2092:, which is when a molecular bond is broken by the absorption of photon radiation (i.e. light). Due to cellulose acetate carbonyl groups, the molecule naturally absorbs light at 260 nm, but it contains some impurities which can absorb light. These impurities are known to absorb light in the far UV light region (< 280 nm). The atmosphere filters radiation from the sun and allows radiation of > 300 nm only to reach the surface. Thus, the primary photodegradation of cellulose acetate is considered insignificant to the total degradation process, since cellulose acetate and its impurities absorb light at shorter wavelengths. Research is focused on the secondary mechanisms of photodegradation of cellulose acetate to help make up for some of the limitations of biodegradation. The secondary mechanisms would be the addition of a compound to the filters that would be able to absorb natural light and use it to start the degradation process. The main two areas of research are in photocatalytic oxidation and photosensitized degradation. Photocatalytic oxidation uses a species that absorbs radiation and creates hydroxyl radicals that react with the filters and start the breakdown. Photosensitized degradation, though, uses a species that absorbs radiation and transfers the energy to the cellulose acetate to start the degradation process. Both processes use other species that absorbed light > 300 nm to start the degradation of cellulose acetate.
1681:. However, small allowances for personal possession are permitted as long as the possessors can prove that they have paid import duties. The Pitcairn Islands had previously banned the sale of cigarettes, but it now permits sales from a government-run store. The Pacific island of Niue hopes to become the next country to prohibit the sale of tobacco. Iceland is also proposing banning tobacco sales from shops, making it prescription-only and therefore dispensable only in pharmacies on doctor's orders. Singapore and the Australian state of Tasmania have proposed a 'tobacco free millennium generation initiative' by banning the sale of all tobacco products to anyone born in and after the year 2000. In March 2012, Brazil became the world's first country to ban all flavored tobacco including menthols. It also banned the majority of the estimated 600 additives used, permitting only eight. This regulation applies to domestic and imported cigarettes. Tobacco manufacturers had 18 months to remove the noncompliant cigarettes, 24 months to remove the other forms of noncompliant tobacco. Under
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inside the filters, and once wet enough, releases acid that speeds up the degradation to around two weeks. The research is still only in test phase and the hope is soon it will go into production. The next option is using cigarette packs with a compartment in which to discard cigarette butts, implementing monetary deposits on filters, increasing the availability of butt receptacles, and expanding public education. It may even be possible to ban the sale of filtered cigarettes altogether on the basis of their adverse environmental effects. Recent research has been put into finding ways to use the filter waste to develop a desired product. One research group in South Korea has developed a simple one-step process that converts the cellulose acetate in discarded cigarette filters into a high-performing material that could be integrated into computers, handheld devices, electrical vehicles, and wind turbines to store energy. These materials have demonstrated superior performance as compared to commercially available carbon, grapheme, and carbon
1285:(ADHD). Although factors such as genetic comorbidity, innate propensity for risk-taking, and social influences may underlie these findings, both human neuroimaging and animal studies suggest a neurobiological mechanism also plays a role. In addition, behavioral studies in adolescent and young adult smokers have revealed an increased propensity for risk-taking, both generally and in the presence of peers, and neuroimaging studies have shown altered frontal neural activation during a risk-taking task as compared with nonsmokers. In 2011, Rubinstein and colleagues used neuroimaging to show decreased brain response to a natural reinforcer (pleasurable food cues) in adolescent light smokers (1β5 cigarettes per day), with their results highlighting the possibility of neural alterations consistent with nicotine dependence and altered brain response to reward even in adolescent low-level smokers.
1916:
354:
405:. Previously a producer of smoking tobacco only, his firm, W. Duke & Sons & Co., entered the cigarette industry in the early 1880s. After installing two Bonsack machines, Duke spent heavily on advertising and sales promotion with the result that by 1889 his was the largest cigarette manufacturer in the country. The new Bonsack machines were of decisive importance in rapid, cheap manufacture of all tobacco products but one. Cigars needed slow, laborious hand rolling and were produced in hundreds of small workshops, especially in New York City. In 1890 Duke and the other four major cigarette companies combined to form the
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conditions, plants on average grow taller and have longer roots than those exposed to cigarette filters in the soil. A connection exists between cigarette filters introduced to soil and the depletion of some soil nutrients over time. Another health concern to the environment is not only the toxic carcinogens that are harmful to the wildlife, but also the filters themselves pose an ingestion risk to wildlife that may presume filter litter as food. The last major health concern to make note of for marine life is the toxicity that deep marine topsmelt and fathead minnow pose to their predators. This could lead to toxin build-up (
327:
775:
3187:
693:
920:, and depends on the contents of the liquid, the physical and electrical design of the device, and user behavior, among other factors. E-cigarette vapor potentially contains harmful chemicals not found in tobacco smoke. E-cigarette vapor contains fewer toxic chemicals, and lower concentrations of potential toxic chemicals than cigarette smoke. The vapor is probably much less harmful to users and bystanders than cigarette smoke, although concern exists that the exhaled vapor may be inhaled by non-users, particularly indoors.
539:
leaves are selected, processed, and aged prior to blending and filling. The processing of brightleaf and burley tobaccos for tobacco leaf "strips" produces several byproducts such as leaf stems, tobacco dust, and tobacco leaf pieces ("small laminate"). To improve the economics of producing cigarettes, these byproducts are processed separately into forms where they can then be added back into the cigarette blend without an apparent or marked change in the cigarette's quality. The most common tobacco byproducts include:
2162:
by almost 1 billion people. Smoking rates have leveled off or declined in most countries, but is increasing in some low- and middle-income countries. The significant reductions in smoking rates in the United States, United
Kingdom, Australia, Brazil, and other countries that implemented strong tobacco control programs have been offset by the increasing consumption in low income countries, especially China. The Chinese market now consumes more cigarettes than all other low- and middle-income countries combined.
1305:. Nonsmokers who are exposed to second-hand smoke at home or work increase their heart disease risk by 25β30% and their lung cancer risk by 20β30%. Second-hand smoke has been estimated to cause 38,000 deaths per year, of which 3,400 are deaths from lung cancer in nonsmokers. Sudden infant death syndrome, ear infections, respiratory infections, and asthma attacks can occur in children who are exposed to second-hand smoke. Scientific evidence shows that no level of exposure to second-hand smoke is safe.
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2147:
61:
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191:
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1929:
1395:, and all other tobacco-associated items to people under 18. It is not illegal for people under 18 to buy or smoke tobacco, just as it was not previously for people under 16; it is only illegal for the said retailer to sell the item. The age increase from 16 to 18 came into force in Northern Ireland on September 1, 2008. In the Republic of Ireland, bans on the sale of the smaller 10-packs and confectionery that resembles tobacco products (
955:, the primary psychoactive chemical in cigarettes, is highly addictive. Cigarettes, like narcotics, have been described as "strategically addictive", with the addictive properties being a core component of the business strategy. About half of smokers die from a smoking-related cause. Smoking harms nearly every organ of the body. Smoking leads most commonly to diseases affecting the heart, liver, and lungs, being a major risk factor for
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53:
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285:
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826:. E-cigarettes are automatically activated by taking a puff; others turn on manually by pressing a button. Some e-cigarettes look like traditional cigarettes, but they come in many variations. Most versions are reusable, though some are disposable. There are first-generation, second-generation, third-generation, and fourth-generation devices. E-liquids usually contain
1277:
mechanism (via rodent and human modeling) suggests that long-term changes in the neural reward system take place as a result of adolescent smoking. Adolescent smokers of conventional cigarettes have disproportionately high rates of comorbid substance use, and longitudinal studies have suggested that early adolescent smoking may be a starting point or "
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biodegradation only occurs through chemical hydrolysis and stops there. Temperature is another major factor: if the organisms that contain the enzymes are too cold to grow, then biodegradation is severely hindered. Availability of oxygen in the environment also affects the degradation. Cellulose acetate is degraded within 2β3 weeks under
494:βbased filter. While the assembly of cigarettes is straightforward, much focus is given to the creation of each of the components, in particular the tobacco blend. A key ingredient that makes cigarettes more addictive is the inclusion of reconstituted tobacco, which has additives to make nicotine more volatile as the cigarette burns.
409:, a firm that dominated the market and used aggressive tactics on hundreds of small competitors until they sold out. It was called the "Tobacco Trust." The trust soon expanded its operations to include cigars, smoking, chewing tobacco and snuff. Among the companies drawn into this organization were plug manufacturers,
1459:
1462:
1461:
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604:, tobacco extracts, and various sugars, which are known collectively as "casings". The leaf tobacco is then shredded, along with a specified amount of small laminate, expanded tobacco, BL, RL, ES, and IS. A perfume-like flavor/fragrance, called the "topping" or "toppings", which is most often formulated by
382:
Hungary, the United
Kingdom, France, Romania, Singapore, Egypt, Jordan, Nepal and Turkey all have both textual warnings and graphic visual images displaying, among other things, the damaging effects tobacco use has on the human body. The United States has implemented textual but not graphical warnings.
1463:
2064:
The duration of the biodegradation process is cited as taking as little as one month to as long as 15 years or more, depending on the environmental conditions. The major factor that affects the biodegradation duration is the availability of acetylesterase and cellulase enzymes. Without these enzymes,
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In the United States, states are a primary determinant of the total tax rate on cigarettes. Generally, states that rely on tobacco as a significant farm product tend to tax cigarettes at a low rate. Coupled with the federal cigarette tax of $ 1.01 per pack, total cigarette-specific taxes range from $
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A very strong argument has been made about the association between adolescent exposure to nicotine by smoking conventional cigarettes and the subsequent onset of using other dependence-producing substances. Strong temporal and dose-dependent associations have been reported, and a plausible biological
428:
annual consumption in the U.S. was 54 cigarettes (with fewer than 0.5% of the population smoking more than 100 cigarettes per year), and consumption there peaked at 4,259 per capita in 1965. At that time, about 50% of men and 33% of women smoked (defined as smoking more than 100 cigarettes per year).
385:
The cigarette has evolved much since its conception; for example, the thin bands that travel transverse to the "axis of smoking" (thus forming circles along the length of the cigarette) are alternate sections of thin and thick paper to facilitate effective burning when being drawn, and retard burning
8132:
On Jan. 19, 2005, The
Supreme Court of Canada rules that Saskatchewan can reinstate a controversial law that forces store owners to keep tobacco products behind curtains or doors. The so-called "shower curtain law" was passed in 2002 to hide cigarettes from children, but was struck down a year later
2376:
Some cigarettes are marketed as "lights", "milds", or "low-tar". These cigarettes were historically marketed as being less harmful, but there is no research showing that they are any less harmful. The filter design is one of the main differences between light and regular cigarettes, although not all
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Within countries, patterns of cigarette consumption also can vary widely. For example, in many of the countries where few women smoke, smoking rates are often high in males (e.g., in Asia). By contrast, in most developed countries, female smoking rates are typically only a few percentage points
2165:
Other regions are increasingly playing larger roles in the growing global smoking epidemic. The WHO Eastern
Mediterranean Region (EMRO) now has the highest growth rate in the cigarette market, with more than a one-third increase in cigarette consumption since 2000. Due to its recent dynamic economic
1432:
Some police departments in the United States occasionally send an underaged teenager into a store where cigarettes are sold, and have the teen attempt to purchase cigarettes, with their own or no ID. If the vendor then completes the sale, the store is issued a fine. Similar enforcement practices are
566:
Expanded (ES) or improved stem (IS): ES is rolled, flattened, and shredded leaf stems that are expanded by being soaked in water and rapidly heated. Improved stem follows the same process, but is simply steamed after shredding. Both products are then dried. These products look similar in appearance,
538:
Modern cigarettes produced after the 1950s, although composed mainly of shredded tobacco leaf, use a significant quantity of tobacco processing byproducts in the blend. Each cigarette's tobacco blend is made mainly from the leaves of flue-cured brightleaf, burley tobacco, and oriental tobacco. These
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Smoking rates in the United States have dropped by more than half from 1965 to 2016, falling from 42% to 15.5% of US adults. Australia is cutting their overall smoking consumption faster than most of the developed world, in part due to landmark Plain
Packaging Act, which standardized the appearance
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Smoking has become less popular, but is still a large public health problem globally. Worldwide, smoking rates fell from 41% in 1980 to 31% in 2012, although the actual number of smokers increased because of population growth. In 2017, 5.4 trillion cigarettes were produced globally, and were smoked
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is defined as the lethal dose that kills 50% of a sample population. This allows for a simpler study of the toxicity of cigarette filters. One recent study has looked at the toxicity of smoked cigarette filters (smoked filter + tobacco), smoked cigarette filters (no tobacco), and unsmoked cigarette
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to the paper. Cigarette paper has been specially engineered by creating bands of different porosity to create "fire-safe" cigarettes. These cigarettes have a reduced idle burning speed which allows them to self-extinguish. This fire-safe paper is manufactured by mechanically altering the setting of
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risk may be simply because smokers tend to die before reaching the age at which it normally occurs. "Differential mortality is always likely to be a problem where there is a need to investigate the effects of smoking in a disorder with very low incidence rates before age 75 years, which is the case
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are uncertain. There is moderate-certainty evidence that e-cigarettes with nicotine may help people quit smoking when compared with e-cigarettes without nicotine and nicotine replacement therapy. However, other studies have not supported the finding that e-cigarettes are proven to be more effective
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in size (about 0.6 mm) that are collected at any stage of tobacco processing: RL is made by extracting the soluble chemicals in the tobacco byproducts, processing the leftover tobacco fibers from the extraction into a paper, and then reapplying the extracted materials in concentrated form onto
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smoke with clean air. In regular cigarettes, the filter does not include these perforations. In ultralight cigarettes, the filter's perforations are larger. The majority of major cigarette manufacturers offer a light, low-tar, or mild cigarette brand. Due to recent U.S. legislation prohibiting the
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imposes a penalty of $ 1,025 for littering cigarette filters. Another option is developing better biodegradable filters; much of this work relies heavily on the research in the secondary mechanism for photodegradation as stated above, but a new research group has developed an acid tablet that goes
1627:
As a result of tight advertising and marketing prohibitions, tobacco companies look at the pack differently: they view it as a strong component in displaying brand imagery and a creating significant in-store presence at the point of purchase. Market testing shows the influence of this dimension in
514:
The paper for holding the tobacco blend may vary in porosity to allow ventilation of the burning ember or contain materials that control the burning rate of the cigarette and stability of the produced ash. The papers used in tipping the cigarette (forming the mouthpiece) and surrounding the filter
1784:
In the 2006 International
Coastal Cleanup, cigarettes and cigarette butts constituted 24.7% of the total collected pieces of garbage, over twice as many as any other category, which is not surprising seeing the numbers in the table above of waste produced each year. Cigarette filters contain the
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that researchers determined to be the least attractive color, with 75% coverage on the front of the pack and all of the back consisting of graphic health warnings. The only feature that differentiates one brand from another is the product name in a standard color, position, font size, and style.
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Some countries require cigarette packs to contain warnings about health hazards. The United States was the first, later followed by other countries including Canada, most of Europe, Australia, Pakistan, India, Hong Kong, and
Singapore. In 1985, Iceland became the first country to enforce graphic
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Cigarette sales are a significant source of tax revenue in many localities. This fact has historically been an impediment for health groups seeking to discourage cigarette smoking, since governments seek to maximize tax revenues. Furthermore, some countries have made cigarettes a state monopoly,
218:, smoked tobacco and other psychoactive drugs in religious rituals and frequently depicted priests and deities smoking on pottery and temple engravings. The cigarette and the cigar were the most common methods of smoking in the Caribbean, Mexico, and Central and South America until recent times.
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These simple sugars are not harmful to the environment and are in fact are a useful product for many plants and animals. The breakdown of cellulose is of interest in the field of biofuel. Due to the conditions that affect the process, large variation in the degradation time of cellulose acetate
1558:
The
European Union in 2011 banned cigarettes that do not meet a fire-safety standard. According to a study made by the European Union in 16 European countries, 11,000 fires were due to people carelessly handling cigarettes between 2005 and 2007. This caused 520 deaths with 1,600 people injured.
381:
Graphical cigarette warning labels are a more effective method to communicate to the public the dangers of cigarette smoking. Canada, Mexico, Belgium, Denmark, Sweden, Thailand, Malaysia, India, Pakistan, Australia, Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Peru, Greece, the
Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway,
659:
Filling a cigarette tube is usually done with a cigarette injector (also known as a shooter). Cone-shaped cigarette tubes, known as cones, can be filled using a packing stick or straw because of their shape. Cone smoking is popular because as the cigarette burns, it tends to get stronger and
1883:
Toxic chemicals are not the only human health concern to take into considerations; the others are cellulose acetate and carbon particles that are breathed in while smoking. These particles are suspected of causing lung damage. The next health concern is that of plants. Under certain growing
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estimates that tobacco causes 8 million deaths each year as of 2019 and 100 million deaths over the course of the 20th century. Cigarettes produce an aerosol containing over 4,000 chemical compounds, including nicotine, carbon monoxide, acrolein, and oxidant substances. Over 70 of these are
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conditions of incubation with special cultures of fungi. Ideal conditions were used for the degradation (i.e., a suitable temperature, and available organisms to provide the enzymes). Thus, filters last longer in places with low oxygen concentration, such as swamps and bogs. Overall, the
1530:
According to Simon
Chapman, a professor of public health at the University of Sydney, reduction of burning agents in cigarettes would be a simple and effective means of dramatically reducing the ignition propensity of cigarettes. Since the 1980s, prominent cigarette manufacturers such as
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National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Health and Medicine Division, Board on Population Health and Public Health Practice, Committee on the Review of the Health Effects of Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (January 23, 2018). Stratton K, Kwan LY, Eaton DL (eds.).
995:. Children born to women who smoke during pregnancy are at higher risk of congenital disorders, cancer, respiratory disease, and sudden death. On average, each cigarette smoked is estimated to shorten life by 11 minutes. Starting smoking earlier in life and smoking cigarettes higher in
429:
By 2000, consumption had fallen to 2,092 per capita, corresponding to about 30% of men and 22% of women smoking more than 100 cigarettes per year, and by 2006 per capita consumption had declined to 1,691; implying that about 21% of the population smoked 100 cigarettes or more per year.
2795:; individual and group counselling; and web-based or stand-alone computer programs. Although stopping smoking can cause short-term side effects such as reversible weight gain, smoking cessation services and activities are cost-effective because of the positive health benefits.
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is a mixture of smoke from the burning end of a cigarette and the smoke exhaled from the lungs of smokers. It is involuntarily inhaled, lingers in the air for hours after cigarettes have been extinguished, and can cause a wide range of adverse health effects, including cancer,
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Smoking cessation can be achieved with or without assistance from healthcare professionals or the use of medications. Methods that have been found to be effective include interventions directed at or through health care providers and health care systems; medications including
1464:
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1361:, however, does have a law which prohibits the possession or use of tobacco products by all persons under 18, punishable by a $ 100 fine. Australia, New Zealand, Poland, and Pakistan have a nationwide ban on the selling of all tobacco products to people under the age of 18.
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New York was the first U.S. state to mandate that all cigarettes manufactured or sold within the state comply with a fire-safe standard. Canada has passed a similar nationwide mandate based on the same standard. All U.S. states are gradually passing fire-safe mandates.
377:
meals. In 1975, the U.S. government stopped putting cigarettes in military rations. During the second half of the 20th century, the adverse health effects of tobacco smoking started to become widely known and printed health warnings became common on cigarette packets.
575:
A recipe-specified combination of brightleaf, burley-leaf, and oriental-leaf tobacco is mixed with various additives to improve its flavors. Most commercially available cigarettes today contain tobacco that is treated with sugar to counter the harshness of the smoke.
260:
The first patented cigarette-making machine was invented by Juan Nepomuceno Adorno of Mexico in 1847. In the 1850s, Turkish cigarette leaves had become popular. However, production climbed markedly when another cigarette-making machine was developed in the 1880s by
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shifting the consumer's choice when the same product displays in an alternative package. Companies have manipulated a variety of elements in packs designs to communicate the impression of lower in tar or milder cigarettes, whereas the components were the same.
389:
The "holy grail" for cigarette companies has been a cancer-free cigarette. On record, the closest historical attempt was produced by scientist James Mold. Under the name project TAME, he produced the XA cigarette. However, in 1978, his project was terminated.
143:. About half of cigarette smokers die of tobacco-related disease and lose on average 14 years of life. Every year, cigarette smoking causes more than 8 million deaths worldwide; more than 1.3 million of these are non-smokers dying as the result of exposure to
1717:
in the world, as approximately 5.6 trillion cigarettes are smoked every year worldwide. Of those, an estimated 4.5 trillion cigarette filters become litter every year. To develop an idea of the waste weight amount produced a year the table below was created.
485:
Manufacturers have described the cigarette as "a drug administration system for the delivery of nicotine in acceptable and attractive form". Modern commercially manufactured cigarettes are seemingly simple objects consisting mainly of a tobacco blend, paper,
265:, which vastly increased the productivity of cigarette companies, which went from making about 40,000 hand-rolled cigarettes daily to around 4 million. At the time, these imported cigarettes from the United States had significant sales among British smokers.
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warnings on cigarette packaging. At the end of December 2010, new regulations from Ottawa increased the size of tobacco warnings to cover three-quarters of the cigarette package in Canada. As of November 2010, 39 countries have adopted similar legislation.
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of cigarette packs. Other countries have considered similar measures. In New Zealand, a bill has been presented to parliament in which the government's associate health minister said "takes away the last means of promoting tobacco as a desirable product."
1793:. When studying the environmental effects of cigarette filters, the various chemicals that can be found in cigarette filters are not studied individually, due to the complexity of doing so. Researchers instead focus on the whole cigarette filter and its LD
5384:
2112:
leads to decreased numbers found in the environment and their effect on the environment. Another method is making fines and penalties for littering filters; many governments have sanctioned stiff penalties for littering of cigarette filters; for example,
7592:; First international treaty on public health, adopted by 192 countries and signed by 168. Its Article 8.1 states, "Parties recognize that scientific evidence has unequivocally established that exposure to tobacco causes death, disease and disability."
571:
According to data from the World Health Organization, the amount of tobacco per 1000 cigarettes fell from 1.03 kg (2.28 pounds) in 1960 to 0.41 kg (0.91 pounds) in 1999, largely as a result of reconstituting tobacco, fluffing, and additives.
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at the end. They have an appearance similar to a finished cigarette, but are without any tobacco or smoking material inside. The length varies from Regular (70 mm) to King Size (84 mm) as well as 100s (100 mm) and 120s (120 mm).
7186:
276:
comrades and Russian enemies, who had begun rolling and smoking tobacco in strips of old newspaper for lack of proper cigar-rolling leaf. This was helped by the development of tobaccos suitable for cigarette use, and by the development of the
8506:
2783:. Cessation of smoking leads to symptoms of nicotine withdrawal such as anxiety and irritability. Professional smoking cessation support methods generally endeavour to address both nicotine addiction and nicotine withdrawal symptoms.
221:
The North American, Central American, and South American cigarette used various plant wrappers; when it was brought back to Spain, maize wrappers were introduced, and by the 17th century, fine paper. The resulting product was called
1332:. Laws vary by country and locality. Nearly all countries have laws restricting places where people can smoke in public, and over 40 countries have comprehensive smoke-free laws that prohibit smoking in virtually all public venues.
1789:. The toxicity of used cigarette filters depends on the specific tobacco blend and additives used by the cigarette companies. After a cigarette is smoked, the filter retains some of the chemicals, and some of those are considered
8015:
619:, created by five major American cigarette companies, was approved by the Department of Health and Human Services in April 1994. None of these additives is listed as an ingredient on the cigarette packs. Chemicals are added for
166:
containing nicotine) is vaporized by a battery-powered heating element, as opposed to being burned. Such devices are commonly promoted by their manufacturers as safer alternatives to conventional cigarettes, although there are
2016:. This reaction is exactly the same as the chemical hydrolysis. Both of these products are perfectly fine in the environment. Once the acetate group is removed from the cellulose chain, the polymer can be readily degraded by
534:
The process of blending gives the end product a consistent taste from batches of tobacco grown in different areas of a country that may change in flavor profile from year to year due to different environmental conditions.
