938:
179:
directly from the tobacco industry, were willing to (and often did) accept funds from the CIAR. The majority of peer-reviewed studies funded by the CIAR were unrelated to ETS, and served instead to divert attention from its health effects and focus attention on other indoor air toxins instead. Anti-smoking activists argued that the center was a front for the tobacco industry, and that the industry funding the center received "tainted" the research it funded.
304:(IARC), hoping to persuade them to cooperate with CIAR. These efforts were mostly unsuccessful, though the CIAR did hire one IARC investigator to conduct a study. Tobacco companies, through the CIAR, subsequently funded research aimed at undermining the validity of epidemiologic research, intending to have these studies published before the IARC released its then-ongoing study on secondhand smoke. In 1997, the CIAR co-hosted a conference in
316:. The conference, entitled "International Workshop on Risk Assessment and Good Epidemiological Practices", brought together over 100 lung cancer researchers, some of whom had received tobacco industry funding. The workshop was part of the industry's "Asia-specific IARC preparation" effort to convince the public and the media to view the IARC report skeptically when it was published.
241:
concluded that homes were a greater source of exposure to second-hand smoke than workplaces, which led the tobacco industry to use its conclusions to argue that workplace smoking restrictions were unnecessary. This study has been criticized for suffering from "serious biases" that led to low values of exposure being reported.
224:, and Sao Paulo, Brazil. This study was based on the hypothesis that although both outdoor air and ETS could increase aerosol concentrations indoors, outdoor air was responsible for a significantly larger proportion of indoor aerosol concentrations than ETS was. The CIAR also funded research by Arthur Penn, of
194:(TNO) to collect data for the study, though the industry, through CIAR, still controlled the study's conclusions and the way its results were presented. Accordingly, CIAR subsequently asked TNO to remove 21 pages of analysis from the report, and TNO complied. In 1992, a CIAR-funded study conducted by
240:
previously attributed to passive smoking might actually be caused by other factors, such as diet. Another was the "16 cities study", authored by Roger
Jenkins and published in 1996, examining levels of second-hand smoke measured by subjects in sixteen different cities at work and at home. The study
160:
The original stated mission of the CIAR was to conduct "high-quality, objective research" pertaining to indoor air, including the health effects of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS). A confidential memo from 1988 described the CIAR as part of a plan to "carry out work on ETS to keep the controversy
169:
The CIAR awarded both "peer-reviewed" projects after review by their
Science Advisory Board, as well as "special-reviewed" projects awarded after review by tobacco company executives. The aim of the CIAR's peer-reviewed projects was mainly to divert attention from ETS as an indoor air pollutant,
178:
From 1989 to 1999, the CIAR funded at least 244 published studies. The CIAR has been called "a buffer between the tobacco industry and scientists." This refers to the fact that many scientists who published research favorable to the industry's position on ETS, although unwilling to accept funds
228:, into the effects of exposure to tobacco smoke in chickens from 1990 to 1994. After some of his studies found that this exposure caused increased plaque buildup in the chickens' arteries, the CIAR refused to fund any more of his work. Another study funded by the CIAR was authored by
263:
published two studies funded by the CIAR examining the association between ETS and heart disease. Both studies concluded that ETS exposure from spouses did not increase the risk of heart disease, and that previous conclusions to the contrary were due to
204:. A Congressional inquiry subsequently found that 25% of the data may have been falsified, although the study's author has disputed this conclusion. Also in 1992, the CIAR awarded $ 72,760 to Antonio H. Miguel, Jari Cardoso, and Aquino Neto to study
257:, which reported a positive association between secondhand smoke and lung cancer risk. The final paper concluded that studies like Hirayama's were subject to misclassification bias, and therefore, had "little scientific basis". In 1995, the journal
161:
alive." In 1992, the reference to passive smoking was removed from the organization's mission statement. This was, in turn, followed by a decrease in the amount of research funded by the CIAR that pertained to the health effects of passive smoking.
140:. The Swedish tobacco company Svenska Tobaks joined the organization in 1994. Soon after it was founded, it became the largest non-governmental source of funding for research on indoor air pollution. In 1998, a master settlement, known as the
144:, was reached between American tobacco companies and a number of American state attorneys general. This agreement required the tobacco industry to disband the CIAR, as well as the Council for Tobacco Research. According to Alisa Tong and
268:. Both of these studies have been criticized for suffering from exposure misclassification, because both studies failed to distinguish between current and former smokers. In 2003, a study funded by the center was published in the
1104:
Jenkins, RA; Palausky, A; Counts, RW; Bayne, CK; Dindal, AB; Guerin, MR (1996). "Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke in sixteen cities in the United States as determined by personal breathing zone air sampling".
