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and regulatory measures eventually followed in much of the developed world, including partial advertising bans, minimum age of sale requirements, and basic health warnings on tobacco packaging. However, smoking prevalence and associated ill health continued to rise in the developed world in the first three decades following
Richard Doll's discovery, with governments sometimes reluctant to curtail a habit seen as popular as a result – and increasingly organised disinformation efforts by the tobacco industry and their proxies. Realisation dawned gradually that the health effects of smoking and tobacco use were susceptible only to a multi-pronged policy response which combined positive health messages with medical assistance to cease tobacco use and effective marketing restrictions, as initially indicated in a 1962 overview by the British
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1066:
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39:
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715:, it was instead taxed. In 1682, Damascene jurist Abd al-Ghani al-Nabulsi declared: "Tobacco has now become extremely famous in all the countries of Islam ... People of all kinds have used it and devoted themselves to it ... I have even seen young children of about five years applying themselves to it." In 1750, a Damascene townsmen observed "a number of women greater than the men, sitting along the bank of the Barada River. They were eating and drinking, and drinking coffee and smoking tobacco just as the men were doing."
1039:, an avid craftsman, in 1881 created a machine that revolutionized cigarette production. The machine chopped the tobacco, then dropped a certain amount of the tobacco into a long tube of paper, which the machine would then roll and push out the end where it would be sliced by the machine into individual cigarettes. This machine operated at thirteen times the speed of a human cigarette roller. This caused an enormous growth in the tobacco industry that lasted until the late 20th century.
776:. Tobacco is a labor-intensive crop, requiring much work for its cultivation, harvest, and curing. With the profitability of the land rapidly increasing, it was no longer economically viable to bring in indentured servants with the promise of land benefits at the end of their tenure. By bringing African slaves instead, plantation owners acquired workers for long hours in the hot sun without paying them, providing only a bare subsistence to workers who could not leave or appeal to laws.
893:, he had become wealthy. Returning to Jamestown, following Pocahontas' death in England, Rolfe continued in his efforts to improve the quality of commercial tobacco, and, by 1620, 40,000 pounds (18,000 kg) of tobacco were shipped to England. By the time John Rolfe died in 1622, Jamestown was thriving as a producer of tobacco, and its population had topped 4,000. Tobacco led to the importation of the colony's
430:
1032:
where his life was principally led the chewer spat upon his lands without offence to other men, and his homes and public buildings were supplied with spittoons. Brown and yellow parabolas were projected to right and left toward these receivers, but very often without the careful aim which made for clean living. Even the pews of fashionable churches were likely to contain these familiar conveniences.
789:
the value of tobacco. The rise of value of tobacco accelerated the economic growth in
America. The cultivation of tobacco as a cash crop in America marks the shift from a subsistence economy to an agrarian economy. Tobacco's desirability and value led to it being used as a currency in colonies. Tobacco was also backed by the gold standard, with an established conversion rate from tobacco to gold.
2391:
1103:, a study of some 40 thousand doctors over 20 years, confirmed the suggestion, based on which the government issued advice that smoking and lung cancer rates were related. The British Doctors Study lasted till 2001, with result published every ten years and final results published in 2004 by Doll and
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During the curing period, which lasted about four to six weeks, the color of the tobacco changed from a greenish yellow to a light tan. Mold was an immense danger during this time. Once again, a planter relied on his experience to know when the tobacco was ready to be removed from the sticks on which
805:
In the first few years of tobacco cultivation in the colonies, the plants were simply covered with hay and left in the field to cure or "sweat." This method was abandoned after 1618, when regulations prohibited the use of valuable potential animal food for such purposes. It was also abandoned because
1000:
Regulation and
Taxation: Governments started imposing taxes on tobacco products, generating significant revenue for state coffers. Additionally, there were some early attempts to regulate tobacco, primarily driven by concerns over public health. Until 1883, tobacco excise tax accounted for one third
825:
the settlers paid little heed to quality control; this attitude soon changed due to both the market and to regulations. Over time, the settlers began to separate the tobacco into sections of equal quality. The leaves were then tied together in hands, which were bunches of five to fourteen. The hands
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At last, when the tobacco was ready, and preferably during a period of damp weather, workers struck the tobacco and laid the leaves on the floor of the tobacco barn to sweat for somewhere between a week or two. Logs could be used to press the tobacco and increase its temperature, but with that there
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Early on, the preparation of tobacco for shipping was very simple. The tobacco leaves were twisted and rolled, then spun into rope, which was wound into balls weighing as much as a hundred pounds (45 kilograms). These balls were protected in canvas or barrels, which would then be shipped to Europe.
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In the United States, The Family
Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act (Tobacco Control Act) became law in 2009. It gave the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) the authority to regulate the manufacture, distribution, and marketing of tobacco products to protect public health. Partial controls
1031:
The chewing of tobacco was well-nigh universal. This habit had been widespread among the agricultural population of
America both North and South before the war. Soldiers had found the quid a solace in the field and continued to revolve it in their mouths upon returning to their homes. Out of doors
817:
After sweating, the next step was sorting. Ideally, all the tobacco should be in a condition described by cropmasters as "in case". This meant that the tobacco had absorbed just the right amount of moisture; it could be stretched like leather, and was glossy and moist. If tobacco were too damp, it
788:
The cultivation of tobacco in
America led to many changes. During the 1700s tobacco was a very lucrative crop due to its high demand in Europe. The climate of the Chesapeake area in America lent itself very nicely to the cultivation of tobacco. The high European demand for tobacco led to a rise in
621:
on tobacco imports. The duty rose from 2p per pound to 6s 10p, a 40-fold increase, but
English demand remained strong despite the high price; Barnabee Rych reported that 7,000 stores in London sold tobacco and calculated that at least 319,375 pounds sterling were spent on tobacco annually. Because
464:
men with half-burned wood in their hands and certain herbs to take their smokes, which are some dry herbs put in a certain leaf, also dry, like those the boys make on the day of the
Passover of the Holy Ghost; and having lighted one part of it, by the other they suck, absorb, or receive that smoke
837:
These barrels were transported in a variety of ways to the ships on which they would be carried to
England. At first, captains of merchant vessels simply traveled from one plantation dock to the next, loading up with barrels of tobacco as they moved along the river. Other ways included employing
1160:
In order to reduce the potential burden of disease, the World Health
Organization (WHO) successfully rallied 168 countries to sign the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control in 2003. The Convention is designed to push for effective legislation and its enforcement in all countries to reduce the
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in the early 18th century. British patterns of tobacco use were transported to Australia along with the new settlers in 1788; and in the years following colonisation, British smoking behaviour was rapidly adopted by Indigenous people as well. By the early 19th century tobacco was an essential
529:
wrote a book about the history of medicinal plants of the new world. In this he claimed that tobacco could cure 36 health problems, and reported that the plant was first brought to Spain for its flowers, but "Now we use it to a greater extent for the sake of its virtues than for its beauty".