2811:
However, up to three-quarters of ex-smokers report having quit without assistance ("cold turkey" or cut down then quit), and cessation without professional support or medication may be the most common method used by
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are those that produce DNA damage since such damage appears to be the primary underlying cause of cancer. Cunningham et al. combined the microgram weight of the compound in the smoke of one cigarette with the known
854:
medicine. There is concern with the possibility that non-smokers and children may start nicotine use with e-cigarettes at a rate higher than anticipated than if they were never created. Following the possibility of
8586:
6248:
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (March 5, 2018). 2014 SGR: The Health Consequences of Smokingβ50 Years of Progress. Retrieved November 25, 2019, from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website:
1635:
In February 2011, the Canadian government passed regulations requiring cigarette packs to contain 12 new images to cover 75% of the outside panel and eight new health messages on the inside panel with full color.
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became the first country in the world to completely outlaw the cultivation, harvesting, production, and sale of tobacco and tobacco products. Enforcement of the prohibition increased with the passage of the
10250:
1457:
737:
in the world. Cigarette butts accumulate outside buildings, on parking lots, and streets where they can be transported through storm drains to streams, rivers, and beaches. In a 2013 trial, the city of
684:. Most factory-made cigarettes are equipped with a filter; those who roll their own can buy them separately. Filters can reduce some substances from smoke but do not make cigarettes any safer to smoke.
8089:
7847:
7158:
1912:. Several factors go into determining the rate of each degradation process. This variance in rate and resistance to biodegradation in many conditions is a factor in littering and environmental damage.
10753:
Bogden JD, Kemp FW, Buse M, et al. (January 1981). "Composition of tobaccos from countries with high and low incidences of lung cancer. I. Selenium, polonium-210, Alternaria, tar, and nicotine".
1972:. The alcohol is simply the cellulose polymer chain with the acetate replaced with an alcohol group. The second reaction is exactly the same as chemical hydrolysis with the exception of the use of an
1399:) came into force on May 31, 2007, in a bid to cut underaged smoking. In October 2023 it was announced that the government proposed introducing a ban on sales of cigarettes to anyone born after 2008.
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6273:
88:. The cigarette is ignited at one end, causing it to smolder; the resulting smoke is orally inhaled via the opposite end. Cigarette smoking is the most common method of tobacco consumption. The term
9896:
8199:"Many smokers are misled by pack design into thinking that cigarettes may be 'safer'," states Melanie Wakefield, et al. "The cigarette pack as image: new evidence from tobacco industry documents."
7769:
393:
Since 1950, the average nicotine and tar content of cigarettes has steadily fallen. Research has shown that the fall in overall nicotine content has led to smokers inhaling larger volumes per puff.
10285:
7208:
Tompkins EM, McLuckie KI, Jones DJ, Farmer PB, Brown K (2009). "Mutagenicity of DNA adducts derived from ethylene oxide exposure in the pSP189 shuttle vector replicated in human Ad293 cells".
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Cigarettes are taxed both to reduce use, especially among youth, and to raise revenue. Higher prices for cigarettes discourage smoking. Every 10% increase in the price of cigarettes reduces
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to create a system for recycling of cigarette butts. A reward of 1Β’ per collected butt was offered to determine the effectiveness of a deposit system similar to that of beverage containers.
8476:
7243:
Fabiani R, Rosignoli P, De Bartolomeo A, Fuccelli R, Morozzi G (2007). "DNA-damaging ability of isoprene and isoprene mono-epoxide (EPOX I) in human cells evaluated with the comet assay".
10701:
Tobaccoland: A book about tobacco; its history, legends, literature, cultivation, social and hygienic influences, commercial development, industrial processes and governmental regulation.
8536:
612:. Additionally, they replace lost flavors due to the repeated wetting and drying used in processing the tobacco. Finally, the tobacco mixture is filled into cigarette tubes and packaged.
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8011:
886:
include abdominal pain, headache, blurry vision, throat and mouth irritation, vomiting, nausea, and coughing. Nicotine itself is associated with some health harms. In 2019 and 2020, an
9134:
515:
stabilize the mouthpiece from saliva and moderate the burning of the cigarette, as well as the delivery of smoke with the presence of one or two rows of small laser-drilled air holes.
311:
and not inhaled. As cigarette tobacco became milder and more acidic, inhaling may have become perceived as more agreeable; a sentiment supported by advertising in the 1930s. However,
8067:
7602:
9535:
10859:
10177:
10472:
Kellner, Irwin L. "THE AMERICAN CIGARETTE INDUSTRY: A RE-EXAMINATION" (PhD dissertation, New School for Social Research, 1973; ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 1973.β7400153).
249:; and in 1845, the French state tobacco monopoly began manufacturing them. The French word made its way into English in the 1840s. Some American reformers promoted the spelling
421:, an old-line manufacturer of snuff. By 1910 the trust produced 86% of all cigarettes produced in the United States, and 75% to 95% of other forms, but only 14% of the cigars.
3957:
8255:
7568:
5131:"Behavioral and Pharmacotherapy Interventions for Tobacco Smoking Cessation in Adults, Including Pregnant Women: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement"
8677:
8356:
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1429:. In other countries, such as Egypt, it is legal to use and purchase tobacco products regardless of age. Germany raised the purchase age from 16 to 18 on September 1, 2007.
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attempted to sue the Australian government. On August 15, 2012, the High Court of Australia dismissed the suit and made Australia the first country to introduce brand-free
9104:
7278:
Jha P, MacLennan M, Chaloupka FJ, Yurekli A, Ramasundarahettige C, Palipudi K, ZatoΕksi W, Asma S, Gupta PC (2015), Gelband H, Jha P, Sankaranarayanan R, Horton S (eds.),
550:
Reconstituted leaf (RL) sheet: a paper-like material made from recycled tobacco fines, tobacco stems and "class tobacco", which consists of tobacco particles less than 30
7878:
According to a study made by European union in 16 European countries, 11,000 fires were due to cigarettes between 2005 and 2007. They caused 520 deaths and 1600 injuries.
1263:
is a condition of nonsmokers in which nicotine is of therapeutic benefit." A recent review of the available scientific literature concluded that the apparent decrease in
8791:
8625:
9865:
8291:
7628:
3537:"Effectiveness of cigarette warning labels in informing smokers about the risks of smoking: findings from the International Tobacco Control (ITC) Four Country Survey"
951:
The harm from smoking comes from the many toxic chemicals in the natural tobacco leaf and those formed in smoke from burning tobacco. People keep smoking because the
9678:
1888:) in the food chain and have long reaching negative effects. Smoldering cigarette filters have also been blamed for triggering fires from residential areas to major
859:
from e-cigarette use, there is concern children may start smoking cigarettes. Youth who use e-cigarettes are more likely to go on to smoke cigarettes. Their part in
8970:
6817:
4075:
Seeman JI, Carchman RA (2008). "The possible role of ammonia toxicity on the exposure, deposition, retention, and the bioavailability of nicotine during smoking".
10254:
12047:
11427:
10026:
5998:
1543:, but Phillip Morris was later the subject of a government lawsuit for allegedly hiding the even greater dangers associated with their brand of such cigarettes.
6642:
There is sufficient evidence that involuntary smoking (exposure to secondhand or 'environmental' tobacco smoke) has the potential to cause lung cancer in humans
2993:
8093:
7865:
6940:
Cunningham FH, Fiebelkorn S, Johnson M, Meredith C (2011). "A novel application of the Margin of Exposure approach: segregation of tobacco smoke toxicants".
2985:
2899:
6269:
4306:
2759:
Smoking cessation (quitting smoking) is the process of discontinuing the practice of tobacco smoking. Quitting can be difficult for many smokers due to the
9888:
9835:
7761:
8149:
6526:
Parties recognize that scientific evidence has unequivocally established that exposure to tobacco has the potential to cause death, disease and disability
5358:
4964:"Do electronic cigarettes impart a lower potential disease burden than conventional tobacco cigarettes?: Review on e-cigarette vapor versus tobacco smoke"
8442:
8119:
7799:
3638:
543:
Blended leaf (BL) sheet: a thin, dry sheet cast from a paste made with tobacco dust collected from tobacco stemming, finely milled burley-leaf stem, and
10277:
8420:
8174:
6253:
4869:
11355:
8563:
2843:
7513:
5972:
5222:
Hartmann-Boyce J, McRobbie H, Butler AR, Lindson N, Bullen C, Begh R, Theodoulou A, Notley C, Rigotti NA, Turner T, Fanshawe TR (September 14, 2021).
2377:
cigarettes contain perforated holes in the filter. In some light cigarettes, the filter is perforated with small holes that theoretically diffuse the
1820:), smoked cigarette filters + tobacco are more toxic than smoked cigarette filters, but both are severely more toxic than unsmoked cigarette filters.
1349:
Similar laws exist in many other countries. In Canada, most of the provinces require smokers to be 19 years of age to purchase cigarettes (except for
1422:, and requires purchasers to be 20 years of age. Since July 2008, Japan has enforced this age limit at cigarette vending machines through use of the
6075:
3593:
8651:
4275:
1024:
compounds in cigarette smoke. The seven most important carcinogens in tobacco smoke are shown in the table, along with DNA alterations they cause.
10889:
8162:
The new ban prevents all tobacco products from being displayed in any way and prohibits customers from even touching them before they're paid for.
2382:
use of these descriptors, tobacco manufacturers are turning to color-coding to allow consumers to differentiate between regular and light brands.
663:
The United States Tobacco Taxation Bureau defines a cigarette tube as "Cigarette paper made into a hollow cylinder for use in making cigarettes."
338:
The widespread smoking of cigarettes in the Western world is largely a 20th-century phenomenon. By the late 19th century cigarettes were known as
11252:
8528:
8468:
6882:
4761:
6393:
1585:, the retail store display of cigarettes is completely prohibited if persons under the legal age of consumption have access to the premises. In
823:
163:
8759:
5422:
3802:
Hurt RD, Robertson CR (October 7, 1998). "Prying open the door to the tobacco industry's secrets about nicotine: the Minnesota Tobacco Trial".
634:, could potentially increase the effect of nicotine on the smoker, but experimental data suggests that absorption is, in practice, unaffected.
9726:
9019:
7651:
4002:
3269:
1936:
The first step in the biodegradation of cellulose acetate is the deactylation of the acetate from the polymer chain (which is the opposite of
8390:
3696:
210:. Cigarettes appear to have had antecedents in Mexico and Central America around the 9th century in the form of reeds and smoking tubes. The
8230:
7713:
4166:
1573:
Many countries have restrictions on cigarette advertising, promotion, sponsorship, and marketing. For example, in the Canadian provinces of
8063:
6849:
5740:
Bals R, Boyd J, Esposito S, Foronjy R, Hiemstra PS, JimΓ©nez-Ruiz CA, Katsaounou P, Lindberg A, Metz C, Schober W, Spira A, Blasi F (2019).
10848:
10169:
9531:
7108:
Koturbash I, Scherhag A, Sorrentino J, Sexton K, Bodnar W, Swenberg JA, Beland FA, Pardo-Manuel Devillena F, Rusyn I, Pogribny IP (2011).
3411:
Roffo, A. H. (January 8, 1940). "Krebserzeugende Tabakwirkung" . (in German). Berlin: J. F. Lehmanns Verlag. Retrieved September 13, 2009.
12037:
11417:
10524:
10421:(Johns Hopkins University Press, 2011). examines how marketing, technology, and demand caused the dominance of Bright Flue-Cured Tobacco.
6615:
2805:
Early "failure" is a normal part of trying to stop, and more than one attempt at stopping smoking prior to longer-term success is common.
2798:
At the University of Buffalo, researchers found out that fruit and vegetable consumption can help a smoker cut down or even quit smoking
917:
769:
147:. These harmful effects have led to legislation that has prohibited smoking in many workplaces and public areas, regulated marketing and
9922:
9704:
7450:
5591:"Peering through the mist: systematic review of what the chemistry of contaminants in electronic cigarettes tells us about health risks"
4204:
Micevska T, Warne MS, Pablo F, Patra R (2005). "Variation in, and Causes of, Toxicity of Cigarette Butts to a Cladoceran and Microtox".
9079:
7589:
6585:
6499:
6425:
2816:
The number of nicotinic receptors in the brain returns to the level of a nonsmoker between 6 and 12 weeks after quitting. In 2019, the
7930:
7904:
6795:
6629:
6374:
3360:
608:, is then blended into the tobacco mixture to improve the consistency in flavor and taste of the cigarettes associated with a certain
12181:
8992:
8037:
6300:
4056:
3939:, A Report To: World Health Organization, Tobacco Free Initiative, Tobacco Product Regulation Group, Kobe, Japan, 28 June-2 July 2006
3021:
1701:
Simple molecular representation of cellulose acetate with one of the acetate groups on the cellulose backbone shown by the red circle
7675:
7380:"Smoking as a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease: contrasting evidence from a systematic review of case-control and cohort studies"
4794:
4110:
3961:
1379:
Since October 1, 2007, it has been illegal for retailers to sell tobacco in all forms to people under the age of 18 in three of the
11138:
10947:
9191:
8252:
7564:
1282:
887:
9211:
8673:
8318:
7542:
4250:
3390:
2170:
below those of males. In many high and middle income countries lower socioeconomic status is a strong predictor of smoking.
1896:
which has caused major property damage and also death as well as disruption to services by triggering alarms and warning systems.
863:
is unclear, while another review found they appear to have the potential to lower tobacco-related death and disease. Regulated US
8012:"NFPA :: Safety Information :: For consumers :: Causes :: Smoking :: Coalition for Fire-Safe Cigarettes"
9454:
9290:
9108:
4711:
Bhatnagar A, Whitsel L, Ribisl K, Bullen C, Chaloupka F, Piano M, Robertson R, McAuley T, Goff D, Benowitz N (August 24, 2014).
3911:
3664:
3239:
1501:, New York. As part of the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act, the federal government collects user fees to fund
346:
and smoking was not established until the 20th century. German doctors were the first to make the link, and it led to the first
9505:
8617:
7963:
2970:
8798:
7484:
171:. Since e-cigarettes are a relatively new product, scientists do not possess data on their possible long-term health effects.
11536:
11350:
10736:
10450:
7299:
5408:
3107:
972:
968:
964:
347:
112:
7821:
2075:
enrichment cultivation techniques and an activated sludge wastewater treatment system. It is degraded within 14 weeks under
842:, additives, and differing amounts of contaminants. E-liquids are also sold without propylene glycol, nicotine, or flavors.
104:
by its usually smaller size, use of processed leaf, different smoking method, and paper wrapping, which is typically white.
10974:
9857:
8378:
8295:
7989:
7624:
6543:
4033:
2989:
1450:
1375:
in Austria must attempt to verify a customer's age by requiring the insertion of a debit card or mobile phone verification.
1268:
of Alzheimer's disease", it stated, noting that smokers are only half as likely as nonsmokers to survive to the age of 80.
9666:
6716:
6555:
1664:
with health warnings covering 90 and 70% of back and front packaging, respectively. This took effect on December 1, 2012.
92:, as commonly used, refers to a tobacco cigarette, but the word is sometimes used to refer to other substances, such as a
11450:
11402:
10911:
9947:
9049:
8966:
7020:"Evaluation of mutagenic effects of formaldehyde in vitro: detection of crosslinks and mutations in mouse lymphoma cells"
6190:
Rom O, Pecorelli A, Valacchi G, Reznick AZ (2014). "Are E-cigarettes a safe and good alternative to cigarette smoking?".
4144:
2884:
2166:
development and continued population growth, Africa presents the greatest risk in terms of future growth in tobacco use.
10841:
10490:
7739:
6143:"Particulate Matter from Electronic Cigarettes and Conventional Cigarettes: a Systematic Review and Observational Study"
4664:"Key issues surrounding the health impacts of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) and other sources of nicotine"
1481:
recommends that globally cigarettes be taxed at a rate of three-quarters of cigarettes sale price as a way of deterring
268:
In the English-speaking world, the use of tobacco in cigarette form became increasingly widespread during and after the
12082:
12077:
12032:
11407:
9964:
5689:
Brady BR, De La Rosa JS, Nair US, Leischow SJ (2019). "Electronic Cigarette Policy Recommendations: A Scoping Review".
4607:"Electronic nicotine delivery system (electronic cigarette) awareness, use, reactions and beliefs: a systematic review"
3941:
1709:, which has the chemical structure shown to the right. Once discarded into the environment, the filters create a large
1678:
1622:
10395:
10034:
5994:
5493:"Electronic cigarettes as a harm reduction strategy for tobacco control: a step forward or a repeat of past mistakes?"
3334:
1915:
12166:
11982:
11206:
11181:
10599:
10371:
9782:
Ng M, Freeman MK, Fleming TD, Robinson M, Dwyer-Lindgren L, Thomson B, Wollum A, Sanman E, Wulf S (January 8, 2014).
9235:"Acetylesterase-mediated deacetylation of pectin impairs cell elongation, pollen germination, and plant reproduction"
8391:"Story of a shattered life: A single childhood incident pushed Dawn Crey into a downward spiral | Vancouver Sun"
6623:
2978:
10656:(UNC Press Books, 1985), covers history to 1963; part of American Tobacco Company 1899-191, then independent again.
7603:"Prime Minister to create 'smokefree generation' by ending cigarette sales to those born on or after 1 January 2009"
7110:"Epigenetic mechanisms of mouse interstrain variability in genotoxicity of the environmental toxicant 1,3-butadiene"
12158:
12143:
11392:
10838:
Ashes to Ashes: America's Hundred-Year Cigarette War, the Public Health, and the Unabashed Triumph of Philip Morris
10487:
Ashes to Ashes: America's Hundred-Year Cigarette War, the Public Health, and the Unabashed Triumph of Philip Morris
7791:
6824:
2764:
798:
by providing some of the behavioral aspects of smoking, including the hand-to-mouth action of smoking, but without
4332:
Caponnetto P, Campagna D, Papale G, Russo C, Polosa R (2012). "The emerging phenomenon of electronic cigarettes".
1686:
12231:
11257:
11148:
11069:
10879:
Merchants of doubt: How a handful of scientists obscured the truth on issues from tobacco smoke to global warming
10694:
10504:
Merchants of doubt: How a handful of scientists obscured the truth on issues from tobacco smoke to global warming
4310:
2879:
846:
765:
726:. The butt is typically about 30% of the cigarette's original length. It consists of a tissue tube which holds a
616:
168:
9831:
5351:
2108:
Several options are available to help reduce the environmental effects of cigarette butts. Proper disposal into
12284:
12206:
12102:
11503:
9364:
3880:
Research planning memorandum on the nature of the tobacco business and the crucial role of the nicotine therein
3630:
2872:
1536:
414:
8446:
8274:
8115:
6581:
6035:"Electronic cigarettes: review of use, content, safety, effects on smokers and potential for harm and benefit"
4880:
1406:, Italy, Malta, Austria, Luxembourg, and Belgium, the age for legal vending is 16. Since January 1, 2007, all
630:
salts, convert bound nicotine molecules in tobacco smoke into free nicotine molecules. This process, known as
12148:
11818:
11330:
8823:
8412:
8178:
8145:
7159:"[13C2]-Acetaldehyde promotes unequivocal formation of 1,N2-propano-2'-deoxyguanosine in human cells"
6250:
3146:
1644:
Similar policies have since been adopted in France and the United Kingdom. In response to these regulations,
1546:
The burn rate of cigarette paper is regulated through the application of different forms of microcrystalline
867:
791:
660:
stronger. A cone allows more tobacco to be burned at the beginning than the end, allowing for an even flavor
9610:"Preparation of energy storage material derived from a used cigarette filter for a supercapacitor electrode"
8559:
2385:
Research shows that smoking "light" or "low-tar" cigarettes is just as harmful as smoking other cigarettes.
12310:
12017:
11880:
11345:
11279:
10704:
7986:"Smoking article wrapper for controlling burn rate and method for making same - Philip Morris Incorporated"
7509:
5962:
2817:
2788:
2638:
2142:, Australia: In January 2011, Australia prohibited the display of cigarettes in retail outlets countrywide.
1602:
1502:
864:
312:
131:, although this does not make the smoke inhaled from them contain fewer carcinogens and harmful chemicals.
9455:"Study on Photocatalytic Oxidation (PCO) Raises Questions About Formaldehyde as a Byproduct in Indoor Air"
8204:
7157:
Garcia CC, Angeli JP, Freitas FP, Gomes OF, de Oliveira TF, Loureiro AP, Di Mascio P, Medeiros MH (2011).
3604:
3301:
11992:
11335:
10647:
10529:
Porter, Patrick G. "Advertising in the early cigarette industry: W. Duke, Sons & Company of Durham."
8647:
6034:
1645:
1298:
944:
528:
278:
37:
10412:
10385:
6901:"DNA damage responses: mechanisms and roles in human disease: 2007 G.H.A. Clowes Memorial Award Lecture"
5172:"Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems ("E-cigarettes"): Review of Safety and Smoking Cessation Efficacy"
4813:"Nicotine absorption from electronic cigarette use: Comparison between first and new-generation devices"
4556:"Electronic cigarettes: patterns of use, health effects, use in smoking cessation and regulatory issues"
1956:. Chemical hydrolysis is the cleavage of a chemical bond by addition of water. In the reaction, water (H
802:
tobacco. Using an e-cigarette is known as "vaping" and the user is referred to as a "vaper". Instead of
11894:
11664:
11340:
10917:
10309:
9760:
9480:
6871:
2679:
1418:. Turkey, which has one of the highest percentage of smokers in its population, has a legal age of 18.
1092:
33:
17:
10684:
10578:
6595:– via University of California San Francisco: Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education.
4712:
2808:
NRT, other prescribed pharmaceuticals, and professional counselling or support also help many smokers.
11977:
11952:
11743:
11529:
11455:
11307:
11168:
6506:
6400:
3211:
3158:
3123:
1594:
1478:
1000:
934:
605:
527:
Leones Africanos brand cigarettes from the mid-20th century, part of the permanent collection of the
418:
386:
when at rest. Synthetic particulate filters may remove some of the tar before it reaches the smoker.
253:, but this was never widespread and is now largely abandoned. Cigarettes are sometimes also called a
124:
9341:"Effects of Natural Polymer Acetlation on the anaerobic Dioconversion to Methane and Carbon Dioxide"
8175:"A Proposal to Regulate the Display and Promotion of Tobacco and Tobacco-Related Products at Retail"
6657:
Csordas A, Bernhard D (2013). "The biology behind the atherothrombotic effects of cigarette smoke".
6568:
Secondhand smoke exposure causes disease and premature death in children and adults who do not smoke
5387:
11907:
11493:
11445:
10967:
10672:
Tilley, Nannie May. "Agitation Against the American Tobacco Company in North Carolina, 1890-1911."
10479:(Duke University Press, 1993) the meaning of cigarettes in literature, films, war, ads, & sex.
9919:"Age-standardized prevalence of current tobacco smoking among persons aged 15 years or older, 2016"
9730:
8911:
7649:
6540:"The Health Consequences of Involuntary Exposure to Tobacco Smoke: A Report of the Surgeon General"
4006:
3686:
3279:
2862:
2448:
2394:
2135:
2032:. Cellulases break down the cellulose molecule into monosaccharides ("simple sugars") such as beta-
1653:
900:, which have been found to contain propylene glycol, glycerin, nicotine, flavors, small amounts of
406:
353:
10938:
8587:"World's smallest state aims to become the first smoke-free paradise island - Australasia - World"
8220:
4170:
12027:
11669:
11578:
11382:
11377:
10925:
10317:
The Cigarette Century: The Rise, Fall, and Deadly Persistence of the Product That Defined America
10030:
9423:"Photodegradation of Cellulose Acetate film in the presence of bensophenone as a photosensitizer"
7958:
7705:
7454:
6841:
3216:
2780:
2598:
1661:
1357:, where the age is 18). However, the minimum age only concerns the purchase of tobacco, not use.
9076:"Discarded cigarette butt causes airport chaos - ABC News (Australian Broadcasting Corporation)"
8900:"Cigarettes with defective filters marketed for 40 years: what Philip Morris never told smokers"
3166:
1328:, especially in public areas. The primary justification has been the negative health effects of
677:
A cigarette filter or filter tip is a component of a cigarette. Filters are typically made from
12171:
12042:
11715:
11644:
11639:
11594:
11460:
11422:
11297:
11247:
11221:
10821:
8038:"Method and apparatus for making banded smoking article wrappers - US Patent 5342484 Full Text"
7286:, Washington (DC): The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank,
3099:
3093:
2628:
2473:
860:
509:
116:
839:
12107:
12002:
11902:
11604:
9918:
9700:
9339:
Rivard CJ, Adney WS, Himmel ME, Mitchell DJ, Vinzant TB, Grohmann K, Moens L, Chum H (1992).
