Sensitive Mechanism"
791:
2850:
1992:
1598:"Self-assembly of tobacco mosaic virus: the role of an intermediate aggregate in generating both specificity and speed"
339:
2885:
1523:
1305:
1417:
Namba K, Stubbs G (March 1986). "Structure of tobacco mosaic virus at 3.6 A resolution: implications for assembly".
855:; they are also sources of biomaterials and nanotechnology devices. Viral vectors based on TMV include those of the
295:
in 1935 who also showed that TMV remains active even after crystallization. For his work, he was awarded 1/4 of the
49:
2827:
407:
located at a radius of ~4 nm and is protected from the action of cellular enzymes by the coat protein. X-ray
1535:
International central site for archiving nucleic acid sequence. The reference standard in international science.
614:. It is known to infect members of nine plant families, and at least 125 individual species, including tobacco,
2748:
1092:
1816:
927:
827:, cites his x-ray investigation of TMV's helical structure as an important step in deducing the nature of the
376:
998:
Bulletin
Scientifique Publié Par l'Académie Impériale des Sciences de Saint-Pétersbourg / Nouvelle Serie III
2895:
1185:
Kausche GA, Pfankuch E, Ruska H (May 1939). "Die
Sichtbarmachung von pflanzlichem Virus im Übermikroskop".
565:
66:
659:
infection. Infected leaves may be crinkled, puckered, or elongated. However, if TMV infects crops like
402:
above). The structural organization of the virus gives stability. The protein monomer consists of 158
2880:
2865:
1956:
2875:
2860:
1983:
1134:
Kay LE (September 1986). "W. M. Stanley's crystallization of the tobacco mosaic virus, 1930–1940".
296:
292:
243:
572:
488:
virus. On a dried leaf, it can withstand up to 50 °C (120 degree
Fahrenheit) for 30 minutes.
2138:
1073:
Johnson J, ed. (1942). "Contagium vivum fluidum as the cause of spot disease in tobacco leaves".
288:
783:
A research was conducted and revealed that humans have antibodies against
Tobacco Mosaic Virus.
262:
first described the tobacco mosaic disease that could be transferred between plants, similar to
2814:
2710:
799:
The large amount of literature about TMV and its choice for many pioneering investigations in
1824:
808:
740:
332:
320:
239:
1257:
Zaitlin M (1984). Brunt AA, Crabtree K, Dallwitz MJ, Gibbs AJ, Watson L, Zurcher EJ (eds.).
1110:
2855:
2770:
2581:
2452:
2435:
2302:
2038:
1876:
1782:
1749:
1702:
1465:
1194:
1136:
Isis; an International Review Devoted to the History of Science and Its Cultural Influences
343:
283:" to indicate that the causal agent of tobacco mosaic disease was of non-bacterial nature.
61:
1930:
350:. In 1958, she speculated that the virus was hollow, not solid, and hypothesized that the
8:
2197:
Fraenkel-Conrat H (August 1957). "Degradation of tobacco mosaic virus with acetic acid".
1773:, Dziedzic JM (March 1987). "Optical trapping and manipulation of viruses and bacteria".
1055:
717:
610:
has been known to cause a production loss for flue cured tobacco of up to two percent in
492:
399:
275:
2699:
2585:
2306:
2042:
2027:"Gene silencing and gene expression in phytopathogenic fungi using a plant virus vector"
1786:
1706:
1602:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences
1553:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences
1469:
1364:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences
1198:
584:
234:
to be discovered. Although it was known from the late 19th century that a non-bacterial
2605:
2509:
2484:
2465:
2408:
2383:
2325:
2290:
2110:
2085:
2061:
2026:
1622:
1597:
1573:
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1384:
1359:
1331:
1210:
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1151:
1036:
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636:
631:
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445:
271:
235:
2266:
2241:
1725:
1690:
1488:
1453:
1297:
700:, which includes removing infected plants and washing hands in between each planting.
