Titanosauria - Knowledge

1325:, and did not completely cover the back in scutes. Because of their sparse arrangement, it was unlikely that they served a significant role in defense. However, they may have played an important role in nutrient storage for titanosaurs living in highly seasonal climates and for female titanosaurs laying eggs. Osteoderms were present on both large and small species, so they were not solely used by smaller species as protection against predators. New evidence published in 2021 suggests there were indeed some defensive purposes in titanosaur osteoderms; simulated bite marks from both baurusuchid crocodylomorphs and abelisaurids on titanosaurid osteoderms suggest they could be useful for protecting the animals in addition to functioning in mineral storage. 3690: 7119: 5966: 13965: 2405: 13976: 13983: 15377: 17503: 16109: 137: 17344: 17338: 15382: 1924: 1121: 2169: 14839: 907: 3780: 1014: 3555: 17333: 8826: 14831: 17327: 16101: 14851: 13971: 14845: 16117: 109: 8883: 1267: 17491: 5876: 1725: 2075:

strongly procoelous with a prominent ball on distal end of centrum throughout tail; caudal arches on front half of centrum; sternal plates large; preacetabular process of ilium swept outward to become almost horizontal", but stressed that the relationships of titanosaurids to other sauropod groups couldn't be determined due to a lack of cranial material.

6055:) was resolved as a very inclusive clade composed of two distinct branches, one leading to the larger-bodied lognkosaurs and the other to the smaller-bodied saltasaurs. On the lognkosaur branch of Eutitanosauria, there is a branch of lognkosaurs and one of Rinconsauria. Following Calvo, González-Riga and Porfiri (2007), Rinconsauria was defined as 3910:, Curry-Rogers proposed a new phylogenetic analysis that focused on the inter-relationships of Titanosauria and included the most expansive character and taxon list of any study before it. 364 characters were selected from all previous phylogenetic analyses and scored across 29 probable titanosaurs, ranging from the 2074:

by Powell in 1986. McIntosh provided a large diagnosis of the family: "dorsals with irregularly shaped pleurocoels and spines directed strongly backward; transverse processes directed dorsally as well as laterally, very robust in shoulder region; a second dorsosacral, its rib fused to ilium; caudals

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but are now known to have been present in a variety of titanosaurs within the clade Lithostrotia. The exact arrangement of osteoderms on the body of a titanosaur is not known, but some paleontologists consider it likely that the osteoderms were arranged in two parallel rows on the animal's back, an

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Aureliano, Tito; Nascimento, Carolina S.I.; Fernandes, Marcelo A.; Ricardi-Branco, Fresia; Ghilardi, Aline M. (February 2021). "Blood parasites and acute osteomyelitis in a non-avian dinosaur (Sauropoda, Titanosauria) from the Upper Cretaceous Adamantina Formation, Bauru Basin, Southeast Brazil".

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Due to the near-global distribution of titanosaurs during the Cretaceous, titanosaur fossils have been found on every continent, including Antarctica. However, titanosaurs have the least complete fossil record of any major sauropodomorph group. No complete titanosaur skeletons are known, and many

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For much of the 20th century, most known species of titanosaurs were classified in the family Titanosauridae, which is no longer in widespread use. Titanosauria was first proposed in 1993 as a taxon to encompass titanosaurids and their close relatives. It has been phylogenetically defined as the

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and Titanosauridae and all of its descendants". Titanosauria resolved including the same two subclades as Bonaparte & Coria (1993), where Andesauridae was monotypic, only including the name genus, and Titanosauridae was all other titanosaurs. Titanosauria was additionally rediagnosed, with

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as the most derived. Titanosauroidea (following Upchurch 1995), was distinguished by pre- and post-spinal laminae in anterior caudals, a laterally flared ilium, a lateral expansion of the upper femur, and strongly opisthocoelous posterior dorsals. Less inclusive, Titanosauria was diagnosed by

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provided the first significant titanosaur cranial material with associated postcrania. All three genera were resolved in a clade together, although Curry-Rogers & Forster noted that it was possible the group was only resolved because no other titanosaurs had comparable cranial material.

