Tobacco Master Settlement Agreement

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settlement payments. On the other hand, when reductions in settlement payments occur because NPM sales displace PM sales, the states receive no benefits if the NPMs do not make escrow payments. Therefore, in late 2000, the NAAG drafted a model Contraband Statute to ensure that NPMs made escrow payments on cigarettes. See PX 116. The model Contraband Statute provides that excise tax stamping agents may not stamp cigarettes for sale in the state unless the manufacturer becomes a PM under the MSA or is an NPM which makes all escrow payments required by the Escrow Statute. The model Contraband Statute imposes a criminal penalty on wholesalers who sell cigarettes made by NPMs who are not duly registered in the state and making full escrow payments. By the middle of 2002, only seven settling states had enacted Contraband Statutes. As of 2007, 44 of the 46 settling states (including Kansas) have enacted these statutes. See K.S.A. § 50-6a04. The Kansas Attorney General is charged with enforcing the Escrow and Contraband Statutes.

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or 2) make similar annual payments into a state "liability reserve" escrow account, the funds of which can only be used to pay a judgment or settlement on a claim against the NPM. (After 25 years, any amount remaining in the escrow account is returned to the NPM.) An NPM's annual escrow payments in a particular state are calculated by multiplying a per-cigarette amount, established by the state's legislature and set forth in the statute, by the number of cigarettes the NPM sold in that state in the year for which payment is being made. The parties agree that this per-cigarette amount is roughly equivalent to the per-cigarette amount the MSA requires from OPMs and SPMs for sales which are not exempt. To the extent it differs, the OPMs pay slightly more than the SPMs, which pay slightly more than the NPMs.

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would obtain a release from its Kansas escrow fund of more than 49 per cent of its full escrow payment. In other words, the original allocable share release provision created an unintended loophole: it only operated as intended if the NPMs distributed their products nationally. In that circumstance, the NPMs' total escrow obligations to all states with similar tobacco statutes approximately totaled the payments those NPMs would have made under the MSA. If an NPM concentrated its sales in a few state with low allocable share percentages, however, the NPM could obtain a refund of much of its escrow payments. Because the Kansas percentage was so low—roughly 0.8 per cent—NPMs concentrated their sales within Kansas and a few other states to receive immediate escrow refunds from those states.

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the year in which the payment at issue is due (regardless of when such payment is made), as measured by the reports of shipments of Cigarettes to Management Science Associates, Inc. (or a successor entity acceptable to both the and a majority of those Attorneys General who are both the Attorney General of a Settling State and a member of the NAAG executive committee at the time in question). A Cigarette shipped by more than one Participating Manufacturer shall be deemed to have been shipped solely by the first Participating Manufacturer to do so. For purposes of the definition and determination of "Relative Market Share," 0.09 ounces of "roll your own" tobacco constitutes one individual Cigarette.

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list of these "subsequently settling parties" (SSPs) is maintained by the National Association of Attorneys General. Since 1998, approximately 41 additional tobacco companies have joined the Master Settlement Agreement. These companies, referred to as the Subsequent Participating Manufacturers (SPMs), are bound by the Master Settlement Agreement's restrictions and must make payments to the settling states as set forth in the Master Settlement Agreement. Collectively, the OPMs and the SPMs are referred to as the Participating Manufacturers (PMs). Any tobacco company choosing not to participate in the Master Settlement Agreement is referred to as a Nonparticipating Manufacturer (NPM).

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permitted an NPM to obtain a refund of the amount the NPM paid into the escrow fund to the extent that a tobacco product manufacturer establishes that the amount it was required to place into escrow in a particular year was greater than the State's allocable share of the total payments that such manufacturer would have been required to make in that year under the ... had it been a participating manufacturer. This "Allocable Share Release Provision" was intended to create substantial equivalence between the escrow obligation of NPMs under the escrow statutes and the amounts the NPMs would have paid if they had they joined the MSA.

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NAAG Tobacco Project, underscored the urgency of "all States taking steps to deal with the proliferation of NPM sales, including enactment of complementary legislation and allocable share legislation and consideration of other measures designed to serve the interests of the States in avoiding reductions in tobacco settlement payments." He stressed that "NPM sales anywhere in the country hurt all States," that NPM sales in any state reduce payments to every other State," and that "ll States have an interest in reducing NPM sales in every State."

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refundo the extent that a tobacco product manufacturer establishes that the amount it was required to place into escrow, based on units sold in the state ... in a particular year, was greater than the payments, as determined pursuant to section IX(i) of that agreement including, after final determination of all adjustments, that such manufacturer would have been required to make based on such units sold had it been a participating manufacturer, the excess shall be released from escrow and revert to such tobacco product manufacturer.

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as a result of compliance with the MSA, the PMs' required payments to the settling states will be reduced to account for the loss. The NPM Adjustment therefore gives the settling states an incentive to protect the market dominance of the PMs, because otherwise the settling states themselves will receive less funds. The MSA also provides a safe harbor from the NPM Adjustment if a settling state "diligently enforces" the provision of a Model Statute attached to the MSA and enacted by all of the settling states.

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resulting cost advantage to derive large, short-term profits in the years before liability may arise without ensuring that the State will have an eventual source of recovery from them if they are proven to have acted culpably. It is thus in the interest of the State to require that such manufacturers establish a reserve fund to guarantee a source of compensation and to prevent such manufacturers from deriving large, short-term profits and then becoming judgment-proof before liability may arise.

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That adjustment lowers a state's allocated share of the annual MSA payment if the OPMs lose market share to NPMs and if "a nationally recognized firm of economic consultants" determines that the MSA was "a significant factor contributing to the Market Share Loss for the year in question." The NPM adjustment does not apply to any state that has enacted and has in "full force and effect" a "qualifying" or model escrow statute. All settling states have enacted qualifying statutes.

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cigarette-related harms, the money in the escrow accounts will pay the damage awards. Each NPM's payment is based on market share, and is roughly the same per-cigarette cost as the amount that OPMs must pay to abide by the MSA. The payments can only be used to pay a judgment or settlement on a claim against the NPM, up to the amount that the NPM would otherwise pay under the MSA. Any remaining funds in the escrow account revert back to the NPM after twenty-five years.

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refunds of most of the monies they had paid into a state's escrow fund. To illustrate, if an NPM only sold cigarettes in Kansas in 2006, the Kansas escrow statute would require that NPM to pay into the Kansas escrow fund $ .0167539 for each cigarette the NPM sold in that state. Pursuant to the refund provision in the originally enacted Kansas escrow statute, however, the NPM could obtain a refund of all but .8336712% of those payments.

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share of the national cigarette market beyond its 1998 market share, or beyond 125% of that SPM's 1997 market share. If the exempt SPM's market share in a given year increases beyond those relevant historic limits, the MSA requires that the exempt SPM make annual payments to the settling states, similar to those made by the OPMs, but based only upon the SPM's sales representing the exempt SPM's market share increase.

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1994, at A1 (stating Minnesota filed suit against the tobacco industry); Andrew Wolfson, West Virginia Takes on Tobacco Over Health Costs, The Courier-Journal, Sept. 22, 1994, at A1; Amy Goldstein, Maryland to Sue Makers of Cigarettes; Effect of Smoking on Medicaid at Issue, Washington Post, Nov. 17, 1995, at B1 (reporting Maryland Governor Parris Glendening's announcement of decision to sue tobacco companies).