9130:
9027:
8764:
7061:"Acrylonitrile-induced oxidative stress and oxidative DNA damage in male Sprague-Dawley rats"
6510:
3224:
2653:
2623:
2528:
2414:
2104:
A cigarette disposal canister, encouraging the public to dispose of their cigarettes properly
2076:
996:
956:
879:
787:
10568:
9075:
7538:
6975:
Liu XY, Zhu MX, Xie JP (2010). "Mutagenicity of acrolein and acrolein-induced DNA adducts".
1489:
which has the same effect on the attitude of government officials outside the health field.
870:
may be safer than e-cigarettes, but e-cigarettes are generally seen as safer than combusted
12138:
12054:
11834:
11710:
11674:
11619:
11609:
11522:
11498:
11465:
11269:
11110:
11017:
9621:
9395:
8851:"Toxicity of cigarette butts, and their chemical components, to marine and freshwater fish"
7926:
7890:
7861:
7480:
6787:
6606:
6371:
6199:
4824:
4060:
3727:
3356:
3045:
3014:
2928:
2736:
2728:
2618:
2568:
2371:
2109:
1540:
1519:
Cigarettes are a frequent source of deadly fires in private homes, which prompted both the
1498:
1319:
759:
262:
159:
155:
140:
65:
44:
12097:
10691:
Pushing Cool: Big Tobacco, Racial Marketing, and the Untold Story of the Menthol Cigarette
9312:
Buchanan CM, Garder RM, Komarek RJ (1993). "Aerobic biodegradation of cellulose acetate".
8996:
8041:
7329:
Green JT, Richardson C, Marshall RW, Rhodes J, McKirdy HC, Thomas GA, Williams GT (2000).
6296:
5352:"E-Cigarette Use Among Youth and Young Adults A Report of the Surgeon General: Fact Sheet"
4787:
4114:
1061:
Reacts with deoxyguanine and forms DNA crosslinks, DNA-protein crosslinks and DNA adducts
888:
outbreak of severe lung illness throughout the US was linked to the use of vaping products
563:
additives are applied to make reconstituted tobacco an effective nicotine delivery system.
8:
12305:
12279:
12007:
11961:
11844:
11659:
11654:
11483:
11186:
11002:
10960:
10828:
The Health Consequences of Smoking: 50 Years of Progress: A Report of the Surgeon General
9634:
9609:
7667:
4258:
4199:
4197:
3919:
3309:
2741:
2713:
2708:
2603:
2573:
2503:
2483:
2478:
2458:
2066:
2009:
2005:
1965:
1524:
1514:
1278:
402:
12092:
12087:
9625:
9399:
9188:
8710:"Cigarettes butts and the case for an environmental policy on hazardous cigarette waste"
8379:
https://vancouversun.com/health/Ottawa+increase+size+tobacco+warnings/4039002/story.html
6203:
4828:
4662:
Drope J, Cahn Z, Kennedy R, Liber AC, Stoklosa M, Henson R, Douglas CE, Drope J (2017).
3731:
709:
623:
purposes and many boost the addictive properties of cigarettes, especially when burned.
12251:
12211:
11956:
11854:
11849:
11783:
11778:
11773:
11763:
11753:
11748:
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11573:
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11191:
10997:
10899:
10667:
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10541:
10467:
10440:
10354:
10337:
10227:
10200:
10145:
10118:
10087:
10062:
9647:
9585:
9559:"Cigarette Butts and the Case for an Environmental Policy on Hazardous Cigarette Waste"
9558:
9356:
9259:
9234:
9207:
8928:
8899:
8875:
8850:
8736:
8709:
8343:
8334:
8225:
7409:
7360:
7134:
7109:
7085:
7060:
7000:
6764:
6739:
6690:
6476:
6443:
6370:
World Health Organization. (July 26, 2019). Tobacco. Retrieved November 25, 2019, from
6231:
6092:
Hildick-Smith GJ, Pesko MF, Shearer L, Hughes JM, Chang J, Loughlin GM, Ipp LS (2015).
6062:
5938:
5913:
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5847:
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5722:
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5590:
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5533:
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5313:
5280:
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4812:
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3422:
2760:
2658:
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2430:
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1606:
1605:
the display of tobacco is prohibited for everyone, regardless of age, as of 2010. This
1568:
1260:
1110:
893:
856:
774:
410:
362:
326:
185:
10201:"The Global Research Neglect of Unassisted Smoking Cessation: Causes and Consequences"
10119:"The global research neglect of unassisted smoking cessation: causes and consequences"
9020:"Cigarette butt blamed for West Bendigo fire; two dead, 50 homes lost | Victoria"
6348:
6323:
5929:
5648:
Caponnetto P., Russo C., Bruno C.M., Alamo A., Amaradio M.D., Polosa R. (March 2013).
4194:
1346:
In the United States, the age to buy tobacco products is 21 in all states as of 2020.
369:
During World War I and World War II, cigarettes were rationed to soldiers. During the
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9508:. Washington: State of Washington Department of Ecology. June 1, 2004. Archived from
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6110:
6093:
6067:
5943:
5885:
5867:
5828:
5810:
5791:"Corneoscleral Laceration and Ocular Burns Caused by Electronic Cigarette Explosions"
5771:
5763:
5714:
5706:
5671:
5630:
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3442:
3103:
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2578:
2468:
2443:
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2422:
2404:
1981:
1706:
1532:
1434:
1407:
1372:
1354:
1329:
1264:
988:
875:
851:
678:
491:
487:
401:
One entrepreneur who was quick to spot the advantages of machine-made cigarettes was
331:
320:
211:
136:
10618:
Starr, Michael E. "The Marlboro Man: Cigarette Smoking and Masculinity in America."
9509:
9360:
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5789:
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5726:
5549:
4997:
4811:
Farsalinos KE, Spyrou A, Tsimopoulou K, Stefopoulos C, Romagna G, Voudris V (2014).
4757:
4233:
2122:. The product is showing high promise as a green alternative for the waste problem.
714:
In North America, the common name for the remains of a cigarette after smoking is a
692:
12274:
12256:
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11997:
11987:
11972:
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11649:
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9321:
9254:
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9169:
8923:
8915:
8870:
8862:
8731:
8721:
8338:
8330:
7668:"UK | England | Bristol/Somerset | Retailers sell tobacco to youths"
7476:
7391:
7342:
7291:
7287:
7280:"Global Hazards of Tobacco and the Benefits of Smoking Cessation and Tobacco Taxes"
7256:
7252:
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7004:
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871:
827:
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672:
652:
589:
144:
128:
97:
93:
10363:
The Global Cigarette: Origins and Evolution of British American Tobacco, 1880-1945
8618:"What a drag ... Iceland considers prescription-only cigarettes | World news"
6917:
6900:
6324:"Mortality in relation to smoking: 50 years' observations on male British doctors"
5742:"Electronic cigarettes: a task force report from the European Respiratory Society"
1772:
through drainage ditches and are transported by rivers and other waterways to the
1672:
A few countries have outlawed tobacco completely or made plans to do so. In 2004,
11967:
11917:
11875:
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11624:
11545:
11397:
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11196:
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11125:
10942:
10929:
10361:
10217:
10135:
9951:
9195:
8278:
8259:
7825:
7655:
6881:. Vol. 100E. International Agency for Research on Cancer. 2012. p. 44.
6582:
Proposed Identification of Environmental Tobacco Smoke as a Toxic Air Contaminant
6378:
6257:
5863:
5806:
5296:
5098:
5081:
4922:
4731:
4514:
4406:
4389:
4254:
3945:
3915:
3274:
3191:
2894:
2889:
2613:
2523:
2488:
2139:
2119:
2041:
1885:
1773:
1657:
1403:
1396:
1293:
1281:" for substance use later in life, with this effect more likely for persons with
819:
815:
795:
316:
10344:
Big Business in China: Sino-Foreign Rivalry in the Cigarette Industry, 1890-1930
8849:
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7985:
6339:
5758:
5741:
4029:
1996:
In the case of the enzymatic reaction, the two substrates (reactants) are again
584:
Various additives are combined into the shredded tobacco product mixtures, with
162:) was developed, in which the substance contained within it (typically a liquid
12236:
11274:
11133:
11105:
11090:
9407:
9325:
7900:
7895:
7857:
7697:
7279:
6708:
6539:
4870:"Electronic cigarette evolution from the first to fourth generation and beyond"
4713:"Electronic Cigarettes: A Policy Statement From the American Heart Association"
2979:"E-Cigarette Use Among Youth and Young Adults: A Report of the Surgeon General"
2948:
2718:
2533:
2037:
1973:
1953:
1905:
1813:
1520:
1380:
1135:
1021:
1012:
883:
648:
643:
288:
227:
10800:
10783:
10278:"FDA authorizes low-nicotine cigarettes by 22nd Century Group for public sale"
9944:
9174:
9157:
9053:
8919:
7331:"Nitric oxide mediates a therapeutic effect of nicotine in ulcerative colitis"
7036:
7019:
6988:
6953:
6159:
6142:
6094:"A Practitioner's Guide to Electronic Cigarettes in the Adolescent Population"
4217:
4191:
The Nelson contemporary English dictionary - Page 187, W. T. Cunningham - 1977
4136:
4088:
323:
from their pipes (which are both initially sun-cured, acidic leaf varieties).
107:
There are significant negative health effects from smoking cigarettes such as
12299:
12201:
12059:
11912:
11176:
11059:
10816:
Ernster, Virginia, et al. "Women and tobacco: moving from policy to action."
10608:
9809:
9800:
9783:
9674:
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8377:
Ottawa to increase size of tobacco warning to cover 3/4 of cigarette package
7735:
6678:
6467:
6219:
6168:
6119:
6017:
5871:
5814:
5767:
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5666:
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5247:
5187:
5107:
5036:
5028:
4930:
4689:
4630:
4522:
4465:
4415:
4353:
3815:
3594:"WHO report on the global tobacco epidemic, 2019 Country profile Netherlands"
3503:
3495:
3446:
3007:
2867:
2776:
2080:
biodegradation process of cellulose acetate is not an instantaneous process.
1961:
1649:
1640:
1474:
1392:
1101:
1083:
803:
503:
273:
81:
10251:"Abstinent Smokers' Nicotinic Receptors Take More Than a Month to Normalize"
9968:
7125:
7076:
6755:
6670:
6141:
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5607:
4572:
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3935:
3792:
Tobacco Outlook Report, Economic Research Service, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture
3739:
3423:"Angel H Roffo: The forgotten father of experimental tobacco carcinogenesis"
12246:
12241:
11927:
10809:
10766:
10634:
American Cigarette Industry: A Study in Economic Analysis and Public Policy
10236:
10154:
10096:
9817:
9643:
9594:
9268:
9250:
8937:
8884:
8866:
8745:
8352:
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7309:
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7229:
7182:
7143:
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7045:
6996:
6961:
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6686:
6551:
6485:
6357:
6227:
6176:
6127:
6071:
5947:
5889:
5832:
5775:
5718:
5675:
5634:
5575:
5518:
5477:
5418:
5322:
5265:
5205:
5156:
5115:
5054:
4989:
4948:
4854:
4749:
4697:
4648:
4591:
4540:
4483:
4423:
4361:
4225:
4096:
3864:
3570:
3552:
3521:
3464:
3330:
2824:
cigarettes in hopes of lowering the number of people addicted to nicotine.
2633:
2563:
1997:
1919:
Discarded Newport cigarettes packs found in Olneyville, Rhode Island - 2008
1790:
1786:
1769:
1578:
1120:
1068:
1030:
1017:
992:
913:
909:
897:
620:
597:
551:
300:
245:
By 1830, the cigarette had crossed into France, where it received the name
120:
10831:
10774:
10078:
9784:"Smoking Prevalence and Cigarette Consumption in 187 Countries, 1980-2012"
9575:
8760:"The world litters 4.5 trillion cigarette butts a year. Can we stop this?"
8726:
6459:
6251:
https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/sgr/50th-anniversary/index.htm
3823:
3747:
3438:
12216:
12121:
12012:
11313:
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5492:
2792:
2593:
2146:
1937:
1341:
1325:
980:
370:
343:
269:
148:
60:
12176:
10170:"Fruits And Vegetables May Help Smokers Quit -- And Stay Off -- Tobacco"
5702:
1414:
must attempt to verify a customer's age by requiring the insertion of a
1076:
DNA-protein crosslinks causing chromosome deletions and re-arrangements
206:
The earliest forms of cigarettes were similar to their predecessor, the
10555:
The People vs. Big Tobacco: How the States Took on the Cigarette Giants
10402:
Tobacco: A Cultural History of How an Exotic Plant Seduced Civilization
9352:
7565:"CDC - Fact Sheet - Secondhand Smoke Facts - Smoking & Tobacco Use"
6211:
5647:
4980:
4963:
4680:
4663:
3983:
3205:
2583:
2518:
2409:
1426:
1415:
1364:
1005:
905:
799:
747:
190:
127:
relating to nearly every organ of the body. Most modern cigarettes are
10592:
The Entrepreneurs: Explorations Within the American Business Tradition
10429:
9439:
9422:
7174:
6053:
5650:"Electronic cigarette: a possible substitute for cigarette dependence"
4836:
4810:
4345:
3129:
2130:
2047:
1928:
878:. The long-term effects of e-cigarette use are unknown. The risk from
10565:
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9943:
Cigarette numbers and per capita consumption from The Tobacco Atlas:
8953:
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5147:
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2923:
2674:
2508:
2155:
2017:
1977:
1893:
1802:
filters (no tobacco). The results of the study showed that for the LD
1547:
739:
631:
601:
585:
308:
9532:"No more butts: biodegradable filters a step to boot litter problem"
9340:
8221:"F.D.A. Unveils Proposed Graphic Warning Labels for Cigarette Packs"
5170:
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1785:
chemicals filtered from cigarettes and can leach into waterways and
1697:
1639:
As of April 2011, Australian regulations require all packs to use a
12221:
11932:
11922:
10548:
Cigarette Nation: Business, Health, and Canadian Smokers, 1930-1975
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6939:
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5221:
3535:
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2943:
2821:
2772:
2703:
2687:
2493:
2453:
2071:
2029:
2025:
1964:
functional group attached the cellulose polymer chain and forms an
1889:
1590:
1494:
1150:
1053:
952:
901:
874:. It is estimated their safety risk to users is similar to that of
835:
831:
593:
560:
374:
358:
295:, depicting a (foreground left) man smoking an early quasicigarette
195:
132:
11514:
11037:
7433:
7431:
7429:
7427:
7425:
7423:
5534:"The electronic cigarette: the new cigarette of the 21st century?"
3839:"Is it not time to reveal the secret sauce of nicotine addiction?"
1952:. Deacetylation can be performed by either chemical hydrolysis or
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is a narrow cylinder containing a combustible material, typically
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11085:
11054:
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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
5531:
5371:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
4387:
4111:"How to Roll Your Own Filter Cigarettes: 6 Steps (with Pictures)"
3006:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
2513:
2378:
2151:
2033:
2013:
1969:
1586:
1582:
1411:
1388:
1358:
807:
705:
627:
490:
glue to bond the outer layer of paper together, and often also a
85:
77:
10419:
Making Tobacco Bright: Creating an American Commodity, 1617β1937
8848:
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A growing number of countries have more ex-smokers than smokers.
1705:
Cigarette filters are made up of thousands of polymer chains of
1183:
and future smokers younger than 35, unless they quit (millions)
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noticed in the 1830s that Ottomans (and he himself) inhaled the
11143:
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9752:
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2938:
2848:
2553:
2463:
2021:
1714:
1682:
1673:
1598:
1482:
1477:
by about 7% and overall cigarette consumption by about 4%. The
1438:
1402:
Most countries in the world have a legal vending age of 18. In
1350:
1302:
976:
960:
939:
734:
651:
are prerolled cigarette paper usually with an acetate or paper
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544:
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Cigarettes may have been initially used in a manner similar to
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52:
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10726:
10198:
8674:"Eyes on Trade: Brazil's flavored cigarette ban now targeted"
8319:"Cigarette Pack Health Warning Labels in US Lag Behind World"
7328:
6537:
5967:
4331:
2918:
2913:
2698:
1710:
1423:
811:
681:
609:
523:
304:
215:
207:
199:
101:
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Number of Current and Expected Smokers, and Expected Deaths
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3383:"The Study That Helped Spur the U.S. Stop-Smoking Movement"
3020:. World Health Organization. July 21, 2014. pp. 1β13.
9050:"Can cigarette butts start bushfires? - NSW Fire Brigades"
8993:"The Facts About Cigarette Butts and Litter - Fire Danger"
8560:"Bhutan smokers huff and puff over tobacco ban - Features"
8090:"Les cigarettes anti-incendie seront obligatoires en 2011"
7848:"Les cigarettes anti-incendie seront obligatoires en 2011"
7477:"Centers for Disease Control & Prevention Fact Sheets"
5911:
5217:
5215:
5169:
4904:
3937:
Additives, Cigarette Design and Tobacco Product Regulation
2100:
1904:
Once in the environment, cellulose acetate can go through
1828:
of cigarette filters to marine life (cigarette per liter)
151:
of tobacco, and levied taxes to discourage cigarette use.
9338:
8897:
7954:"U.S. Suit Alleges Philip Morris Hid Cigarette-Fire Risk"
7927:"European Union Pushes for Self-Extinguishing Cigarettes"
7891:"European Union Pushes for Self-Extinguishing Cigarettes"
7539:"Secondhand Smoke and Cancer - National Cancer Institute"
6321:
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3691:
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7156:
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5013:"Is there a role for e-cigarettes in smoking cessation?"
4030:"Method and apparatus for coating reconstituted tobacco"
3958:"Composite List of Ingredients in Non-Tobacco Materials"
3764:
edited by Walter Adams (1961) pp 357-392, at pp 358-362.
3306:
Stanford Research into the Impact of Tobacco Advertising
918:
exact composition varies across and within manufacturers
12048:
Protocol to Eliminate Illicit Trade in Tobacco Products
11428:
Protocol to Eliminate Illicit Trade in Tobacco Products
10935:
6842:"Smoking While Pregnant Causes Finger, Toe Deformities"
6315:
6140:
5739:
5212:
4383:
4381:
4379:
4203:
3240:"Patents for inventions. Abridgments of specifications"
2051:
The chemical structure change of cellulose into glucose
1713:
problem. Cigarette filters are the most common form of
10922:
10896:
Selling Smoke: Cigarette Advertising and Public Health
10437:
The cigarette book: the history and culture of smoking
9965:"Nicotine, Tar, and Co Content of Domestic Cigarettes"
9701:"Cigarette Smoking Among Adults - United States, 2006"
9420:
7453:. American Lung Association. June 2007. Archived from
6652:
6650:
6085:
5846:
Breland AB, Spindle T, Weaver M, Eissenberg T (2014).
4879:. Global Forum on Nicotine. p. 23. Archived from
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Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology
3091:
596:, as well as flavoring products and enhancers such as
417:, which at the time produced twist and flat plug, and
10511:
Cigarettes: Anatomy of an Industry from Seed to Smoke
10112:
10110:
10108:
10106:
9311:
8529:"Australia's Top Court Backs Plain-Pack Tobacco Laws"
8417:
Australian Government Federal Register of Legislation
8004:
7792:"U.S. Aided Cigarette Firms in Conquests Across Asia"
6437:
6435:
5444:"Electronic cigarettes: Potential harms and benefits"
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4497:
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Circulars of Information of the Bureau of Education,
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United States Department of Health and Human Services
2900:
List of countries by cigarette consumption per capita
1420:
Japan is one of the highest tobacco-consuming nations
10199:
Chapman, Simon, MacKenzie, Ross (February 9, 2010).
9557:
Novotny T, Lum K, Smith E, Wang V, Barnes R (2009).
9388:
Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry
8698:
Dubai: The Complete Residents' Guide - Page 27, 2006
7557:
7504:
7502:
7378:
Almeida OP, Hulse GK, Lawrence D, Flicker L (2002).
6834:
5788:
5061:
4376:
3251:
3249:
2095:
943:
Artistas brand cigarette package of Mexico from the
10060:
9556:
8792:"International Coastal Cleanup 2006 Report, page 8"
7058:
6709:"Health | Cigarettes 'cut life by 11 minutes'"
6647:
6134:
5525:
5334:
5332:
5073:
2178:Smoking prevalence by sex (ages 15 or older, 2016)
1469:
Average price of cigarettes in USD in 2012 and 2014
10585:
10432:, argues most historians misinterpret the company.
10334:The Smoke of the Gods: A Social History of Tobacco
10103:
8443:"Australia unveils tough new cigarette pack rules"
8064:"States that have passed fire-safe cigarette laws"
8030:
7371:
6432:
5839:
3930:
3928:
3204:
2973:. UK: Royal College of Physicians. pp. 1β191.
2844:History of commercial tobacco in the United States
1768:Discarded cigarette filters usually end up in the
1687:consumption of cigarettes by Muslims is prohibited
1609:includes noncigarette products such as cigars and
1523:and the United States to require cigarettes to be
1143:Hydroxyethyl DNA adducts with adenine and guanine
991:). It also causes peripheral vascular disease and
555:the paper in a fashion similar to what is done in
9052:. Nswfb.nsw.gov.au. June 21, 2007. Archived from
8648:"WHO | Brazil - Flavoured cigarettes banned"
8445:. Channel NewsAsia. April 7, 2011. Archived from
7617:
7499:
6823:. World Health Organization. 2008. Archived from
5912:Grana R, Benowitz, N, Glantz, SA (May 13, 2014).
5782:
5682:
5344:
4304:
3246:
1844:Smoked cigarette filter (smoked filter + tobacco)
12297:
10711:Tobacco tycoon, the story of James Buchanan Duke
10642:Tennant, Richard B. "The Cigarette Industry" in
10116:
10056:
10054:
10052:
9155:
8708:Novotny TE, Lum K, Smith E, et al. (2009).
8253:A12.1.1.3 Pictorial warnings in force since 2006
8214:
8212:
6492:
6322:Doll R, Peto R, Boreham J, Sutherland I (2004).
5329:
3760:Richard B. Tennant, "The Cigarette Industry" in
2971:"Nicotine without smoke: Tobacco harm reduction"
10409:Tobacco in History and Culture. An Encyclopedia
10192:
9719:
9693:
9123:
8707:
7978:
6810:
6656:
6538:Office on Smoking Health (US) (June 27, 2006).
5437:
5435:
4248:Cigarette Butts as LitterβToxic as Well as Ugly
3992:, Richmond offices. Retrieved October 31, 2006.
3925:
1779:
1616:
1383:'s four constituent countries (England, Wales,
194:A reproduction of a carving from the temple at
10752:
10746:
10587:"James Buchanan Duke: Opportunism Is the Spur"
9534:. Environmental Health News. August 14, 2012.
9232:
8469:"The world's ugliest colour has been revealed"
6599:
5641:
5357:. Surgeon General of the United States. 2016.
5004:
4861:
4804:
4442:"Chemical evaluation of electronic cigarettes"
4325:
4261:. Retrieved June 28, 2011. First published in
4074:
3720:Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health
3095:Tobacco in history: the cultures of dependence
1762:765,400,000 kilograms (1,687,500,000 lb)
1754:950,000,000 kilograms (2,100,000,000 lb)
272:, when British soldiers began emulating their
11530:
10968:
10457:Smoking in British Popular Culture, 1800β2000
10049:
9421:Hosono K, Kanazawa A, Mori H, Endo T (2007).
8209:
7951:
7236:
7201:
7150:
7101:
7052:
7011:
6968:
6892:
6500:"WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control"
5441:
5272:
5224:"Electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation"
4704:
4655:
4159:
4129:
4103:
3801:
3203:
2763:. The addiction begins when nicotine acts on
1128:Reacts with deoxyguanine to form DNA adducts
882:was reported in 2016 to be low. Less serious
782:An electronic cigarette (commonly known as a
626:One of the classes of chemicals on the list,
10948:Bibliography on History of Cigarette Smoking
10936:Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco
10923:National Clearinghouse on Tobacco and Health
10898:(American Public Health Association, 1986).