303:) were incorrect. The first electron microscopical images of TMV were made in 1939 by
280:
2757:
2652:
2609:
2597:
2552:
2514:
2469:
2457:
2436:"Plant Virus-Derived Vectors: Applications in Agricultural and Medical Biotechnology"
2413:
2362:
2330:
2271:
2222:
2214:
2210:
2179:
2142:
2115:
2066:
2004:
1905:
1798:
1730:
1645:
1627:
1578:
1493:
1434:
1407:
1389:
1338:
1311:
1301:
1237:
1230:
1214:
1159:
1056:"Über ein Contagium vivum fluidum als Ursache der Fleckenkrankheit der Tabaksblätter"
976:
804:
767:
642:
536:
408:
335:
1845:
1171:
2762:
2589:
2544:
2535:
Gerasopoulos K, McCarthy M, Royston E, Culver JN, Ghodssi R (January 13–17, 2008).
2504:
2496:
2447:
2403:
2395:
2320:
2310:
2261:
2253:
2206:
2171:
2105:
2097:
2056:
2046:
1996:
1790:
1720:
1710:
1668:
1663:
Gergerich RC, Dolja VV (2006). "Introduction to Plant Viruses, the Invisible Foe".
1617:
1609:
1568:
1560:
1483:
1473:
1426:
1379:
1371:
1293:
1270:
1202:
1143:
848:
823:
684:
679:, TMV can sustain its stable form. All it needs is a host to infect. If necessary,
533:
469:
412:
267:
2681:
2291:"Humans have antibodies against a plant virus: evidence from tobacco mosaic virus"
1511:
2688:
2645:
2315:
892:
818:
324:
139:
115:
2548:
568:(RdRp), as well as the movement protein. Thus TMV can replicate its own genome.
2633:
2539:. 2008 IEEE 21st International Conference on Micro Electro Mechanical Systems.
1695:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1672:
1458:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
961:
852:
726:
611:
516:), TMV will go through the infection process and then the replication process.
465:
247:
53:
2485:"TRBO: a high-efficiency tobacco mosaic virus RNA-based overexpression vector"
1689:
Goelet P, Lomonossoff GP, Butler PJ, Akam ME, Gait MJ, Karn J (October 1982).
1452:
Goelet P, Lomonossoff GP, Butler PJ, Akam ME, Gait MJ, Karn J (October 1982).
560:
at the RNA 3' end. The resulting mRNAs encode several proteins, including the
2844:
2733:
2647:
The life of a virus: tobacco mosaic virus as an experimental model, 1930–1965
2218:
2008:
1770:
1008:
Johnson J, ed. (1942). "Concerning the mosaic disease of the tobacco plant".
701:
525:
504:
300:
127:
103:
2051:
1794:
1715:
1478:
1430:
867:) into its shell, TMV is an ideal candidate to be incorporated into battery
2601:
2593:
2518:
2461:
2417:
2334:
2275:
2226:
2183:
2119:
2070:
1631:
1613:
1582:
1564:
1393:
1375:
1315:
856:
840:
485:
461:
437:
312:
151:
2500:
1802:
1734:
1497:
1438:
1163:
2742:
2175:
2101:
2000:
441:
403:
316:
259:
202:
163:
2801:
2257:
1040:
1206:
812:
736:
733:
697:
680:
623:
513:
508:
contact with host plants through its vectors (normally insects such as
453:
211:
2399:
1904:(7th ed.). Boston: McGraw Hill Higher Education. pp. 464–5.
1411:
1155:
1063:
Verhandelingen der Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen te Amsterdam
424:
2783:
2669:. Winston-Salem, North Carolina: R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company. 1995.
2571:
2020:
2018:
868:
844:
457:
394:
367:
215:
91:
41:
2704:
2691:– contains information on symptoms, hosts species, purification etc.
246:. It has a similar size to the largest synthetic molecule, known as
2788:
2727:
1267:
Plant Viruses Online: Descriptions and Lists from the VIDE Database
1147:
651:
627:
619:
449:
356:
347:
263:
223:
2015:
1748:
Islam W, Qasim M, Ali N, Tayyab M, Chen S, Wang L (Jan 16, 2018).
1027:
Iwanowski D (1903). "Über die Mosaikkrankheit der Tabakspflanze".
996:
Iwanowski D (1892). "Über die Mosaikkrankheit der Tabakspflanze".
524:
After its multiplication, it enters the neighboring cells through
2534:
2084:
Creager AN, Scholthof KB, Citovsky V, Scholthof HB (March 1999).