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characteristics. Their spinal column was relatively flexible, likely making them more agile than other sauropods, though at the expense of rearing on their hind legs compared to the Diplodocoids. One of the most characteristic features shared by most titanosaurs were their procoelous caudal

953:, the tiny vertebra forming the joint between the skull and neck, missing. Only five titanosaur specimens preserve complete, articulated hind feet. This incompleteness is especially significant for giant titanosaurs, which are generally known from disarticulated and fragmentary remains. 3918:

to the large variety of Late Cretaceous global genera. Proposing her analysis as the basis for a new phylogenetic framework of Titanosauria, Curry-Rogers recommended only using named for clades that were very strongly supported. For the strict consensus, every taxon more derived than

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of titanosaurs are distinctly broader than other sauropods. Their forelimbs were also stocky, and often longer than their hind limbs. Unlike other sauropods, some titanosaurs had no digits, walking only on horseshoe-shaped "stumps" made up of the columnar metacarpal bones. Their

6093:, creating a new analysis of 279 characters drawn from significant previous analyses by Upchurch and Wilson supplemented by other studies. 63 sauropods were included, focusing on non-titanosaurian sauropods, although 14 probable titanosaurs were included. Unique to Mannion 6079:

to preserve the original restricted content, otherwise the entire rinconsaur-lognkosaur branch would be classified within Aeolosaurini. Lithostrotia, Saltasauridae and Saltasaurinae had their definitions preserved from earlier studies, and included their typical content.

2842:) was resolved, and diagnosed by only a rotation of the tibia so the proximal end is perpendicular to the distal end. More derived clades, while resolved, were only weakly supported, or characterized by reversions of diagnostic traits of larger groups (below and left). 1687:

and all of its descendants. The relationships of species within Titanosauria remain largely unresolved, and it is considered one of the most poorly-understood areas of dinosaur classification. One of the few areas of agreement is that the majority of titanosaurs except

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Titanosaurs were widespread. In December 2011, Argentine scientists announced titanosaur fossils had been found on Antarctica—meaning that titanosaur fossils have been found on all continents. They are especially numerous in the southern continents (then part of the

5744:, based upon multiple previous studies between 1997 and 2003. The final analysis included 15 titanosaurs and 65 characters, and the typical titanosaur subclades were resolved, Titanosauridae being used over Lithostrotia following Salgado (2003), and the new clade 3897:

was named for a large number of more derived taxa, although Nemegtosauridae was placed in Diplodocoidea following earlier publications of Upchurch. Lithostrotia adopted the distinguishing feature of strongly procoelous caudals, previously used for Titanosauria.

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Navarro, Bruno A.; Ghilardi, Aline M.; Aureliano, Tito; Díaz, Verónica Díez; Bandeira, Kamila L. N.; Cattaruzzi, André G. S.; Iori, Fabiano V.; Martine, Ariel M.; Carvalho, Alberto B.; Anelli, Luiz E.; Fernandes, Marcelo A.; Zaher, Hussam (15 September 2022).

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in 2011, and utilized an updated Wilson matrix, expanded to 289 characters across 41 taxa, including 15 titanosaurs. The primary focus of the analysis was on the basal titanosauriform taxa, but Titanosauria was defined, as the most recent common ancestor of

3706:, Saldago (2003) looked over the potential invalidity of the family Titanosauridae and redefined the internal clades of Titanosauria. Titanosauria was defined as more inclusive than Titanosauroidea, contrasting with earlier used by Upchurch (1995) and Sanz 9451:

Pereira, P. V. L. G. C.; Bandeira, K. L. N.; Vidal, L. S.; Ribeiro, T. B.; Candeiro, C. R. A.; Bergqvist, L. P. (2024). "A new sauropod species from north-western Brazil: biomechanics and the radiation of Titanosauria (Sauropoda: Somphospondyli)".

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González Riga, Bernardo J.; Casal, Gabriel A.; Fiorillo, Anthony R.; Ortiz David, Leonardo D. (2022). "Taphonomy: Overview and New Perspectives Related to the Paleobiology of Giants". In Otero, Alejandro; Carballido, José L.; Pol, Diego (eds.).

5997:, and all its descendants, although the only autapomorphy of the group recovered was the absence of a prominent ventral process on the scapula. This same matrix and basis of characters was further utilized and expanded for analyses on 11050:

Silva Junior, Julian C. G.; Montefeltro, Felipe C.; Marinho, Thiago S.; Martinelli, Agustín G.; Langer, Max C. (1 January 2022). "Finite elements analysis suggests a defensive role for osteoderms in titanosaur dinosaurs (Sauropoda)".