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National Tobacco Growers' Settlement Trust Fund. Tobacco growers and quota holders in the 14 states that grow flue-cured and burley tobacco used to manufacture cigarettes are eligible to receive payments from the trust fund. The states are Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Indiana, Kentucky, Maryland, Missouri, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, and West Virginia.

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the country. The individuals asserted claims for negligent manufacture, negligent advertising, fraud, and violation of various state consumer protection statutes. The tobacco companies were successful against these lawsuits. Only two plaintiffs ever prevailed, and both of those decisions were reversed on appeal. As scientific evidence mounted in the 1980s, tobacco companies claimed

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individual SPM's market share in 1998 (the year the MSA was executed) or 125% of the SPM's market share in 1997. If an SPM's sales volume or market share declines below the grandfathered amount, then it is not required to make any payments to the settling states. SPMs that failed to join the MSA within 90 days of its execution do not receive the benefit of any grandfathered amount.

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over 21 percent since the settlement was negotiated. State governments have used the settlement money to fill budget holes, build golf courses or even subsidize the tobacco industry. Less than 3% of every dollar is being spent on tobacco prevention programs with childhood smoking programs the most underfunded. As of 2020, more than $ 138 billion has been paid out.

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in a given year with the number sold in the base year of 1997. The resulting percentage reduces the base payment to the states by the PMs. The NPM Downward Adjustment can reduce a settling state's share of the MSA payments if PMs have lost market share due to participation in the MSA and the state did not diligently enforce escrow payments by NPMs.

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is the total OPM market share, not the total OPM and SPM market share." Furthermore, the parties agree that the amount the SPMs pay per cigarette is roughly the same as the per-cigarette amount that the OPMs pay under the MSA. To the extent the amount differs, the OPMs pay slightly more than the SPMs on a per cigarette basis.

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only individual actions could be brought. The congressional proposal called for payments to the states of $ 368.5 billion over 25 years. By contrast, assuming that the Majors would maintain their market share, the MSA provides baseline payments of about $ 200 billion over 25 years. This baseline payment is subject to

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the number of cigarettes that the NPM sold in that state in a given year. Nevertheless, the originally enacted escrow statute based any refund of those escrowed funds payments on that state's allocable share of the national MSA payment. This refund provision, then, assumed an NPM would sell its cigarettes nationally.

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non-exempt SPM must, "within a reasonable time after signing the" Master Settlement Agreement, pay the amount it would have been obligated to pay under the Master Settlement Agreement during the time between the Master Settlement Agreement's effective date and the date on which the SPM joined the agreement.

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The NPMs sharply increased their share of the domestic market from 1.6 per cent in 1999 to 8.1 percent in 2003. OPM operating incomes declined substantially in 2003, but with the repeals of the allocable share release starting in 2003, their operating incomes increased. In the spring of 2004, Phillip

990:

See Michael Janofsky, Mississippi Seeks Damages from Tobacco Companies, N.Y. Times, May 24, 1994, at A12 ("Mississippi today became the first state to demand that cigarette makers bear the health care costs of smoking."); Gordon Slovut, State, Blue Cross Sue Tobacco Industry, Star Tribune, August 18,

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recipients. Following the passage of laws that eliminated the tobacco companies' ability to provide evidence in court for their defense, the tobacco companies were forced to settle. The big four tobacco companies agreed to pay the state governments several billion dollars but the government in turn

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Thus, an NPM still has to pay annually into a state's escrow fund an amount calculated by multiplying the number of cigarettes the NPM sells in that state during the year in question by the same per-cigarette amount for that year as set forth in the state's escrow statute. The NPM can obtain a refund

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One commentator further explains that the calculations under the statutes were based on an assumption that a nonparticipating manufacturer sold cigarettes nationally. When this was the case, the statutes functioned as intended, permitting the NPM to obtain a refund of excess amounts placed in escrow

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If an NPM made the bulk of its sales in a few states, however, it could obtain a refund of those escrow payments in excess of what it would have paid each of those States had it been an SPM. For example, an NPM which made 50 per cent of its sales in Kansas (which has a relatively low allocable share)

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One such incentive, called the NPM Adjustment, provides that the payments by the PMs to the settling states may be adjusted according to the "NPM Adjustment Percentage." According to this provision, if a nationally recognized firm of economic consultants determines that the PMs have lost market share

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Although the settling states' motivation was different from that of the OPMs, these states also were concerned about the effect of the tobacco companies that refused to join the MSA. The settling states worried that the NPMs would be able to regulate their sales so as to stay afloat financially while

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In light of that, the model escrow statute requires an NPM selling cigarettes in a given state to do one of two things: 1) join the MSA, agreeing to "become a participating manufacturer (as that term is defined in section II(jj) of the ) and generally perform its financial obligations under the ,"

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At the time the Master Settlement Agreement became effective, the OPMs collectively controlled approximately 97% of the domestic market for cigarettes. In addition to these "originally settling parties" (OSPs), the Master Settlement Agreement permits other tobacco companies to join the settlement; a

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This proposed congressional remedy (1997 National Settlement Proposal (NSP), a.k.a. the "June 20, 1997 Proposal") for the cigarette tobacco problem resembled the eventual Multistate Settlement Agreement (MSA), but with important differences. For example, although the congressional proposal would have

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There is technically a distinct MSA signed separately with each state. While these MSAs are identical, the states have had to enact enabling legislation which differs from state to state. Furthermore, each state's court system is entitled to create its own jurisdictional interpretations of the MSA

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market is accelerating the decline of $ 97 billion outstanding in tobacco bonds. States with large populations, such as New York and California, are affected to a greater degree than others. Lawmakers in several states proposed measures to tax e-cigarettes like traditional tobacco products to offset

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To close this loophole, in late 2002, the National Association of Attorneys General ("NAAG") introduced the Allocable Share Release Repealer ("ASR Repealer"), a model statute which eliminated the ASR. In a memo dated September 12, 2003, Attorney General William H. Sorrell of Vermont, Chairman of the

477:

During the drafting of the MSA, the OPMs and the settling states contemplated that many of the smaller tobacco companies would choose not to join the MSA. This failure to join posed a potential problem for both the OPMs and the settling states. The OPMs worried that the NPMs, both because they would

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the payments are determined by their relative market share as compared to other SPMs. For the SPMs that joined the MSA within 90 days of its execution, the annual payments are determined by the number of cigarettes an SPM sells beyond the "grandfathered" volume—calculated as the higher of either the

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The NAAG advised the settling states to enact these model Contraband Statutes promptly or receive lower MSA payments due to increased Volume Adjustments and substantial NPM Downward Adjustments. PX 21. The Volume Adjustment is determined by comparing the number of cigarettes sold nationally by OPMs

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The MSA specifically provides that"Relative Market Share" means an respective share (expressed as a percentage) of the total number of individual Cigarettes shipped in or to the fifty United States, the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico by all the during the calendar year immediately preceding

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that "Although U.S. smoking rates are slowly declining, progress toward that end would be faster if federal policymaking matched both the rigor of the scientific evidence against tobacco use and the resolve of antitobacco advocates." In 2005, cigarette sales reached a 55-year low and had fallen by

419:

Both exempt and non-exempt SPMs' annual payment obligations under the MSA are "calculated on the basis of the percentage of the four original participating manufacturers' total domestic market share represented by the SPM domestic market share. ... In other words, the denominator in the calculation

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Faced with the prospect of defending multiple actions nationwide, the Majors sought a congressional remedy, primarily in the form of a national legislative settlement. In June 1997, the National Association of Attorneys General and the Majors jointly petitioned Congress for a global resolution. On