10849:"Tobacco Products Processing Detailed Study"
10575:They satisfy: the cigarette in American life
9729:. Wpro.who.int. May 28, 2002. Archived from
8292:"Iceland Tough On Cigarettes β Sun Sentinel"
8146:"Ontario set to ban cigarette display cases"
7696:
6028:
6026:
5907:
5905:
5903:
5901:
5899:
5733:
5432:
4779:
4604:
4435:
4433:
3978:
3976:
3974:
3972:
2059:
730:and some remains of tobacco mixed with ash.
12038:WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control
11418:WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control
10784:"Tobacco smoke carcinogens and lung cancer"
10613:Cigarettes and Soviets: Smoking in the USSR
10117:Chapman S, MacKenzie R (February 9, 2010).
9945:https://tobaccoatlas.org/topic/consumption/
8955:, Saint Paul, Minnesota: Hamline University
8950:
8092:(in French). Lexpansion.com. Archived from
7590:WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control
6933:
6818:"WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic"
6616:International Agency for Research on Cancer
5963:"E-Cigarettes: Expert Q&A With the CDC"
5582:
5281:"Update on medicines for smoking cessation"
5228:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
5163:
5080:Ebbert JO, Agunwamba AA, Rutten LJ (2015).
5017:Therapeutic Advances in Respiratory Disease
4898:
4005:. G2public.library.ucsf.edu. Archived from
3603:. World Health Organization. Archived from
3261:
3087:
3085:
3083:
2388:
1033:cancer causing chemicals in cigarette smoke
892:E-cigarettes create vapor made of fine and
770:Composition of electronic cigarette aerosol
169:some health risks associated with their use
11537:
11523:
10975:
10961:
10646:edited by Walter Adams (1961) pp 357β392.
9664:
8419:. August 8, 2013. 2.2.1 (2) & passim.
8413:"Tobacco Plain Packaging Regulations 2011"
8245:
7335:Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics
6586:California Environmental Protection Agency
6573:
6192:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
5389:Public Health Consequences of E-Cigarettes
5010:
4955:
4598:
4547:
4490:
3270:"A Brief History Of Cigarette Advertising"
1976:enzyme. The enzyme, found in most plants,
1020:effect per microgram to identify the most
999:increases the risk of these diseases. The
43:"Cig" redirects here. For other uses, see
11323:
10818:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
10799:
10310:History of tobacco Β§ Further reading
10226:
10216:
10144:
10134:
10086:
10001:
9992:
9799:
9633:
9584:
9574:
9438:
9258:
9173:
8967:"Cigarette butt 'causes $ 1m house fire'"
8927:
8874:
8735:
8725:
8342:
8265:
7690:
7660:
7395:
7346:
7133:
7084:
7035:
7017:
6974:
6916:
6763:
6531:
6475:
6347:
6158:
6109:
6061:
6023:
5954:
5937:
5896:
5879:
5822:
5757:
5665:
5624:
5606:
5565:
5508:
5467:
5312:
5278:
5255:
5195:
5146:
5097:
5044:
4979:
4938:
4844:
4739:
4679:
4638:
4581:
4571:
4530:
4473:
4430:
4405:
3995:
3969:
3909:Cigarette Butt Litter - Cigarette Filters
3854:
3560:
3511:
3454:
3427:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
1667:
154:In the 21st century, a product called an
11139:Cigarette smoking among college students
10858:. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
10846:
10781:
10727:Zhou, Xun Yu, Gilman, Sander L. (2004).
8557:
8251:Scollo, Michelle; Haslam, Indra (2008).
7059:Pu X, Kamendulis LM, Klaunig JE (2009).
6441:
5490:
5484:
4961:
4785:
4240:
4021:
3966:www.jti.com. Retrieved November 2, 2006.
3836:
3774:"Tobacco Use, United States 1990-1999".
3717:
3080:
2145:
2129:
2099:
2046:
1932:Chemical hydrolysis of cellulose acetate
1927:
1914:
1878:
1746:2,551,000 kilograms (5,625,000 lb)
1696:
1692:
1562:
1454:
1363:
1283:attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
1181:Approximate number of deaths in current
938:
773:
691:
522:
436:
352:
325:
283:
189:
59:
51:
10550:(McGill-Queen's University Press, 2021)
9957:
9954:Population numbers from World Bank 2017
9162:Journal of Polymers and the Environment
9105:"British American Tobacco - Cigarettes"
9099:
9097:
8969:. News.smh.com.au. September 14, 2008.
8772:from the original on September 20, 2014
8676:. Citizen.typepad.com. April 16, 2012.
8628:from the original on September 30, 2013
8070:from the original on September 23, 2011
7772:from the original on September 23, 2017
7583:
7533:
7531:
6183:
5987:
5588:
5448:Annals of the American Thoracic Society
5122:
4911:American Journal of Preventive Medicine
4305:City of Vancouver (November 13, 2013).
4167:"Forms Tutorial: Glossary Text Version"
4036:from the original on September 29, 2007
3477:
3420:
2269:Leading consumers of cigarettes (2016)
1866:Unsmoked cigarette filters (no tobacco)
1313:
1158:Single and double strand breaks in DNA
753:
733:They are the most numerically frequent
27:Small roll of tobacco made to be smoked
14:
12298:
10664:The bright-tobacco industry, 1860-1929
10288:from the original on December 18, 2019
10275:
9899:from the original on December 29, 2017
9538:from the original on November 29, 2014
9385:
9345:Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology
9293:from the original on November 25, 2014
9214:from the original on December 12, 2020
9017:
8973:from the original on February 14, 2009
8654:from the original on February 20, 2013
8539:from the original on November 13, 2013
8479:from the original on November 29, 2018
8233:from the original on February 28, 2017
8218:
8152:from the original on February 12, 2009
8116:"A legal history of smoking in Canada"
7933:from the original on February 10, 2009
7907:from the original on February 10, 2009
7742:from the original on September 4, 2009
7716:from the original on February 28, 2021
6898:
6879:Personal Habits and Indoor Combustions
6558:from the original on February 15, 2017
6424:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
6388:
6386:
6081:from the original on December 5, 2014.
5428:from the original on January 27, 2018.
5067:
4867:
3877:
3667:from the original on February 20, 2013
3237:
3015:"Electronic nicotine delivery systems"
2968:
1722:Estimated waste produced from filters
1508:
1371:in Vienna: Since January 1, 2007, all
1011:The most important chemical compounds
778:Various types of electronic cigarettes
424:At the start of the 20th century, the
100:. A cigarette is distinguished from a
11518:
10956:
10583:
10327:The Mighty Leaf: The Story of Tobacco
9983:
9886:
9082:from the original on November 6, 2009
8995:. CigaretteLitter.Org. Archived from
8584:
8359:from the original on December 2, 2012
8316:
7487:from the original on December 2, 2008
7189:from the original on November 6, 2020
6888:from the original on October 9, 2022.
6864:
6719:from the original on December 2, 2008
6608:Tobacco Smoke and Involuntary Smoking
6579:
6303:from the original on October 30, 2020
5960:
5442:Drummond M, Upson D (February 2014).
5364:from the original on October 9, 2022.
4800:from the original on October 9, 2022.
4439:
4334:Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine
3641:from the original on January 30, 2018
3628:
3363:from the original on January 10, 2019
3337:from the original on January 19, 2012
3267:
3027:from the original on October 9, 2022.
2999:from the original on October 9, 2022.
1855:Smoked cigarette filters (no tobacco)
965:chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
113:chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
11489:
10877:Oreskes, Naomi, and Erik M. Conway.
10865:from the original on October 9, 2022
10594:. New York: Weybright & Talley.
10502:Oreskes, Naomi, and Erik M. Conway.
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9763:from the original on January 2, 2023
9707:from the original on August 16, 2019
9156:Puls J, Wilson SA, Holter D (2011).
9137:from the original on August 13, 2011
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8615:
8566:from the original on January 2, 2013
8122:from the original on January 1, 2015
8018:from the original on August 16, 2011
7992:from the original on October 4, 2013
7571:from the original on August 19, 2022
7528:
7516:from the original on January 7, 2017
7437:
6737:
6544:Surgeon General of the United States
6147:Current Environmental Health Reports
5176:OtolaryngologyβHead and Neck Surgery
4147:from the original on October 6, 2014
3892:
3225:participating institution membership
2990:Surgeon General of the United States
2977:
2832:
2748:
2088:The other process of degradation is
1485:and other negative health outcomes.
1451:Cigarette taxes in the United States
1288:
348:antitobacco movement in Nazi Germany
330:A 1942 ad encourages women to smoke
11544:
11403:Tobacco Master Settlement Agreement
10644:The Structure of American Industry,
10629:(Yale University Press, 2014) 360pp
10464:Encyclopedia of smoking and tobacco
10459:(Manchester University Press, 2000)
10359:
9667:"Tobacco display ban from tomorrow"
8499:"This new law could save your life"
8423:from the original on March 30, 2018
7966:from the original on April 15, 2019
7678:from the original on March 13, 2007
7545:from the original on March 25, 2012
6509:. February 27, 2005. Archived from
6448:The New England Journal of Medicine
6383:
6001:from the original on April 12, 2021
5914:"E-cigarettes: a scientific review"
5848:"Science and Electronic Cigarettes"
5691:American Journal of Health Behavior
5338:
5128:
4907:"Nicotine and the Developing Human"
4767:from the original on March 14, 2020
4668:CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians
4265:, Volume 25, Number 2, August 2000.
3762:The Structure of American Industry,
3699:from the original on April 23, 2018
3255:
3013:
2885:List of cigarette smoke carcinogens
2083:
2020:, which is another enzyme found in
1109:Global loss of DNA methylation (an
1091:Oxidative stress causing increased
666:
24:
12033:Tobacco packaging warning messages
11408:Tobacco packaging warning messages
11036:
10881:(Bloomsbury Publishing USA, 2011).
10729:Smoke: a global history of smoking
10506:(Bloomsbury Publishing USA, 2011).
10497:The Cigarette: A Political History
10303:
10180:from the original on June 12, 2017
10033:. January 31, 2011. Archived from
9925:from the original on July 30, 2018
9868:from the original on July 31, 2020
9838:from the original on July 17, 2019
9681:from the original on June 17, 2012
9665:Willingham R (December 31, 2010).
9427:Journal of Applied Polymer Science
9367:from the original on June 24, 2019
9314:Journal of Applied Polymer Science
8680:from the original on March 7, 2014
8335:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2012-050541
6852:from the original on March 4, 2007
6276:from the original on April 2, 2012
5975:from the original on April 9, 2022
5654:Monaldi Archives for Chest Disease
4623:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2013-051122
4458:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2013-051482
4003:"Legacy Tobacco Documents Library"
3856:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2015-052631
1679:Tobacco Control Act of Bhutan 2010
1623:Tobacco packaging warning messages
1505:regulatory measures over tobacco.
1503:Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
718:. In Britain, it is also called a
279:Egyptian cigarette export industry
25:
12322:
11182:Cigarette smoking for weight loss
10905:
10654:The R.J. Reynolds tobacco company
10061:Benowitz NL, Benowitz NL (2010).
8509:from the original on May 27, 2019
7802:from the original on July 4, 2008
7631:from the original on June 7, 2008
6798:from the original on July 9, 2021
6632:from the original on June 7, 2018
5930:10.1161/circulationaha.114.007667
4962:Oh AY, Kacker A (December 2014).
4286:from the original on July 6, 2015
3484:American Journal of Public Health
3075:Ritual Smoking in Central America
2765:nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
2138:supermarket cigarette counter in
2096:Solution and remediation projects
1923:
1271:
923:
687:
637:
12270:
12269:
12144:Smoking bans in private vehicles
11488:
11479:
11478:
11456:Countries by tobacco consumption
11393:Smoking bans in private vehicles
10674:North Carolina Historical Review
10615:(Cornell University Press, 2022)
10531:North Carolina Historical Review
10499:(Harvard University Press. 2019)
10336:(Temple University Press, 2007)
10269:
10243:
10161:
10019:
10010:
9937:
9911:
9880:
9850:
9824:
9775:
9745:
9658:
9601:
9550:
9524:
9498:
9481:"photosensitization - chemistry"
9473:
9447:
9414:
9379:
9332:
9305:
9275:
9226:
9200:
9182:
9149:
9078:. Abc.net.au. January 15, 2009.
9068:
9042:
9011:
8985:
8959:
8944:
8891:
8842:
8816:
8784:
8752:
8701:
8692:
8666:
8640:
8609:
8578:
8551:
8521:
8491:
8461:
8435:
8405:
8383:
8371:
8310:
8284:
8193:
8167:
8138:
8108:
8082:
8056:
8040:. Patentstorm.us. Archived from
7945:
7919:
7883:
7840:
7814:
7784:
7754:
7728:
7643:
7625:"Total adult smokers by country"
7595:
7469:
7397:10.1046/j.1360-0443.2002.00016.x
7348:10.1046/j.1365-2036.2000.00847.x
7322:
7271:
6780:
6731:
6701:
6111:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2015.07.020
6011:
5538:Jornal Brasileiro de Pneumologia
5366:
4394:The American Journal of Medicine
4137:"Review: Zig-Zag Filtered Tubes"
3897:. Philip Morris Tobacco Company.
3895:Smoker psychology program review
3882:. R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company.
3001:
1441:, and the Republic of Ireland.
814:. E-cigarettes typically have a
518:
396:
373:, cigarettes were included with
12232:Smoking in association football
11149:Smoking in association football
10721:The Plight of Cigarette Tobacco
10538:The Story of Tobacco in America
9832:"The Global Cigarette Industry"
7541:. Cancer.gov. August 18, 2005.
6364:
6297:"Strategically Addictive Drugs"
6294:
6288:
6262:
6242:
5550:10.1590/S1806-37132014000500013
5497:Journal of Public Health Policy
5491:M Z, Siegel M (February 2011).
5378:
4298:
4268:
4185:
4068:
3950:
3901:
3886:
3871:
3830:
3795:
3786:
3767:
3754:
3711:
3679:
3653:
3622:
3586:
3577:
3528:
3471:
3414:
3405:
3375:
3349:
3323:
3294:
3163:Handbook of Simplified Spelling
3098:. New York: Routledge. p.
3092:Goodman, Jordan Elliot (1993).
2962:
2880:List of additives in cigarettes
1479:World Health Organization (WHO)
1326:restrictions on smoking tobacco
1113:effect) as well as DNA adducts
985:cancers of the larynx and mouth
766:Safety of electronic cigarettes
432:
158:(also called an e-cigarette or
12207:Tobacco consumption by country
12103:Smoking and female infertility
10982:
10382:The Dukes of Durham, 1865-1929
10276:LaVito A (December 17, 2019).
10253:. October 2009. Archived from
9635:10.1088/0957-4484/25/34/345601
8951:Dahlberg ER (April 11, 2006),
8219:Harris G (November 10, 2010).
8118:. CBC News. November 9, 2012.
7952:O'Connell V (April 23, 2004).
7824:. Taxadmin.org. Archived from
7292:10.1596/978-1-4648-0349-9_ch10
7257:10.1016/j.mrgentox.2006.12.007
7222:10.1016/j.mrgentox.2009.05.011
5460:10.1513/annalsats.201311-391fr
5240:10.1002/14651858.CD010216.pub6
3837:Cummings KM (September 2015).
3238:Office P (December 29, 1870).
3231:
3197:
3177:Google Books Ngram Viewer for
3171:
3151:
3135:
3116:
3063:
3038:
2873:R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company
2820:authorized the selling of low-
2125:
1899:
1759:estimated trash (4.5 trillion)
1335:
1308:
710:Cigarette pack Β§ Features
415:R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company
13:
1:
12149:Tobacco-free college campuses
10914:- Smoking and Health Database
10912:US Center for Disease Control
10886:Journal of psychoactive drugs
10353:(Bracken 1996 reprint; 1931)
9727:"WHO/WPRO-Smoking Statistics"
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8317:Bardi J (November 16, 2012).
8177:. Hc-sc.gc.ca. Archived from
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5961:Edgar J (November 12, 2013).
5852:Journal of Addiction Medicine
5589:Burstyn I (January 9, 2014).
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4503:Journal of Addiction Medicine
4113:. wikihow.com. Archived from
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3922:. Retrieved October 31, 2006.
3631:"Quest for a safer cigarette"
3629:Storr W (September 6, 2012).
3032:
868:nicotine replacement products
139:in tobacco, makes cigarettes
12018:Smoking and male infertility
11280:Nicotine replacement therapy
10847:Matuszko J (November 2006).
10428:66#1 (2006), pp. 42β73
10218:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000216
10136:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000216
8203:11.suppl 1 (2002): i73-i80.
8148:. CTV News. April 20, 2008.
6270:"Why is it so hard to quit?"
6098:Journal of Adolescent Health
5864:10.1097/ADM.0000000000000049
5807:10.1097/ICO.0000000000000881
5746:European Respiratory Journal
5297:10.18773/austprescr.2015.038
5129:Siu A (September 22, 2015).
5099:10.1016/j.mayocp.2014.11.004
4923:10.1016/j.amepre.2015.01.015
4732:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000107
4515:10.1097/ADM.0000000000000043
4407:10.1016/j.amjmed.2015.01.033
4077:Food and Chemical Toxicology
3302:"Collection: Do you inhale?"
2789:nicotine replacement therapy
2761:addictive nature of nicotine
1780:Aquatic life health concerns
1617:Warning messages in packages
1603:Australian Capital Territory
1175:Current and future smokers,
916:, and other substances. Its
865:Food and Drug Administration
847:health risks of e-cigarettes
579:
357:Cigarette brands, including
240:El juego de la pelota a pala
236:La Merienda en el Manzanares
7:
11993:Smokeless tobacco keratosis
11451:Cigarette smoke carcinogens
10747:Epidemiological and medical
10426:Journal of Economic History
10411:(2 vol, Gage Cengage, 2005)
10366:. Oxford University Press.
10027:"Guide to quitting smoking"
8650:. Who.int. March 13, 2012.
6340:10.1136/bmj.38142.554479.AE
6328:BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.)
5759:10.1183/13993003.01151-2018
5135:Annals of Internal Medicine
4452:(Supplement 2): ii11βii17.
3478:Morabia A (November 2017).
3357:"Definition of coffin nail"
2827:
1646:Philip Morris International
1444:
1154:
1139:
1124:
1105:
1087:
1072:
1057:
945:Museo del Objeto del Objeto
567:but are different in taste.
529:Museo del Objeto del Objeto
38:Cigarettes (disambiguation)
10:
12327:
12078:Breastfeeding difficulties
10826:Frieden, Thomas R. et al.
10731:. London: Reaktion Books.
10620:Journal of Popular Culture
10307:
9858:"Tobacco Merchant Account"
9408:10.1002/pol.1977.170150319
9326:10.1002/app.1993.070471001
8014:. Firesafecigarettes.org.
4253:December 12, 2020, at the
4057:"13 Manufacturing Tobacco"
3982:David E. Merrill, (1994),
3907:Clean Virginia Waterways,
2752:
2392:
2369:
1751:sold yearly (5.6 trillion)
1620:
1566:
1512:
1448:
1339:
1317:
932:
928:
763:
757:
703:
670:
641:
507:
501:
183:
174:
42:
34:Cigarette (disambiguation)
31:
12265:
12194:
12157:
12129:
12120:
12068:
11983:Schizophrenia and smoking
11978:Prevalence of tobacco use
11953:Health effects of tobacco
11948:
11941:
11893:
11863:
11827:
11731:
11703:
11587:
11561:
11552:
11474:
11438:
11383:Plain cigarette packaging
11368:
11288:
11230:
11207:Schizophrenia and smoking
11167:
11124:
11078:
11047:
11034:
10990:
10894:Warner, Kenneth E. 1986.
10168:Chan AL (June 10, 2012).
9887:Innis M (June 11, 2014).
9283:"Breaking Down Cellulose"
9189:Ceredigion County Council
9175:10.1007/s10924-010-0258-0
9107:. Bat.com. Archived from
8920:10.1136/tc.11.suppl_1.i51
8272:Warning on cigarette pack
8258:October 30, 2010, at the
7988:. Freepatentsonline.com.
7440:, p. 106; Chapter 3.
6989:10.3109/15376510903530845
6954:10.1016/j.fct.2011.07.019
6659:Nature Reviews Cardiology
6507:World Health Organization
6256:December 1, 2013, at the
6160:10.1007/s40572-015-0072-x
5011:Leduc C, Quoix E (2016).
4218:10.1007/s00244-004-0132-y
4169:. ttb.gov. Archived from
4089:10.1016/j.fct.2008.02.021
4065:. Retrieved May 11, 2011.
3985:"How cigarettes are made"
3914:January 26, 2009, at the
3776:Oncology (Williston Park)
3687:"Safer cigarette history"
3268:James R (June 15, 2009).
3242:– via Google Books.
3212:Oxford English Dictionary
3194:in US and British corpora
3159:Simplified Spelling Board
3124:Oxford English Dictionary
2365:
2184:
2150:Cigarette salespeople in
2060:Factors in biodegradation
1806:of both marine topsmelt (
1738:3.4 grams (0.12 oz)
1662:plain cigarette packaging
1595:Newfoundland and Labrador
1044:
1042:Micrograms per cigarette
1001:World Health Organization
935:Health effects of tobacco
179:
11908:Islamic views on tobacco
11398:Tobacco control movement
10941:August 15, 2019, at the
10462:Hirschfelder, Arlene B.
9801:10.1001/jama.2013.284692
9194:January 8, 2009, at the
8910:(Suppl 1). pp. I51βI61;
8593:. London. Archived from
8585:Marks K (July 9, 2008).
8066:. Fire Safe Cigarettes.
7736:"Higher Cigarette Taxes"
7018:Speit G, Merk O (2002).
5667:10.4081/monaldi.2013.104
5188:10.1177/0194599814536847
5029:10.1177/1753465815621233
4560:Tobacco Induced Diseases
3988:. Video presentation at
3816:10.1001/jama.280.13.1173
3496:10.2105/AJPH.2017.304087
3333:. Gutenberg.spiegel.de.
2992:. 2016. pp. 1β298.
2863:American Tobacco Company
2395:List of cigarette brands
2389:Notable cigarette brands
1654:British American Tobacco
1324:Many governments impose
1047:
1041:
1038:
497:
407:American Tobacco Company
12028:Tobacco-free pharmacies
11308:Disinformation playbook
10801:10.1093/jnci/91.14.1194
10521:Business History Review
10031:American Cancer Society
10016:NCI's Smoking 2007, p.7
9950:March 25, 2019, at the
9485:Encyclopædia Britannica
8616:Pidd H (July 4, 2011).
7959:The Wall Street Journal
7738:. Tobaccofreekids.org.
7654:March 26, 2009, at the
7037:10.1093/mutage/17.3.183
6756:10.1136/bmj.320.7226.53
6671:10.1038/nrcardio.2013.8
6580:Board (June 24, 2005).
5608:10.1186/1471-2458-14-18
5086:Mayo Clinic Proceedings
4788:"Electronic cigarettes"
4573:10.1186/1617-9625-12-21
4499:"Electronic Cigarettes"
4246:Kathleen M. Register. "
3740:10.1080/009841097160393
3217:Oxford University Press
2781:gamma-aminobutyric acid
2599:Natural American Spirit
2372:Lights (cigarette type)
1743:sold daily (15 billion)
1525:fire-standard compliant
1433:regularly performed by
1093:8-oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine
478:Burning point and ashes
472:Tobacco and ingredients
441:Diagram of a cigarette
11298:Cultivation of tobacco
11248:Heated tobacco product
11222:Tobacco harm reduction
11041:
10888:21.3 (1989): 281-291.
10782:Hecht SS (July 1999).
10540:(1959), by a scholar.
10477:Cigarettes are Sublime
9251:10.1105/tpc.111.092411
8867:10.1136/tc.2010.040170
8562:. Al Jazeera English.
8281:. Tobacco in Pakistan.
7762:"Closing in on cancer"
6977:Toxicol. Mech. Methods
6830:on September 10, 2008.