645:
in 1561 and Nicolo Torbabuoni in 1570 introduced it to gardens after seeing the plant on diplomatic missions. Cardinal Crescenzio introduced smoking to the country in about 1610 after learning about it in England. The Roman Catholic Church did not condemn tobacco as James I did, but Pope
500:, with instructions to use tobacco as snuff. The king's recurring headaches (perhaps sinus trouble) were reportedly "marvellously cured" by snuff. (Francis II nevertheless died at seventeen years of age on 5 December 1560, after a reign of less than two years). French cultivation of
622:
the Virginia and Bermuda colonies' economies were affected by the high duty, James in 1624 instead created a royal monopoly. No tobacco could be imported except from Virginia, and a royal license that cost 15 pounds per year was required to sell it. To help the colonies,
983:
Health Concerns: Early awareness of the potential health risks associated with tobacco consumption emerged during the late 19th century. A few medical professionals began expressing concerns about the impact of smoking on health. Nevertheless tobacco usage increased
834:" soon became the favored container throughout the colonial period. Even though its capacity varied slightly, governed by the regulations of the day, the average weight of the tobacco stored in a hogshead barrel was about a thousand pounds (450 kilograms).
792:
The increasing role of tobacco as a cash crop led to a shift in the labor force that would shape life and politics in the American South up through the civil war. In order to maximize profits, tobacco plantation owners abandoned the traditional practice of
469:. I knew Spaniards on this island of Española who were accustomed to take it, and being reprimanded for it, by telling them it was a vice, they replied they were unable to cease using it. I do not know what relish or benefit they found in it.
967:
The 19th century witnessed several significant trends in the history of tobacco, as it became increasingly popular and its consumption spread across the world. Here are eight main trends that shaped the history of tobacco during that time:
481:
mentioned a tobacco merchant of Lisbon in his will, showing how quickly the traffic had sprung up. The French, Spanish, and Portuguese initially referred to the plant as the "sacred herb" because of its valuable medicinal properties.
2557:. Johns Hopkins University Press. 248 pages; examines how marketing, technology, and demand figured in the rise of Bright Flue-Cured Tobacco, a variety first grown in the inland Piedmont region of the Virginia-North Carolina border.
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by the time European settlers arrived and took the practice to Europe, where it became popular. Eastern North American tribes have historically carried tobacco in pouches as a readily accepted trade item, as well as smoking it in
977:
Commercialization and Mass Production: Technological advancements, particularly the introduction of steam-powered machinery, allowed for large-scale commercial production of tobacco products, making them more accessible and
779:
The uncultivated Virginia soil was reportedly too rich for traditional European crops, especially cereals like barley. Tobacco "broke down the fields and made food crops more productive" by depleting the soil of nutrients.
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a better method of curing tobacco had been developed. In this new method the wilted leaves were hung on lines or sticks, at first outside on fence rails. Tobacco barns for housing the crop were in use by the 1620s.
325:
In addition to its use in spiritual and religious ceremonies, tobacco is also used for medical treatment of physical conditions. As a pain killer it has been used for earache and toothache and occasionally as a
995:
Tobacco Advertising and Marketing: As the tobacco industry grew, so did advertising and marketing efforts. Tobacco companies used various promotional strategies to attract consumers and create brand loyalty.
1006:
Tobacco in Literature and Art: Tobacco use found its way into literature, art, and popular culture. It became a symbol of leisure, sophistication, and rebellion, which further contributed to its popularity.
989:
Social and Cultural Acceptance: Smoking became increasingly socially acceptable and integrated into various social settings. Smoking rooms and designated areas in public places and social gatherings became
1050:
Women and Smoking: the 1910–1930 era saw a gradual shift in cultural attitudes. More women began smoking, challenging traditional gender norms and sparking debates about the propriety of female smokers.
629:
Tobacco was introduced elsewhere in continental Europe more easily. Iberia exported "ropes" of dry leaves in baskets to the Netherlands and southern Germany; for a while tobacco was in Spanish called
972:
Global Spread: Tobacco cultivation and consumption expanded rapidly, reaching various parts of the world through trade and colonization. This led to a global increase in tobacco usage and production.
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of internal revenue collected by the United States government. Internal Revenue Service data for 1879–80 show total tobacco tax receipts of $ 38.9 million, out of total receipts of $ 116.8 million.
1260:
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Anti-Tobacco Movements: As awareness of tobacco-related health issues increased, various anti-tobacco movements emerged, advocating for tobacco control and promoting abstinence from tobacco use.
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Tobaccoland: A book about tobacco; its history, legends, literature, cultivation, social and hygienic influences, commercial development, industrial processes and governmental regulation.
2300:
Royal College of Physicians "Smoking and Health. Summary and report of the Royal College of Physicians of London on smoking in relation to cancer of the lung and other diseases"(1962)
734:
commodity routinely issued to servants, prisoners and ticket-of-leave men (conditionally released convicts) as an inducement to work, or conversely, withheld as a means of punishment.