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For example, Pennsylvania brought suit alleging a "conspiracy in concealing and misrepresenting the addictive and harmful nature of tobacco/nicotine ... industry control and manipulation of nicotine to foster addiction and thus profits ... intentionally attracting and addicting children to tobacco

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For 40 years, tobacco companies had not been held liable for cigarette-related illnesses. Then, beginning in 1994, led by Florida, states across the country sued big tobacco to recover public outlays for medical expenses due to smoking. By changing the law to guarantee they would win in court, the

514:

Rather than selling cigarettes nationally, several NPMs instead concentrated their sales in just a few states. Because the originally enacted escrow statute refunded escrow funds to the extent those funds exceeded each state's "allocable share" of the national MSA payment, NPMs were able to obtain

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The settling states agreed to divide the annual MSA payment among themselves according to each state's preset allocable share, rather than according to the volume of sales made in a particular state in a given year. An NPM's payments into a state's escrow fund, on the other hand, were dependent on

473:

Each state receives a payment equal to its "Allocable Share," a percentage of the funds held in escrow that has been agreed upon by the settling states and memorialized in the MSA. This "Allocable Share" (as measured by a percentage of the total funds in escrow) does not vary according to how many

435:

The MSA encouraged settling states to adopt the model escrow act by providing that a settling state's allocated payment—that is, the portion of the annual MSA payment that a particular state receives in a given year—could be reduced by applying a non-participating manufacturers ("NPM") adjustment.

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The MSA includes a model escrow (or qualifying) act and provides strong incentives for settling states to adopt it. " Qualifying Statute ... is one that effectively and fully neutralizes the cost disadvantages that the Participating Manufacturers experience vis-a-vis Nonparticipating Manufacturers

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While the proposed legislation was being discussed in Congress, some individual states began settling their litigation against the tobacco industry. On July 2, 1997, Mississippi became the first. Over the next year, Florida, Texas, and Minnesota followed, with the four states recovering a total of

191:

the Inflation Adjustment, the Volume Adjustment, the Previously Settled States Reduction, the Non-Settling States Reduction, the NPM Adjustment, the offset for miscalculated or disputed payments described in subsection XI(i), the Federal Tobacco Legislation Offset, the Litigating Releasing Parties

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oversight and imposed federal advertising restrictions. It also would have granted immunity from state prosecutions; eliminated punitive damages in individual tort suits; and prohibited the use of class actions, or other joinder or aggregation devices without the defendant's consent, assuring that

123:

By the mid-1950s, individuals in the United States began to sue the companies responsible for manufacturing and marketing cigarettes for damages related to the effects of smoking. In the forty years through 1994, over 800 private claims were brought against tobacco companies in state courts across

296:

As an incentive to join the Master Settlement Agreement, the agreement provides that, if an SPM joined within ninety days following the Master Settlement Agreement's "Execution Date," that SPM is exempt ("exempt SPM") from making annual payments to the settling states unless the SPM increases its

439:

The escrow statute is premised on the legislative finding that, in light of the MSA settling the states' claims against the major cigarette manufacturers, t would be contrary to the policy of the State if tobacco product manufacturers who determine not to enter into such a settlement could use a

635:

Tobacco revenue has fallen more quickly than projected when the securities were created, leading to technical defaults in some states. Some analysts predict that many of the bonds will default entirely. Many of the longer-term bonds have been downgraded to junk ratings. More recently, financial

404:

the payments are determined in accordance with their relative market share as of 1997. The payment amount of a particular OPM is also dictated by the "Volume Adjustment," which compares the number of cigarettes sold in each payment year to the number of cigarettes sold in 1997. If the number of

304:

The addition of the Subsequent Participating Manufacturers meant that nearly all of the cigarette producers in the domestic market had signed the Multistate Settlement Agreement. Their addition was significant. The Majors allegedly feared that any cigarette manufacturer left out of a settlement

214:

Four states (Mississippi, Florida, Texas and Minnesota) settled with the OPMs before the MSA. The OPMs pay those four states (the "previously settled states") 17 per cent of the MSA per-cigarette payment amount for each cigarette sold in any state. Thus, the OPMs pay the settling and previously

147:

The general theory of these lawsuits was that the cigarettes produced by the tobacco industry contributed to health problems among the population, which in turn resulted in significant costs to the states' public health systems. As Moore declared, "' lawsuit is premised on a simple notion: you

526:

The "Allocable Share Release Repeal" ("ASR Repeal") revised the originally enacted escrow statute's refund calculation to remove the reference to the enacting state's "allocable share" of the annual MSA payments. HN2The amended statute, therefore, now provides that an NPM will be entitled to a

283:

The next year, the major cigarette manufacturers settled with the tobacco-growing states to compensate tobacco growers for losses they were expected to suffer due to the higher cigarette prices resulting from the earlier settlements. Called the "Phase II" settlement, this agreement created the

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states extorted a quarter-trillion-dollar settlement, which was passed along in higher cigarette prices. Basically, the tobacco companies had money; the states and their hired-gun attorneys wanted money; so the companies paid and the states collected. Then sick smokers got stuck with the bill.

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Generally, the participating manufacturers agreed not to "take any action, directly or indirectly, to target Youth within any Settling State in the advertising, promotion or marketing of Tobacco Products, or take any action the primary purpose of which is to initiate, maintain or increase the

539:

By the middle of 2000, domestic NPMs and importers had begun to obtain greater market share. The NAAG noted that reductions in settlement payments which result from an overall reduction in cigarette consumption benefit the states because health care costs imposed by each cigarette exceed the

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The original escrow statutes provided that NPM payments would remain in escrow for 25 years, but authorized an early release of any escrow amount which was greater than the allocable share which that state would have received if the NPM had been an SPM. The originally enacted escrow statutes

405:

cigarettes sold by an OPM in a given year is less than the number it sold in 1997, the Volume Adjustment allows that OPM to reduce its payment to the settling states. In other words, a reduction in the amount of cigarettes sold by the OPMs results in the settling states receiving less money.

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SPMs joining the Master Settlement Agreement after this ninety-day exempt period must, instead, make annual payments based upon all of the SPM's national cigarette sales for a given year. In addition to its annual payment obligations, in order to join the Master Settlement Agreement now, a

408:

The MSA sets forth specific amounts that the OPMs have agreed to pay the settling states each year. Those annual amounts are subject to a number of adjustments. The OPMs each pay a portion of the total annual payment according to each OPM's "Relative Market Share" for the preceding year.

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The pre-amendment Kansas statute, for example, provided that if an NPM established that its payments were greater than the State's "allocable share of the payments that it would have been required to make in that year under the master settlement agreement ... had it been a participating

1309:

Under the "Qualifying Act," non-signatory tobacco companies (also known as "Non-Participating Manufacturers," or "NPMs") have to pay a portion of their revenues into an escrow account. The money in the escrow account acts as a liability reserve. If the NPMs are successfully sued for

152:

and other public health expenses incurred in the treatment of smoking-induced illnesses. Importantly, the defenses of personal responsibility that were so effective for the tobacco industry in suits by private individuals were inapplicable to the causes of action alleged by the states.