4141:Roll Your Own Magazine
3553:10.1136/tc.2005.012294
3190:July 29, 2020, at the
2158:
2143:
2105:
2052:
1933:
1920:
1702:
1668:Prohibition of tobacco
1497:to $ 8.00 per pack in
1470:
1376:
1299:respiratory infections
948:
880:serious adverse events
861:tobacco harm reduction
806:, the user inhales an
779:
701:
531:
510:List of rolling papers
482:
366:
335:
296:
203:
80:, that is rolled into
69:
57:
12285:Electronic cigarettes
12108:Smoking and pregnancy
11903:Smoking in Jewish law
11504:Electronic cigarettes
11040:
10928:May 17, 2014, at the
10676:24.2 (1947): 207-223.
10447:Tobacco and Americans
10407:Goodman, Jordan, ed.
10394:(U of Chicago, 2018)
10349:Corti, Count. (1931)
10329:(Little, Brown, 1952)
10308:Further information:
10079:10.1056/NEJMra0809890
9576:10.3390/ijerph6051691
8824:"CigaretteLitter.org"
8765:The Houston Chronicle
8727:10.3390/ijerph6051691
8277:June 1, 2016, at the
7798:. November 17, 1996.
7674:. September 1, 2005.
7126:10.1093/toxsci/kfr133
7077:10.1093/toxsci/kfp133
6715:. December 31, 1999.
6460:10.1056/NEJMra0809890
6377:July 9, 2021, at the
5285:Australian Prescriber
4263:Underwater Naturalist
3944:May 16, 2011, at the
3547:(Suppl 3): iii19β25.
3439:10.2471/BLT.06.031682
3282:on September 21, 2011
2223:Eastern Mediterranean
2149:
2133:
2103:
2050:
1992:O β alcohol + acetate
1931:
1918:
1879:Other health concerns
1700:
1693:Environmental effects
1563:Cigarette advertising
1468:
1367:
1318:Further information:
1225:United States (2011)
942:
845:The benefits and the
777:
764:Further information:
700:, lying on dirty snow
695:
526:
440:
356:
342:but the link between
329:
287:
226:and is documented in
193:
63:
55:
12139:List of smoking bans
12098:Ptosis of the breast
12055:World No Tobacco Day
11270:Electronic cigarette
10820:78 (2000): 891-901.
10788:J. Natl. Cancer Inst
10767:10.1093/jnci/66.1.27
10755:J. Natl. Cancer Inst
10699:Werner, Carl Avery.
10632:Tennant, Richard B.
10553:Rothfeder, Jeffrey.
10546:Robinson, Daniel J.
10523:43.1 (1969): 59-76.
10449:(McGraw-Hill, 1960)
10351:A history of smoking
10063:"Nicotine addiction"
9030:on February 25, 2009
8804:on November 26, 2008
8597:on November 11, 2012
8133:by an appeals court.
8096:on February 23, 2009
7868:on February 23, 2009
7627:. NationMaster.com.
7481:Tobacco Free Florida
6516:on September 6, 2005
6444:"Nicotine Addiction"
6406:on December 29, 2009
5510:10.1057/jphp.2010.41
5279:McDonough M (2015).
4117:on February 22, 2014
4063:on December 3, 2011.
4009:on February 12, 2009
3782:(12). December 1999.
3157:Henry Gallup Paine,
3145:, No. 7-1880, 1881,
2929:Electronic cigarette
2008:of the reaction are
1541:fire safe cigarettes
1437:officers in the UK,
1410:in public places in
1320:List of smoking bans
1314:Smoking restrictions
1177:ages 15+ (millions)
760:Electronic cigarette
754:Electronic cigarette
263:James Albert Bonsack
202:using a smoking tube
198:, Mexico, depicting
156:electronic cigarette
66:electronic cigarette
56:A filtered cigarette
45:Cig (disambiguation)
32:For other uses, see
12311:American inventions
12008:Stomatitis nicotina
11962:Nicotine withdrawal
11378:Cigarette smuggling
11303:Tobacco advertising
11187:Nicotine dependence
10533:48.1 (1971): 31-43.
10509:Parker-Pope, Tara.
10445:Heimann, Robert K.
10346:(Harvard UP, 1980).
10007:Benowitz 2005, p. 1
9733:on November 8, 2009
9626:2014Nanot..25H5601L
9512:on October 12, 2009
9400:1977JPoSA..15..725H
9056:on October 17, 2009
8535:. August 15, 2012.
8393:. November 24, 2001
7828:on November 9, 2009
7457:on October 16, 2009
6204:2015NYASA1340...65R
5703:10.5993/AJHB.43.1.8
4829:2014NatSR...4E4133F
4786:McRobbie H (2014).
4259:Longwood University
3920:Longwood University
3732:1997JTEHA..50..307H
3695:. October 2, 2001.
3635:The Daily Telegraph
3421:Proctor RN (2006).
3310:Stanford University
3215:(Online ed.).
3143:The Spelling Reform
2851:, the current name
2431:Benson & Hedges
2287:Cigarettes consumed
2282:Cigarettes consumed
2270:
2179:
1960:O) reacts with the
1829:
1818:Pimephales promelas
1723:
1569:Tobacco advertising
1515:Fire-safe cigarette
1509:Fire-safe cigarette
1211:Russian Federation
1168:
1035:
912:, as well as metal
894:ultrafine particles
617:cigarette additives
448:Filtration material
411:Liggett & Myers
403:James Buchanan Duke
12252:Nicotine marketing
12212:History of smoking
12159:Country and region
12003:Smoker's melanosis
11957:Nicotine poisoning
11192:Nicotine poisoning
11042:
10662:Tilley, Nannie M.
10652:Tilley, Nannie M.
10563:Sivulka, Juliann.
10380:Durden, Robert F.
10342:Cochran, Sherman.
10325:Brooks, Jerome E.
9998:U.S. National 2004
9893:The New York Times
9671:The Age(Melbourne)
9353:10.1007/bf02920592
9347:. 34/35: 725β736.
9287:large.stanford.edu
8861:(Suppl_1): 25β29.
8449:on August 30, 2011
8226:The New York Times
7929:. Deutsche Welle.
7796:Washingtonpost.com
7510:"Secondhand Smoke"
7451:"Secondhand Smoke"
6942:Food Chem. Toxicol
6899:Kastan MB (2008).
6212:10.1111/nyas.12609
4981:10.1002/lary.24750
4817:Scientific Reports
4681:10.3322/caac.21413
3878:Teague CE (1972).
3165:, New York, 1920,
3069:Robicsek, Francis
2549:Lambert and Butler
2268:
2177:
2159:
2144:
2106:
2053:
1934:
1921:
1823:
1809:Atherinops affinis
1721:
1703:
1607:retail display ban
1551:the paper slurry.
1471:
1408:cigarette machines
1377:
1373:cigarette machines
1261:Ulcerative colitis
1247:Bangladesh (2009)
1166:
1027:
973:chronic bronchitis
967:(COPD) (including
949:
898:particulate matter
857:nicotine addiction
810:, commonly called
780:
702:
532:
483:
367:
363:Shaftesbury Avenue
336:
313:Helmuth von Moltke
297:
257:in British slang.
204:
186:History of tobacco
94:cannabis cigarette
70:
58:
12293:
12292:
12227:Smoking fetishism
12190:
12189:
12116:
12115:
12070:Women and smoking
12023:Smoking cessation
11889:
11888:
11512:
11511:
11388:Legal smoking age
11364:
11363:
11217:Smoking cessation
11154:Smoking fetishism
10840:(Vintage, 1997).
10836:Kluger, Richard.
10738:978-1-86189-200-3
10719:Woofter Jr. T.J.
10709:Winkler, John K.
10683:(Praeger, 1971).
10625:Swanson, Drew A.
10622:17 (1984): 45-57.
10536:Robert,Joseph C.
10489:(Vintage, 1997).
10485:Kluger, Richard.
10455:Hilton, Matthew,
9757:The Tobacco Atlas
9461:on April 26, 2015
9440:10.1002/app.26386
9320:(10): 1709β1719.
9133:. June 18, 2008.
8475:. June 11, 2016.
7710:Our World in Data
7605:. October 4, 2023
7341:(11): 1429β1434.
7301:978-1-4648-0349-9
7175:10.1021/ja2004686
6872:"Tobacco Smoking"
6454:(24): 2295β2303.
6054:10.1111/add.12659
5595:BMC Public Health
5410:978-0-309-46834-3
4974:(12): 2702β2706.
4837:10.1038/srep04133
4726:(16): 1418β1436.
4346:10.1586/ers.11.92
4282:. June 21, 2013.
3990:Philip Morris USA
3610:on March 22, 2012
3490:(11): 1708β1710.
3223:(Subscription or
3109:978-0-415-04963-4
2959:
2958:
2857:the original name
2855:Philip Morris USA
2769:neurotransmitters
2755:Smoking cessation
2749:Smoking cessation
2363:
2362:
2266:
2265:
2069:assay systems of
1982:chemical reaction
1876:
1875:
1812:) and freshwater
1766:
1765:
1727:Number of filters
1707:cellulose acetate
1641:bland olive green
1601:, Canada and the
1493:1.18 per pack in
1466:
1435:Trading Standards
1355:prairie provinces
1330:second-hand smoke
1294:Second-hand smoke
1289:Second-hand smoke
1265:Alzheimer disease
1257:
1256:
1200:Indonesia (2011)
1164:
1163:
989:pancreatic cancer
876:smokeless tobacco
852:smoking cessation
746:, partnered with
679:cellulose acetate
559:. At this stage,
492:cellulose acetate
454:Ventilation holes
334:brand cigarettes.
137:psychoactive drug
16:(Redirected from
12318:
12273:
12272:
12257:Tobacco industry
12134:Inflight smoking
12127:
12126:
11988:Sidestream smoke
11973:Third-hand smoke
11946:
11945:
11559:
11558:
11539:
11532:
11525:
11516:
11515:
11492:
11491:
11482:
11481:
11446:Cigarette brands
11413:Tobacco politics
11321:
11320:
11290:Tobacco industry
11243:Herbal cigarette
11231:Related products
11212:Sidestream smoke
11202:Third-hand smoke
10977:
10970:
10963:
10954:
10953:
10874:
10872:
10870:
10864:
10853:
10813:
10803:
10794:(14): 1194β210.
10778:
10742:
10636:(Yale UP, 1950)
10605:
10589:
10584:Sobel R (1974).
10475:Klein, Richard.
10435:Harrald, Chris.
10377:
10298:
10297:
10295:
10293:
10273:
10267:
10266:
10264:
10262:
10257:on June 25, 2013
10247:
10241:
10240:
10230:
10220:
10196:
10190:
10189:
10187:
10185:
10165:
10159:
10158:
10148:
10138:
10114:
10101:
10100:
10090:
10073:(24): 2295β303.
10058:
10047:
10046:
10044:
10042:
10037:on June 27, 2010
10023:
10017:
10014:
10008:
10005:
9999:
9996:
9990:
9987:
9981:
9980:
9978:
9976:
9971:on April 1, 2012
9967:. Archived from
9961:
9955:
9941:
9935:
9934:
9932:
9930:
9915:
9909:
9908:
9906:
9904:
9884:
9878:
9877:
9875:
9873:
9864:. May 21, 2019.
9854:
9848:
9847:
9845:
9843:
9828:
9822:
9821:
9803:
9779:
9773:
9772:
9770:
9768:
9749:
9743:
9742:
9740:
9738:
9723:
9717:
9716:
9714:
9712:
9697:
9691:
9690:
9688:
9686:
9662:
9656:
9655:
9637:
9605:
9599:
9598:
9588:
9578:
9569:(5): 1691β1705.
9554:
9548:
9547:
9545:
9543:
9528:
9522:
9521:
9519:
9517:
9502:
9496:
9495:
9493:
9491:
9477:
9471:
9470:
9468:
9466:
9457:. Archived from
9451:
9445:
9444:
9442:
9433:(6): 3235β3239.
9418:
9412:
9411:
9383:
9377:
9376:
9374:
9372:
9336:
9330:
9329:
9309:
9303:
9302:
9300:
9298:
9279:
9273:
9272:
9262:
9230:
9224:
9223:
9221:
9219:
9210:. Longwood.edu.
9204:
9198:
9186:
9180:
9179:
9177:
9153:
9147:
9146:
9144:
9142:
9127:
9121:
9120:
9118:
9116:
9111:on March 3, 2012
9101:
9092:
9091:
9089:
9087:
9072:
9066:
9065:
9063:
9061:
9046:
9040:
9039:
9037:
9035:
9026:. Archived from
9015:
9009:
9008:
9006:
9004:
8989:
8983:
8982:
8980:
8978:
8963:
8957:
8956:
8948:
8942:
8941:
8931:
8895:
8889:
8888:
8878:
8846:
8840:
8839:
8837:
8835:
8826:. Archived from
8820:
8814:
8813:
8811:
8809:
8803:
8797:. Archived from
8796:
8788:
8782:
8781:
8779:
8777:
8756:
8750:
8749:
8739:
8729:
8705:
8699:
8696:
8690:
8689:
8687:
8685:
8670:
8664:
8663:
8661:
8659:
8644:
8638:
8637:
8635:
8633:
8613:
8607:
8606:
8604:
8602:
8582:
8576:
8575:
8573:
8571:
8558:Parameswaran G.
8555:
8549:
8548:
8546:
8544:
8525:
8519:
8518:
8516:
8514:
8505:. May 20, 2016.
8495:
8489:
8488:
8486:
8484:
8465:
8459:
8458:
8456:
8454:
8439:
8433:
8432:
8430:
8428:
8409:
8403:
8402:
8400:
8398:
8387:
8381:
8375:
8369:
8368:
8366:
8364:
8346:
8314:
8308:
8307:
8305:
8303:
8288:
8282:
8269:
8263:
8249:
8243:
8242:
8240:
8238:
8216:
8207:
8197:
8191:
8190:
8188:
8186:
8171:
8165:
8164:
8159:
8157:
8142:
8136:
8135:
8129:
8127:
8112:
8106:
8105:
8103:
8101:
8086:
8080:
8079:
8077:
8075:
8060:
8054:
8053:
8051:
8049:
8034:
8028:
8027:
8025:
8023:
8008:
8002:
8001:
7999:
7997:
7982:
7976:
7975:
7973:
7971:
7949:
7943:
7942:
7940:
7938:
7923:
7917:
7916:
7914:
7912:
7887:
7881:
7880:
7875:
7873:
7864:. Archived from
7844:
7838:
7837:
7835:
7833:
7818:
7812:
7811:
7809:
7807:
7788:
7782:
7781:
7779:
7777:
7758:
7752:
7751:
7749:
7747:
7732:
7726:
7725:
7723:
7721:
7704:(May 23, 2013).
7694:
7688:
7687:
7685:
7683:
7664:
7658:
7647:
7641:
7640:
7638:
7636:
7621:
7615:
7614:
7612:
7610:
7599:
7593:
7587:
7581:
7580:
7578:
7576:
7561:
7555:
7554:
7552:
7550:
7535:
7526:
7525:
7523:
7521:
7506:
7497:
7496:
7494:
7492:
7473:
7467:
7466:
7464:
7462:
7447:
7441:
7435:
7418:
7417:
7399:
7375:
7369:
7368:
7350:
7326:
7320:
7319:
7318:
7316:
7275:
7269:
7268:
7240:
7234:
7233:
7205:
7199:
7198:
7196:
7194:
7163:J. Am. Chem. Soc
7154:
7148:
7147:
7137:
7105:
7099:
7098:
7088:
7056:
7050:
7049:
7039:
7015:
7009:
7008:
6972:
6966:
6965:
6937:
6931:
6930:
6920:
6896:
6890:
6889:
6887:
6876:
6868:
6862:
6861:
6859:
6857:
6838:
6832:
6831:
6829:
6822:
6814:
6808:
6807:
6805:
6803:
6784:
6778:
6777:
6767:
6735:
6729:
6728:
6726:
6724:
6705:
6699:
6698:
6654:
6645:
6644:
6639:
6637:
6613:
6603:
6597:
6596:
6594:
6592:
6577:
6571:
6570:
6565:
6563:
6535:
6529:
6528:
6523:
6521:
6515:
6504:
6496:
6490:
6489:
6479:
6439:
6430:
6429:
6423:
6415:
6413:
6411:
6405:
6399:. Archived from
6398:
6390:
6381:
6368:
6362:
6361:
6351:
6319:
6313:
6312:
6310:
6308:
6292:
6286:
6285:
6283:
6281:
6266:
6260:
6246:
6240:
6239:
6187:
6181:
6180:
6162:
6138:
6132:
6131:
6113:
6089:
6083:
6082:
6080:
6065:
6039:
6030:
6021:
6015:
6014:
6010:
6008:
6006:
5991:
5985:
5984:
5982:
5980:
5958:
5952:
5951:
5941:
5909:
5894:
5893:
5883:
5843:
5837:
5836:
5826:
5801:(7): 1015β1018.
5786:
5780:
5779:
5761:
5737:
5731:
5730:
5686:
5680:
5679:
5669:
5645:
5639:
5638:
5628:
5610:
5586:
5580:
5579:
5569:
5529:
5523:
5522:
5512:
5488:
5482:
5481:
5471:
5439:
5430:
5429:
5427:
5394:
5382:
5376:
5370:
5369:
5365:
5363:
5356:
5348:
5342:
5336:
5327:
5326:
5316:
5276:
5270:
5269:
5259:
5219:
5210:
5209:
5199:
5167:
5161:
5160:
5150:
5148:10.7326/M15-2023
5126:
5120:
5119:
5101:
5077:
5071:
5065:
5059:
5058:
5048:
5008:
5002:
5001:
4983:
4968:The Laryngoscope
4959:
4953:
4952:
4942:
4902:
4896:
4895:
4893:
4891:
4885:
4874:
4865:
4859:
4858:
4848:
4808:
4802:
4801:
4799:
4792:
4783:
4777:
4776:
4774:
4772:
4766:
4743:
4717:
4708:
4702:
4701:
4683:
4659:
4653:
4652:
4642:
4602:
4596:
4595:
4585:
4575:
4551:
4545:
4544:
4534:
4494:
4488:
4487:
4477:
4440:Cheng T (2014).
4437:
4428:
4427:
4409:
4385:
4374:
4373:
4329:
4323:
4322:
4320:
4318:
4309:. Archived from
4302:
4296:
4295:
4293:
4291:
4272:
4266:
4244:
4238:
4237:
4201:
4192:
4189:
4183:
4182:
4180:
4178:
4163:
4157:
4156:
4154:
4152:
4133:
4127:
4126:
4124:
4122:
4107:
4101:
4100:
4072:
4066:
4064:
4059:. Archived from
4053:
4047:
4045:
4043:
4041:
4027:Grant Gellatly,
4025:
4019:
4018:
4016:
4014:
3999:
3993:
3980:
3967:
3965:
3964:on May 24, 2008.
3960:. Archived from
3954:
3948:
3932:
3923:
3905:
3899:
3898:
3890:
3884:
3883:
3875:
3869:
3868:
3858:
3834:
3828:
3827:
3799:
3793:
3790:
3784:
3783:
3771:
3765:
3758:
3752:
3751:
3715:
3709:
3708:
3706:
3704:
3683:
3677:
3676:
3674:
3672:
3657:
3651:
3650:
3648:
3646:
3626:
3620:
3619:
3617:
3615:
3609:
3598:
3590:
3584:
3581:
3575:
3574:
3564:
3532:
3526:
3525:
3515:
3475:
3469:
3468:
3458:
3418:
3412:
3409:
3403:
3402:
3400:
3398:
3389:. Archived from
3379:
3373:
3372:
3370:
3368:
3353:
3347:
3346:
3344:
3342:
3327:
3321:
3320:
3318:
3316:
3298:
3292:
3291:
3289:
3287:
3278:. Archived from
3265:
3259:
3253:
3244:
3243:
3235:
3229:
3228:
3220:
3208:
3201:
3195:
3175:
3169:
3155:
3149:
3139:
3133:
3120:
3114:
3113:
3089:
3078:
3067:
3061:
3060:
3058:
3056:
3042:
3028:
3026:
3019:
3005:
3004:
3000:
2998:
2983:
2974:
2934:Herbal cigarette
2908:Similar products
2839:Tobacco industry
2833:
2639:Peter Stuyvesant
2271:
2267:
2185:Percent smoking
2180:
2176:
2090:photodegradation
2084:Photodegradation
2042:oligosaccharides
1988:acetic ester + H
1910:photodegradation
1830:
1822:
1724:
1720:
1658:Imperial Tobacco
1575:British Columbia
1467:
1397:candy cigarettes
1385:Northern Ireland
1169:
1165:
1036:
1026:
872:tobacco products
828:propylene glycol
818:that atomizes a
786:) is a handheld
744:British Columbia
673:Cigarette filter
667:Cigarette filter
606:flavor companies
590:propylene glycol
463:Sidestream smoke
445:Mainstream smoke
365:, London in 1949
361:, advertised in
242:(18th century).
214:, and later the
145:secondhand smoke
141:highly addictive
98:herbal cigarette
21:
12326:
12325:
12321:
12320:
12319:
12317:
12316:
12315:
12296:
12295:
12294:
12289:
12261:
12186:
12153:
12112:
12088:Cervical cancer
12064:
11968:Passive smoking
11937:
11918:Ceremonial pipe
11885:
11859:
11823:
11727:
11699:
11583:
11554:
11548:
11546:Tobacco smoking
11543:
11513:
11508:
11470:
11434:
11370:
11360:
11319:
11284:
11238:Candy cigarette
11226:
11197:Passive smoking
11163:
11159:Tobacco smoking
11120:
11116:Vending machine
11074:
11043:
11032:
10986:
10981:
10943:Wayback Machine
10930:Wayback Machine
10908:
10868:
10866:
10862:
10851:
10749:
10739:
10689:Wailoo, Keith.
10679:Wagner, Susan.
10602:
10573:Sobel, Robert.
10567:(2nd ed. 2012)
10417:Hahn, Barbara.
10374:
10315:Brandt, Allan.
10312:
10306:
10304:Further reading
10301:
10291:
10289:
10274:
10270:
10260:
10258:
10249:
10248:
10244:
10211:(2): e1000216.
10197:
10193:
10183:
10181:
10174:Huffington Post
10166:
10162:
10129:(2): e1000216.
10115:
10104:
10059:
10050:
10040:
10038:
10025:
10024:
10020:
10015:
10011:
10006:
10002:
9997:
9993:
9988:
9984:
9974:
9972:
9963:
9962:
9958:
9952:Wayback Machine
9942:
9938:
9928:
9926:
9917:
9916:
9912:
9902:
9900:
9885:
9881:
9871:
9869:
9862:Allied Payments
9856:
9855:
9851:
9841:
9839:
9834:. August 2018.
9830:
9829:
9825:
9780:
9776:
9766:
9764:
9751:
9750:
9746:
9736:
9734:
9725:
9724:
9720:
9710:
9708:
9699:
9698:
9694:
9684:
9682:
9663:
9659:
9606:
9602:
9555:
9551:
9541:
9539:
9530:
9529:
9525:
9515:
9513:
9504:
9503:
9499:
9489:
9487:
9479:
9478:
9474:
9464:
9462:
9453:
9452:
9448:
9419:
9415:
9384:
9380:
9370:
9368:
9337:
9333:
9310:
9306:
9296:
9294:
9281:
9280:
9276:
9231:
9227:
9217:
9215:
9206:
9205:
9201:
9196:Wayback Machine
9187:
9183:
9154:
9150:
9140:
9138:
9131:"Kicking butts"
9129:
9128:
9124:
9114:
9112:
9103:
9102:
9095:
9085:
9083:
9074:
9073:
9069:
9059:
9057:
9048:
9047:
9043:
9033:
9031:
9016:
9012:
9002:
9000:
8999:on July 8, 2009
8991:
8990:
8986:
8976:
8974:
8965:
8964:
8960:
8949:
8945:
8896:
8892:
8855:Tobacco Control
8847:
8843:
8833:
8831:
8830:on May 22, 2007
8822:
8821:
8817:
8807:
8805:
8801:
8794:
8790:
8789:
8785:
8775:
8773:
8758:
8757:
8753:
8720:(5): 1691β705.