350:(the addition of which was thought to be particularly good for asthma and tuberculosis). In addition to its traditional medicinal uses, tobacco was also heavily cultivated in the
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custome lothsome to the eye, hatefull to the Nose, harmefull to the braine, dangerous to the Lungs, and in the blacke stinking fume thereof, neerest resembling the horrible
1169:
Tobacco has been the subject of a great deal of biological and genetic research. The economic impact of Tobacco Mosaic disease was the impetus that led to the isolation of
310:
Archaeological finds indicate that humans in the Americas began using tobacco as far back as 12,300 years ago, thousands of years earlier than previously documented.
579:, which repeated earlier arguments about the benefits of the plant and emphasised the health-giving properties of pipe-smoking. A popular song of the early 1600s by
1118:'s Report on Smoking and Health likewise began suggesting the relationship between smoking and cancer, which confirmed its suggestions 20 years later in the 1980s.
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inside with the breath, by which they become benumbed and almost drunk, and so it is said they do not feel fatigue. These, muskets as we will call them, they call
1015:
These trends demonstrate the complex and evolving role of tobacco in the 19th century, setting the stage for further developments in the 20th century and beyond.
826:
were returned to platforms to sweat. When they were once again "in case", the inspection of the crop could take place and the final processing for export begin.
1371:
California Natural History Guides: 10. Early Uses of California Plant, By Edward K. Balls University of California Press, 1962 University of California Press.
473:
Following the arrival of Europeans, tobacco became one of the primary products fueling colonization, and also became a driving factor in the introduction of
1250:
870:, and became the first settler to successfully raise tobacco (commonly referred to at that time as "brown gold") for commercial use. Tobacco was used as
2543:
Grehan, James (2006). Smoking and "Early Modern" Sociability: The Great Tobacco Debate in the Ottoman Middle East (Seventeenth to Eighteenth Centuries).
1683:
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In the UK and the US, an increase in lung cancer rates was being picked up by the 1930s, but the cause for this increase remained debated and unclear.
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and turned instead to slavery to supply them with cheap, fungible labor, allowing them to increase their yield while reducing the cost of production.
514:
claimed that he, not Nicot, had introduced tobacco to France; historians believe this unlikely, but Thevet was the first Frenchman to write about it.
2368:
1490:
729:
is native to Australia, tobacco smoking first reached that continent's shores when it was introduced to northern-dwelling Indigenous communities by
1580:
1354:"They smoke with excessive eagerness ... men, women, girls and boys, all find their keenest pleasure in this way." – Dièreville describing the
2310:
2795:
2773:
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have used tobacco as one ingredient in smoking mixtures for treating colds; usually it is mixed with the leaves of the small desert sage,
1173:, the first virus to be identified; the fortunate coincidence that it is one of the simplest viruses and can self-assemble from purified
657:—who in England had learned of smoking and the royal monopoly—became the monarch in 1689, however. Revoking all bans, he licensed the
1620:
1390:
1671:"Tobacco: Colonial Cultivation Methods – Historic Jamestowne Part of Colonial National Historical Park (U.S. National Park Service)"
1095:
published the first major studies that proved that smoking could cause serious health damage. In 1950, he published research in the
1374:
2613:
2565:
2362:
1965:
1932:
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Duke, Daron; Wohlgemuth, Eric; Adams, Karen R.; Armstrong-Ingram, Angela; Rice, Sarah K.; Young, D. Craig (11 October 2021).
1074:
762:
445:
2276:
1992:
38:
2822:
1115:
794:
2472:
Cox, Howard. (1997) "Learning to Do Business in China: The Evolution of BAT’s Cigarette Distribution Network, 1902–1941,"
684:
for many ailments. Although tobacco was initially prescribed as medicine, further study led to claims that smoking caused
421:, and presented as a gift. A gift of tobacco is traditional when asking an Ojibwe elder a question of a spiritual nature.
1670:
1595:
331:
2016:(December 1996), "The anti-tobacco campaign of the Nazis: a little known aspect of public health in Germany, 1933–45",
952:
525:
or smoking a tobacco leaf "has a wonderful power of producing a kind of peaceful drunkenness". In 1571, Spanish doctor
680:
in the late 16th century by the Spanish, where it attracted the attention of doctors and became a commonly prescribed
540:
introduced Virginia tobacco into England. "Raleigh's First Pipe in England", included in Frederick William Fairholt's
2699:
2526:
2495:
2430:
855:
279:
242:
141:
695:
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to import 1.5 million pounds of tobacco per year, with the Russian Crown receiving 28,000 pounds sterling annually.
2331:
743:
2627:
Merchants of doubt: How a handful of scientists obscured the truth on issues from tobacco smoke to global warming
730:
548:
1708:
270:, and it became a lucrative, heavily traded commodity to support the popular habit of smoking. Following the
2740:
1704:
769:
2582:
1498:
2841:
2780:
1123:
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became hugely popular worldwide. In the mid-20th century, medical research demonstrated severe negative
2637:
1957:
1069:
A lengthy study conducted in order to establish the strong association necessary for legislative action
894:
874:
by the Virginia settlers for years, and Rolfe was able to make his fortune in farming it for export at
602:
166:
1520:
552:
136:
2115:
JM Appel. Smoke and Mirrors: One Case for Ethical Obligations of the Physician as Public Role Model
449:
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765:, and sometimes for official purposes such as paying fines, taxes, and even marriage license fees.
113:
2318:
1065:
2792:
2018:
1096:
851:
156:
2064:"Research on Smoking and Lung Cancer: A Landmark in the History of Chronic Disease Epidemiology"
2809:
2531:
Gray, Stanley, and V. J. Wyckoff. "The International Tobacco Trade in the Seventeenth Century"
1988:
1291:
937:
263:
199:
1948:
Bynum, William F.; Hardy, Anne; Jacyna, Stephen; Lawrence, Christopher; Tansey, E. M. (2006).
1283:
1153:(FTC) Chairman and several cigarette company presidents agreed to discontinue usage of tar or
1138:
1100:
956:
623:
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912:. Large tobacco warehouses filled the areas near the wharves of new, thriving towns such as
1170:
941:
925:
846:
725:
493:
474:
453:
2787:
2656:
Price, Jacob M. (1954). "The rise of Glasgow in the Chesapeake tobacco trade, 1707–1775."