628:. In many cases the bonds permit state and local governments to transfer the risk of declines in future master settlement agreement payments to bondholders. In some cases, however, the bonds are backed by secondary pledges of state or local revenues, which creates what some see as a 1424:

Miller, Validity, Construction, Application, and Effect of Master Settlement Agreement (MSA) Between Tobacco Companies and Various States, and State Statutes Implementing Agreement; Use and Distribution of MSA Proceeds, 25 A.L.R. 6th 435, 461n.13 (2007), at 469 (footnotes

548:

Some anti-smoking advocates, such as William Godshall, have criticized the MSA as being too lenient on the major tobacco companies. In a speech at the National Tobacco Control Conference, Godshall stated that "ith unprecedented future legal protection granted by the

223:

On November 23, 1998, the Attorneys General of the remaining 46 states, as well as of the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands, entered into the Master Settlement Agreement with the four largest manufacturers of cigarettes in the United States.

571:

Another criticism is the alleged favoritism shown to the major tobacco companies over smaller independent tobacco growers and sellers. Proponents of this argument claim that certain restrictions on pricing make it more difficult for small growers to compete with

1387:

See Miller, Validity, Construction, Application, and Effect of Master Settlement Agreement (MSA) Between Tobacco Companies and Various States, and State Statutes Implementing Agreement; Use and Distribution of MSA Proceeds, 25 A.L.R. 6th 435, 461n.13 (2007), at

1255:

1236:

1226:

337:

A section on enforcement gave jurisdiction to individual state courts to implement and enforce the term, and established a state enforcement fund ($ 50 million one-time payment). The participating manufacturers also paid the states' Attorney Fees.

478:

not be bound by the advertising and other restrictions in the MSA and because they would not be required to make payments to the settling states, would be able to charge lower prices for their cigarettes and thus increase their market share.

136:

In the mid-1990s, more than 40 states commenced litigation against the tobacco industry, seeking monetary, equitable, and injunctive relief under various consumer-protection and antitrust laws. The first case was declared in May 1994 by

305:(Non-Participating Manufacturers or NPMs) would be free to expand market share or could enter the market with lower prices, drastically altering the Majors' future profits and their ability to increase prices to pay for the settlement. 971:

170:

June 20, 1997, Mississippi Attorney General Michael Moore and a group of other attorneys general announced the details of the settlement. The settlement included a payment by the companies of $ 365.5 billion, agreement to possible

148:

caused the health crisis; you pay for it.'" The states alleged a wide range of deceptive and fraudulent practices by the tobacco companies over decades of sales. Other states soon followed. The state lawsuits sought recovery for

206:

of Arizona carried the bill, which was much more aggressive than even the global settlement. However, in the spring of 1998, Congress rejected both the proposed settlement and an alternative proposal submitted by McCain.

487:

at the same time being effectively judgment-proof. As a result of these twin concerns, the OPMs and the settling states sought to have the MSA provide these other tobacco companies with incentives to join the agreement.

560:

described the MSA as an "opportunity lost to curb cigarette use", citing public health researchers' views that not enough of the MSA money was being spent on anti-smoking measures. Dr. Stephen A. Schroeder wrote in the

447:

The escrow statute specifically requires that the NPM place into a qualified escrow fund by April 15 of the year following the year in question the following amounts (as such amounts are adjusted for inflation)—

592:

was to protect the big four tobacco companies from competition. The Master Settlement Agreement, they argue, created an unconstitutional cartel arrangement that benefited both the government and big tobacco.

1947: 519:

in each state. However, when an NPM followed a regional sales strategy, as several did, the original escrow statutes allowed the NPM to obtain a refund that was much larger than intended.

398:

The amount of money that the PMs are required to annually contribute to the states varies according to several factors. All payments are based primarily on the number of cigarettes sold.

576:". Twelve states have successfully fought against this argument in court during the last two years and the enforcement of the MSA continues throughout the United States in perpetuity. 93:, and the Council for Tobacco Research. In the MSA, the original participating manufacturers (OPM) agreed to pay a minimum of $ 206 billion over the first 25 years of the agreement. 531:

to the extent those escrowed funds are greater than the amount that the NPM would have had to pay under the MSA for that same year, based upon that same number of cigarettes sold.

691: 612:

in 2007. The appellate court concluded that the Plaintiffs had not alleged sufficient facts to show that the MSA and two related state laws violated the federal Sherman Act.

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Morris (the largest OPM) and Liggett (the largest SPM) attributed the increase of their gross profit margins to the widespread enactment of the ASR Repealers. PXs 125, 126.

494:

Most of the settling states have also voluntarily adopted "complementary" legislation to provide additional enforcement tools to compel compliance with the Model Statute.

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settled states 104.55 per cent of the per-cigarette amount for each cigarette sold. In 2005, OPM payments totaled about 2.2 cents per cigarette or 44 cents per box.

676: 2444: 686: 182:

earmarked one-third of all funds to combat teenage smoking, no such restrictions appear in the MSA. In addition, the congressional proposal would have mandated

267:

In the Smokeless Tobacco Master Settlement Agreement, which was executed at the same time as the Master Settlement Agreement, the leading manufacturer in the

202:

The attorneys general did not have the authority to grant all this by themselves: the Global Settlement Agreement would require an act of Congress. Senator

2372: 1717: 323:

generally to make available to the public documents the OPMs had disclosed during the discovery phase of their litigation with the settling states;

174:

regulation under certain circumstances, and stronger warning labels and restrictions on advertising. In exchange the companies would be freed from

583:, which has received multiple donations from the tobacco industry and been one of the "national allies" of tobacco company Philip Morris, such as 2269: 1820: 116:

confirmed the suggestion, based on which the government issued advice that smoking and lung cancer rates were related. In 1964 the United States

1616:"Since the MSA was adopted, the tobacco companies have paid a total of more than $ 138 billion, with Michigan receiving more than $ 5.9 billion" 1000:

Janofsky, Mississippi Seeks Damages from Tobacco Companies, N.Y. Times, May 24, 1994, at A12 (quoting Mississippi Attorney General Mike Moore).

317:

to restrict their advertising, sponsorship, lobbying, and litigation activities, particularly as those activities were seen as targeting youth;

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the decline in TMSA revenue. They anticipate that taxing or banning e-cigarettes would be beneficial to the sale of combustible cigarettes.

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manufacturer," the NPM was entitled to an immediate release of its over-payment. See K.S.A. 50-6a03(b)(2)(B) (before 2005 amendment).

1294: 1148: 2155: 1959:

CRS Report for Congress, "Tobacco Master Settlement Agreement (1998): Overview, Implementation by States, and Congressional Issues"

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Annual Payments, beginning April 15, 2000 – $ 183.177 billion estimated through 2025. 9 billion per year from 2018 into perpetuity.

320:

to disband three specific "Tobacco-Related Organizations," and to restrict their creation and participation in trade associations;

2551: 2541: 917:"The mortality of doctors in relation to their smoking habits: a preliminary report: (Reprinted from Br Med J 1954:ii;1451-5)" 2556: 2367: 354:, advertising on transit vehicles, as well as restrictions on sports marketing, event sponsorships and promotional products. 1991: 604:

The argument the Master Settlement Agreement created a cartel of the major U.S. cigarette makers, allowing them to charge "

117: 833: 587:, assert that the lawsuit that brought on the tobacco settlement was instigated by a need to make beneficiary payments to 2467: 2424: 1879: 1071: 2223: 2198: 770: 553:

in exchange for money, it appears that the tobacco industry has emerged from the state lawsuits even more powerful".

1739: 2409: 1557: 2274: 2165: 2086: 1854: 1574: 563: 1905: 2520: 741: 272: 245: 90: 39: 428:

The payments from all the PMs are deposited into an escrow account until disbursement to the settling states.