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placing very basal in a large group of Andesauroidea. Titanosauroidea was tentatively retained as the opposite clade of titanosaurs, which included all other traditional titanosaurs, although it was noted because of the invalidity of

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associated with late Cretaceous titanosaurids from India has revealed phytoliths, silicified plant fragments, that offer clues to a broad, unselective plant diet. Besides the plant remains that might have been expected, such as

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as basal within Titanosauridae, but because of the features of caudal vertebrae in these basal taxa, González-Riga recommended revising the diagnosis of the family, instead of changing the content. The situation of caudals in

989:. Fossils from perhaps the largest dinosaur ever found were discovered in 2021 in the Neuquén Province of northwest Patagonia, Argentina. It is believed that they are from a titanosaur. Some of smallest titanosaurs, such as 12132:

Carballido, J.L.; Salgado, L.; Pol, D.; Canudo, J.I.; Garrido, A. (2012). "A new basal rebbachisaurid (Sauropoda, Diplodocoidea) from the Early Cretaceous of the Neuquén Basin; evolution and biogeography of the group".

1321:. Several other arrangements have been proposed, such as a single row along the midline, and it is possible that different species had different arrangements. The osteoderms were certainly far more sparse than those of 9804:

Cerda, Ignacio A.; Paulina Carabajal, Ariana; Salgado, Leonardo; Coria, Rodolfo A.; Reguero, Marcelo A.; Tambussi, Claudia P.; Moly, Juan J. (January 2012). "The first record of a sauropod dinosaur from Antarctica".

3530:(above and right). Titanosauria was strongly supported, distinguished by up to 20 characters depending on unknown traits in basal taxa. Similarly, Saltasaurinae was characterised by up to 16 traits, and the clade of 10375:

Otero, Alejandro; Carballido, José L.; Salgado, Leonardo; Canudo, José Ignacio; Garrido, Alberto C. (January 2021). "Report of a giant titanosaur sauropod from the Upper Cretaceous of Neuquén Province, Argentina".

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species are only known from a few bones. Titanosaur skulls are especially rare. Though fragmentary cranial remains are known for several titanosaur genera, nearly complete skulls have been described for only four:

3931:, and one of Saltasaurinae. Within the recommended results, she only named Titanosauria, Lithostrotia, Saltasauridae, Saltasaurinae and Opisthocoelicaudiinae, because of the weakness of support (below and left). 10097:

Norell, Mark A.; Wiemann, Jasmina; Fabbri, Matteo; Yu, Congyu; Marsicano, Claudia A.; Moore-Nall, Anita; Varricchio, David J.; Pol, Diego; Zelenitsky, Darla K. (17 June 2020). "The first dinosaur egg was soft".

3654:. Wilson & Upchurch (2003) presented a reduced cladogram of Titanosauria, including only the most commonly-analyzed taxa from previous studies, resulting in a tree similar to that of Wilson (2002) but with 956:

Titanosaurs are one of the few groups of dinosaurs for which fossil eggs are known. The fossil site of Auca Mahuevo preserves a titanosaur nesting ground. Some titanosaur eggs have been found containing fossil

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but are 10-100 times larger, that seemed to have caused the osteomyelitis. The fossil is the first known instance of an aggressive case of osteomyelitis being caused by blood worms in an extinct animal.

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Sanz, J.L.; Powell, J.E.; Le Loeuff, J.; Martinez, R.; Pereda-Suberbiola, X. (1999). "Sauropod remains from the Upper Cretaceous of Laño (Northcentral Spain). Titanosaur phylogenetic relationships".

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respectively. Saltasaurinae and Opisthocoelicaudiinae were retained with their original definitions, but Lithostrotia was considered a synonym of Titanosauridae, and Titanosaurinae was considered a

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Ghilardi, Aline M.; Aureliano, Tito; Duque, Rudah R. C.; Fernandes, Marcelo A.; Barreto, Alcina M. F.; Chinsamy, Anusuya (1 December 2016). "A new titanosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of Brazil".

5856:, instead of being the basal member of the saltasaur-branch was instead basalmost titanosauroid. Lognkosauria moved to be within rinconsaurs, while Nemegtosauridae was resolved as the sister of 2220:

centered within an anteroposteriorly elongate depression and the presence of two well defined depressions on the posterior face of the neural arch. The entire group was compared favourably with

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surrounding larger scales. While most titanosaurs were very large animals, many were fairly average in size compared to other giant dinosaurs. Some island-dwelling dwarf titanosaurs, such as

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outside Saltasauridae. While non-titanosaur phylogeny remained identical in every single result, the topology within Titanosauria was very labile and prone to change with minor adjustments.