1624:
1398:
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Although the export of bulk tobacco was not outlawed until 1730, a large barrel called a "
8:
1255:
1134:
867:
822:
642:
497:
351:
2685:
Historical and Statistical Information respecting the Indian Tribes of the United States
1421:
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that showed a close link between smoking and lung cancer. Four years later, in 1954 the
711:
banned smoking in the Ottoman Empire in 1633. When the ban was lifted by his successor,
626:
banned tobacco cultivation in England, but allowed herb gardens for medicinal purposes.
2671:
2458:
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2080:
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2040:
1950:
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146:
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Smoking, Culture and Economy in the Middle East: The Egyptian Tobacco Market 1850–2000
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2253:
2228:
1696:
290:, which led to governments adopting policies to force a sharp decline in tobacco use.
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2695:
2609:
2522:
2491:
2426:
2408:
2358:
2258:
2209:
2160:
2085:
2045:
2013:
1961:
1928:
1647:
Tobacco and Slaves: The Development of Southern Cultures in the Chesapeake, 1680–1800
1372:
1355:
1328:
1316:
1308:
754:
689:
533:
204:
101:
2180:"The mortality of doctors in relation to their smoking habits. A preliminary report"
1460:
Ley, Willy (December 1965). "The Healthfull Aromatick Herbe". For Your Information.
588:
The importation of tobacco into England was not without resistance and controversy.
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2240:
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2142:
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2027:
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government condemning tobacco use, funding research against it, levying increasing
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945:
526:
228:
214:
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171:
118:
22:
2678:
The Tobacco Kingdom: Plantation, Market and Factory in Virginia and North Carolina
1343:
History, Manners and Customs of the Indian Nations who Once Inhabited Pennsylvania
1047:
Dominance of Cigarettes. Cigarette smoking became the dominant usage after 1910.
2826:
2799:
2229:"Mortality in relation to smoking: 50 years' observation on male British doctors"
1982:
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1217:
1202:
712:
658:
654:
589:
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176:
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on it, and in 1941 banning tobacco in various public places as a health hazard.
511:
2343:
1429:
1304:
1024:
677:
564:
478:
370:
2031:
1193:
for his 1935 work crystallizing the virus and showing that it remains active.
1027:
in the late 1860s reported on typical usage in the region where it was grown:
768:
The demand and profitability of tobacco led to the shift in the colonies to a
584:
2835:
2395:
1312:
1251:"Mammoths Roamed when Humans Started Using Tobacco at Least 12,300 Years Ago"
1036:
917:
909:
572:
518:
438:
406:
336:
287:
76:
2195:
617:." That year, an English statute was enacted that placed a heavy protective
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and South America and later introduced to Europe and the rest of the world.
2262:
2213:
2164:
2146:
1320:
1246:
1222:
1174:
1104:
1092:
913:
875:
653:
In Russia, tobacco use was banned in 1634 except for foreigners in Moscow.
504:(the queen's herb) began in 1560. By 1570 botanists referred to tobacco as
2089:
2049:
814:
came a danger. The heat might become too intense and mold spoil the crop.
477:. The Spanish introduced tobacco to Europeans in about 1528, and by 1533,
1227:
580:
414:
378:
362:
304:
283:
181:
2814:
2781:
Illustrations from the George Arents Collection, New York Public Library
2488:
Tobacco: A Cultural History of How an Exotic Plant Seduced Civilization.
1284:"Earliest evidence for human use of tobacco in the Pleistocene Americas"
1145:. The companies repositioned their brands to emphasize low tar content,
322:, whether for sacred ceremonies or those to seal a treaty or agreement.
2661:
1078:
886:
863:
700:
647:
485:
341:
2536:
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area from the 1620s on, where it was also used as a form of currency.
1212:
1142:
901:
818:
would rot in transit; if too dry, it would crumble and be unsalable.
685:
506:
366:
275:
267:
95:
1149:
technology and nicotine levels. The period ended in 1959 after the
900:
Throughout the 17th and 18th centuries, tobacco continued to be the
405:
of Canada and the north-central United States, it is offered to the
1281:
1182:
1154:
890:
871:
831:
708:
681:
394:
327:
314:
259:
108:
1391:"Economic Aspects of Tobacco during the Colonial Period 1612–1776"
1111:
magazine for many years published frequent anti-smoking articles.
2435:
Source on tobacco culture in 18th-century Virginia pp. 46–55
2394:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
2348:"The Discovery of the Causal Agent of the Tobacco Mosaic Disease"
1178:
1082:
882:
597:
255:
71:
30:
2555:
Making Tobacco Bright: Creating an American Commodity, 1617–1937
1091:
A true breakthrough came in 1948, when the British physiologist
492:, sent samples to Paris in 1559. Nicot sent leaves and seeds to
429:
2465:
The Golden Leaf: How Tobacco Shaped Cuba and the Atlantic World
758:
618:
489:
410:
402:
2649:
Porter, Patrick G. "Origins of the American Tobacco Company,"
2589:
Tobacco Leaf: Its Culture and Cure, Marketing and Manufacture.
2177:
692:, dulling of the senses, and a foul taste/odour in the mouth.
1207:
783:
670:
2706:
A Golden Weed: Tobacco and Environment in the Piedmont South
2332:
WHO | WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO FCTC)
748:
673:
were introduced to tobacco by Portuguese sailors from 1542.
2606:
Studies on Ottoman Society and Culture: 16th–18th Centuries
2416:
Golden-Silk Smoke: A History of Tobacco in China, 1550–2010
613:
609:
559:
mentions tobacco smoking in the country as of 1573, before
457:
398:
374:
2479:
Fuller, R. Reese (Spring 2003). Perique, the Native Crop.
1688:
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were scarce, tobacco was used as a currency to trade with
444:
Tobacco was completely unfamiliar to Europeans before the
2788:
History of tobacco article from Big Site of Amazing Facts
2226:
1947:
1745:(2 vol 2005) pp. 11:96–102, 170–171, 240–245, 2:570–593.