8706:
8702:
8697:
8693:
8683:
8681:
8672:
8671:
8667:
8657:
8655:
8646:
8645:
8641:
8631:
8629:
8614:
8610:
8600:
8598:
8591:The Independent
8583:
8579:
8569:
8567:
8556:
8552:
8542:
8540:
8527:
8526:
8522:
8512:
8510:
8503:The Independent
8497:
8496:
8492:
8482:
8480:
8473:The Independent
8467:
8466:
8462:
8452:
8450:
8441:
8440:
8436:
8426:
8424:
8411:
8410:
8406:
8396:
8394:
8389:
8388:
8384:
8376:
8372:
8362:
8360:
8323:Tobacco Control
8315:
8311:
8301:
8299:
8298:on May 24, 2013
8290:
8289:
8285:
8279:Wayback Machine
8270:
8266:
8260:Wayback Machine
8250:
8246:
8236:
8234:
8217:
8210:
8201:Tobacco control
8198:
8194:
8184:
8182:
8181:on June 7, 2011
8173:
8172:
8168:
8155:
8153:
8144:
8143:
8139:
8125:
8123:
8114:
8113:
8109:
8099:
8097:
8088:
8087:
8083:
8073:
8071:
8062:
8061:
8057:
8047:
8045:
8044:on May 12, 2008
8036:
8035:
8031:
8021:
8019:
8010:
8009:
8005:
7995:
7993:
7984:
7983:
7979:
7969:
7967:
7950:
7946:
7936:
7934:
7925:
7924:
7920:
7910:
7908:
7889:
7888:
7884:
7871:
7869:
7846:
7845:
7841:
7831:
7829:
7820:
7819:
7815:
7805:
7803:
7790:
7789:
7785:
7775:
7773:
7760:
7759:
7755:
7745:
7743:
7734:
7733:
7729:
7719:
7717:
7695:
7691:
7681:
7679:
7666:
7665:
7661:
7656:Wayback Machine
7648:
7644:
7634:
7632:
7623:
7622:
7618:
7608:
7606:
7601:
7600:
7596:
7588:
7584:
7574:
7572:
7563:
7562:
7558:
7548:
7546:
7537:
7536:
7529:
7519:
7517:
7508:
7507:
7500:
7490:
7488:
7475:
7474:
7470:
7460:
7458:
7449:
7448:
7444:
7436:
7421:
7376:
7372:
7327:
7323:
7314:
7312:
7302:
7276:
7272:
7241:
7237:
7206:
7202:
7192:
7190:
7155:
7151:
7106:
7102:
7057:
7053:
7016:
7012:
6973:
6969:
6948:(11): 2921β33.
6938:
6934:
6905:Mol. Cancer Res
6897:
6893:
6885:
6874:
6870:
6869:
6865:
6855:
6853:
6840:
6839:
6835:
6827:
6820:
6816:
6815:
6811:
6801:
6799:
6786:
6785:
6781:
6738:Shaw M (2000).
6736:
6732:
6722:
6720:
6707:
6706:
6702:
6655:
6648:
6635:
6633:
6626:
6611:
6605:
6604:
6600:
6590:
6588:
6578:
6574:
6561:
6559:
6536:
6532:
6519:
6517:
6513:
6502:
6498:
6497:
6493:
6440:
6433:
6417:
6416:
6409:
6407:
6403:
6396:
6394:"Archived copy"
6392:
6391:
6384:
6379:Wayback Machine
6369:
6365:
6320:
6316:
6306:
6304:
6293:
6289:
6279:
6277:
6268:
6267:
6263:
6258:Wayback Machine
6247:
6243:
6188:
6184:
6139:
6135:
6090:
6086:
6078:
6048:(11): 1801β10.
6037:
6031:
6024:
6012:
6004:
6002:
5993:
5992:
5988:
5978:
5976:
5959:
5955:
5924:(19): 1972β86.
5910:
5897:
5844:
5840:
5787:
5783:
5738:
5734:
5687:
5683:
5646:
5642:
5587:
5583:
5530:
5526:
5489:
5485:
5440:
5433:
5425:
5411:
5392:
5383:
5379:
5367:
5361:
5354:
5350:
5349:
5345:
5337:
5330:
5277:
5273:
5234:(6): CD010216.
5220:
5213:
5168:
5164:
5127:
5123:
5078:
5074:
5066:
5062:
5009:
5005:
4960:
4956:
4903:
4899:
4889:
4887:
4886:on July 8, 2015
4883:
4872:
4866:
4862:
4809:
4805:
4797:
4790:
4784:
4780:
4770:
4768:
4764:
4715:
4709:
4705:
4660:
4656:
4611:Tobacco Control
4603:
4599:
4552:
4548:
4495:
4491:
4446:Tobacco Control
4438:
4431:
4386:
4377:
4330:
4326:
4316:
4314:
4303:
4299:
4289:
4287:
4274:
4273:
4269:
4255:Wayback Machine
4245:
4241:
4202:
4195:
4190:
4186:
4176:
4174:
4165:
4164:
4160:
4150:
4148:
4135:
4134:
4130:
4120:
4118:
4109:
4108:
4104:
4073:
4069:
4055:
4054:
4050:
4039:
4037:
4028:
4026:
4022:
4012:
4010:
4001:
4000:
3996:
3981:
3970:
3956:
3955:
3951:
3946:Wayback Machine
3933:
3926:
3916:Wayback Machine
3906:
3902:
3893:Dunn W (1977).
3891:
3887:
3876:
3872:
3843:Tobacco Control
3835:
3831:
3810:(13): 1173β81.
3800:
3796:
3791:
3787:
3773:
3772:
3768:
3759:
3755:
3716:
3712:
3702:
3700:
3685:
3684:
3680:
3670:
3668:
3659:
3658:
3654:
3644:
3642:
3627:
3623:
3613:
3611:
3607:
3596:
3592:
3591:
3587:
3582:
3578:
3533:
3529:
3476:
3472:
3419:
3415:
3410:
3406:
3396:
3394:
3393:on May 20, 2021
3381:
3380:
3376:
3366:
3364:
3355:
3354:
3350:
3340:
3338:
3329:
3328:
3324:
3314:
3312:
3300:
3299:
3295:
3285:
3283:
3266:
3262:
3254:
3247:
3236:
3232:
3222:
3202:
3198:
3192:Wayback Machine
3176:
3172:
3156:
3152:
3140:
3136:
3121:
3117:
3110:
3090:
3081:
3068:
3064:
3054:
3052:
3044:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3024:
3017:
3002:
2996:
2981:
2965:
2960:
2895:Tobacco smoking
2890:Smoking culture
2830:
2757:
2751:
2746:
2524:Golden Virginia
2397:
2391:
2374:
2368:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2256:Western Pacific
2140:New South Wales
2128:
2098:
2086:
2062:
2038:polysaccharides
2003:
1991:
1959:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1926:
1902:
1886:bioaccumulation
1881:
1839:Fathead minnow
1836:Marine topsmelt
1827:
1805:
1800:
1796:
1782:
1695:
1670:
1625:
1619:
1571:
1565:
1539:have developed
1517:
1511:
1455:
1453:
1447:
1404:North Macedonia
1344:
1338:
1322:
1316:
1311:
1291:
1274:
937:
931:
926:
884:adverse effects
820:liquid solution
816:heating element
804:cigarette smoke
794:that simulates
772:
762:
756:
712:
690:
675:
669:
649:Cigarette tubes
646:
640:
582:
521:
512:
506:
500:
481:
435:
399:
317:Turkish tobacco
274:Ottoman Turkish
188:
182:
177:
125:health problems
48:
41:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
12324:
12314:
12313:
12308:
12291:
12290:
12288:
12287:
12282:
12277:
12266:
12263:
12262:
12260:
12259:
12254:
12249:
12244:
12239:
12237:Smoking jacket
12234:
12229:
12224:
12219:
12214:
12209:
12204:
12198:
12196:
12192:
12191:
12188:
12187:
12185:
12184:
12179:
12174:
12169:
12163:
12161:
12155:
12154:
12152:
12151:
12146:
12141:
12136:
12130:
12124:
12118:
12117:
12114:
12113:
12111:
12110:
12105:
12100:
12095:
12090:
12085:
12080:
12074:
12072:
12066:
12065:
12063:
12062:
12057:
12052:
12051:
12050:
12045:
12035:
12030:
12025:
12020:
12015:
12010:
12005:
12000:
11995:
11990:
11985:
11980:
11975:
11970:
11965:
11959:
11949:
11943:
11939:
11938:
11936:
11935:
11930:
11925:
11920:
11915:
11910:
11905:
11899:
11897:
11891:
11890:
11887:
11886:
11884:
11883:
11878:
11873:
11867:
11865:
11861:
11860:
11858:
11857:
11852:
11847:
11842:
11837:
11831:
11829:
11825:
11824:
11822:
11821:
11819:United Kingdom
11816:
11811:
11806:
11801:
11796:
11791:
11786:
11781:
11776:
11771:
11766:
11761:
11756:
11751:
11746:
11741:
11735:
11733:
11729:
11728:
11726:
11725:
11720:
11718:
11713:
11707:
11705:
11701:
11700:
11698:
11697:
11692:
11687:
11682:
11677:
11672:
11667:
11662:
11657:
11652:
11647:
11642:
11637:
11632:
11627:
11622:
11617:
11612:
11607:
11602:
11597:
11591:
11589:
11585:
11584:
11582:
11581:
11576:
11571:
11565:
11563:
11556:
11550:
11549:
11542:
11541:
11534:
11527:
11519:
11510:
11509:
11507:
11506:
11501:
11496:
11486:
11475:
11472:
11471:
11469:
11468:
11463:
11461:Rolling papers
11458:
11453:
11448:
11442:
11440:
11436:
11435:
11433:
11432:
11431:
11430:
11425:
11415:
11410:
11405:
11400:
11395:
11390:
11385:
11380:
11374:
11372:
11366:
11365:
11362:
11361:
11359:
11358:
11353:
11348:
11343:
11338:
11333:
11327:
11325:
11318:
11317:
11310:
11305:
11300:
11294:
11292:
11286:
11285:
11283:
11282:
11277:
11275:Nicotine pouch
11272:
11267:
11262:
11261:
11260:
11255:
11245:
11240:
11234:
11232:
11228:
11227:
11225:
11224:
11219:
11214:
11209:
11204:
11199:
11194:
11189:
11184:
11179:
11173:
11171:
11165:
11164:
11162:
11161:
11156:
11151:
11146:
11141:
11136:
11134:Cigarette card
11130:
11128:
11122:
11121:
11119:
11118:
11113:
11108:
11103:
11098:
11093:
11088:
11082:
11080:
11076:
11075:
11073:
11072:
11067:
11062:
11057:
11051:
11049:
11045:
11044:
11035:
11033:
11031:
11030:
11025:
11020:
11015:
11010:
11005:
11000:
10994:
10992:
10988:
10987:
10980:
10979:
10972:
10965:
10957:
10951:
10950:
10945:
10933:
10920:
10915:
10907:
10906:External links
10904:
10903:
10902:
10892:
10882:
10875:
10844:
10834:
10824:
10814:
10779:
10748:
10745:
10744:
10743:
10737:
10724:
10717:
10707:
10697:
10687:
10677:
10670:
10660:
10650:
10640:
10630:
10623:
10616:
10609:Starks, Tricia
10606:
10600:
10581:
10571:
10561:
10551:
10544:
10534:
10527:
10517:
10507:
10500:
10495:Milov, Sarah.
10493:
10483:
10473:
10470:
10460:
10453:
10443:
10433:
10422:
10415:
10405:
10400:Gately, Iain.
10398:
10388:
10378:
10372:
10360:Cox H (2000).
10357:
10347:
10340:
10330:
10323:
10305:
10302:
10300:
10299:
10268:
10242:
10191:
10160:
10102:
10048:
10018:
10009:
10000:
9991:
9982:
9956:
9936:
9910:
9879:
9849:
9823:
9774:
9744:
9718:
9692:
9657:
9614:Nanotechnology
9600:
9549:
9523:
9497:
9472:
9446:
9413:
9394:(3): 725β744.
9378:
9331:
9304:
9274:
9225:
9199:
9181:
9148:
9122:
9093:
9067:
9041:
9010:
8984:
8958:
8943:
8890:
8841:
8815:
8783:
8751:
8700:
8691:
8665:
8639:
8608:
8577:
8550:
8520:
8490:
8460:
8434:
8404:
8382:
8370:
8309:
8283:
8264:
8244:
8208:
8192:
8166:
8137:
8107:
8081:
8055:
8029:
8003:
7977:
7944:
7918:
7901:Deutsche Welle
7896:Deutsche Welle
7882:
7839:
7813:
7783:
7753:
7727:
7689:
7659:
7642:
7616:
7594:
7582:
7556:
7527:
7512:. Cancer.org.
7498:
7468:
7442:
7419:
7370:
7321:
7300:
7270:
7235:
7200:
7169:(24): 9140β3.
7149:
7100:
7051:
7010:
6967:
6932:
6891:
6863:
6833:
6809:
6779:
6730:
6700:
6665:(4): 219β230.
6646:
6624:
6598:
6572:
6530:
6491:
6431:
6382:
6363:
6334:(7455): 1519.
6314:
6287:
6261:
6241:
6182:
6133:
6084:
6022:
5986:
5953:
5895:
5858:(4): 223β233.
5838:
5781:
5752:(2): 1801151.
5732:
5681:
5640:
5581:
5544:(5): 564β572.
5524:
5483:
5431:
5409:
5401:10.17226/24952
5377:
5343:
5328:
5291:(4): 106β111.
5271:
5211:
5182:(3): 381β393.
5162:
5121:
5092:(1): 128β134.
5072:
5060:
5023:(2): 130β135.
5003:
4954:
4897:
4868:Farsalinos K.
4860:
4803:
4778:
4703:
4674:(6): 449β471.
4654:
4617:(5): 375β384.
4597:
4546:
4509:(4): 234β240.
4489:
4429:
4375:
4324:
4313:on May 3, 2015
4297:
4267:
4239:
4212:(2): 205β212.
4193:
4184:
4173:on May 8, 2013
4158:
4128:
4102:
4083:(6): 1863β81.
4067:
4048:
4020:
3994:
3968:
3949:
3924:
3900:
3885:
3870:
3829:
3794:
3785:
3766:
3753:
3726:(4): 307β364.
3710:
3678:
3652:
3621:
3585:
3576:
3527:
3470:
3433:(6): 494β496.
3413:
3404:
3387:www.cancer.org
3374:
3348:
3322:
3293:
3260:
3245:
3230:
3196:
3170:
3150:
3134:
3115:
3108:
3079:
3062:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3030:
3029:
3011:
2975:
2964:
2961:
2957:
2956:
2952:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2910:
2909:
2904:
2903:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2876:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2859:
2858:
2841:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2814:
2813:
2809:
2806:
2803:
2753:Main article:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2719:Virginia Slims
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2693:
2690:
2685:
2682:
2680:Senior Service
2677:
2672:
2667:
2664:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2534:Kyriazi Freres
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2433:
2428:
2425:
2420:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2398:
2393:Main article:
2390:
2387:
2370:Main article:
2367:
2364:
2361:
2360:
2357:
2354:
2351:
2347:
2346:
2343:
2340:
2337:
2333:
2332:
2329:
2326:
2323:
2319:
2318:
2315:
2312:
2309:
2305:
2304:
2301:
2298:
2295:
2291:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2264:
2263:
2260:
2257:
2253:
2252:
2249:
2246:
2245:Southeast Asia
2242:
2241:
2238:
2235:
2231:
2230:
2227:
2224:
2220:
2219:
2216:
2213:
2209:
2208:
2205:
2202:
2198:
2197:
2194:
2191:
2187:
2186:
2183:
2127:
2124:
2097:
2094:
2085:
2082:
2061:
2058:
2001:
1994:
1993:
1989:
1974:acetylesterase
1957:
1954:acetylesterase
1949:
1945:
1941:
1925:
1924:Biodegradation
1922:
1906:biodegradation
1901:
1898:
1880:
1877:
1874:
1873:
1870:
1867:
1863:
1862:
1859:
1856:
1852:
1851:
1848:
1845:
1841:
1840:
1837:
1834:
1833:Cigarette type
1825:
1814:fathead minnow
1803:
1798:
1794:
1787:water supplies
1781:
1778:
1764:
1763:
1760:
1756:
1755:
1752:
1748:
1747:
1744:
1740:
1739:
1736:
1732:
1731:
1728:
1694:
1691:
1669:
1666:
1621:Main article:
1618:
1615:
1567:Main article:
1564:
1561:
1521:European Union
1513:Main article:
1510:
1507:
1446:
1443:
1393:rolling papers
1340:Main article:
1337:
1334:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1290:
1287:
1273:
1272:Gateway theory
1270:
1255:
1254:
1251:
1248:
1244:
1243:
1240:
1237:
1233:
1232:
1229:
1226:
1222:
1221:
1218:
1215:
1208:
1207:
1204:
1201:
1197:
1196:
1193:
1190:
1186:
1185:
1179:
1173:
1162:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1153:
1147:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1138:
1136:Ethylene oxide
1132:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1123:
1117:
1116:
1114:
1107:
1104:
1098:
1097:
1095:
1089:
1086:
1080:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1071:
1065:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1056:
1050:
1049:
1046:
1045:Effect on DNA
1043:
1040:
1013:causing cancer
979:(particularly
933:Main article:
930:
927:
925:
924:Health effects
922:
758:Main article:
755:
752:
716:cigarette butt
698:cigarette butt
689:
688:Cigarette butt
686:
671:Main article:
668:
665:
644:Cigarette tube
642:Main article:
639:
638:Cigarette tube
636:
615:A list of 599
581:
578:
569:
568:
564:
548:
520:
517:
502:Main article:
499:
496:
480:
479:
476:
473:
470:
467:
464:
461:
458:
455:
452:
449:
446:
442:
434:
431:
398:
395:
289:Francisco Goya
181:
178:
176:
173:
149:purchasing age
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
12323:
12312:
12309:
12307:
12304:
12303:
12301:
12286:
12283:
12281:
12278:
12276:
12268:
12267:
12264:
12258:
12255:
12253:
12250:
12248:
12245:
12243:
12240:
12238:
12235:
12233:
12230:
12228:
12225:
12223:
12220:
12218:
12215:
12213:
12210:
12208:
12205:
12203:
12202:Chain smoking
12200:
12199:
12197:
12193:
12183:
12182:United States
12180:
12178:
12175:
12173:
12170:
12168:
12165:
12164:
12162:
12160:
12156:
12150:
12147:
12145:
12142:
12140:
12137:
12135:
12132:
12131:
12128:
12125:
12123:
12119:
12109:
12106:
12104:
12101:
12099:
12096:
12094:
12091:
12089:
12086:
12084:
12083:Breast cancer
12081:
12079:
12076:
12075:
12073:
12071:
12067:
12061:
12060:Youth smoking
12058:
12056:
12053:
12049:
12046:
12044:
12041:
12040:
12039:
12036:
12034:
12031:
12029:
12026:
12024:
12021:
12019:
12016:
12014:
12011:
12009:
12006:
12004:
12001:
11999:
11998:Smoker's face
11996:
11994:
11991:
11989:
11986:
11984:
11981:
11979:
11976:
11974:
11971:
11969:
11966:
11963:
11960:
11958:
11954:
11951:
11950:
11947:
11944:
11940:
11934:
11931:
11929:
11926:
11924:
11921:
11919:
11916:
11914:
11913:Tobacco fatwa
11911:
11909:
11906:
11904:
11901:
11900:
11898:
11896:
11892:
11882:
11881:United States
11879:
11877:
11874:
11872:
11869:
11868:
11866:
11864:North America
11862:
11856:
11853:
11851:
11848:
11846:
11843:
11841:
11838:
11836:
11833:
11832:
11830:
11828:South America
11826:
11820:
11817:
11815:
11812:
11810:
11807:
11805:
11802:
11800:
11797:
11795:
11792:
11790:
11787:
11785:
11782:
11780:
11777:
11775:
11772:
11770:
11767:
11765:
11762:
11760:
11757:
11755:
11752:
11750:
11747:
11745:
11742:
11740:
11737:
11736:
11734:
11730:
11724:
11721:
11719:
11717:
11714:
11712:
11709:
11708:
11706:
11702:
11696:
11693:
11691:
11688:
11686:
11683:
11681:
11678:
11676:
11673:
11671:
11668:
11666:
11663:
11661:
11658:
11656:
11653:
11651:
11648:
11646:
11643:
11641:
11638:
11636:
11633:
11631:
11628:
11626:
11623:
11621:
11618:
11616:
11613:
11611:
11608:
11606:
11603:
11601:
11598:
11596:
11593:
11592:
11590:
11586:
11580:
11577:
11575:
11572:
11570:
11567:
11566:
11564:
11560:
11557:
11551:
11547:
11540:
11535:
11533:
11528:
11526:
11521:
11520:
11517:
11505:
11502:
11500:
11497:
11495:
11487:
11485:
11477:
11476:
11473:
11467:
11464:
11462:
11459:
11457:
11454:
11452:
11449:
11447:
11444:
11443:
11441:
11437:
11429:
11426:
11424:
11421:
11420:
11419:
11416:
11414:
11411:
11409:
11406:
11404:
11401:
11399:
11396:
11394:
11391:
11389:
11386:
11384:
11381:
11379:
11376:
11375:
11373:
11367:
11357:
11356:United States
11354:
11352:
11349:
11347:
11344:
11342:
11339:
11337:
11334:
11332:
11329:
11328:
11326:
11322:
11315:
11311:
11309:
11306:
11304:
11301:
11299:
11296:
11295:
11293:
11291:
11287:
11281:
11278:
11276:
11273:
11271:
11268:
11266:
11263:
11259:
11256:
11254:
11251:
11250:
11249:
11246:
11244:
11241:
11239:
11236:
11235:
11233:
11229:
11223:
11220:
11218:
11215:
11213:
11210:
11208:
11205:
11203:
11200:
11198:
11195:
11193:
11190:
11188:
11185:
11183:
11180:
11178:
11177:Chain smoking
11175:
11174:
11172:
11170:
11169:Health issues
11166:
11160:
11157:
11155:
11152:
11150:
11147:
11145:
11142:
11140:
11137:
11135:
11132:
11131:
11129:
11127:
11123:
11117:
11114:
11112:
11109:
11107:
11104:
11102:
11099:
11097:
11094:
11092:
11089:
11087:
11084:
11083:
11081:
11077:
11071:
11068:
11066:
11063:
11061:
11060:Rolling paper
11058:
11056:
11053:
11052:
11050:
11046:
11039:
11029:
11026:
11024:
11021:
11019:
11016:
11014:
11011:
11009:
11006:
11004:
11001:
10999:
10996:
10995:
10993:
10989:
10985:
10978:
10973:
10971:
10966:
10964:
10959:
10958:
10955:
10949:
10946:
10944:
10940:
10937:
10934:
10931:
10927:
10924:
10921:
10919:
10916:
10913:
10910:
10909:
10901:
10897:
10893:
10891:
10887:
10883:
10880:
10876:
10861:
10857:
10850:
10845:
10843:
10839:
10835:
10833:
10829:
10825:
10823:
10819:
10815:
10811:
10807:
10802:
10797:
10793:
10789:
10785:
10780:
10776:
10772:
10768:
10764:
10760:
10756:
10751:
10750:
10740:
10734:
10730:
10725:
10722:
10718:
10716:
10712:
10708:
10706:
10702:
10698:
10696:
10692:
10688:
10686:
10682:
10678:
10675:
10671:
10669:
10665:
10661:
10659:
10655:
10651:
10649:
10645:
10641:
10639:
10635:
10631:
10628:
10624:
10621:
10617:
10614:
10610:
10607:
10603:
10601:0-679-40064-8
10597:
10593:
10588:
10582:
10580:
10576:
10572:
10570:
10566:
10562:
10560:
10556:
10552:
10549:
10545:
10543:
10539:
10535:
10532:
10528:
10526:
10522:
10518:
10516:
10512:
10508:
10505:
10501:
10498:
10494:
10492:
10488:
10484:
10482:
10478:
10474:
10471:
10469:
10465:
10461:
10458:
10454:
10452:
10448:
10444:
10442:
10438:
10434:
10431:
10427:
10423:
10420:
10416:
10414:
10410:
10406:
10403:
10399:
10397:
10393:
10390:Enstad, Nan.
10389:
10387:
10383:
10379:
10375:
10373:9780198292210
10369:
10365:
10364:
10358:
10356:
10352:
10348:
10345:
10341:
10339:
10335:
10332:Burns, Eric.