309:
627:
Barnes, D. E.; Bero, L. A. (1 September 1996). "Industry-Funded
Research and Conflict of Interest: An Analysis of Research Sponsored by the Tobacco Industry through the Center for Indoor Air Research".
288:, the study's participants were enrolled in 1959, "when exposure to secondhand smoke was so pervasive that virtually everyone was exposed to ETS, whether or not they were married to a smoker." In a
292:, the Enstrom and Kabat paper was cited by the US District Court as "a prime example of how nine tobacco companies engaged in criminal racketeering and fraud to hide the dangers of tobacco smoke."
858:
313:
124:
and some of which did not. It also funded research pertaining to causes of lung cancer other than passive smoking, such as diet. The organization disbanded in 1998 as a result of the
195:
284:
or lung cancer. This study has been criticized for failing to distinguish between those who were exposed to second-hand smoke and those who were not, because, according to the
1443:
191:
170:
whereas special-reviewed projects were more likely to produce evidence that the tobacco industry could later use to argue against anti-smoking legislation.
1339:
Ong, Elisa K; Glantz, Stanton A (April 2000). "Tobacco industry efforts subverting
International Agency for Research on Cancer's second-hand smoke study".
1470:
866:
1465:
301:
1079:
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783:"Tobacco industry efforts at discrediting scientific knowledge of environmental tobacco smoke: a review of internal industry documents"
420:
289:
220:. The CIAR also awarded Miguel additional funding in 1998 for another indoor air quality study, this time measuring air quality in
149:
529:"Old ways, new means: tobacco industry funding of academic and private sector scientists since the Master Settlement Agreement"
361:"The smoke you don't see: uncovering tobacco industry scientific strategies aimed against environmental tobacco smoke policies"
259:
141:
125:
1485:
1436:
841:
511:
325:
1137:"Tobacco industry efforts to present ventilation as an alternative to smoke-free environments in North America"
978:"Tobacco industry success in preventing regulation of secondhand smoke in Latin America: the "Latin Project""
1475:
1235:"Environmental tobacco smoke and tobacco related mortality in a prospective study of Californians, 1960–98"
1052:
1026:
253:
was published. The tobacco industry hoped that the study would undermine the validity of a 1981 study by
1480:
1186:"How the tobacco industry responded to an influential study of the health effects of secondhand smoke"
200:
1384:"Constructing "Sound Science" and "Good Epidemiology": Tobacco, Lawyers, and Public Relations Firms"
585:"Tobacco industry efforts undermining evidence linking secondhand smoke with cardiovascular disease"
250:
229:
136:
The CIAR was founded in March 1988 by Philip Morris, R.J. Reynolds, and
Lorillard. It was based in
833:
The
Cigarette Century: The Rise, Fall, and Deadly Persistence of the Product That Defined America
285:
709:
692:
666:
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187:
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8:
1437:"United States of America v. Philip Morris et al.: Final Opinion of Judge Gladys Kessler"
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80:
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914:
890:"A tobacco industry study of airline cabin air quality: dropping inconvenient findings"
889:
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507:
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390:
330:
1368:
1325:
667:"American Cancer Society Condemns Tobacco Industry Study for Inaccurate Use of Data"
1403:
1395:
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1303:
1254:
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1197:
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997:
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939:"Smoke and mirrors: clearing the air to expose the tactics of the tobacco industry"
909:
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In the 1990s, the CIAR's executive director met with head investigators from the
221:
121:
468:
277:
217:
145:
1250:
1201:
958:
641:
1454:
693:"Implications of the tobacco industry documents for public health and policy"
273:
1399:
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280:, the study found little association between secondhand smoke and
359:
Muggli, ME; Forster, JL; Hurt, RD; Repace, JL (September 2001).
209:
101:
732:
Hirschhorn, N; Bialous, SA; Shatenstein, S (September 2001).
305:
249:
In 1995, a CIAR-funded study on secondhand smoke exposure by
186:
funded a study investigating the air quality in the cabin of
731:
1107:
Journal of
Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology
1103:
859:"Tobacco deal would disband controversial research center"
421:"6 Members of Panel on Smoking Have Ties to Tobacco Group"
1444:
United States
District Court for the District of Columbia
192:
1053:"Researchers Try to Separate Smoking Fact From Fiction"
734:"Philip Morris' new scientific initiative: an analysis"
358:
148:, the CIAR has "been essentially reconstituted as the
503:
Sick
Building Syndrome and the Problem of Uncertainty
1382:Ong, Elisa K.; Glantz, Stanton A. (November 2001).