563:
brought the first "Virginia" tobacco to Europe from the
2620:
Balkan Smoke: Tobacco and the Making of Modern Bulgaria
2131:"Smoking and carcinoma of the lung. Preliminary report"
1758:(2 vol 2005) pp. 1:96–102, 170–171, 240–245, 2:570–593.
1181:
led, in turn, to the rapid advancement of the field of
951:
There were also tobacco plantations in Tennessee, like
2129:
Doll, Richard; Hill, A. Bradford (30 September 1950).
1590:
1588:
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in 1604, in which the king denounced tobacco use as "
303:
Tobacco was first discovered by the native people of
2599:
Ashes to Ashes: America's Hundred-Year Cigarette War
2357:. Hong Kong: World Publishing Co. pp. 105–110.
1107:. Much early research was also done by Dr. Ochsner.
841:
650:
threatened excommunication for smoking in a church.
389:
Religious use of tobacco is still common among many
1585:
1141:content in cigarettes that came to be known as the
854:working in the tobacco sheds of a colonial tobacco
2722:(UNC Press Books, 1985), a major scholarly history
2441:The Smoke of the Gods: A Social History of Tobacco
1949:
1859:A History of the United States since the Civil War
2178:Doll, Richard; Hill, A. Bradford (26 June 1954).
2102:Sander L. Gilman and Zhou Xun, "Introduction" in
2012:
1701:The Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture
551:was the first to bring tobacco seeds to England.
433:The earliest image of a man smoking a pipe, from
2833:
2749:Tobacco tycoon, the story of James Buchanan Duke
2227:Doll R, Peto R, Boreham J, Sutherland I (2004).
1473:
1471:
838:northern smugglers to ferry tobacco to England.
2512:Tobacco in History and Culture. An Encyclopedia
2119:, Volume 18, Issue 01, January 2009, pp 95–100.
800:
2517:Graves, John. "Tobacco That Is not Smoked" in
2505:Tobacco in history: The cultures of dependence
1922:
1649:(U of North Carolina Press, 1986) pp. 421–423.
1565:
1547:
2593:Source for flea beetle typology (p. 243)
2587:Killebrew, J. B. and Myrick, Herbert (1909).
2572:Smoking in British Popular Culture, 1800–2000
2425:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
2006:
1468:
236:
2521:(the sections on snuff and chewing tobacco)
1478:Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico
1133:In the 1950s tobacco companies engaged in a
2448:Principles of Flue-Cured Tobacco Production
2061:
1455:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1445:
1443:
1441:
1439:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1655:
784:Tobacco's impact on early American history
313:Tobacco had already long been used in the
243:
229:
2579:The tobacco industry in the United States
2252:
2203:
2154:
2079:
2039:
749:Economic history in the American colonies
2805:History of Tobacco from License To Vape
2443:. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
2220:
2128:
2117:Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics
2068:The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine
1974:
1436:
1064:
845:
810:it hung, a process known as "striking."
694:
532:
428:
298:
2694:. New York: I.B. Tauris & Co. Ltd.
2342:
2336:
1980:
1652:
1596:"Tobacco: Colonial Cultivation Methods"
1128:1964 report of the U.S. Surgeon General
583:proclaimed that "Tobacco is Like Love".
452:described how the first scouts sent by
2834:
2727:Present status of the tobacco industry
2725:United States.: Dept. of Agriculture.
2446:Collins, W.K., and S.N. Hawks (1993).
2353:. In Kung, S. D.; Yang, S. F. (eds.).
1984:Nazi Medicine and Public Health Policy
1941:
1820:The Republican Campaign Textbook, 1880
2815:information on tobacco and cigarettes
2713:The Bright Tobacco Industry 1860–1929
2608:. Burlington, VT: Ashgate: Variorum.
1916:
1245:
542:Tobacco, its history and associations
2644:Perique Tobacco: Mystery and history
2634:The tobacco industry of Western Asia
2625:Oreskes, Naomi, and Erik M. Conway.
2303:
1835:(2 vol 2005) pp. 1:71–72, 2:302–306.
1694:
1263:from the original on 11 October 2021
795:indentured servitude in the Americas
2708:(Yale University Press, 2014) 360pp
2574:(Manchester University Press, 2000)
1872:Encyclopedia of Smoking and Tobacco
1797:(2 vol 2005) pp. 1:1–18, 2:327–336.
1459:
1424:3 Sisters to Invite to Thanksgiving
1419:
1365:
13:
2629:(Bloomsbury Publishing USA, 2011).
2401:
2317:. 15 February 1960. Archived from
1075:first modern anti-smoking campaign
1054:
1018:
850:This 1670 painting shows enslaved
340:, or the root of Indian balsam or
14:
2853:
2767:
2720:The R.J. Reynolds tobacco company
2683:Schoolcraft, Henry R. (1851–57).
2622:(Cornell University Press, 2013).
842:Plantations in the American South
424:
384:
280:health effects of tobacco smoking
2793:Boston University MedicalCenter
2409:Cigarette § Further reading
2389:
1995:from the original on 31 May 2008
1684:Jamestown, Virginia: An Overview
1495:Boston University Medical Center
1420:Day, Ashley (20 November 2023).
772:-based labor force, fueling the
744:Tobacco in the American Colonies
737:
332:indigenous peoples in California
293:
37:
2760:The Plight of Cigarette Tobacco
2668:The Story of Tobacco in America
2325:
2311:"Tobacco: End of the Tar Derby"
2294:
2281:US Food and Drug Administration
2269:
2171:
2122:
2109:
2096:
2055:
1927:. Berg Publishers. p. 15.
1923:Szollosi-Janze, Margit (2001).
1903:
1890:
1877:
1864:
1851:
1838:
1825:
1813:
1800:
1787:
1774:
1761:
1748:
1735:
1722:
1677:
1639:
1613:
1574:
1556:
1538:
1513:
1483:
962:
2680:(Duke University Press, 1938).