2083:
1081:. St. Paul, Minnesota: American Phytopathological Society: 33–52.
1016:. St. Paul, Minnesota: American Phytopathological Society: 27–30.
966:"The Discovery of the Causal Agent of the Tobacco Mosaic Disease"
941:. St. Paul, Minnesota: American Phytopathological Society: 11–24.
710:
705:
676:
207:
2775:
1750:"Management of Tobacco Mosaic Virus through Natural Metabolites"
888:"The Largest Molecule Ever Made Could Be Used to Deliver Drugs"
864:
860:
753:
721:
647:
615:
561:
543:
473:
390:
380:
328:
219:
1929:. North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service. Archived from
432:
The TMV genome consists of a 6.3–6.5 kbp single-stranded (ss)
2537:
Microbatteries with Tobacco Mosaic Virus Templated Electrodes
664:
660:
509:
231:
78:
2627:
2288:
1688:
1549:"The tobacco mosaic virus particle: structure and assembly"
1519:
1451:
1360:"The tobacco mosaic virus particle: structure and assembly"
227:
2024:
2086:"Tobacco mosaic virus. Pioneering research for a century"
1877:"Tobacco Mosaic Virus: Pioneering Research for a Century"
828:
433:
372:
351:
2433:
1899:
2239:
1927:"Control of Tobacco Mosaic Virus on Flue-Cured Tobacco"
914:
Mayer A (1886). "Über die Mosaikkrankheit des Tabaks".
2240:
Chivasa S, Murphy AM, Naylor M, Carr JP (April 1997).
1029:
Zeitschrift für Pflanzenkrankheiten und Pflanzenschutz
786:
411:
structure of the intact virus was studied based on an
342:, and later designed and built a model of TMV for the
2289:
Liu R, Vaishnav RA, Roberts AM, Friedland RP (2013).
448:(ORFs), two of which produce a single protein due to
2623:
1184:
975:. Hong Kong: World Publishing Co. pp. 105–110.
1968:
1966:
1747:
2644:
2541:Proceedings, IEEE Micro Electro Mechanical Systems
1330:
1229:
444:nucleotide cap. (m7G5’pppG). The genome encodes 4
2434:Abrahamian P, Hammond RW, Hammond J (June 2020).
1691:"Nucleotide sequence of tobacco mosaic virus RNA"
1454:"Nucleotide sequence of tobacco mosaic virus RNA"
1322:
2842:
2381:
1963:
206:that infects a wide range of plants, especially
56:to enhance visibility at 160,000× magnification
2196:
2031:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
704:should also be employed to avoid infected soil/
27:Virus affecting plants of the Solanaceae family
1769:
1662:
696:One of the common control methods for TMV is
519:
479:
1973:Mayhew DE, Ford RE (1971). "An Inhibitor of
1838:
1351:
795:TMV virus: super resolution light microscopy
725:host from viral genome insertion is through
2357:Watson JD (2012-11-06). "chapters 16, 18".
1900:Woolverton C, Willey J, Sherwood L (2008).
1854:Penn State College of Agricultural Sciences
1809:
1416:
1400:
691:
440:-like structure, and the 5’-terminus has a
2359:The Annotated and Illustrated Double Helix
2347:Rollinson, Shirley, personal communication
1972:
1445:
1053:
928:"Concerning the mosaic disease of tobacco"
916:Die Landwirtschaftliche Versuchs-stationen
716:In the past ten years, the application of
40:
2508:
2451:
2407:
2382:Pasin F, Menzel W, Daròs JA (June 2019).
2324:
2314:
2265:
2164:Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
2109:
2060:
2050:
1955:. University of Minnesota. Archived from
1724:
1714:
1621:
1572:
1487:
1477:
1383:
1026:
995:
956:
954:
952:
950:
948:
532:For its smooth entry, TMV produces a 30 k
371:Schematic model of TMV: 1. nucleic acid (
218:causes characteristic patterns, such as "
2651:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
1950:
1652:. SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics.