10331:
10328:
10324:
10322:
10318:
10314:
10313:
10311:
10287:
10283:
10279:
10272:
10256:
10252:
10246:
10238:
10234:
10229:
10224:
10219:
10214:
10210:
10206:
10205:PLOS Medicine
10202:
10195:
10179:
10175:
10171:
10164:
10156:
10152:
10147:
10142:
10137:
10132:
10128:
10124:
10123:PLOS Medicine
10120:
10113:
10111:
10109:
10107:
10098:
10094:
10089:
10084:
10080:
10076:
10072:
10068:
10064:
10057:
10055:
10053:
10036:
10032:
10028:
10022:
10013:
10004:
9995:
9986:
9970:
9966:
9960:
9953:
9949:
9946:
9940:
9924:
9920:
9914:
9898:
9894:
9890:
9883:
9867:
9863:
9859:
9853:
9837:
9833:
9827:
9819:
9815:
9811:
9807:
9802:
9797:
9794:(2): 183β92.
9793:
9789:
9785:
9778:
9762:
9758:
9754:
9748:
9732:
9728:
9722:
9706:
9702:
9696:
9680:
9676:
9675:Fairfax Media
9672:
9668:
9661:
9653:
9649:
9645:
9641:
9636:
9631:
9627:
9623:
9619:
9615:
9611:
9604:
9596:
9592:
9587:
9582:
9577:
9572:
9568:
9564:
9560:
9553:
9537:
9533:
9527:
9511:
9507:
9501:
9486:
9482:
9476:
9460:
9456:
9450:
9441:
9436:
9432:
9428:
9424:
9417:
9409:
9405:
9401:
9397:
9393:
9389:
9382:
9366:
9362:
9358:
9354:
9350:
9346:
9342:
9335:
9327:
9323:
9319:
9315:
9308:
9292:
9288:
9284:
9278:
9270:
9266:
9261:
9256:
9252:
9248:
9244:
9240:
9236:
9229:
9213:
9209:
9203:
9197:
9193:
9190:
9185:
9176:
9171:
9167:
9163:
9159:
9152:
9141:September 16,
9136:
9132:
9126:
9110:
9106:
9100:
9098:
9081:
9077:
9071:
9055:
9051:
9045:
9029:
9025:
9021:
9014:
8998:
8994:
8988:
8972:
8968:
8962:
8954:
8947:
8939:
8935:
8930:
8925:
8921:
8917:
8913:
8909:
8905:
8901:
8894:
8886:
8882:
8877:
8872:
8868:
8864:
8860:
8856:
8852:
8845:
8829:
8825:
8819:
8800:
8793:
8787:
8776:September 16,
8771:
8767:
8766:
8761:
8755:
8747:
8743:
8738:
8733:
8728:
8723:
8719:
8715:
8711:
8704:
8695:
8679:
8675:
8669:
8653:
8649:
8643:
8627:
8623:
8619:
8612:
8596:
8592:
8588:
8581:
8565:
8561:
8554:
8538:
8534:
8530:
8524:
8508:
8504:
8500:
8494:
8478:
8474:
8470:
8464:
8448:
8444:
8438:
8422:
8418:
8414:
8408:
8392:
8386:
8380:
8374:
8358:
8354:
8350:
8345:
8340:
8336:
8332:
8328:
8324:
8320:
8313:
8297:
8293:
8287:
8280:
8276:
8273:
8268:
8261:
8257:
8254:
8248:
8232:
8228:
8227:
8222:
8215:
8213:
8206:
8202:
8196:
8180:
8176:
8170:
8163:
8151:
8147:
8141:
8134:
8121:
8117:
8111:
8095:
8091:
8085:
8069:
8065:
8059:
8043:
8039:
8033:
8017:
8013:
8007:
7991:
7987:
7981:
7965:
7961:
7960:
7955:
7948:
7932:
7928:
7922:
7906:
7902:
7898:
7897:
7892:
7886:
7879:
7867:
7863:
7859:
7856:(in French).
7855:
7854:
7849:
7843:
7827:
7823:
7817:
7801:
7797:
7793:
7787:
7776:September 25,
7771:
7767:
7766:The Economist
7763:
7757:
7741:
7737:
7731:
7715:
7711:
7707:
7703:
7699:
7693:
7677:
7673:
7669:
7663:
7657:
7653:
7650:
7646:
7630:
7626:
7620:
7604:
7598:
7591:
7586:
7570:
7566:
7560:
7544:
7540:
7534:
7532:
7515:
7511:
7505:
7503:
7486:
7482:
7478:
7472:
7456:
7452:
7446:
7439:
7434:
7432:
7430:
7428:
7426:
7424:
7415:
7411:
7407:
7403:
7398:
7393:
7389:
7385:
7381:
7374:
7366:
7362:
7358:
7354:
7349:
7344:
7340:
7336:
7332:
7325:
7311:
7307:
7303:
7297:
7293:
7289:
7285:
7281:
7274:
7266:
7262:
7258:
7254:
7250:
7246:
7239:
7231:
7227:
7223:
7219:
7216:(2): 129β37.
7215:
7211:
7204:
7188:
7184:
7180:
7176:
7172:
7168:
7164:
7160:
7153:
7145:
7141:
7136:
7131:
7127:
7123:
7120:(2): 448β56.
7119:
7115:
7111:
7104:
7096:
7092:
7087:
7082:
7078:
7074:
7070:
7066:
7062:
7055:
7047:
7043:
7038:
7033:
7029:
7025:
7021:
7014:
7006:
7002:
6998:
6994:
6990:
6986:
6982:
6978:
6971:
6963:
6959:
6955:
6951:
6947:
6943:
6936:
6928:
6924:
6919:
6914:
6911:(4): 517β24.
6910:
6906:
6902:
6895:
6884:
6880:
6873:
6867:
6851:
6847:
6846:Science Daily
6843:
6837:
6826:
6819:
6813:
6797:
6793:
6789:
6783:
6775:
6771:
6766:
6761:
6757:
6753:
6749:
6745:
6741:
6734:
6718:
6714:
6710:
6704:
6696:
6692:
6688:
6684:
6680:
6676:
6672:
6668:
6664:
6660:
6653:
6651:
6643:
6631:
6627:
6625:9789283215837
6621:
6617:
6610:
6609:
6602:
6587:
6583:
6576:
6569:
6557:
6553:
6549:
6545:
6541:
6534:
6527:
6512:
6508:
6501:
6495:
6487:
6483:
6478:
6473:
6469:
6465:
6461:
6457:
6453:
6449:
6445:
6438:
6436:
6427:
6421:
6402:
6395:
6389:
6387:
6380:
6376:
6373:
6367:
6359:
6355:
6350:
6345:
6341:
6337:
6333:
6329:
6325:
6318:
6302:
6298:
6291:
6275:
6272:. Heart.org.
6271:
6265:
6259:
6255:
6252:
6245:
6237:
6233:
6229:
6225:
6221:
6217:
6213:
6209:
6205:
6201:
6197:
6193:
6186:
6178:
6174:
6170:
6166:
6161:
6156:
6152:
6148:
6144:
6137:
6129:
6125:
6121:
6117:
6112:
6107:
6103:
6099:
6095:
6088:
6077:
6073:
6069:
6064:
6059:
6055:
6051:
6047:
6043:
6036:
6029:
6027:
6019:
6018:public domain
6000:
5996:
5990:
5974:
5970:
5969:
5964:
5957:
5949:
5945:
5940:
5935:
5931:
5927:
5923:
5919:
5915:
5908:
5906:
5904:
5902:
5900:
5891:
5887:
5882:
5877:
5873:
5869:
5865:
5861:
5857:
5853:
5849:
5842:
5834:
5830:
5825:
5820:
5816:
5812:
5808:
5804:
5800:
5796:
5792:
5785:
5777:
5773:
5769:
5765:
5760:
5755:
5751:
5747:
5743:
5736:
5728:
5724:
5720:
5716:
5712:
5708:
5704:
5700:
5697:(1): 88β104.
5696:
5692:
5685:
5677:
5673:
5668:
5663:
5659:
5655:
5651:
5644:
5636:
5632:
5627:
5622:
5618:
5614:
5609:
5604:
5600:
5596:
5592:
5585:
5577:
5573:
5568:
5563:
5559:
5555:
5551:
5547:
5543:
5539:
5535:
5528:
5520:
5516:
5511:
5506:
5502:
5498:
5494:
5487:
5479:
5475:
5470:
5465:
5461:
5457:
5454:(2): 236β42.
5453:
5449:
5445:
5438:
5436:
5424:
5420:
5416:
5412:
5406:
5402:
5398:
5391:
5390:
5381:
5374:
5373:public domain
5360:
5353:
5347:
5340:
5335:
5333:
5324:
5320:
5315:
5310:
5306:
5302:
5298:
5294:
5290:
5286:
5282:
5275:
5267:
5263:
5258:
5253:
5249:
5245:
5241:
5237:
5233:
5229:
5225:
5218:
5216:
5207:
5203:
5198:
5193:
5189:
5185:
5181:
5177:
5173:
5166:
5158:
5154:
5149:
5144:
5141:(8): 622β34.
5140:
5136:
5132:
5125:
5117:
5113:
5109:
5105:
5100:
5095:
5091:
5087:
5083:
5076:
5070:, p. 82.
5069:
5064:
5056:
5052:
5047:
5042:
5038:
5034:
5030:
5026:
5022:
5018:
5014:
5007:
4999:
4995:
4991:
4987:
4982:
4977:
4973:
4969:
4965:
4958:
4950:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4932:
4928:
4924:
4920:
4917:(2): 286β93.
4916:
4912:
4908:
4901:
4890:September 23,
4882:
4878:
4871:
4864:
4856:
4852:
4847:
4842:
4838:
4834:
4830:
4826:
4822:
4818:
4814:
4807:
4796:
4789:
4782:
4763:
4759:
4755:
4751:
4747:
4742:
4737:
4733:
4729:
4725:
4721:
4714:
4707:
4699:
4695:
4691:
4687:
4682:
4677:
4673:
4669:
4665:
4658:
4650:
4646:
4641:
4636:
4632:
4628:
4624:
4620:
4616:
4612:
4608:
4601:
4593:
4589:
4584:
4579:
4574:
4569:
4565:
4561:
4557:
4550:
4542:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4524:
4520:
4516:
4512:
4508:
4504:
4500:
4493:
4485:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4467:
4463:
4459:
4455:
4451:
4447:
4443:
4436:
4434:
4425:
4421:
4417:
4413:
4408:
4403:
4400:(7): 674β81.
4399:
4395:
4391:
4384:
4382:
4380:
4371:
4367:
4363:
4359:
4355:
4351:
4347:
4343:
4339:
4335:
4328:
4312:
4308:
4301:
4285:
4281:
4277:
4271:
4264:
4260:
4256:
4252:
4249:
4243:
4235:
4231:
4227:
4223:
4219:
4215:
4211:
4207:
4200:
4198:
4188:
4172:
4168:
4162:
4146:
4142:
4138:
4132:
4116:
4112:
4106:
4098:
4094:
4090:
4086:
4082:
4078:
4071:
4062:
4058:
4052:
4035:
4031:
4024:
4008:
4004:
3998:
3991:
3987:
3986:
3979:
3977:
3975:
3973:
3963:
3959:
3953:
3947:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3934:Wigand, J.S.
3931:
3929:
3921:
3917:
3913:
3910:
3904:
3896:
3889:
3881:
3874:
3866:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3848:
3844:
3840:
3833:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3813:
3809:
3805:
3798:
3789:
3781:
3777:
3770:
3763:
3757:
3749:
3745:
3741:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3725:
3721:
3714:
3698:
3694:
3693:
3688:
3682:
3671:September 25,
3666:
3662:
3656:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3625:
3606:
3602:
3595:
3589:
3580:
3572:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3554:
3550:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3531:
3523:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3505:
3501:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3474:
3466:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3417:
3408:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3378:
3362:
3358:
3352:
3336:
3332:
3326:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3297:
3281:
3277:
3276:
3271:
3264:
3258:, p. 21.
3257:
3252:
3250:
3241:
3234:
3226:
3218:
3214:
3213:
3207:
3200:
3193:
3189:
3186:
3185:
3181:
3174:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3154:
3148:
3144:
3138:
3132:
3131:
3126:
3125:
3119:
3111:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3096:
3088:
3086:
3084:
3076:
3072:
3066:
3051:
3047:
3041:
3037:
3023:
3016:
3012:
3009:
3008:public domain
2995:
2991:
2987:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2967:
2966:
2955:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
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2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2911:
2907:
2906:
2905:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2868:Liggett Group
2866:
2864:
2861:
2856:
2853:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2846:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2836:
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2819:
2810:
2807:
2804:
2801:
2800:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2790:
2784:
2782:
2778:
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2770:
2766:
2762:
2756:
2743:
2740:
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2732:
2730:
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2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2694:
2691:
2689:
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2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2649:Philip Morris
2647:
2645:
2644:Peter Jackson
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
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2627:
2625:
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2607:
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2600:
2597:
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2590:
2587:
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2577:
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2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
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2542:
2540:
2537:
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2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2400:
2399:
2396:
2386:
2383:
2380:
2373:
2358:
2355:
2352:
2349:
2348:
2344:
2341:
2338:
2336:United States
2335:
2334:
2330:
2327:
2324:
2321:
2320:
2316:
2313:
2310:
2307:
2306:
2302:
2299:
2296:
2293:
2292:
2289:(per capita)
2286:
2281:
2276:
2273:
2272:
2261:
2258:
2255:
2254:
2250:
2247:
2244:
2243:
2239:
2236:
2233:
2232:
2228:
2225:
2222:
2221:
2217:
2214:
2211:
2210:
2206:
2203:
2200:
2199:
2195:
2192:
2189:
2188:
2182:
2181:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2157:
2153:
2148:
2141:
2137:
2132:
2123:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2102:
2093:
2091:
2081:
2078:
2074:
2073:
2068:
2057:
2049:
2045:
2043:
2039:
2036:, or shorter
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
1999:
1987:
1986:
1985:
1984:shown below.
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1955:
1939:
1930:
1917:
1913:
1911:
1907:
1897:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1871:
1868:
1865:
1864:
1860:
1857:
1854:
1853:
1849:
1846:
1843:
1842:
1838:
1835:
1832:
1831:
1821:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1810:
1792:
1788:
1777:
1775:
1771:
1761:
1758:
1757:
1753:
1750:
1749:
1745:
1742:
1741:
1737:
1734:
1733:
1729:
1726:
1725:
1719:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1699:
1690:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1675:
1665:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1650:Japan Tobacco
1647:
1642:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1624:
1614:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1570:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1549:
1544:
1542:
1538:
1537:R.J. Reynolds
1534:
1533:Philip Morris
1528:
1526:
1522:
1516:
1506:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1490:
1486:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1475:youth smoking
1452:
1442:
1440:
1436:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1400:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1347:
1343:
1333:
1331:
1327:
1321:
1306:
1304:
1300:
1295:
1286:
1284:
1280:
1269:
1266:
1262:
1252:
1249:
1246:
1245:
1241:
1238:
1236:India (2009)
1235:
1234:
1230:
1227:
1224:
1223:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1210:
1209:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1198:
1194:
1191:
1189:China (2010)
1188:
1187:
1184:
1180:
1178:
1174:
1171:
1170:
1160:
1157:
1152:
1149:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1137:
1134:
1133:
1130:
1127:
1122:
1119:
1118:
1115:
1112:
1108:
1103:
1102:1,3-butadiene
1100:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1090:
1085:
1084:Acrylonitrile
1082:
1081:
1078:
1075:
1070:
1067:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1055:
1052:
1051:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1025:
1023:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1007:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
957:heart attacks
954:
946:
941:
936:
921:
919:
915:
914:nanoparticles
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
890:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
866:
862:
858:
853:
848:
843:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
776:
771:
767:
761:
751:
749:
745:
741:
736:
731:
729:
725:
721:
717:
711:
707:
699:
694:
685:
683:
680:
674:
664:
661:
657:
654:
650:
645:
635:
633:
629:
624:
622:
618:
613:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
577:
573:
565:
562:
558:
553:
549:
546:
542:
541:
540:
536:
530:
525:
519:Tobacco blend
516:
511:
505:
504:Rolling paper
495:
493:
489:
477:
474:
471:
469:Tipping Paper
468:
465:
462:
459:
456:
453:
450:
447:
444:
443:
439:
430:
427:
422:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
397:United States
394:
391:
387:
383:
379:
376:
372:
364:
360:
355:
351:
349:
345:
341:
333:
328:
324:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
294:
290:
286:
282:
280:
275:
271:
266:
264:
258:
256:
252:
248:
243:
241:
237:
233:
230:'s paintings
229:
225:
219:
217:
213:
209:
201:
197:
192:
187:
172:
170:
165:
161:
157:
152:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
121:birth defects
118:
117:heart disease
114:
110:
105:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
67:
62:
54:
50:
46:
39:
35:
30:
19:
12247:Smoking room
12242:Tobacco pipe
11928:Kinnikinnick
11670:Saudi Arabia
11579:South Africa
11466:Smoking bans
10983:
10895:
10885:
10878:
10867:. Retrieved
10855:
10837:
10827:
10817:
10791:
10787:
10761:(1): 27β31.
10758:
10754:
10728:
10720:
10710:
10700:
10690:
10680:
10673:
10663:
10653:
10643:
10633:
10626:
10619:
10612:
10591:
10574:
10564:
10554:
10547:
10537:
10530:
10520:
10510:
10503:
10496:
10486:
10476:
10463:
10456:
10446:
10436:
10425:
10418:
10408:
10401:
10391:
10381:
10362:
10350:
10343:
10333:
10326:
10316:
10292:December 19,
10290:. Retrieved
10281:
10271:
10259:. Retrieved
10255:the original
10245:
10208:
10204:
10194:
10184:February 20,
10182:. Retrieved
10173:
10163:
10126:
10122:
10070:
10067:N Engl J Med
10066:
10041:February 15,
10039:. Retrieved
10035:the original
10021:
10012:
10003:
9994:
9985:
9973:. Retrieved
9969:the original
9959:
9939:
9927:. Retrieved
9913:
9903:February 24,
9901:. Retrieved
9892:
9882:
9870:. Retrieved
9861:
9852:
9840:. Retrieved
9826:
9791:
9787:
9777:
9765:. Retrieved
9756:
9747:
9737:November 13,
9735:. Retrieved
9731:the original
9721:
9711:November 13,
9709:. Retrieved
9695:
9683:. Retrieved
9670:
9660:
9617:
9613:
9603:
9566:
9562:
9552:
9542:November 25,
9540:. Retrieved
9526:
9514:. Retrieved
9510:the original
9500:
9488:. Retrieved
9484:
9475:
9463:. Retrieved
9459:the original
9449:
9430:
9426:
9416:
9391:
9387:
9381:
9369:. Retrieved
9344:
9334:
9317:
9313:
9307:
9297:November 25,
9295:. Retrieved
9286:
9277:
9245:(1): 50β65.
9242:
9238:
9228:
9218:November 13,
9216:. Retrieved
9202:
9184:
9165:
9161:
9151:
9139:. Retrieved
9125:
9113:. Retrieved
9109:the original
9086:November 13,
9084:. Retrieved
9070:
9060:November 13,
9058:. Retrieved
9054:the original
9044:
9034:November 13,
9032:. Retrieved
9028:the original
9023:
9013:
9003:November 13,
9001:. Retrieved
8997:the original
8987:
8977:November 13,
8975:. Retrieved
8961:
8952:
8946:
8907:
8903:
8893:
8858:
8854:
8844:
8832:. Retrieved
8828:the original
8818:
8808:November 13,
8806:. Retrieved
8799:the original
8786:
8774:. Retrieved
8763:
8754:
8717:
8713:
8703:
8694:
8682:. Retrieved
8668:
8656:. Retrieved
8642:
8630:. Retrieved
8622:The Guardian
8621:
8611:
8599:. Retrieved
8595:the original
8590:
8580:
8568:. Retrieved
8553:
8541:. Retrieved
8532:
8523:
8511:. Retrieved
8502:
8493:
8481:. Retrieved
8472:
8463:
8451:. Retrieved
8447:the original
8437:
8425:. Retrieved
8416:
8407:
8397:February 19,
8395:. Retrieved
8385:
8373:
8361:. Retrieved
8326:
8322:
8312:
8300:. Retrieved
8296:the original
8286:
8267:
8247:
8237:February 24,
8235:. Retrieved
8224:
8200:
8195:
8185:November 13,
8183:. Retrieved
8179:the original
8169:
8161:
8154:. Retrieved
8140:
8131:
8126:December 29,
8124:. Retrieved
8110:
8100:November 13,
8098:. Retrieved
8094:the original
8084:
8072:. Retrieved
8058:
8046:. Retrieved
8042:the original
8032:
8020:. Retrieved
8006:
7994:. Retrieved
7980:
7970:February 24,
7968:. Retrieved
7957:
7947:
7935:. Retrieved
7921:
7909:. Retrieved
7894:
7885:
7877:
7870:. Retrieved
7866:the original
7851:
7842:
7832:November 13,
7830:. Retrieved
7826:the original
7816:
7806:November 13,
7804:. Retrieved
7795:
7786:
7774:. Retrieved
7765:
7756:
7746:November 13,
7744:. Retrieved
7730:
7718:. Retrieved
7709:
7692:
7680:. Retrieved
7671:
7662:
7645:
7633:. Retrieved
7619:
7609:February 14,
7607:. Retrieved
7597:
7585:
7573:. Retrieved
7559:
7547:. Retrieved
7518:. Retrieved
7489:. Retrieved
7471:
7459:. Retrieved
7455:the original
7445:
7390:(1): 15β28.
7387:
7383:
7373:
7338:
7334:
7324:
7315:November 20,
7313:, retrieved
7283:
7273:
7248:
7244:
7238:
7213:
7209:
7203:
7191:. Retrieved
7166:
7162:
7152:
7117:
7114:Toxicol. Sci
7113:
7103:
7071:(1): 64β71.
7068:
7065:Toxicol. Sci
7064:
7054:
7030:(3): 183β7.
7027:
7023:
7013:
6983:(1): 36β44.
6980:
6976:
6970:
6945:
6941:
6935:
6908:
6904:
6894:
6878:
6866:
6854:. Retrieved
6845:
6836:
6825:the original
6812:
6800:. Retrieved
6791:
6782:
6750:(7226): 53.
6747:
6743:
6733:
6721:. Retrieved
6712:
6703:
6662:
6658:
6641:
6634:. Retrieved
6607:
6601:
6589:. Retrieved
6575:
6567:
6560:. Retrieved
6533:
6525:
6518:. Retrieved
6511:the original
6494:
6451:
6447:
6410:November 13,
6408:. Retrieved
6401:the original
6366:
6331:
6327:
6317:
6307:September 4,
6305:. Retrieved
6290:
6278:. Retrieved
6264:
6244:
6198:(1): 65β74.
6195:
6191:
6185:
6153:(4): 423β9.
6150:
6146:
6136:
6104:(6): 574β9.
6101:
6097:
6087:
6045:
6041:
6005:September 8,
6003:. Retrieved
5989:
5979:September 7,
5977:. Retrieved
5966:
5956:
5921:
5917:
5855:
5851:
5841:
5798:
5794:
5784:
5749:
5745:
5735:
5694:
5690:
5684:
5660:(1): 12β19.
5657:
5653:
5643:
5598:
5594:
5584:
5541:
5537:
5527:
5503:(1): 16β31.
5500:
5496:
5486:
5451:
5447:
5388:
5380:
5346:
5341:, p. 6.
5288:
5284:
5274:
5231:
5227:
5179:
5175:
5165:
5138:
5134:
5124:
5089:
5085:
5075:
5063:
5020:
5016:
5006:
4971:
4967:
4957:
4914:
4910:
4900:
4888:. Retrieved
4881:the original
4876:
4863:
4820:
4816:
4806:
4781:
4771:September 2,
4769:. Retrieved
4723:
4719:
4706:
4671:
4667:
4657:
4614:
4610:
4600:
4563:
4559:
4549:
4506:
4502:
4492:
4449:
4445:
4397:
4393:
4340:(1): 63β74.