2545:The American Historical Review
2467:. Vanderbilt University Press.
2062:Colin White (September 1989).
1911:Tobacco in History and Culture
1898:Tobacco in History and Culture
1885:Tobacco in History and Culture
1846:Tobacco in History and Culture
1833:Tobacco in History and Culture
1808:Tobacco in History and Culture
1795:Tobacco in History and Culture
1782:Tobacco in History and Culture
1769:Tobacco in History and Culture
1756:Tobacco in History and Culture
1743:Tobacco in History and Culture
1730:Tobacco in History and Culture
1413:
1383:
1348:
1335:
1275:
1239:
1:
2581:(Columbia Univ. Press, 1907)
2457:(Bracken 1996 reprint; 1931)
1952:The Western Medical Tradition
1709:University of Tennessee Press
1233:
1164:
1042:
731:visiting Indonesian fishermen
676:Tobacco first arrived in the
2355:Discoveries in Plant Biology
1705:Tennessee Historical Society
1521:"A Counterblaste to Tobacco"
1161:harmful effects of tobacco.
801:Early cultivation of tobacco
718:
637:, and influenced the German
7:
2774:Timeline of tobacco history
2636:(1964), on the Middle East
2514:(2 vol, Gage Cengage, 2005)
2245:10.1136/bmj.38142.554479.AE
1981:Proctor, Robert N. (1996),
1913:(2 vol 2005) pp. 2:679–688.
1900:(2 vol 2005) pp. 1:144–149.
1887:(2 vol 2005) pp. 1:145–146.
1848:(2 vol 2005) pp. 2:535–540.
1822:Statistical Tables, p. 207.
1810:(2 vol 2005) pp. 2:603–608.
1196:
1124:Royal College of Physicians
633:after the word for basket (
258:was long used in the early
131:Personal and social effects
10:
2858:
2658:William and Mary Quarterly
2642:Poche, L. Aristee (2002).
2463:Cosner, Charlotte (2015).
2406:
1958:Cambridge University Press
1925:Science in the Third Reich
1857:Ellis Paxson Oberholtzer,
1784:(2 vol 2005) pp. 2:173–174
1771:(2 vol 2005) pp. 1:173–174
1305:10.1038/s41562-021-01202-9
1157:levels in advertisements.
1114:In 1964 the United States
1058:
862:In 1609, English colonist
741:
603:A Counterblaste to Tobacco
571:as early as 1578. In 1595
446:discovery of the New World
266:introduced tobacco to the
2820:Modern History of Smoking
2533:Southern Economic Journal
2032:10.1136/bmj.313.7070.1450
142:Prevalence of consumption
2798:23 November 2014 at the
2762:(1931) in North Carolina
2690:Shechter, Relli (2006).
2604:Murphey, Rhoads (2007).
2597:Kluger, Richard (1996).
2414:Benedict, Carol (2011).
1600:US National Park Service
1377:22 February 2012 at the
1191:Wendell Meredith Stanley
1187:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
1151:Federal Trade Commission
699:A tobacco plantation in
614:pit that is bottomelesse
2825:5 December 2023 at the
2810:Tobacco in World War II
2651:Business History Review
2196:10.1136/bmj.1.4877.1451
2184:British Medical Journal
2135:British Medical Journal
2019:British Medical Journal
1697:"Wessyngton Plantation"
1097:British Medical Journal
876:Varina Farms Plantation
664:
496:and the King's mother,
488:, French ambassador in
157:Tobacco and other drugs
2553:Hahn, Barbara (2011).
2519:From a Limestone Ledge
2147:10.1136/bmj.2.4682.739
1989:Anti-Defamation League
1462:Galaxy Science Fiction
1292:Nature Human Behaviour
1070:
1034:
889:, a daughter of Chief
859:
821:In the early years at
704:
545:
521:in 1563 reported that
471:
450:Bartolomé de las Casas
441:
393:, particularly in the
2591:Orange Judd Company.
2562:Tobacco and Americans
2535:7#1 (1940), pp. 1–26
2510:Goodman, Jordan, ed.
2486:Gately, Iain (2003).
2453:Corti, Count. (1931)
2421:Breen, T. H. (1985).
2407:Further information:
2277:"Tobacco Control Act"
1870:Arlene Hirschfelder,
1861:(1917) Vol. 1. p. 93.
1732:(2 vol 2005) p. xiv.
1135:cigarette advertising
1101:British Doctors Study
1073:Nazi Germany saw the
1068:
1029:
957:Cedar Hill, Tennessee
849:
698:
567:, referring to it as
536:
462:
456:into the interior of
432:
347:Leptotaenia multifida
299:Pre-Columbian America
272:Industrial Revolution
2735:Werner, Carl Avery.
2564:(McGraw-Hill, 1960)
2455:A history of smoking
2439:Burns, Eric (2007).
1874:(1999) 34–35, 80–81.
1581:Tobacco in Australia
1491:"History of Tobacco"
1171:Tobacco mosaic virus
1137:war surrounding the
726:Nicotiana suaveolens
475:African slave labour
454:Christopher Columbus
2711:Tilley, Nannie May
2618:Neuburger, Mary C.
2577:Jacobstein, Meyer.
2560:Heimann, Robert K.
2190:(4877): 1451–1455.
2026:(7070): 1450–1453,
1695:Van West, Carroll.
1627:on 17 February 2017
1621:"Scharf, J. Thomas"
1525:University of Texas
1501:on 23 November 2014
1401:on 17 February 2017
1256:Scientific American
1249:(11 October 2021).
1023:A historian of the
906:the Virginia Colony
868:Jamestown, Virginia
643:Prospero Santacroce
498:Catherine of Medici
352:Chesapeake Colonies
2842:History of tobacco
2718:Tilley, Nannie M.
2676:Robert, Joseph C.
2666:Robert, Joseph C.
2653:43#1 (Spring 1969)
2507:(Routledge, 2005).
2374:on 4 February 2012
2321:on 8 October 2010.