2347: 79: 66:, as well as to pay, in perpetuity, various annual payments to the states to compensate them for some of the 1958: 2362: 2296: 1019: 784: 183: 171: 141: 138: 1952: 2352: 762: 620:

In the ten years following the settlement, many state and local governments have opted to sell so-called

1707: 1615: 2357: 632:

to support the tobacco industry, on whom they are now dependent for future payments against this debt.

120:'s Report on Smoking and Health likewise began suggesting the relationship between smoking and cancer. 2472: 2324: 2185: 557: 253: 59: 47: 713:, a 2011 documentary about lawyers manipulating class action lawsuits, including tobacco settlements 2546: 2510: 2462: 1984: 1587: 605: 128:

as they asserted adverse health effects were previously unknown or lacked substantial credibility.

1670: 1481:

Before the contraband statutes, the states did not have a mechanism to enforce the escrow statute.

313:

The Original Participating Manufacturers (OPMs) agreed to several broad categories of conditions:

2399: 2394: 125: 108: 1548:

Renee Twombly, Journal of the National Cancer Institute, Vol. 96, No. 10, 730–732, May 19, 2004

1062:

The Cigarette Century: the Rise, Fall and Deadly Persistence of the Product That Defined America

2477: 2439: 2314: 2264: 2238: 1023: 658:

Documents relating to the initial lawsuits filed by each individual state are available at the

550: 70:

of caring for persons with smoking-related illnesses. The money also funds a new anti-smoking

240:

had already reached individual agreements with the tobacco industry.) The four manufacturers—

666: 249: 113: 43: 192:

Offset, and the offsets for claims over described in subsections XII(a)(4)(B) and XII(a)(8).

2515: 2482: 2286: 2127: 2034: 1643: 671: 637: 1761: 1284: 8: 2500: 2203: 2019: 1977: 716: 63: 1930: 1797: 1087: 2319: 2208: 2014: 1526: 1501: 1443:

Kan. Stat, § 50-6a03(b)(2)(B) (2005); see also Okla. Stat. tit. 37; § 600.23(B)(2). n5.

892: 859: 629: 67: 1964: 949: 916: 2404: 2233: 2170: 2132: 2039: 1828: 1712: 1531: 1067: 1060: 954: 936: 897: 879: 766: 754: 275:) settled with the jurisdictions who signed the MSA, plus Minnesota and Mississippi. 268: 241: 175: 86: 2429: 2306: 2259: 2228: 2218: 2112: 2081: 2024: 1549: 1521: 1513: 1285:"SANDERS v. BROWN USA, No. 05-15676, United States Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit" 1015: 944: 928: 887: 871: 805: 736: 326:

to create and fund the National Public Education Foundation, dedicated to reducing

75: 51: 50:– the "original participating manufacturers", referred to as the "Majors") and the 31: 2414: 2254: 2213: 2175: 2142: 1027: 62:

health-care costs. In exchange, the companies agreed to curtail or cease certain

1490:

Int'l Tobacco Partners, Ltd. v. Kline, 475 F. Supp. 2d 1078, 1084 (D. Kan. 2007)

1434:

Int'l Tobacco Partners, Ltd. v. Kline, 475 F. Supp. 2d 1078, 1083 (D. Kan. 2007)

796:

by Carrick Mollenkamp, Jeffrey Rothfeder, Adam Levy and Joseph Menn, as well as

256:—are referred to in the MSA as the Original Participating Manufacturers (OPMs). 2291: 2150: 2122: 2107: 1743: 1677: 789: 650:

text. As a result, legal understanding of the MSA differ from state to state.

625: 584: 580: 71: 1671:"Constitutional and Antitrust Violations of the Multistate Tobacco Settlement" 932: 2535: 2193: 2076: 1832: 1553: 940: 883: 389:

National Association of Attorneys General ($ 1.5 billion over next 10 years).

327: 28: 1369:

See also Kan. Stat. § 50-6a03(b)(2)(B); Okla. Stat. tit. 37, § 600.23(B)(2).

1535: 958: 901: 875: 731: 721: 703: 621: 1855:"Slowing cigarette sales could put Virginia tobacco bond payments at risk" 1779: 218: 2330: 1747: 1452:

KT&G Corp. v. AG of Okla., 535 F.3d 1114, 1124 (10th Cir. Okla. 2008)

1406:

KT&G Corp. v. AG of Okla., 535 F.3d 1114, 1123 (10th Cir. Okla. 2008)

1350:

Kan. Stat. § 50-6a03(b)(1); see also Okla. Stat. tit. 37, § 600.23(A)(2).

1341:

KT&G Corp. v. AG of Okla., 535 F.3d 1114, 1122 (10th Cir. Okla. 2008)

1332:

See also Kan. Stat. § 50-6a03(b)(1); Okla. Stat. tit. 37, § 600.23(A)(2).

1274:

KT&G Corp. v. AG of Okla., 535 F.3d 1114, 1121 (10th Cir. Okla. 2008)

1178:

KT&G Corp. v. AG of Okla., 535 F.3d 1114, 1119 (10th Cir. Okla. 2008)

1166:

KT&G Corp. v. AG of Okla., 535 F.3d 1114, 1120 (10th Cir. Okla. 2008)

759:

Smoke in Their Eyes: Lessons in Movement Leadership from the Tobacco Wars

573: 237: 203: 464:(E) for each of 2007 and each year thereafter: $ .0188482 per unit sold. 452:(A) 1999: $ .0094241 per unit sold after the effective date of this act; 27:) was entered on November 23, 1998, originally between the four largest 1517: 782:

focuses on public health leadership. About the tobacco companies, see

82:

and maintains a public archive of documents resulting from the cases.

2000: 709: 351: 229: 393: 161: 1630:"Tobacco Settlement Funds Sprinklers, Golf Carts and a Grease Trap" 1592: 1571:

Tobacco Control in the Wake of the 1998 Master Settlement Agreement

588: 156: 149: 55: 2054: 2117: 2102: 2071: 1289: 832:. National Association of Attorneys General. 1998. Archived from 347:

incidence of Youth smoking within any Settling State." (§III(a))

225: 1323:

See also Kan. Stat. § 50-6a03; Okla. Stat. tit. 37, § 600.23(A).

262: 2160: 2029: 1906:"E-cigarettes could stub out tobacco bonds sooner than thought" 259:

This settlement process yielded two other national agreements:

112:

linking smoking to lung cancer and heart disease. In 1954 the

35: 1772: 1265:

See Kan. Stat. § 50-6a01(f); Okla. Stat. tit. 37, § 600.21(D).

1066:. New York: Basic Books, a member of the Perseus Books Group. 1026:, negligent design, strict liability, unfair trade practices, 800:

by Peter Pringle; and for the role of the administration, see

2044: 1969: 1644:"Who Is Really Benefiting From the Tobacco Settlement Money?" 636:

analysts began raising concerns that the rapid growth of the

333:

to make annual payments to the settling states in perpetuity.

233: 165:

Mike Moore (left) announcing the tobacco settlement agreement

461:(D) for each of 2003 through 2006: $ .0167539 per unit sold; 58:

lawsuits against the tobacco industry for recovery of their

2281: 1965:

New York State's Tobacco Settlement Financing Corp. website

1657:

Free-market groups and the tobacco industry - full database

1010:

products," and "targeting African Americans" (complaint in

659: 474:

cigarettes are sold in a particular state in a given year.

1955:

Database of documents released under the terms of the MSA.

383:

Public Education Fund (at least $ 1.45 billion 2000–2003).