1504:
790:
594:
583:
423:
366:
338:worked for Stanley for about a month at
198:positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus
2642:
2530:
2528:
1256:
1232:Rosalind Franklin, the Dark Lady of DNA
1072:
1007:
960:
925:
14:
2843:
2482:
2453:10.1146/annurev-virology-010720-054958
2356:
2132:
1924:
1871:
1869:
1684:
1682:
1595:
1328:
1283:
1227:
945:
839:Plant viruses can be used to engineer
2709:
2708:
2429:
2427:
1953:"Tomato-Tobacco Mosaic Virus Disease"
913:
732:TMV is inhibited by a product of the
327:showed that purified TMV RNA and its
2525:
2161:
1546:
1357:
579:
315:– the brother of Nobel Prize winner
230:(hence the name). TMV was the first
2077:
1866:
1679:
1133:
1111:"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1946"
1093:"Wendell M. Stanley – Biographical"
843:, tools commonly used by molecular
787:Scientific and environmental impact
556:RNA intermediate primed by the tRNA
24:
2871:Viral plant pathogens and diseases
2682:Description of plant viruses – TMV
2619:
2424:
1993:American Phytopathological Society
880:
25:
2907:
2675:
2543:. Tucson, USA. pp. 960–963.
2626:
2137:(5th ed.). Burlington, MA:
576:interior of the helical capsid.
498:
210:and other members of the family
65:
50:Transmission electron micrograph
2700:Electron microscope image of TM
2667:Flue-cured tobacco field manual
2565:
2476:
2375:
2350:
2341:
2282:
2233:
2190:
2155:
2126:
1944:
1918:
1893:
1817:"Is smoking harmful to plants?"
1763:
1741:
1656:
1638:
1589:
1540:
1337:. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman.
1277:
1250:
1221:
1178:
834:
389:has a rod-like appearance. Its
1127:
1103:
1085:
1047:
1020:
989:
971:. In Kung SD, Yang SF (eds.).
907:
670:
550:
428:Genome of tobacco mosaic virus
13:
1:
1298:10.1016/S0065-3233(08)60268-5
1286:Advances in Protein Chemistry
874:
759:from TMV when treated with a
744:. Both tobacco and the beans
503:TMV does not have a distinct
460:(with methyltransferase and
2316:10.1371/journal.pone.0060621
2211:10.1016/0042-6822(57)90038-7
1846:"Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV)"
973:Discoveries in Plant Biology
566:RNA-dependent RNA polymerase
362:
7:
2549:10.1109/MEMSYS.2008.4443817
2483:Lindbo JA (December 2007).
2388:Plant Biotechnology Journal
1757:Records of Natural Products
1665:The Plant Health Instructor
1516:European Nucleotide Archive
1071:Translated into English in
1006:Translated into English in
924:Translated into English in
542:It can also spread through
464:domains), an RNA-dependent
452:readthrough of a leaky UAG
10:
2912:
2891:Biology in the Netherlands
1673:10.1094/PHI-I-2006-0414-01
1292:. Academic Press: 37–121.
1075:Phytopathological Classics
1010:Phytopathological Classics
935:Phytopathological Classics
520:Infection and transmission
480:Physicochemical properties
287:was the first virus to be
253:
2851:Viruses described in 1892
2717:
2440:Annual Review of Virology
1000:(in German and Russian).
419:
226:and discoloration on the
60:
48:
39:
32:
2886:1890s in the Netherlands
1596:Butler PJ (March 1999).
766:Research has shown that
692:Treatment and management
456:. The 4 genes encode a
436:. The 3’-terminus has a
375:), 2. capsomer protein (
297:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
293:Wendell Meredith Stanley
244:Wendell Meredith Stanley
2139:Elsevier Academic Press
2052:10.1073/pnas.1315668111
1902:Prescott's Microbiology
1795:10.1126/science.3547653
1716:10.1073/pnas.79.19.5818
1479:10.1073/pnas.79.19.5818
1431:10.1126/science.3952490
926:Johnson J, ed. (1942).
2594:10.1002/adma.201102900
2361:. Simon and Schuster.
1951:Pfleger FL, Zeyen RJ.
1614:10.1098/rstb.1999.0405
1565:10.1098/rstb.1999.0404
1376:10.1098/rstb.1999.0404
1054:Beijerinck MW (1898).
796:
634:, and beans including
603:
592:
429:
383:
2501:10.1104/pp.107.106377
1979:Physarum polycephalum
1825:Ohio State University
1821:OSU Extension Service
1547:Klug A (March 1999).