1341:e.g. Heckewelder,
1079:National Socialist
1071:
934:head of navigation
895:first Black slaves
860:
705:
561:Sir Walter Raleigh
557:English Chronology
546:
538:Sir Walter Raleigh
442:
391:indigenous peoples
359:Iroquois mythology
54:History of tobacco
2758:Woofter Jr. T.J.
2747:Winkler, John K.
2704:Swanson, Drew A.
2614:978-0-7546-5931-0
2570:Hilton, Matthew,
2503:Goodman, Jordan.
2476:39, no. 3 (1997).
2364:978-981-02-1313-8
2141:(4682): 739–748.
2014:Robert N. Proctor
1967:978-0-521-47524-2
1934:978-1-85973-421-6
1464:. pp. 88–98.
881:When he left for
757:, where gold and
755:Thirteen Colonies
502:herbe de la Reine
413:, and is used in
379:Sapling and Flint
371:died giving birth
253:
252:
102:Nicotiana tabacum
2849:
2632:Parker, John B.
2474:Business History
2393:
2392:
2384:
2383:
2381:
2379:
2373:
2367:. Archived from
2352:
2340:
2334:
2329:
2323:
2322:
2307:
2301:
2298:
2292:
2291:
2289:
2287:
2273:
2267:
2266:
2256:
2224:
2218:
2217:
2207:
2175:
2169:
2168:
2158:
2126:
2120:
2113:
2107:
2100:
2094:
2093:
2083:
2059:
2053:
2052:
2043:
2010:
2004:
2003:
2002:
2000:
1978:
1972:
1971:
1955:
1945:
1939:
1938:
1920:
1914:
1907:
1901:
1894:
1888:
1881:
1875:
1868:
1862:
1855:
1849:
1842:
1836:
1829:
1823:
1817:
1811:
1804:
1798:
1791:
1785:
1778:
1772:
1765:
1759:
1752:
1746:
1739:
1733:
1728:Jordan Goodman,
1726:
1720:
1719:
1717:
1715:
1692:
1686:
1681:
1675:
1674:
1667:
1650:
1645:Allan Kulikoff,
1643:
1637:
1636:
1634:
1632:
1623:. Archived from
1617:
1611:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1592:
1583:
1578:
1572:
1569:
1563:
1560:
1554:
1551:
1545:
1542:
1536:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1517:
1511:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1497:. Archived from
1487:
1481:
1475:
1466:
1465:
1457:
1434:
1433:
1417:
1411:
1410:
1408:
1406:
1397:. Archived from
1387:
1381:
1369:
1363:
1352:
1346:
1339:
1333:
1332:
1288:
1279:
1273:
1272:
1270:
1268:
1243:
1061:Tobacco politics
763:Native Americans
553:William Harrison
527:Nicolas Monardes
264:arrival of Spain
245:
238:
231:
114:Tobacco diseases
41:
18:
17:
2857:
2856:
2852:
2851:
2850:
2848:
2847:
2846:
2832:
2831:
2827:Wayback Machine
2800:Wayback Machine
2770:
2765:
2687:. Philadelphia.
2670:(Knopf, 1949).
2423:Tobacco Culture
2411:
2404:
2402:Further reading
2390:
2387:
2377:
2375:
2371:
2365:
2350:
2344:Zaitlin, Milton
2341:
2337:
2330:
2326:
2309:
2308:
2304:
2299:
2295:
2285:
2283:
2275:
2274:
2270:
2225:
2221:
2176:
2172:
2127:
2123:
2114:
2110:
2101:
2097:
2060:
2056:
2011:
2007:
1998:
1996:
1979:
1975:
1968:
1960:. p. 375.
1946:
1942:
1935:
1921:
1917:
1908:
1904:
1895:
1891:
1882:
1878:
1869:
1865:
1856:
1852:
1843:
1839:
1830:
1826:
1818:
1814:
1805:
1801:
1792:
1788:
1779:
1775:
1766:
1762:
1753:
1749:
1740:
1736:
1727:
1723:
1713:
1711:
1693:
1689:
1682:
1678:
1669:
1668:
1653:
1644:
1640:
1630:
1628:
1619:
1618:
1614:
1604:
1602:
1594:
1593:
1586:
1579:
1575:
1570:
1566:
1561:
1557:
1552:
1548:
1543:
1539:
1529:
1527:
1519:
1518:
1514:
1504:
1502:
1489:
1488:
1484:
1476:
1469:
1458:
1437:
1430:Food & Wine
1418:
1414:
1404:
1402:
1389:
1388:
1384:
1379:Wayback Machine
1370:
1366:
1353:
1349:
1340:
1336:
1286:
1280:
1276:
1266:
1264:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1218:Snuff (tobacco)
1203:Chewing tobacco
1199:
1167:
1116:Surgeon General
1109:Reader's Digest
1063:
1057:
1055:Health concerns
1045:
1021:
965:
844:
803:
786:
751:
746:
740:
721:
713:Ibrahim the Mad
667:
659:Muscovy Company
655:Peter the Great
596:wrote a famous
427:
419:pipe ceremonies
387:
369:head after she
320:pipe ceremonies
301:
296:
249:
220:
219:
195:
187:
186:
167:Religious views
132:
124:
123:
90:
82:
81:
67:
59:
58:
49:
12:
11:
5:
2855:
2845:
2844:
2830:
2829:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2790:
2784:
2783:
2777:
2776:
2769:
2768:External links
2766:
2764:
2763:
2756:
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2481:Louisiana Life
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1987:, Dimensions,
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1189:was shared by
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885:with his wife
843:
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747:
742:Main article:
739:
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678:Ottoman Empire
666:
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565:Roanoke Colony
479:Diego Columbus
426:
425:European usage
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385:Ceremonial use
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2660:pp: 179–199.
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2496:0-8021-3960-4
2493:
2490:Grove Press.