85:

The settlement also dissolved the tobacco industry groups

1762:"FindLaw's United States Ninth Circuit case and opinions" 367:

States were to receive over $ 206 billion over 25 years:

101: 1126:

See Multistate Settlement Agreement, §§ IX(a), (b), (c).

458:(C) for each of 2001 and 2002: $ .0136125 per unit sold; 386:

State Enforcement Fund ($ 50 million, one-time payment).

377:

Strategic Contribution Fund, 2008–2017 – $ 8.61 billion.

2445:

Protocol to Eliminate Illicit Trade in Tobacco Products

413:

For the SPMs (Subsequent Participating Manufacturers),

402:

For the OPMs (Original Participating Manufacturers),

271:

market (United States Tobacco Company, now known as

1780:"Highlights – Tobacco Litigation & Enforcement" 1012:

Commonwealth of Pennsylvania v. Philip Morris, Inc.

106:In September 1950, an article was published in the 1059: 1018:, willful and negligent breach of a special duty, 908: 380:National Foundation ($ 250 million over 10 years). 341: 1162: 1160: 1158: 753: 497: 394:Payments by the Participating Manufacturers (PMs) 2533: 1754: 1138:, 475 F. Supp. 2d 1078, 1081–1082 (D. Kan. 2007) 608:" prices for their product, was rejected by the 330:and preventing diseases associated with smoking. 1821:"State Bonds in Jeopardy as Tobacco Cash Fades" 644: 1903: 1155: 1985: 1174: 1172: 263:Smokeless Tobacco Master Settlement Agreement 219:Adoption of the "Master Settlement Agreement" 1699: 1030:, and negligent and intentional entrustment. 792:; for the attorneys general litigation, see 350:The restrictions specified included bans on 78:, that is responsible for such campaigns as 2435:WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control 1880:"Tobacco Bonds Feel Heat From E-Cigarettes" 1877: 1846: 1668: 1117:1997 National Settlement Proposal, Title VI 858:Doll, R.; Hill, A. B. (September 1, 1950). 610:U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit 1992: 1978: 1873: 1871: 1732: 1169: 2340: 1899: 1897: 1525: 1053: 1051: 948: 891: 362: 287: 2156:Cigarette smoking among college students 1499: 1108:See id. at Title V(A), VIII(A), VIII(B). 914: 857: 727:Tobacco Settlement Financing Corporation 160: 54:of 46 states. The states settled their 1948:Text of the Master Settlement Agreement 1868: 1852: 357: 2534: 1894: 1720:from the original on November 20, 2011 1588:"U.S. Cigarette Sales Hit 55-Year Low" 1057: 1048: 534: 278: 178:and litigation costs would be capped. 157:Proposed "Global Settlement Agreement" 102:Private lawsuits before the settlement 96: 1973: 1818: 1705: 1558:jncicancerspectrum.oxfordjournals.org 1297:from the original on November 4, 2010 1136:Int'l Tobacco Partners, Ltd. v. Kline 965: 371:Up-front payments – $ 12.742 billion. 2506: 1819:Walsh, Mary Williams (May 4, 2012). 1740:"The Cato Institute Speakers Bureau" 927:(7455): 1529–1533, discussion 1533. 250:Brown & Williamson Tobacco Corp. 2420:Tobacco Master Settlement Agreement 860:"Smoking and Carcinoma of the Lung" 455:(B) 2000: $ .0104712 per unit sold; 308: 131: 21:Tobacco Master Settlement Agreement 13: 2425:Tobacco packaging warning messages 2053: 1953:Tobaccodocuments.org archive, 2004 1687:from the original on April 3, 2015 1415:See Kan. Stat. § 50-6a03(b)(1)(D). 819: 468: 14: 2568: 2199:Cigarette smoking for weight loss 1941: 1706:Olson, Walter (January 1, 2000). 615: 556:An article in the Journal of the 423: 2505: 2496: 2495: 2473:Countries by tobacco consumption 2410:Smoking bans in private vehicles 1904:Respaut, Robin (June 24, 2014). 1669:O'Brien, Thomas (May 18, 2000). 915:Doll, R.; Hill, B. (June 2004). 2166:Smoking in association football 1923: 1812: 1786: 1662: 1650: 1636: 1622: 1608: 1580: 1575:New England Journal of Medicine 1563: 1542: 1493: 1484: 1475: 1465: 1455: 1446: 1437: 1428: 1418: 1409: 1400: 1391: 1381: 1372: 1363: 1353: 1344: 1335: 1326: 1317: 1277: 1268: 1259: 1249: 1246:Id. at 467 (quotation omitted). 1240: 1230: 1220: 1210: 1181: 1141: 1129: 1120: 1111: 1102: 1080: 1040:"Utah Sues Tobacco Companies". 747: 564:New England Journal of Medicine 342:Restrictions on youth targeting 2552:United States tobacco case law 2542:1998 in United States case law 1999: 1378:See K.S.A. § 50-6a03(b)(2)(B). 1044:. October 1, 1996. p. A9. 1033: 1003: 994: 984: 975: 851: 742:United States v. Philip Morris 498:Allocable Share Release Repeal 273:U.S. Smokeless Tobacco Company 246:R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company 91:Center for Indoor Air Research 1: 1878:Kuriloff, A (June 24, 2014). 1502:"Giving 10% to gain eternity" 1500:Godshall, William T. (1999). 1196:www.publichealthlawcenter.org 827:"Master Settlement Agreement" 812: 2557:Tobacco in the United States 2297:Nicotine replacement therapy 1853:Ress, D (December 1, 2014). 1708:"Puff, the Magic Settlement" 1020:fraudulent misrepresentation 645:Individual state settlements 543: 184:Food and Drug Administration 172:Food and Drug Administration 139:Mississippi Attorney General 7: 2468:Cigarette smoke carcinogens 921:BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.) 763:Vanderbilt University Press 697: 653: 64:tobacco marketing practices 10: 2573: 1014:). These claims encompass 794:The People vs. Big Tobacco 16:1998 US lawsuit settlement 2491: 2455: 2400:Plain cigarette packaging 2385: 2305: 2247: 2224:Schizophrenia and smoking 2184: 2141: 2095: 2064: 2051: 2007: 1058:Brandt, Allan M. (2007). 