1358:Klug A (March 1999).
809:X-ray crystallography
794:
741:Physarum polycephalum
598:
587:
427:
370:
321:Heinz Fraenkel-Conrat
291:. It was achieved by
266:infections. In 1892,
200:species in the genus
2749:Tobacco mosaic virus
2719:Tobacco mosaic virus
2176:10.4014/jmb.0901.008
2102:10.1105/tpc.11.3.301
2001:10.1094/phyto-61-636
1975:Tobacco Mosaic Virus
1850:Penn State Extension
1512:"Sequence: V01408.1"
657:Tobacco mosaic virus
622:(all members of the
608:Tobacco mosaic virus
600:Tobacco mosaic virus
589:Tobacco mosaic virus
387:Tobacco mosaic virus
285:Tobacco mosaic virus
189:Tobacco mosaic virus
178:Tobacco mosaic virus
62:Virus classification
34:Tobacco mosaic virus
18:Tobacco Mosaic Virus
2896:Martinus Beijerinck
2695:Further information
2643:Creager AN (2002).
2586:2011AdM....23.4918A
2307:2013PLoSO...860621L
2258:10.1105/tpc.9.4.547
2043:2014PNAS..111.4291M
1787:1987Sci...235.1517A
1707:1982PNAS...79.5818G
1470:1982PNAS...79.5818G
1199:1939NW.....27..292K
1187:Naturwissenschaften
752:suffered almost no
718:genetic engineering
591:symptoms on tobacco
493:index of refraction
446:open reading frames
400:electron micrograph
276:Martinus Beijerinck
272:Chamberland filters
2687:2007-09-26 at the
2574:Advanced Materials
1925:Melton TA (2001).
1236:. Harper Collins.
1207:10.1007/BF01493353
801:structural biology
797:
637:Phaseolus vulgaris
632:ornamental flowers
604:
602:symptoms on orchid
593:
430:
393:is made from 2130
384:
236:infectious disease
2838:
2837:
2711:Taxon identifiers
2658:978-0-226-12026-3
2558:978-1-4244-1792-6
2400:10.1111/pbi.13084
2368:978-1-4767-1549-0
2170:(10): 1250–1258.
2148:978-0-12-044565-3
2133:Agrios G (2005).
2037:(11): 4291–4296.
1911:978-0-07-110231-5
1781:(4795): 1517–20.
1701:(19): 5818–5822.
1608:(1383): 537–550.
1559:(1383): 531–535.
1344:978-0-7167-1843-7
1329:Stryer L (1988).
1243:978-0-06-018407-0
1228:Maddox B (2002).
982:978-981-02-1313-8
805:X-ray diffraction
685:botanical gardens
643:Vigna unguiculata
580:Host and symptoms
409:fiber diffraction
344:1958 World's Fair
336:Rosalind Franklin
185:
184:
52:of TMV particles
16:(Redirected from
2903:
2881:1890s in science
2866:Tobacco diseases
2831:
2830:
2818:
2817:
2805:
2804:
2792:
2791:
2779:
2778:
2766:
2765:
2753:
2752:
2751:
2738:
2737:
2736:
2706:
2705:
2670:
2662:
2650:
2636:
2631:
2630:
2614:
2613:
2569:
2563:
2562:
2532:
2523:
2522:
2512:
2489:Plant Physiology
2480:
2474:
2473:
2455:
2431:
2422:
2421:
2411:
2394:(6): 1010–1026.
2379:
2373:
2372:
2354:
2348:
2345:
2339:
2338:
2328:
2318:
2286:
2280:
2279:
2269:
2237:
2231:
2230:
2194:
2188:
2187:
2159:
2153:
2152:
2130:
2124:
2123:
2113:
2081:
2075:
2074:
2064:
2054:
2022:
2013:
2012:
1970:
1961:
1960:
1948:
1942:
1941:
1939:
1938:
1922:
1916:
1915:
1897:
1891:
1890:
1888:
1887:
1881:academic.oup.com
1873:
1864:
1863:
1861:
1860:
1842:
1836:
1835:
1833:
1832:
1813:
1807:
1806:
1767:
1761:
1760:
1754:
1745:
1739:
1738:
1728:
1718:
1686:
1677:
1676:
1660:
1654:
1653:
1650:Expasy Viralzone
1642:
1636:
1635:
1625:
1593:
1587:
1586:
1576:
1544:
1538:
1537:
1532:
1530:
1508:
1502:
1501:
1491:
1481:
1449:
1443:
1442:
1425:(4744): 1401–6.