1275:
290:US racketeering lawsuit against tobacco companies
173:
1452:
1050:
499:
100:established by three American tobacco companies—
971:
969:
116:, in 1988. The organization funded research on
787:Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health
1024:
975:
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966:
856:
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310:Guangzhou Institute for Chemical Carcinogens
295:
710:10.1146/annurev.publhealth.24.100901.140813
453:"Tobacco industry manipulation of research"
302:International Agency for Research on Cancer
1471:Non-profit organizations based in Maryland
630:Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law
626:
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527:Schick, S. F; Glantz, S. A (1 June 2007).
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236:in 1995, and claimed that some cases of
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976:Barnoya, J; Glantz, S (December 2002).
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150:Philip Morris External Research Program
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672:. American Cancer Society. 15 May 2003
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260:Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology
1233:Enstrom, JE.; Kabat, GC. (May 2003).
1134:
1125:
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946:The European Journal of Public Health
936:
780:
661:
659:
617:
506:. Duke University Press. p. 82.
190:planes. Philip Morris then hired the
1466:Organizations disestablished in 1998
1284:"Passive-smoking study faces review"
1183:
690:
450:
427:. Associated Press. 10 November 1990
1435:Kessler, Gladys (August 17, 2006).
583:Tong, EK.; Glantz, SA. (Oct 2007).
569:
439:
343:
314:Chinese Epidemiological Association
142:Tobacco Master Settlement Agreement
126:Tobacco Master Settlement Agreement
13:
656:
208:in offices and restaurants in the
14:
1497:
1461:Organizations established in 1988
1428:
1388:American Journal of Public Health
1080:"Center tied to tobacco industry"
1025:Butler, Kiera (16 October 2007).
857:Shane, Scott (14 November 1998).
602:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.715888
365:American Journal of Public Health
326:Foundation for a Smoke-Free World
155:
1184:Hong, M.-K. (14 December 2002).
1051:Stolberg, Sheryl (28 May 1994).
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174:Funding of scientific research
90:Center for Indoor Air Research
22:Center for Indoor Air Research
1:
1353:10.1016/S0140-6736(00)02098-5
937:McKee, M (1 September 2000).
336:
120:, some of which pertained to
1078:Shane, Scott (17 May 1998).
836:. Basic Books. p. 294.
164:
16:Tobacco industry front group
7:
1027:"Tobacco Industry Cover Up"
888:Neilsen, K (1 March 2004).
319:
10:
1502:
781:Drope, J (1 August 2001).
469:10.1177/003335490512000215
131:
1486:Lorillard Tobacco Company
1251:10.1136/bmj.326.7398.1057
1202:10.1136/bmj.325.7377.1413
1135:Drope, J (1 March 2004).
642:10.1215/03616878-21-3-515
500:Murphy, Michelle (2006).
296:Efforts to influence IARC
201:Environment International
96:) was a tobacco industry
76:
68:
60:
42:
34:
26:
1400:10.2105/AJPH.91.11.1749
1282:Dalton R (March 2007).
959:10.1093/eurpub/10.3.161
286:American Cancer Society
1153:10.1136/tc.2003.004101
906:10.1136/tc.2003.004721
830:Brandt, Allan (2009).
545:10.1136/tc.2006.017186
377:10.2105/ajph.91.9.1419
282:coronary heart disease
48:; 25 years ago
46:November 16, 1998
799:10.1136/jech.55.8.588
245:Epidemiologic studies
188:Scandinavian Airlines
410:, pp. 1380–1383
118:indoor air pollution
1476:Front organizations
1347:(9211): 1253–1259.
1300:2007Natur.446..242D
1196:(7377): 1413–1416.
994:10.1136/tc.11.4.305
750:10.1136/tc.10.3.247
234:Genevieve Matanoski
226:New York University
182:Beginning in 1988,
138:Linthicum, Maryland
114:Linthicum, Maryland
92:(often abbreviated
81:Linthicum, Maryland
23:
451:Bero, LA. (2005).
206:indoor air quality
21:
1481:Philip Morris USA
1394:(11): 1749–1757.
1147:(90001): 41i–47.
1057:Los Angeles Times
900:(90001): 20i–29.
595:(16): 1845–1854.
457:Public Health Rep
331:Tobacco Institute
308:, along with the
198:was published in
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869:on 25 March 2016
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