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Sallam, H.; Gorscak, E.; O'Connor, P.; El-Dawoudi, I.; El-Sayed, S.; Saber, S. (26 June 2017). "New Egyptian sauropod reveals Late Cretaceous dinosaur dispersal between Europe and Africa".

9925: 11107:"Taxonomic affinities of the putative titanosaurs from the Late Jurassic Tendaguru Formation of Tanzania: phylogenetic and biogeographic implications for eusauropod dinosaur evolution" 5844:

and character updates to match, bringing the total to 77 characters and 22 taxa. Significantly contrasting the earlier results, internal relationships of Titanosauria were rearranged.

2793:, with revisions to bring his old work up to date, including the addition of more phylogenetics and the recognition of Titanosauria as a clade name. Using the datamatrix of Sanz 9524:

Gallina, P.A.; González Riga, B.J.; Ortiz David, L.D. (2022). "Time for Giants: Titanosaurs from the Berriasian–Santonian Age". In Otero, A.; Carballido, J.L.; Pol, D. (eds.).

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Titanosauria have the largest range of body size of any sauropod clade, and includes both the largest known sauropods and some of the smallest. One of the largest titanosaurs,

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including two subfamilies, Opisthocoelicaudiinae and Saltasaurinae. Saltasauridae was defined as a node-stem triplet, where everything descended from the common ancestor of

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Bonaparte, J.F.; Coria, R.A. (1993). "Un nuevo y gigantesco sauropodo titanosaurio de la Formacion Rio Limay (Albiano-Cenomaniano) de la Provincia del Neuquen, Argentina".

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sister to Saltasauridae and the other two genera as basal titanosaurs outside Lithostrotia, since Titanosauria, while undefined, was labelled to include all taxa closer to

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due to their shared characteristic of narrow teeth, but this is now known to be the result of convergent evolution. Titanosaurs are now known to be most closely related to

2337:) was still classified as the basalmost family of diplodocoids. Upchurch chose to use Titanosauroidea as a replacement name for Titanosauria due to the recommended use of 12589:

Prasad, Vandana; Strömberg, Caroline A. E.; Alimohammadian, Habib; Sahni, Ashok (18 November 2005). "Dinosaur Coprolites and the Early Evolution of Grasses and Grazers".

12899:"Blood parasites and acute osteomyelitis in a non-avian dinosaur (Sauropoda, Titanosauria) from the Upper Cretaceous Adamantina Formation, Bauru Basin, Southeast Brazil" 8942:

of a creature around 25 metres (82 ft) long. Remains have also been discovered in New Zealand. One of the largest ever titanosaur footprints was discovered in the

3794: 1944:

described and classified many new genera of South American titanosaurs. Using the family Titanosauridae to include them all, he grouped the genera into Titanosaurinae,

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Poropat, S.F.; Mannion, P.D.; Upchurch, P.; Hocknull, S.A.; Kear, B.P.; Kundrát, M.; Tischler, T.R.; Sloan, T.; Sinapius, G.H.K.; Elliott, J.A.; Elliott, D.A. (2016).

7109:(2017) published a phylogenetic analysis of Titanosauria including the most taxa of any analysis of the clade. In an updated version of the analysis, with the taxon 2797:(1999) and modifying it to include additional taxa and some character changes, Powell found that titanosaurs formed mostly a single gradual radiation beginning with 6110:, Titanosauroidea should be considered an invalid name as well. While the original analysis didn't focus on titanosaurs, it was utilised during the descriptions of 11922:

Zaher, H.; Pol, D.; Carvalho, A.B.; Nascimento, P.M.; Riccomini, C.; Larson, P.; Juarez-Valieri, R.; Pires-Dominigues, R.; da Silva Jr, N.J.; Campos, D.A. (2011).

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from Argentina. The material between them represented almost all regions of the skeleton, which showed they were derived sauropods Huene interpreted as closest to

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Rubén D. F. Martínez, Matthew C. Lamanna, Fernando E. Novas, Ryan C. Ridgely, Gabriel A. Casal, Javier E. Martínez, Javier R. Vita and Lawrence M. Witmer (2016).