1414:
1404:
1398:
1397:
1387:
1355:
1349:
1348:
1336:
1326:
1320:
1319:
1281:
1275:
1274:
1269:. Archived from
1259:"Tobacco mosaic
1254:
1248:
1247:
1235:
1225:
1219:
1218:
1182:
1176:
1175:
1131:
1125:
1124:
1122:
1121:
1107:
1101:
1100:
1089:
1083:
1082:
1070:
1060:
1051:
1045:
1044:
1024:
1018:
1017:
1005:
993:
987:
986:
970:
958:
943:
942:
932:
923:
911:
905:
904:
902:
901:
884:
849:genetic material
824:The Double Helix
821:, in his memoir
720:on a host plant
537:movement protein
470:movement protein
413:electron density
333:crystallographer
268:Dmitri Ivanovsky
70:
69:
54:negative stained
44:
30:
29:
21:
2911:
2910:
2906:
2905:
2904:
2902:
2901:
2900:
2876:1898 in biology
2861:Model organisms
2841:
2840:
2839:
2834:
2826:
2821:
2813:
2808:
2800:
2795:
2787:
2782:
2774:
2769:
2761:
2756:
2747:
2746:
2741:
2732:
2731:
2726:
2713:
2689:Wayback Machine
2678:
2673:
2665:
2659:
2632:
2625:
2622:
2620:Further reading
2617:
2580:(42): 4918–22.
2570:
2566:
2559:
2533:
2526:
2481:
2477:
2432:
2425:
2380:
2376:
2369:
2355:
2351:
2346:
2342:
2287:
2283:
2238:
2234:
2195:
2191:
2160:
2156:
2149:
2141:. p. 320.
2135:Plant Pathology
2131:
2127:
2082:
2078:
2023:
2016:
1971:
1964:
1949:
1945:
1936:
1934:
1923:
1919:
1912:
1898:
1894:
1885:
1883:
1875:
1874:
1867:
1858:
1856:
1844:
1843:
1839:
1830:
1828:
1815:
1814:
1810:
1768:
1764:
1752:
1746:
1742:
1687:
1680:
1661:
1657:
1644:
1643:
1639:
1594:
1590:
1545:
1541:
1528:
1526:
1510:
1509:
1505:
1464:(19): 5818–22.
1450:
1446:
1406:
1405:
1401:
1370:(1383): 531–5.
1356:
1352:
1345:
1327:
1323:
1308:
1282:
1278:
1255:
1251:
1244:
1226:
1222:
1183:
1179:
1142:(288): 450–72.
1132:
1128:
1119:
1117:
1109:
1108:
1104:
1091:
1090:
1086:
1058:
1052:
1048:
1025:
1021:
994:
990:
983:
968:
959:
946:
930:
912:
908:
899:
897:
893:Popular Science
886:
885:
881:
877:
837:
819:James D. Watson
789:
761:P. polycephalum
694:
673:
582:
559:
553:
522:
501:
495:of about 1.57.
482:
422:
365:
325:Robley Williams
256:
181:
141:Martellivirales
117:Kitrinoviricota
64:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2909:
2899:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2836:
2835:
2833:
2832:
2819:
2806:
2793:
2780:
2767:
2754:
2739:
2723:
2721:
2715:
2714:
2703:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2677:
2676:External links
2674:
2672:
2671:
2663:
2657:
2639:
2638:
2637:
2634:Viruses portal
2621:
2618:
2616:
2615:
2564:
2557:
2524:
2495:(4): 1232–40.
2475:
2446:(1): 513–535.
2423:
2374:
2367:
2349:
2340:
2281:
2252:(4): 547–557.
2246:The Plant Cell
2232:
2189:
2154:
2147:
2125:
2096:(3): 301–308.
2090:The Plant Cell
2076:
2014:
1984:Phytopathology
1962:
1959:on 2012-06-14.