2489:
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2431:0-691-00596-6
2428:
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2399:
2397:
2396:public domain
2370:
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337:Salvia dorrii
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294:Early history
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2440:
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2369:the original
2354:
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2327:
2319:the original
2314:
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2124:
2116:
2111:
2103:
2098:
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2071:
2067:
2057:
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1997:, retrieved
1983:
1976:
1951:
1943:
1924:
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1750:
1742:
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1729:
1724:
1712:. Retrieved
1700:
1690:
1679:
1646:
1641:
1629:. Retrieved
1625:the original
1615:
1603:. Retrieved
1599:
1576:
1571:Grehan, p. 3
1567:
1562:Grehan, p. 7
1558:
1553:Grehan, p. 2
1549:
1544:Grehan, p. 1
1540:
1528:. Retrieved
1524:
1515:
1503:. Retrieved
1499:the original
1494:
1485:
1477:
1461:
1423:
1415:
1403:. Retrieved
1399:the original
1394:
1385:
1367:
1359:
1350:
1342:
1337:
1296:
1290:
1277:
1265:. Retrieved
1254:
1241:
1223:Tobacco pipe
1175:nucleic acid
1168:
1159:
1132:
1120:
1113:
1105:Richard Peto
1093:Richard Doll
1090:
1087:
1072:
1049:
1046:
1035:
1030:
1022:
1014:
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963:19th century
950:
899:
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816:
812:
808:
804:
791:
787:
778:
767:
752:
724:
722:
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675:
668:
652:
641:. In Italy,
638:
634:
630:
628:
607:
601:
587:
576:
568:
556:
549:John Hawkins
547:
541:
516:
512:André Thevet
505:
501:
484:
472:
466:
463:
443:
434:
415:sweat lodges
397:. Among the
388:
356:
345:
335:
324:
312:
309:
302:
254:
200:Cultivation
100:
94:
53:
15:
2378:17 February
2286:17 February
1605:17 February
1530:17 February
1505:17 February
1405:17 February
1395:Tobacco.org
1228:Tobacconist
1185:. The 1946
978:affordable.
866:arrived at
774:slave trade
581:Tobias Hume
510:, although
367:Atahensic's
305:Mesoamerica
182:Tobacconist
1360:Port Royal
1267:11 October
1234:References
1165:In science
1059:See also:
1043:Since 1900
953:Wessyngton
946:Appomattox
942:Petersburg
926:Manchester
887:Pocahontas
864:John Rolfe
856:plantation
701:Queensland
648:Urban VIII
624:Charles II
575:published
494:Francis II
486:Jean Nicot
363:first grew
361:, tobacco
342:cough root
282:including
276:cigarettes
194:Production
2755:, popular
1909:Goodman,
1896:Goodman,
1883:Goodman,
1844:Goodman,
1831:Goodman,
1806:Goodman,
1793:Goodman,
1780:Goodman,
1767:Goodman,
1754:Goodman,
1741:Goodman,
1329:238635872
1313:2397-3374
1213:Cigarette
1143:tar derby
1083:sin taxes
984:steadily.
936:) on the
930:Fall Line
902:cash crop
897:in 1619.
823:Jamestown
723:Although
719:Australia
703:, in 1933
686:dizziness
635:canastro)
507:Nicotiana
375:twin sons
268:Europeans
147:Marketing
96:Nicotiana
66:Chemistry
2836:Category
2823:Archived
2796:Archived
2662:in JSTOR
2346:(1998).
2263:15213107
2214:13160495
2165:14772469
1993:archived
1707:and the
1375:Archived
1321:34635825
1261:Archived
1197:See also
1183:virology
1155:nicotine
1126:and the
922:Richmond
914:Dumfries
891:Powhatan
872:currency
852:Africans
832:hogshead
709:Murad IV
682:medicine
671:Japanese
631:canaster
395:Americas
328:poultice
315:Americas
260:Americas
215:Products
210:Industry
172:Politics
109:Nicotine
23:a series
21:Part of
2751:(1942)
2739:(1922)
2729:(1910)
2205:2085438
2156:2038856
2106:, p. 25
2090:2192501
2081:2589239
2050:8973234
2041:2352989
1714:3 March
1356:Mi'kmaq
1179:protein
990:common.
944:on the
928:at the
918:Potomac
916:on the
883:England
753:In the
707:Sultan
690:fatigue
639:Knaster
610:Stigian
600:titled
598:polemic
594:James I
523:chewing
467:tabacos
460:found:
411:prayers
409:, with
407:Creator
373:to her
365:out of
330:. Some
256:Tobacco
177:Smoking
162:Control
89:Biology
72:Tobacco
48:History
31:Tobacco
2753:online
2741:online
2731:online
2715:(1948)
2698:
2672:online
2638:online
2612:
2583:online
2566:online
2549:online
2537:online
2525:
2494:
2459:online
2429:
2361:
2261:
2254:437139
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2202:
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2078:
2048:
2038:
1999:1 June
1964:
1931:
1631:11 May
1480:p. 768
1327:
1319:
1311:
1147:filter
1077:, the
940:, and
759:silver
619:tariff
590:Stuart
577:Tabaco
490:Lisbon
435:Tabaco
403:Ojibwe
262:. The
205:Curing
2372:(PDF)
2351:(PDF)
2104:Smoke
1325:S2CID
1287:(PDF)
1208:Cigar
938:James
770:slave
592:King
569:tobah
119:Types
77:Smoke
2696:ISBN
2610:ISBN
2547:3#5
2523:ISBN
2492:ISBN
2427:ISBN
2380:2017
2359:ISBN
2315:Time
2288:2017
2259:PMID
2210:PMID
2161:PMID
2086:PMID
2046:PMID
2001:2008
1962:ISBN
1929:ISBN
1716:2018
1633:2016
1607:2017
1532:2017
1507:2017
1407:2017
1317:PMID
1309:ISSN
1269:2021
1177:and
924:and
669:The
665:Asia
458:Cuba
417:and
401:and
399:Cree
286:and
284:lung
2249:PMC
2241:doi
2237:328
2233:BMJ
2200:PMC
2192:doi
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2143:doi
2076:PMC
2036:PMC
2028:doi
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1301:doi
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