4337:
4333:
4327:
4315:. Retrieved
4311:the original
4300:
4288:. Retrieved
4279:
4270:
4262:
4242:
4209:
4205:
4187:
4177:February 14,
4175:. Retrieved
4171:the original
4161:
4151:February 14,
4149:. Retrieved
4140:
4131:
4121:February 14,
4119:. Retrieved
4115:the original
4105:
4080:
4076:
4070:
4061:the original
4051:
4038:. Retrieved
4023:
4011:. Retrieved
4007:the original
3997:
3984:
3962:the original
3952:
3936:
3903:
3894:
3888:
3879:
3873:
3849:(5): 420β1.
3846:
3842:
3832:
3807:
3803:
3797:
3788:
3779:
3775:
3769:
3761:
3756:
3723:
3719:
3713:
3701:. Retrieved
3690:
3681:
3669:. Retrieved
3661:"Project XA"
3655:
3643:. Retrieved
3634:
3624:
3614:December 14,
3612:. Retrieved
3605:the original
3600:
3588:
3583:ccpa.unc.edu
3579:
3544:
3540:
3530:
3487:
3483:
3473:
3430:
3426:
3416:
3407:
3395:. Retrieved
3391:the original
3386:
3377:
3365:. Retrieved
3351:
3339:. Retrieved
3325:
3315:February 23,
3313:. Retrieved
3305:
3296:
3284:. Retrieved
3280:the original
3273:
3263:
3233:
3210:
3199:
3183:
3179:
3173:
3162:
3153:
3142:
3137:
3128:
3122:
3118:
3094:
3074:
3070:
3065:
3055:February 24,
3053:. Retrieved
3049:
3040:
2963:Bibliography
2953:
2815:
2797:
2785:
2758:
2733:Windsor Blue
2564:Lucky Strike
2449:Chesterfield
2384:
2375:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2107:
2087:
2070:
2063:
2054:
1998:acetic ester
1995:
1962:acetic ester
1935:
1903:
1882:
1817:
1807:
1791:carcinogenic
1783:
1770:water system
1767:
1704:
1671:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1579:Saskatchewan
1572:
1557:
1553:
1545:
1529:
1518:
1491:
1487:
1472:
1431:
1401:
1378:
1369:Tabak-Trafik
1368:
1348:
1345:
1323:
1292:
1275:
1258:
1212:
1182:
1176:
1121:Acetaldehyde
1069:Formaldehyde
1028:
1022:carcinogenic
1010:
993:hypertension
950:
910:heavy metals
891:
844:
783:
781:
732:
723:
719:
715:
713:
697:
696:A discarded
676:
662:
658:
647:
625:
621:organoleptic
614:
598:cocoa solids
583:
574:
570:
557:paper sizing
537:
533:
513:
484:
433:Construction
425:
423:
419:P. Lorillard
400:
392:
388:
384:
380:
368:
340:coffin nails
339:
337:
298:
292:
267:
259:
254:
250:
246:
244:
239:
235:
231:
223:
220:
205:
200:a Maya deity
153:
123:, and other
106:
89:
73:
71:
49:
29:
12217:Smoking cap
12122:Smoking ban
12013:Smoking age
11716:New Zealand
11665:Philippines
11645:South Korea
11640:North Korea
11595:Afghanistan
11371:and the law
11351:Philippines
11314:Big Tobacco
11253:Composition
11111:Receptacles
11079:Peripherals
10856:www.epa.gov
9703:. Cdc.gov.
9168:: 152β165.
9024:News.com.au
8904:Tob Control
8156:January 31,
7858:L'Expansion
7720:January 27,
7567:. Cdc.gov.
7251:(1): 7β13.
7193:December 1,
7024:Mutagenesis
6792:www.who.int
6636:January 12,
6591:January 12,
6520:January 12,
5918:Circulation
5068:Wilder 2016
4720:Circulation
4040:November 4,
3541:Tob Control
3050:www.who.int
2812:ex-smokers.
2793:varenicline
2767:to release
2684:Smokin Joes
2594:Nat Sherman
2126:Consumption
2110:receptacles
2004:O, the two
1938:acetylation
1900:Degradation
1735:1 pack (20)
1611:blunt wraps
1342:Smoking age
1336:Smoking age
1309:Legislation
1006:carcinogens
981:lung cancer
906:carcinogens
371:Vietnam War
344:lung cancer
270:Crimean War
12306:Cigarettes
12300:Categories
12280:Cigarettes
11605:East Timor
11555:and region
11369:Government
11324:By country
11048:Components
10984:Cigarettes
9975:October 5,
9620:(34): 34.
9239:Plant Cell
8684:January 2,
8658:January 2,
8632:January 2,
8624:. London.
8601:January 2,
8570:January 2,
8363:January 2,
8302:January 2,
7937:January 1,
7911:January 2,
7872:January 2,
7491:January 2,
7245:Mutat. Res
7210:Mutat. Res
6584:(Report).
4877:gfn.net.co
3703:August 25,
3637:. London.
3367:January 9,
3227:required.)
3033:References
2791:(NRT) and
2629:Parliament
2584:Mild Seven
2519:Gold Flake
2474:du Maurier
2410:Amber Leaf
2284:(billions)
2279:(millions)
2277:Population
2136:Woolworths
2115:Washington
2030:protozoans
1683:sharia law
1656:Plc., and
1499:Silver Bay
1449:See also:
1427:smart card
1416:debit card
1111:epigenetic
947:collection
840:flavorings
800:combusting
748:TerraCycle
704:See also:
632:freebasing
610:brand name
586:humectants
508:See also:
426:per capita
359:Craven "A"
309:cigarillos
184:See also:
82:thin paper
18:Cigarettes
12167:Australia
12093:Menopause
11835:Argentina
11711:Australia
11675:Singapore
11620:Indonesia
11610:Hong Kong
11331:Argentina
11070:Additives
11003:Fire-safe
10918:GLOBALink
10869:March 29,
9989:Koch 2009
9810:0098-7484
9115:March 25,
8533:Bloomberg
8453:March 25,
8427:March 29,
8329:(1): e2.
8074:March 25,
8048:March 25,
8022:March 25,
7996:March 25,
7853:L'Express
7706:"Smoking"
7698:Ritchie H
7682:March 25,
7575:March 25,
7549:March 25,
7520:March 25,
7438:SGUS 2016
7384:Addiction
6788:"Tobacco"
6723:March 25,
6679:1759-5002
6468:0028-4793
6280:March 25,
6220:0077-8923
6169:2196-5412
6120:1054-139X
6042:Addiction
5872:1932-0620
5815:0277-3740
5768:0903-1936
5711:1087-3244
5617:1471-2458
5601:(1): 18.
5558:1806-3713
5305:0312-8008
5248:1469-493X
5108:0025-6196
5037:1753-4658
4931:0749-3797
4690:0007-9235
4631:0964-4563
4566:(1): 21.
4523:1932-0620
4466:0964-4563
4416:0002-9343
4370:207223131
4354:1747-6348
4013:March 25,
3504:0090-0036
3447:0042-9686
3341:March 25,
3286:March 25,
3184:cigarette
3077:pp. 30β37
3046:"Tobacco"
2924:Cigarillo
2777:glutamate
2692:Sovereign
2675:Sampoerna
2634:Perilly's
2624:Pall Mall
2529:Gold Leaf
2509:Gauloises
2415:Army Club
2308:Indonesia
2156:Indonesia
2120:nanotubes
2077:anaerobic
2018:cellulase
1978:catalyzes
1894:bushfires
1890:wildfires
1548:cellulose
1039:Compound
1031:genotoxic
1029:The most
1018:genotoxic
969:emphysema
902:toxicants
792:vaporizer
790:-powered
740:Vancouver
580:Additives
451:Adhesives
293:La Cometa
247:cigarette
232:La Cometa
90:cigarette
74:cigarette
12275:Category
12222:Smokeasy
11933:Pipe bag
11923:Chanunpa
11895:Religion
11845:Colombia
11660:Pakistan
11655:Malaysia
11484:Category
11346:Pakistan
11008:Flavored
10939:Archived
10932:- Canada
10926:Archived
10860:Archived
10810:10413421
10319:(2007).
10286:Archived
10237:20161722
10178:Archived
10155:20161722
10097:20554984
9948:Archived
9929:July 17,
9923:Archived
9921:. 2018.
9897:Archived
9866:Archived
9842:July 17,
9836:Archived
9818:24399557
9767:March 5,
9761:Archived
9705:Archived
9685:June 28,
9679:Archived
9644:25092115
9595:19543415
9536:Archived
9371:June 24,
9365:Archived
9361:84432678
9291:Archived
9269:22247250
9212:Archived
9192:Archived
9135:Archived
9080:Archived
8971:Archived
8938:11893815
8885:21504921
8770:Archived
8746:19543415
8678:Archived
8652:Archived
8626:Archived
8564:Archived
8543:March 6,
8537:Archived
8513:June 19,
8507:Archived
8483:June 19,
8477:Archived
8421:Archived
8357:Archived
8353:23092884
8275:Archived
8256:Archived
8231:Archived
8150:Archived
8120:Archived
8068:Archived
8016:Archived
7990:Archived
7964:Archived
7931:Archived
7905:Archived
7800:Archived
7770:Archived
7740:Archived
7714:Archived
7676:Archived
7672:BBC News
7652:Archived
7629:Archived
7569:Archived
7543:Archived
7514:Archived
7485:Archived
7414:22936675
7406:11895267
7365:21358737
7357:11069313
7310:26913345
7265:17317274
7230:19477295
7187:Archived
7183:21604744
7144:21602187
7095:19546159
7046:11971987
6997:20158384
6962:21802474
6927:18403632
6883:Archived
6856:March 6,
6850:Archived
6802:July 17,
6796:Archived
6774:10617536
6717:Archived
6713:BBC News
6695:25491622
6687:23380975
6630:Archived
6618:. 2004.
6562:June 16,
6556:Archived
6552:20669524
6486:20554984
6420:cite web
6375:Archived
6358:15213107
6301:Archived
6274:Archived
6254:Archived
6236:26187171
6228:25557889
6177:26452675
6128:26422289
6076:Archived
6072:25078252
5999:Archived
5973:Archived
5948:24821826
5890:25089952
5833:27191672
5776:30464018
5727:54566712
5719:30522569
5676:23741941
5635:24406205
5576:25410845
5519:21150942
5478:24575993
5423:Archived
5419:29894118
5359:Archived
5339:WHO 2014
5323:26648633
5266:34519354
5206:24898072
5157:26389730
5116:25572196
5055:26668136
4998:10560264
4990:25302452
4949:25794473
4855:24569565
4823:: 4133.
4795:Archived
4762:Archived
4758:16075813
4750:25156991
4698:28961314
4649:24259045
4592:25745382
4541:25089953
4484:24732157
4424:25731134
4362:22283580
4284:Archived
4251:Archived
4234:26207468
4226:16328625
4145:Archived
4097:18450355
4034:Archived
3942:Archived
3912:Archived
3865:26293383
3697:Archived
3665:Archived
3645:April 5,
3639:Archived
3571:16754942
3522:29019774
3465:16799735
3361:Archived
3335:Archived
3256:Cox 2000
3188:Archived
3022:Archived
2994:Archived
2944:Papirosa
2828:See also
2822:nicotine
2773:dopamine
2771:such as
2737:Winfield
2729:Woodbine
2704:Tareyton
2695:Sterling
2688:Sobranie
2654:Player's
2619:Old Gold
2569:Marlboro
2494:Export A
2454:Davidoff
2435:Berkeley
2212:Americas
2072:in vitro
2056:occurs.
2026:bacteria
2006:products
1591:Manitoba
1495:Missouri
1445:Taxation
1389:lighters
1353:and the
1172:Country
1151:Isoprene
1054:Acrolein
953:nicotine
836:nicotine
832:glycerin
824:e-liquid
602:licorice
594:glycerol
588:such as
561:ammonium
460:Adhesive
375:C-ration
224:papelate
196:Palenque
164:solution
133:Nicotine
129:filtered
115:(COPD),
12172:England
11855:Uruguay
11850:Ecuador
11784:Ireland
11779:Iceland
11774:Hungary
11764:Germany
11754:Finland
11749:Croatia
11744:Armenia
11739:Albania
11723:Tokelau
11704:Oceania
11695:Vietnam
11574:Nigeria
11553:Country
11499:Smoking
11494:Commons
11126:Culture
11101:Lighter
11086:Ashtray
11055:Tobacco
11023:Menthol
10998:Fashion
10842:excerpt
10830:(2014)
10775:6935462
10713:(1942)
10703:(1922)
10695:excerpt
10693:(2021)
10666:(1948)
10577:(1978)
10557:(1998)
10513:(2002)
10491:excerpt
10466:(1999)
10439:(2010)
10396:excerpt
10384:(1975)
10261:July 7,
10228:2817714
10146:2817714
10088:2928221
9872:May 25,
9652:8692351
9622:Bibcode
9586:2697937
9490:May 30,
9465:May 30,
9396:Bibcode
9260:3289554
8929:1766058
8912:Table 1
8876:3088407
8834:May 28,
8737:2697937
8344:3725195
7702:Roser M
7635:June 4,
7135:3155089
7086:2726299
7005:8812192
6765:1117323
6477:2928221
6295:Day R.
6200:Bibcode
6063:4487785
5939:4018182
5881:4122311
5824:4900417
5626:3937158
5567:4263338
5469:5469426
5314:4653977
5257:8438601
5197:4376316
5046:5933562
4940:4594223
4846:3935206
4825:Bibcode
4741:7643636
4640:4520227
4583:4350653
4532:4123220
4475:3995255
4317:May 30,
4290:May 30,
4280:CTVNews
3824:9777818
3748:9120872
3728:Bibcode
3601:who.int
3562:2593056
3513:5637694
3456:2627373
3397:May 25,
3180:cigaret
2742:Winston
2714:Viceroy
2709:Vantage
2666:Ronhill
2663:Raleigh
2604:Newport
2574:Mayfair
2554:L&M
2514:Gitanes
2504:Fortuna
2484:Embassy
2479:Eclipse
2459:Dunhill
2427:Bel Air
2379:tobacco
2274:Country
2190:Region
2152:Jakarta
2067:aerobic
2034:glucose
2014:acetate
2010:alcohol
1970:acetate
1966:alcohol
1730:weight
1587:Ontario
1583:Alberta
1412:Germany
1359:Alberta
1279:gateway
1213:(2008)
1125:1448.0
975:), and
961:strokes
929:Smokers
822:called
808:aerosol
796:smoking
788:battery
724:dog-end
720:fag-end
706:Ashtray
628:ammonia
321:Latakia
251:cigaret
175:History
86:smoking
78:tobacco
12177:France
12043:MPOWER
11942:Health
11871:Canada
11840:Brazil
11814:Turkey
11809:Sweden
11804:Russia
11799:Norway
11794:Latvia
11769:Greece
11759:France
11732:Europe
11690:Turkey
11685:Taiwan
11562:Africa
11423:MPOWER
11341:Malawi
11144:Loosie
11096:Holder
11065:Filter
11018:Lights
11013:Kretek
10900:online
10890:online
10832:online
10822:online
10808:
10773:
10735:
10723:(1931)
10715:online
10705:online
10685:online
10668:online
10658:online
10648:online
10638:online
10598:
10579:online
10569:online
10559:online
10542:online
10525:online
10515:online
10481:online
10468:online
10451:online
10441:online
10430:online
10413:online
10404:(2003)
10386:online
10370:
10355:online
10338:online
10321:online
10235:
10225:
10153:
10143:
10095:
10085:
9816:
9808:
9753:"Home"
9650:
9642:
9593:
9583:
9516:May 6,
9359:
9267:
9257:
8936:
8926:
8883:
8873:
8744:
8734:
8351:
8341:
8205:online
7461:May 6,
7412:
7404:
7363:
7355:
7308:
7298:
7263:
7228:
7181:
7142:
7132:
7093:
7083:
7044:
7003:
6995:
6960:
6925:
6772:
6762:
6693:
6685:
6677:
6622:
6550:
6484:
6474:
6466:
6356:
6349:437139
6346:
6234:
6226:
6218:
6175:
6167:
6126:
6118:
6070:
6060:
5946:
5936:
5888:
5878:
5870:
5831:
5821:
5813:
5795:Cornea
5774:
5766:
5725:
5717:
5709:
5674:
5633:
5623:
5615:
5574:
5564:
5556:
5517:
5476:
5466:
5417:
5407:
5321:
5311:
5303:
5264:
5254:
5246:
5204:
5194:
5155:
5114:
5106:
5053:
5043:
5035:
4996:
4988:
4947:
4937:
4929:
4853:
4843:
4756:
4748:
4738:
4696:
4688:
4647:
4637:
4629:
4590:
4580:
4539:
4529:
4521:
4482:
4472:
4464:
4422:
4414:
4368:
4360:
4352:
4232:
4224:
4095:
3863:
3822:
3746:
3569:
3559:
3520:
3510:
3502:
3463:
3453:
3445:
3106:
2954:
2939:Kretek
2849:Altria
2779:, and
2659:Prince
2499:Fatima
2464:Djarum
2419:Ardath
2366:Lights
2359:1,583
2345:1,017
2331:2,295
2322:Russia
2317:1,675
2303:2,043
2234:Europe
2201:Africa
2196:Women
2028:, and
1715:litter
1685:, the
1674:Bhutan
1652:Inc.,
1599:Quebec
1597:, and
1483:cancer
1439:Israel
1351:Quebec
1303:asthma
1301:, and
1155:952.0
1106:105.0
1058:122.4
987:, and
977:cancer
908:, and
735:litter
728:filter
653:filter
545:pectin
466:Filter
307:, and
305:cigars
238:, and
216:Aztecs
180:Global
135:, the
109:cancer
68:(vape)
12195:Other
11789:Italy
11680:Syria
11650:Macau
11635:Japan
11615:India
11600:China
11569:Egypt
11439:Lists
11336:Egypt
11028:Beedi
10991:Types
10863:(PDF)
10852:(PDF)
9648:S2CID
9357:S2CID
8802:(PDF)
8795:(PDF)
7410:S2CID
7361:S2CID
7001:S2CID
6886:(PDF)
6875:(PDF)
6828:(PDF)
6821:(PDF)
6691:S2CID
6612:(PDF)
6514:(PDF)
6503:(PDF)
6404:(PDF)
6397:(PDF)
6232:S2CID
6079:(PDF)
6038:(PDF)
5968:WebMD
5723:S2CID
5426:(PDF)
5393:(PDF)
5362:(PDF)
5355:(PDF)
4994:S2CID
4884:(PDF)
4873:(PDF)
4798:(PDF)
4791:(PDF)
4765:(PDF)
4754:S2CID
4716:(PDF)
4366:S2CID
4230:S2CID
3608:(PDF)
3597:(PDF)
3221:
3206:"fag"
3147:p. 25
3071:Smoke
3025:(PDF)
3018:(PDF)
2997:(PDF)
2982:(PDF)
2919:Cigar
2914:Beedi
2699:Surya
2670:Salem
2579:Merit
2469:Doral
2444:Capri
2439:Camel
2423:Basic
2350:Japan
2300:2,351
2297:1,386
2294:China
2022:fungi
2000:and H
1872:13.5
1774:ocean
1711:waste
1424:taspo
1088:29.3
1073:60.5
1048:Ref.
850:than
812:vapor
722:or a
682:fibre
498:Paper
475:Paper
332:Camel
301:pipes
208:cigar
102:cigar
96:or a
11876:Cuba
11630:Iraq
11625:Iran
11588:Asia
11265:Snus
11258:List
11106:Pack
11091:Case
10871:2017
10806:PMID
10771:PMID
10733:ISBN
10596:ISBN
10368:ISBN
10294:2019
10282:CNBC
10263:2013
10233:PMID
10186:2020
10151:PMID
10093:PMID
10043:2011
9977:2011
9931:2019
9905:2017
9874:2018
9844:2019
9814:PMID
9806:ISSN
9788:JAMA
9769:2018
9739:2009
9713:2009
9687:2012
9640:PMID
9591:PMID
9544:2014
9518:2009
9492:2015
9467:2015
9373:2019
9299:2014
9265:PMID
9220:2009
9143:2014
9117:2012
9088:2009
9062:2009
9036:2009
9005:2009
8979:2009
8934:PMID
8881:PMID
8836:2007
8810:2009
8778:2014
8742:PMID
8686:2013
8660:2013
8634:2013
8603:2013
8572:2013
8545:2017
8515:2016
8485:2016
8455:2012
8429:2018
8399:2011
8365:2013
8349:PMID
8304:2013
8239:2017
8187:2009
8158:2009
8128:2014
8102:2009
8076:2012
8050:2012
8024:2012
7998:2012
7972:2019
7939:2009
7913:2010
7874:2010
7834:2009
7808:2009
7778:2017
7748:2009
7722:2020
7684:2012
7637:2008
7611:2024
7577:2012
7551:2012
7522:2012
7493:2013
7463:2012
7402:PMID
7353:PMID
7317:2023
7306:PMID
7296:ISBN
7261:PMID
7226:PMID
7195:2019
7179:PMID
7140:PMID
7091:PMID
7042:PMID
6993:PMID
6958:PMID
6923:PMID
6858:2007
6804:2019
6770:PMID
6725:2012
6683:PMID
6675:ISSN
6638:2009
6620:ISBN
6593:2009
6564:2014
6548:PMID
6522:2009
6482:PMID
6464:ISSN
6426:link
6412:2009
6354:PMID
6309:2020
6282:2012
6224:PMID
6216:ISSN
6196:1340
6173:PMID
6165:ISSN
6124:PMID
6116:ISSN
6068:PMID
6007:2019
5981:2019
5944:PMID
5886:PMID
5868:ISSN
5829:PMID
5811:ISSN
5772:PMID
5764:ISSN
5715:PMID
5707:ISSN
5672:PMID
5631:PMID
5613:ISSN
5572:PMID
5554:ISSN
5515:PMID
5474:PMID
5415:PMID
5405:ISBN
5319:PMID
5301:ISSN
5262:PMID
5244:ISSN
5202:PMID
5153:PMID
5112:PMID
5104:ISSN
5051:PMID
5033:ISSN
4986:PMID
4945:PMID
4927:ISSN
4892:2015
4851:PMID
4773:2019
4746:PMID
4694:PMID
4686:ISSN
4645:PMID
4627:ISSN
4588:PMID
4537:PMID
4519:ISSN
4480:PMID
4462:ISSN
4420:PMID
4412:ISSN
4358:PMID
4350:ISSN
4319:2015
4292:2015
4222:PMID
4179:2014
4153:2014
4123:2014
4093:PMID
4042:2006
4015:2012
3861:PMID
3820:PMID
3804:JAMA
3744:PMID
3705:2017
3673:2012
3647:2018
3616:2020
3567:PMID
3518:PMID
3500:ISSN
3461:PMID
3443:ISSN
3399:2021
3369:2019
3343:2012
3317:2024
3288:2012
3275:Time
3182:vs.
3167:p. 6
3130:s.v.
3104:ISBN
3057:2024
2949:Shag
2724:West
2609:Next
2589:More
2559:Lark
2544:Kool
2539:Kent
2240:21%
2218:12%
2193:Men
2040:and
2012:and
1980:the
1968:and
1908:and
1892:and
1861:4.3
1850:1.0
1797:. LD
1581:and
1535:and
1192:193
1140:7.0
971:and
784:vape
768:and
708:and
552:mesh
413:and
319:and
228:Goya
212:Maya
160:vape
84:for
36:and
10796:doi
10763:doi
10223:PMC
10213:doi
10141:PMC
10131:doi
10083:PMC
10075:doi
10071:362
9796:doi
9792:311
9630:doi
9581:PMC
9571:doi
9435:doi
9431:105
9404:doi
9349:doi
9322:doi
9255:PMC
9247:doi
9170:doi
8924:PMC
8916:doi
8871:PMC
8863:doi
8732:PMC
8722:doi
8339:PMC
8331:doi
7862:AFP
7392:doi
7343:doi
7288:doi
7253:doi
7249:629
7218:doi
7214:678
7171:doi
7167:133
7130:PMC
7122:doi
7118:122
7081:PMC
7073:doi
7069:111
7032:doi
6985:doi
6950:doi
6913:doi
6760:PMC
6752:doi
6748:320
6744:BMJ
6667:doi
6472:PMC
6456:doi
6452:362
6344:PMC
6336:doi
6332:328
6208:doi
6155:doi
6106:doi
6058:PMC
6050:doi
6046:109
5934:PMC
5926:doi
5922:129
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