1943:
1917:
1910:
1892:
1865:
1837:
1808:
1762:
1740:
1678:
1655:
1637:
1588:
1539:
1503:
1444:
1399:
1350:
1343:
1321:
1306:
1276:
1273:on 2009-10-01.
1249:
1242:
1220:
1177:
1148:10.1086/354205
1126:
1115:NobelPrize.org
1102:
1097:nobelprize.org
1084:
1046:
1019:
988:
981:
944:
906:
878:
876:
873:
836:
833:
788:
785:
727:gene silencing
693:
690:
672:
669:
630:, a number of
612:North Carolina
581:
578:
557:
552:
549:
521:
518:
500:
497:
481:
478:
474:capsid protein
468:, a so-called
466:RNA polymerase
421:
418:
364:
361:
309:Edgar Pfankuch
305:Gustav Kausche
255:
252:
183:
182:
175:
173:
169:
168:
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58:
57:
46:
45:
37:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2848:
2846:
2829:
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2816:
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2807:
2803:
2798:
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2768:
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2360:
2353:
2344:
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2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2301:(4): e60621.
2300:
2296:
2292:
2285:
2277:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2236:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2193:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2158:
2150:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2129:
2121:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2103:
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2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2021:
2019:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1985:
1980:
1976:
1969:
1967:
1958:
1954:
1947:
1933:on 2005-12-01
1932:
1928:
1921:
1913:
1907:
1903:
1896:
1882:
1878:
1872:
1870:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1841:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1812:
1804:
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1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1766:
1758:
1751:
1744:
1736:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1685:
1683:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1659:
1651:
1647:
1646:"Tobamovirus"
1641:
1633:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1592:
1584:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1543:
1536:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1507:
1499:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1448:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1413:
1409:
1403:
1395:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1354:
1346:
1340:
1335:
1334:
1325:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1307:9780120342181
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1280:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1262:
1253:
1245:
1239:
1234:
1233:
1224:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1193:(18): 292–9.
1192:
1188:
1181:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1130:
1116:
1112:
1106:
1098:
1094:
1088:
1080:
1076:
1068:
1065:(in German).
1064:
1057:
1050:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1031:(in German).
1030:
1023:
1015:
1011:
1003:
999:
992:
984:
978:
974:
967:
963:
957:
955:
953:
951:
949:
940:
936:
929:
921:
918:(in German).
917:
910:
895:
894:
889:
883:
879:
872:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
841:viral vectors
832:
830:
826:
825:
820:
816:
814:
810:
806:
802:
793:
784:
781:
777:
774:
772:
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764:
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758:
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751:
747:
743:
742:
738:
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730:
728:
723:
719:
714:
712:
707:
703:
702:Crop rotation
699:
689:
686:
682:
678:
668:
666:
662:
658:
653:
649:
645:
644:
639:
638:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
601:
597:
590:
586:
577:
574:
573:'lockwashers'
569:
567:
563:
548:
545:
540:
538:
535:
531:
527:
526:plasmodesmata
517:
515:
511:
506:
505:overwintering
499:Disease cycle
496:
494:
489:
487:
477:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
426:
417:
414:
410:
405:
401:
396:
392:
388:
382:
378:
374:
369:
360:
358:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
301:autocatalysis
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
277:
273:
269:
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261:
251:
249:
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150:
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143:
142:
138:
135:
134:
131:
130:
129:Alsuviricetes
126:
123:
122:
119:
118:
114:
111:
110:
107:
106:
105:Orthornavirae
102:
99:
98:
95:
94:
90:
87:
84:
83:
80:
77:
74:
73:
68:
63:
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2245:
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2192:
2167:
2163:
2157:
2134:
2128:
2093:
2089:
2079:
2034:
2030:
1988:
1982:
1978:
1977:Produced by
1974:
1957:the original
1946:
1935:. Retrieved
1931:the original
1920:
1901:
1895:
1884:. Retrieved
1880:
1857:. Retrieved
1849:
1840:
1829:. Retrieved
1827:. 2018-05-02
1820:
1811:
1778:
1774:
1765:
1756:
1743:
1698:
1694:
1664:
1658:
1649:
1640:
1605:
1601:
1591:
1556:
1552:
1542:
1534:
1527:. Retrieved
1515:
1506:
1461:
1457:
1447:
1422:
1418:
1402:
1367:
1363:
1353:
1333:Biochemistry
1332:
1324:
1289:
1285:
1279:
1271:the original
1266:
1260:
1252:
1231:
1223:
1190:
1186:
1180:
1139:
1135:
1129:
1118:. Retrieved
1114:
1105:
1096:
1087:
1078:
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588:
570:
562:coat protein
554:
541:
529:
523:
502:
490:
486:thermostable
483:
462:RNA helicase
431:
386:
385:
313:Helmut Ruska
289:crystallized
284:
257:
240:crystallised
201:
193:
188:
187:
186:
177:
176:
164:
153:Virgaviridae
152:
140:
128:
116:
104:
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75:(unranked):
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2856:Tobamovirus
2743:Wikispecies
1261:tobamovirus
1035:(1): 1–41.