827:, including genera from all seven continents. The titanosaurs were the last surviving group of long-necked sauropods, with taxa still thriving at the time of the 8864:

impressions. The impressions showed that titanosaurs were covered in a mosaic armour of small bead-like scales. The huge number of individuals gives evidence of

3813:). In both studies, the new taxa formed clades within Titanosauridae, although neither were named, and new diagnostic features were proposed for the family. For 3519: 2826:. Within Titanosauria, Eutitanosauria was characterized by the absence of a hyposphene-hypantrum, no femoral fourth trochanter, and osteoderms. A small clade of 2011: 981:, had a body mass of approximately 900 kilograms (2,000 lb). Even relatively closely related titanosaurs could have very different body sizes, as the small 3830:

the vertebrae regularly changed their articular surfaces, being from procoelous caudals interspersed with amphicoelous, opisthocoelous and biconvex vertebrae.

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was within Saltasauridae, and the subfamilies Saltasaurinae and Opisthocoelicaudiinae were for every taxon on one branch of the saltasaurid tree or the other.

1083:") and all had crests formed by the nasal bones. Their teeth were either somewhat spatulate (spoon-like) or like pegs or pencils, but were always very small. 3883:, a review of Sauropoda included a more expansive Titanosauria for sauropods more derived than brachiosaurids. Titanosauria, defined as everything closer to 949:

and two undescribed specimens from Argentina. A fourth specimen, of an unidentified titanosaur from Brazil, preserves a nearly complete neck, with only the

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Han, F.; Yang, L.; Lou, F.; Sullivan, C.; Xu, X.; Qiu, W.; Liu, H.; Yu, J.; Wu, R.; Ke, Y.; Xu, M.; Hu, J.; Lu, P. (2024). "A new titanosaurian sauropod,

2287:, because of their shared dental anatomy, although he noted that peg-like teeth might have been independently evolved. This was followed up by Upchurch's 12446:

González-Riga, B.J.; Mannion, P.D.; Poropat, S.F.; Ortiz David, L.; Coria, J.P. (2018). "Osteology of the Late Cretaceous Argentinean sauropod dinosaur

3624:-named groups Titanosauridae and Titanosauroidea should be considered invalid as well. Wilson & Upchurch (2003) supported the definition of Salgado 9573:

Santucci, R.M.; Filippi, L.S. (2022). "Last Titans: Titanosaurs From the Campanian–Maastrichtian Age". In Otero, A.; Carballido, J.L.; Pol, D. (eds.).

5906:, with all three forming a clade of derived lithostrotians. Using the matrix of Wilson (2002), following the additions of a few cranial characters and 1949: 1659:. This highly diverse group forms the dominant clade of Cretaceous sauropods. Within Sauropoda, titanosaurs were once classified as close relatives of 1241:

all known from imperfect or disarticulated remains previously associated with a lack of phalanges - may have had phalanges but lost them after death.

12180:(Dinosauria, Sauropoda) from the Upper Jurassic of Germany: implications for sauropod ontogeny and phylogenetic relationships of basal Macronaria". 9985: 9664:"A new African Titanosaurian Sauropod Dinosaur from the middle Cretaceous Galula Formation (Mtuka Member), Rukwa Rift Basin, Southwestern Tanzania" 9380: 2079: 1953: 12489:"New information on the Cretaceous sauropod dinosaurs of Zhejiang Province, China: impact on Laurasian titanosauriform phylogeny and biogeography" 9396:"New information on the Cretaceous sauropod dinosaurs of Zhejiang Province, China: impact on Laurasian titanosauriform phylogeny and biogeography" 995:, inhabited Europe, which was largely made up of islands during the Cretaceous, and were likely island dwarfs. Another taxon of tiny titanosaurs, 12765:

Molnar, R. E.; Salisbury, S. W. (2005). "Observations on Cretaceous Sauropods from Australia". In Carpenter, Kenneth; Tidswell, Virginia (eds.).

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Salgado, L.; Coria, R.A.; Calvo, J.O. (1997). "Evolution of titanosaurid sauropods. I: Phylogenetic analysis based on the postcranial evidence".

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González Riga, Bernardo J.; Lamanna, Matthew C.; Otero, Alejandro; Ortiz David, Leonardo D.; Kellner, Alexander W. A.; Ibiricu, Lucio M. (2019).

9928:"A Basal Lithostrotian Titanosaur (Dinosauria: Sauropoda) with a Complete Skull: Implications for the Evolution and Paleobiology of Titanosauria" 9152:"A Basal Lithostrotian Titanosaur (Dinosauria: Sauropoda) with a Complete Skull: Implications for the Evolution and Paleobiology of Titanosauria" 2240: 12997: 1223:(further study is necessary), show that preservation biases may be responsible for the lack of hand phalanges in these taxa. This suggests that 11318:

Calvo, J.O.; González-Riga, B.J.; Porfiri, J.D. (2007). "A new titanosaur sauropod from the Late Cretaceous of Neuquén, Patagonia, Argentina".