933:10.1136/bmj.328.7455.1529 558:National Cancer Institute 254:Lorillard Tobacco Company 2415:Tobacco control movement 2325:Disinformation playbook 864:British Medical Journal 481: 126:contributory negligence 109:British Medical Journal 2315:Cultivation of tobacco 2265:Heated tobacco product 2239:Tobacco harm reduction 2058: 1554:10.1093/jnci/96.10.730 1312: 1293:. September 26, 2007. 1024:fraudulent concealment 876:10.1136/bmj.2.4682.739 602: 363:Receipts by the states 288:Subsequent signatories 200: 166: 44:Brown & Williamson 2521:Electronic cigarettes 2057: 1569:Steven A. Schroeder, 1307: 1088:"1997 NSP, Title VII" 624:. They are a form of 597: 189: 164: 114:British Doctors Study 2287:Electronic cigarette 1750:on November 2, 2006. 802:A Question of Intent 638:electronic cigarette 358:Financial provisions 2395:Cigarette smuggling 2320:Tobacco advertising 2204:Nicotine dependence 1800:on December 5, 2008 1794:"redtape.msnbc.com" 1577:, January 15, 2004. 1042:The Washington Post 780:Smoke in Their Eyes 732:"Truth" ad campaign 717:Operation Berkshire 595:Robert Levy states: 579:Fellows within the 535:Contraband statutes 432:within the state." 279:Phase II settlement 211:over $ 35 billion. 97:History of adoption 2209:Nicotine poisoning 2059: 1931:"library.ucsf.edu" 1825:The New York Times 1518:10.1136/tc.8.4.437 630:perverse incentive 352:outdoor billboards 176:class-action suits 167: 36:Philip Morris Inc. 2529: 2528: 2405:Legal smoking age 2381: 2380: 2234:Smoking cessation 2171:Smoking fetishism 981:25 A.L.R.6th 435. 870:(4682): 739–748. 755:Michael Pertschuk 269:smokeless tobacco 242:Philip Morris USA 87:Tobacco Institute 52:attorneys general 32:tobacco companies 2564: 2509: 2508: 2499: 2498: 2463:Cigarette brands 2430:Tobacco politics 2338: 2337: 2307:Tobacco industry 2260:Herbal cigarette 2248:Related products 2229:Sidestream smoke 2219:Third-hand smoke 1994: 1987: 1980: 1971: 1970: 1935: 1934: 1927: 1921: 1920: 1918: 1916: 1901: 1892: 1891: 1889: 1887: 1875: 1866: 1865: 1863: 1861: 1850: 1844: 1843: 1841: 1839: 1816: 1810: 1809: 1807: 1805: 1796:. Archived from 1790: 1784: 1783: 1776: 1770: 1769: 1758: 1752: 1751: 1746:. Archived from 1736: 1730: 1729: 1727: 1725: 1703: 1697: 1696: 1694: 1692: 1686: 1675: 1666: 1660: 1654: 1648: 1647: 1640: 1634: 1633: 1626: 1620: 1619: 1612: 1606: 1605: 1603: 1601: 1584: 1578: 1567: 1561: 1546: 1540: 1539: 1529: 1497: 1491: 1488: 1482: 1479: 1473: 1469: 1463: 1459: 1453: 1450: 1444: 1441: 1435: 1432: 1426: 1422: 1416: 1413: 1407: 1404: 1398: 1395: 1389: 1385: 1379: 1376: 1370: 1367: 1361: 1357: 1351: 1348: 1342: 1339: 1333: 1330: 1324: 1321: 1315: 1314: 1304: 1302: 1281: 1275: 1272: 1266: 1263: 1257: 1253: 1247: 1244: 1238: 1234: 1228: 1224: 1218: 1214: 1208: 1207: 1205: 1203: 1193: 1185: 1179: 1176: 1167: 1164: 1153: 1152: 1145: 1139: 1133: 1127: 1124: 1118: 1115: 1109: 1106: 1100: 1099: 1097: 1095: 1084: 1078: 1077: 1065: 1055: 1046: 1045: 1037: 1031: 1016:civil conspiracy 1007: 1001: 998: 992: 988: 982: 979: 973: 969: 963: 962: 952: 912: 906: 905: 895: 855: 849: 848: 846: 844: 839:on June 25, 2008 838: 831: 823: 776: 737:Truth Initiative 606:supracompetitive 309:Summary of terms 198: 132:State litigation 76:Truth Initiative 2572: 2571: 2567: 2566: 2565: 2563: 2562: 2561: 2547:Tobacco control 2532: 2531: 2530: 2525: 2487: 2451: 2387: 2377: 2336: 2301: 2255:Candy cigarette 2243: 2214:Passive smoking 2180: 2176:Tobacco smoking 2137: 2133:Vending machine 2091: 2060: 2049: 2003: 1998: 1944: 1939: 1938: 1929: 1928: 1924: 1914: 1912: 1902: 1895: 1885: 1883: 1876: 1869: 1859: 1857: 1851: 1847: 1837: 1835: 1817: 1813: 1803: 1801: 1792: 1791: 1787: 1778: 1777: 1773: 1760: 1759: 1755: 1738: 1737: 1733: 1723: 1721: 1704: 1700: 1690: 1688: 1684: 1673: 1667: 1663: 1655: 1651: 1642: 1641: 1637: 1628: 1627: 1623: 1614: 1613: 1609: 1599: 1597: 1596:. March 9, 2006 1586: 1585: 1581: 1568: 1564: 1547: 1543: 1506:Tobacco Control 1498: 1494: 1489: 1485: 1480: 1476: 1470: 1466: 1460: 1456: 1451: 1447: 1442: 1438: 1433: 1429: 1423: 1419: 1414: 1410: 1405: 1401: 1397:See id. at 469. 1396: 1392: 1386: 1382: 1377: 1373: 1368: 1364: 1358: 1354: 1349: 1345: 1340: 1336: 1331: 1327: 1322: 1318: 1300: 1298: 1283: 1282: 1278: 1273: 1269: 1264: 1260: 1254: 1250: 1245: 1241: 1235: 1231: 1225: 1221: 1215: 1211: 1201: 1199: 1191: 1187: 1186: 1182: 1177: 1170: 1165: 1156: 1147: 1146: 1142: 1134: 1130: 1125: 1121: 1116: 1112: 1107: 1103: 1093: 1091: 1086: 1085: 1081: 1074: 1056: 1049: 1039: 1038: 1034: 1028:public nuisance 1008: 1004: 999: 995: 989: 985: 980: 976: 970: 966: 913: 909: 856: 852: 842: 840: 836: 829: 825: 824: 820: 815: 773: 750: 700: 656: 647: 618: 546: 537: 500: 484: 471: 469:Allocable share 426: 396: 365: 360: 344: 311: 290: 281: 265: 221: 199: 196: 159: 134: 118:Surgeon General 104: 99: 60:tobacco-related 17: 12: 11: 5: 2570: 2560: 2559: 2554: 2549: 2544: 2527: 2526: 2524: 2523: 2518: 2513: 2503: 2492: 2489: 2488: 2486: 2485: 2480: 2478:Rolling papers 2475: 2470: 2465: 2459: 2457: 2453: 2452: 2450: 2449: 2448: 2447: 2442: 2432: 2427: 2422: 2417: 2412: 2407: 2402: 2397: 2391: 2389: 2383: 2382: 2379: 2378: 2376: 2375: 2370: 2365: 2360: 2355: 2350: 2344: 2342: 2335: 2334: 2327: 2322: 2317: 2311: 2309: 2303: 2302: 2300: 2299: 2294: 2292:Nicotine pouch 2289: 2284: 2279: 2278: 2277: 2272: 2262: 2257: 2251: 2249: 2245: 2244: 2242: 2241: 2236: 2231: 2226: 2221: 2216: 2211: 2206: 2201: 2196: 2190: 2188: 2182: 2181: 2179: 2178: 2173: 2168: 2163: 2158: 2153: 2151:Cigarette card 2147: 2145: 2139: 2138: 2136: 2135: 2130: 2125: 2120: 2115: 2110: 2105: 2099: 2097: 2093: 2092: 2090: 2089: 2084: 2079: 2074: 2068: 2066: 2062: 2061: 2052: 2050: 2048: 2047: 2042: 2037: 2032: 2027: 2022: 2017: 2011: 2009: 2005: 2004: 1997: 1996: 1989: 1982: 1974: 1968: 1967: 1962: 1956: 1950: 1943: 1942:External links 1940: 1937: 1936: 1922: 1893: 1867: 1845: 1811: 1785: 1771: 1753: 1744:Cato Institute 1731: 1698: 1678:Cato Institute 1661: 1649: 1635: 1621: 1607: 1579: 1562: 1541: 1512:(4): 437–439. 