851:into plant
847:to deliver
803:(including
750:V. sinensis
746:P. vulgaris
681:greenhouses
671:Environment
551:Replication
514:leafhoppers
491:TMV has an
472:(MP) and a
404:amino acids
319:. In 1955,
317:Ernst Ruska
260:Adolf Mayer
203:Tobamovirus
165:Tobamovirus
2845:Categories
2205:(1): 1–4.
1937:2009-02-21
1886:2022-10-09
1859:2021-03-06
1831:2021-03-06
1120:2019-12-03
922:: 451–467.
900:2021-05-09
875:References
869:electrodes
845:biologists
831:molecule.
813:greenhouse
737:slime mold
734:myxomycete
698:sanitation
624:Solanaceae
454:stop codon
442:methylated
212:Solanaceae
2610:205242233
2470:219588089
2219:0042-6822
2009:0031-949X
1415:;
1215:206795712
962:Zaitlin M
763:extract.
754:lesioning
706:seed beds
628:cucumbers
484:TMV is a
458:replicase
450:ribosomal
395:molecules
363:Structure
264:bacterial
258:In 1886,
216:infection
172:Species:
100:Kingdom:
93:Riboviria
2815:11460968
2802:10438482
2728:Wikidata
2685:Archived
2602:21959928
2519:17720752
2462:32520661
2418:30677208
2335:23573274
2295:PLOS ONE
2276:12237364
2227:13456355
2199:Virology
2184:19884788
2120:10072391
2071:24594602
1771:Ashkin A
1632:10212933
1583:10212932
1529:28 March
1394:10212932
1316:14151998
1172:37003363
1041:43221892
1004:: 67–70.
964:(1998).
857:magnICON
769:Bacillus
757:in vitro
652:Rugosity
377:protomer
357:virology
348:Brussels
340:Berkeley
224:mottling
148:Family:
112:Phylum:
2776:8615186
2734:Q332874
2582:Bibcode
2510:2151719
2409:6523588
2326:3615994
2303:Bibcode
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2062:3964105
2039:Bibcode
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1783:Bibcode
1775:Science
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1703:Bibcode
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1466:Bibcode
1439:3952490
1419:Science
1385:1692534
1195:Bibcode
1164:3533840
1069:: 1–22.
711:vaccine
677:Celsius
564:and an
254:History
222:"-like
214:. The
208:tobacco
196:) is a
160:Genus:
136:Order:
124:Class:
2789:TMV000
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861:nickel
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620:pepper
616:tomato
544:phloem
510:aphids
420:Genome
391:capsid
381:capsid
379:), 3.
329:capsid
228:leaves
220:mosaic
2828:12242
2810:IRMNG
2763:7CFYV
2606:S2CID
2466:S2CID
1991:(6).
1753:(PDF)
1211:S2CID
1168:S2CID
1152:JSTOR
1059:(PDF)
1037:JSTOR
969:(PDF)
931:(PDF)
853:cells
665:apple
661:grape
281:virus
232:virus
86:Realm
79:Virus
2823:NCBI
2797:GBIF
2784:EPPO
2653:ISBN
2598:PMID
2553:ISBN
2515:PMID
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2143:ISBN
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1579:PMID
1531:2020
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1435:PMID
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1160:PMID
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863:and
807:and
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