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dug holes with their back feet, laid eggs in clutches averaging around 25 eggs each, and buried the nests under dirt and vegetation. The small

5737: 3628:(1997) for Titanosauria, since it was oldest and most similar to the original content of the group when named by Bonaparte & Coria (1993). 2202: 1187:

with fewer claws. However, titanosaurs evolved the manus even further, completely losing the phalanges and heavily modifying the metacarpals.

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Apesteguía, Sebastián (10 September 2004). "Bonitasaura salgadoi gen. et sp. nov.: a beaked sauropod from the Late Cretaceous of Patagonia".

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Ghilardi, Aline M.; Aureliano, Tito; Duque, Rudah R. C.; Fernandes, Marcelo A.; Barreto, Alcina M. F.; Chinsamy, Anusuya (1 December 2016).

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Powell, J.E. (2003). "Revision of South American Titanosaurid dinosaurs: palaeobiological, palaeobiogeographical and phylogenetic aspects".

5782:. The only difference in the resulting phylogeny, based on the matrix of the Calvo, González-Riga & Porfiri (2007), was the addition of 5868:

was unstable, but placed in a polytomy with the lognkosaurs and rinconsaurs before being excluded. Saltasaurinae and its relationship with

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to 405 characters and 87 taxa, including 28 titanosaurs (above and right). The definition of Titanosauria was preserved following Salgado

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Lydekker, R. (1888). "Part I. Containing the orders Ornithosauria, Crocodilia, Dinosauria, Squamata, Rhynchocephalia and Proterosauria".

11148:"An overview of the appendicular skeletal anatomy of South American titanosaurian sauropods, with definition of a newly recognized clade" 2356:, including relationships within Titanosauria. They provided a definition for the clade of "including the most recent common ancestor of 1098:

was slimmer than some sauropods, the pectoral (chest) area was much wider, giving them a uniquely "wide-legged" stance. As a result, the

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Salgado, L. (2003). "Should we abandon the name Titanosauridae? Some comments on the taxonomy of Titanosaurian Sauropods (Dinosauria)".

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Coria, R. A.; Chiappe, L. M. (2007). "Embryonic Skin From Late Cretaceous Sauropods (Dinosauria) of Auca Mahuevo, Patgonia, Argentina".

3612:, and revisited all the material that had been assigned to the genus while reviewing titanosaur inter-relationships. Because they found 2208:, but were still very closely related to the titanosaurids. The taxa that possessed the articulations were united within the new family 13015: 12790: 13067: 9454: 8903: 828: 1018: 2212:, and the two families were grouped together within the new clade Titanosauria. The titanosaurs were diagnosed by possessing small 1215:, including a thumb claw and phalanges on all other digits. This, coupled with the preservation of a single phalanx on digit IV of 898:. Titanosaurs have long been a poorly-known group, and the relationships between titanosaur species are still not well-understood. 12897:

Aureliano, Tito; Nascimento, Carolina S. I.; Fernandes, Marcelo A.; Ricardi-Branco, Fresia; Ghilardi, Aline M. (1 February 2021).

10816:"Titanosaur Osteoderms from the Upper Cretaceous of Lo Hueco (Spain) and Their Implications on the Armor of Laurasian Titanosaurs" 10295:"Small body size and extreme cortical bone remodeling indicate phyletic dwarfism in Magyarosaurus dacus (Sauropoda: Titanosauria)" 1025:

The heads of titanosaurs are poorly known. However, several different cranial morphologies are apparent. In some species, such as

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González-Riga, B.J. (2003). "A new titanosaur (Dinosauria, Sauropoda) from the Upper Cretaceous of Mendoza Province, Argentina".

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et al. (2021). Examination of the titanosaur's bones revealed what appear to be parasitic blood worms similar to the prehistoric

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Kundrát, Martin; Coria, Rodolfo A.; Manning, Terry W.; Snitting, Daniel; Chiappe, Luis M.; Nudds, John; Ahlberg, Per E. (2020).

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Carballido, J.L.; Pol, D.; Otero, A.; Cerda, I.A.; Salgado, L.; Garrido, A.C.; Ramezani, J.; Cúneo, N.R.; Krause, J.R. (2017).

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Apesteguía, S. (2005). "Evolution of the Hyposphene-Hypantrum Complex within Sauropoda". In Tidwell, V.; Carpenter, K. (eds.).