1492: 1483: 1474: 1464: 1454: 1445: 1436: 1427: 1417: 1408: 1399: 1390: 1380: 1371: 1362: 1352: 1343: 1334: 1325: 1316: 1276: 1267: 1258: 1248: 1239: 1229: 1219: 1209: 1180: 1168: 1154: 1140: 1128: 1119: 1110: 1101: 1079: 1073:978-0465070473 1072: 1047: 1032: 1002: 993: 983: 974: 964: 907: 850: 817: 816: 814: 811: 810: 809: 790:Richard Kluger 785:Ashes to Ashes 777: 771: 749: 746: 745: 744: 739: 734: 729: 724: 719: 714: 706: 699: 696: 695: 694: 692:North Carolina 689: 684: 679: 674: 669: 655: 652: 646: 643: 626:securitization 617: 616:Securitization 614: 581:Cato Institute 545: 542: 536: 533: 499: 496: 483: 480: 470: 467: 466: 465: 462: 459: 456: 453: 425: 424:Escrow account 422: 395: 392: 391: 390: 387: 384: 381: 378: 375: 372: 364: 361: 359: 356: 343: 340: 335: 334: 331: 324: 321: 318: 310: 307: 289: 286: 280: 277: 264: 261: 220: 217: 194: 158: 155: 133: 130: 103: 100: 98: 95: 72:advocacy group 40:R. J. Reynolds 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 2569: 2558: 2555: 2553: 2550: 2548: 2545: 2543: 2540: 2539: 2537: 2522: 2519: 2517: 2514: 2512: 2504: 2502: 2494: 2493: 2490: 2484: 2481: 2479: 2476: 2474: 2471: 2469: 2466: 2464: 2461: 2460: 2458: 2454: 2446: 2443: 2441: 2438: 2437: 2436: 2433: 2431: 2428: 2426: 2423: 2421: 2418: 2416: 2413: 2411: 2408: 2406: 2403: 2401: 2398: 2396: 2393: 2392: 2390: 2384: 2374: 2373:United States 2371: 2369: 2366: 2364: 2361: 2359: 2356: 2354: 2351: 2349: 2346: 2345: 2343: 2339: 2332: 2328: 2326: 2323: 2321: 2318: 2316: 2313: 2312: 2310: 2308: 2304: 2298: 2295: 2293: 2290: 2288: 2285: 2283: 2280: 2276: 2273: 2271: 2268: 2267: 2266: 2263: 2261: 2258: 2256: 2253: 2252: 2250: 2246: 2240: 2237: 2235: 2232: 2230: 2227: 2225: 2222: 2220: 2217: 2215: 2212: 2210: 2207: 2205: 2202: 2200: 2197: 2195: 2194:Chain smoking 2192: 2191: 2189: 2187: 2186:Health issues 2183: 2177: 2174: 2172: 2169: 2167: 2164: 2162: 2159: 2157: 2154: 2152: 2149: 2148: 2146: 2144: 2140: 2134: 2131: 2129: 2126: 2124: 2121: 2119: 2116: 2114: 2111: 2109: 2106: 2104: 2101: 2100: 2098: 2094: 2088: 2085: 2083: 2080: 2078: 2077:Rolling paper 2075: 2073: 2070: 2069: 2067: 2063: 2056: 2046: 2043: 2041: 2038: 2036: 2033: 2031: 2028: 2026: 2023: 2021: 2018: 2016: 2013: 2012: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1995: 1990: 1988: 1983: 1981: 1976: 1975: 1972: 1966: 1963: 1960: 1957: 1954: 1951: 1949: 1946: 1945: 1932: 1926: 1911: 1910:Yahoo Finance 1907: 1900: 1898: 1881: 1874: 1872: 1856: 1849: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1815: 1799: 1795: 1789: 1781: 1775: 1767: 1763: 1757: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1735: 1719: 1715: 1714: 1709: 1702: 1683: 1679: 1672: 1665: 1659:The Guardian. 1658: 1653: 1645: 1639: 1631: 1625: 1617: 1611: 1595: 1594: 1589: 1583: 1576: 1572: 1566: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1545: 1537: 1533: 1528: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1496: 1487: 1478: 1468: 1458: 1449: 1440: 1431: 1421: 1412: 1403: 1394: 1384: 1375: 1366: 1356: 1347: 1338: 1329: 1320: 1313: 1311: 1296: 1292: 1291: 1286: 1280: 1271: 1262: 1252: 1243: 1233: 1223: 1213: 1197: 1190: 1184: 1175: 1173: 1163: 1161: 1159: 1150: 1144: 1137: 1132: 1123: 1114: 1105: 1089: 1083: 1075: 1069: 1064: 1063: 1054: 1052: 1043: 1036: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1006: 997: 987: 978: 968: 960: 956: 951: 946: 942: 938: 934: 930: 926: 922: 918: 911: 903: 899: 894: 889: 885: 881: 877: 873: 869: 865: 861: 854: 835: 828: 822: 818: 807: 806:David Kessler 803: 799: 795: 791: 787: 786: 781: 778: 774: 772:9780826513939 768: 764: 760: 756: 752: 751: 743: 740: 738: 735: 733: 730: 728: 725: 723: 720: 718: 715: 712: 711: 707: 705: 702: 701: 693: 690: 688: 685: 683: 680: 678: 675: 673: 670: 668: 665: 664: 663: 661: 651: 642: 639: 633: 631: 627: 623: 622:Tobacco bonds 613: 611: 607: 601: 596: 593: 590: 586: 582: 577: 575: 569: 566: 565: 559: 554: 552: 541: 532: 528: 524: 520: 516: 512: 508: 504: 495: 492: 488: 479: 475: 463: 460: 457: 454: 451: 450: 449: 445: 441: 437: 433: 429: 421: 417: 414: 410: 406: 403: 399: 388: 385: 382: 379: 376: 373: 370: 369: 368: 355: 353: 348: 339: 332: 329: 328:youth smoking 325: 322: 319: 316: 315: 314: 306: 302: 298: 294: 285: 276: 274: 270: 260: 257: 255: 251: 247: 243: 239: 235: 231: 227: 216: 212: 208: 205: 193: 188: 185: 179: 177: 173: 163: 154: 151: 145: 143: 140: 129: 127: 121: 119: 115: 111: 110: 94: 92: 88: 83: 81: 77: 74:, called the 73: 69: 68:medical costs 65: 61: 57: 53: 49: 45: 41: 37: 33: 30: 29:United States 26: 22: 2483:Smoking bans 2419: 1925: 1913:. Retrieved 1909: 1884:. Retrieved 1858:. Retrieved 1848: 1836:. Retrieved 1824: 1814: 1804:November 22, 1802:. Retrieved 1798:the original 1788: 1774: 1765: 1756: 1748:the original 1734: 1722:. Retrieved 1711: 1701: 1689:. Retrieved 1664: 1652: 1638: 1624: 1610: 1598:. Retrieved 1591: 1582: 1570: 1565: 1544: 1509: 1505: 1495: 1486: 1477: 1467: 1457: 1448: 1439: 1430: 1420: 1411: 1402: 1393: 1383: 1374: 1365: 1355: 1346: 1337: 1328: 1319: 1308: 1306: 1299:. Retrieved 1288: 1279: 1270: 1261: 1251: 1242: 1232: 1222: 1212: 1200:. Retrieved 1195: 1183: 1143: 1135: 1131: 1122: 1113: 1104: 1092:. Retrieved 1082: 1061: 1041: 1035: 1011: 1005: 996: 986: 977: 967: 924: 920: 910: 867: 863: 853: 841:. 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