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Carballido, J.L.; Pol, D.; Otero, A.; Cerda, I.A.; Salgado, L.; Garrido, A.C.; Ramezani, J.; Cúneo, N.R.; Krause, J.M. (2017).

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were resolved within Titanosauria for the first time, after being placed in Diplodocoidea by multiple other analyses, because

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as a titanosauroid outside Titanosauria, while Titanosauria was redefined to include only the taxa classified by their study.

12774: 10081: 9590: 9541: 939:. As is the case in most other sauropod groups, there are few titanosaur specimens with complete necks preserving all of the 6168:(2013), but a large clade of Andesauroidea was still resolved with implied weights. Both redescribed Asian taxa, as well as 961:, which even preserve fossil skin. These fossil embryos are among the few titanosaur specimens to preserve complete skulls. 13088: 10293:

Stein, K.; Csiki, Z.; Rogers, K. C.; Weishampel, D. B.; Redelstorff, R.; Carballido, J. L.; Sander, P. M. (30 April 2010).

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outside the clades of aeolosaurines. Further updates and modifications were then made by Palbo Gallina & Apesteguía in

2395: 13016:"Cretaceous Titanosaur Suffered from Blood Parasites and Severe Bone Inflammation | Paleontology | Sci-News.com" 10671:

Poropat, S.F.; Upchurch, P.; Mannion, P.D.; Hocknull, S.A.; Kear, B.P.; Sloan, T.; Sinapius, G.H.K.; Elliot, D.A. (2014).

8975:, a nanoid titanosaur fossil from Brazil suggests that individuals of various genera were susceptible to diseases such as 2742:, utilizing both the names Titanosauria and Titanosauroidea in displaying their results. Similar to Upchurch (1995), Sanz 2275:). United by: caudals with anteriorly-shifted neural spines, extremely robust forearm bones, a prominent concavity on the 1696:, which some researchers consider equivalent to the deprecated Titanosauridae. Lithostrotians include titanosaurs such as 1205:

shows even more reduction of the hand than other titanosaurs, with both carpals and phalanges completely absent. However,

10940:"The internal anatomy of titanosaur osteoderms from the Upper Cretaceous of Spain is compatible with a role in oogenesis" 9150:

Martínez, R.D.; Lamanna, M.C.; Novas, F.E.; Ridgely, R.C.; Casal, G.A.; Martínez, J.E.; Vita, J.R.; Witmer, L.M. (2016).

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bear similar intermediate "hyposphenal ridges", which suggests they represent a more primitive form of dorsal vertebrae.

12389:"A New Titanosaurian Sauropod from the Hekou Group (Lower Cretaceous) of the Lanzhou-Minhe Basin, Gansu Province, China" 10779: 8951: 1066:. Titanosaurs had small heads, even when compared with other sauropods. The head was also wide, similar to the heads of 17533: 12235:"A new Early Cretaceous brachiosaurid (Dinosauria, Neosauropoda) from northwestern Gondwana (Villa de Leiva, Colombia)" 8892: 3551:

was also nested deeply in Saltasaurinae, though a further investigation of titanosaur interrelationships was proposed.

2816: 1757:, as a new taxon of dinosaur based on two caudals and a femur collected on different occasions at the same location in 1138:

of titanosaurs show multiple derived features among sauropods. Similarly to the Rebbachisauridae, titanosaurs lost the

2214: 17538: 11483: 11353: 11297: 10652: 10627: 10563:

Apesteguía, S. (2005). "Evolution of the titanosaur metacarpus". Pp. 321–345 in Tidwell, V. and Carpenter, K. (eds.)

7115:

added, Gorscak & O'Connor (2019) got similar results, with slightly different relationships within small clades.

1139: 10938:

Vidal, Daniel; Ortega, Francisco; Gascó, Francisco; Serrano-Martínez, Alejandro; Sanz, José Luis (7 February 2017).

11344:

Upchurch, P.; Barrett, P.M.; Dodson, P. (2004). "Sauropoda". In Weishampel, D.B.; Dodson, P.; Osmólska, H. (eds.).

2363: 2114: 1801: 1793: 11840:

gen. et sp. nov., a new titanosauriform (Dinosauria, Sauropoda) from the Upper Cretaceous of Mendoza, Argentina".

13975: 10881:

Curry Rogers, Kristina; D'Emic, Michael; Rogers, Raymond; Vickaryous, Matthew; Cagan, Amanda (29 November 2011).

3789:, a derived titanosaur possessing unique caudals that significantly change articular surfaces throughout the tail 1254:

is the largest, and also has the most specialized pes: like all titanosaurs, its pes is composed of short, thick

123: 13982: 13964: 10677:

Hocknull et al. 2009 from the mid-Cretaceous of Australia: Implications for Gondwanan titanosauriform dispersal"

9019:

Averianov, A.O.; Lopatin, A.V. (2020). "An unusual new sauropod dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia".

9066:(Dinosauria, Sauropoda) from the middle Cretaceous Galula Formation, Rukwa Rift Basin, southwestern Tanzania". 5954:

and recovered similar results for everything but Nemegtosauridae, where the family dissolved into a more basal

3744:. Next most inclusive, Salgado revitalised Titanosauridae to include everything descended from the ancestor of 15376: 11731:

gen. et sp. nov., a new titanosaurid (Dinosauria, Sauropoda) from the Late Cretaceous of Patagonia, Argentina"

8868:

behavior, which, along with their armor, could have helped provide protection against large predators such as

13060: 12800: 2385:, so some diagnostic features couldn't be resolved. Saltasaurinae was defined as the most recent ancestor of 10353: 6164:

were made. No differentiation between continuous and discrete characters was made like performed by Mannion

5800:, defined by the two genera classified within it. A very similar result was also recovered by González-Riga 1978:, united by very distinct dorsals, caudals, and ilia; the new clade Antarctosaurinae was created to include 1258:

of approximately the same lengths; however, metatarsals I and V are notably more robust than in other taxa.

12738: 11627:

Curry-Rogers, K.; Forster, C.A. (2001). "The last of the dinosaur titans: a new sauropod from Madagascar".

11003:

Carrano, Matthew T.; D’Emic, Michael D. (3 February 2015). "Osteoderms of the titanosaur sauropod dinosaur

6071:. Rinconsauria included taxa typically found within Aeolosaurini as well, so Aeolosaurini was redefined as 2094:, named decades previous by Huene, was kept as the oldest of the titanosaurid and given the new genus name 841:, estimated at 37 m (121 ft) long with a weight of 69 tonnes (76 tons), and the comparably-sized 12032:

del Corro, 1975 (Dinosauria: Neosauropoda) from the 'middle' Cretaceous of central Patagonia, Argentina".

11288:

Curry-Rogers, K. (2005). "Titanosauria: a phylogenetic overview". In Curry-Rogers, K.; Wilson, J. (eds.).

1996:

was named for a more basal titanosaurid classified as Titanosauridae indet. along with unnamed specimens,

1966:, united by multiple features of the caudal vertebrae; the new clade Saltasaurinae was created to include 1051:. In some titanosaurs, the skull was especially diplodocid-like due to square-shaped jaws; the titanosaur 12233:

Carballido, J.L.; Pol, D.; Parra-Ruge, M.L.; Bernal, S.P.; Páramo-Fonseca, M.E.; Etayo-Serna, F. (2015).

12028:

Carballido, José L.; Pol, Diego; Cerda, Ignacio; Salgado, Leonardo (10 February 2011). "The osteology of

6172:, previously considered derived titanosaurs related to Saltasauridae, were removed to outside the clade. 2786:

were looked at using their character list, but were considered too incomplete to add to the final study.

136: 16108: 5982:

Also following the 2002 analysis of Wilson, José Carballido and colleagues published a redescription of

3875:, included newly described titanosaurs and other taxa reidentified as titanosaurs. Written by Upchurch, 17481: 10643:

Apesteguía, S. (2005). "Evolution of the Titanosaur Metacarpus". In Tidwell, V.; Carpenter, K. (eds.).

2203: 13040: 12898: 12851: 11797:"A new Cretaceous terrestrial ecosystem from Gondwana with the description of a new sauropod dinosaur" 9478: 17343: 17337: 9479:"A New Titanosauriform Sauropod with An Unusual Tail from the Lower Cretaceous of Northeastern China" 1807:

presacrals, a lack of pleurocoels and open chevrons. Following this, Austro-Hungarian paleontologist

11369:

Lydekker, R. (1877). "Notice of new and other Vertebrata from Indian Tertiary and Secondary rocks".

17380: 13155: 13053: 15381: 12642:"3-D Modelling of Megaloolithid Clutches: Insights about Nest Construction and Dinosaur Behaviour" 9868:"Ten more years of discovery: revisiting the quality of the sauropodomorph dinosaur fossil record" 3858:. Only the three genera and various intermediate specimens were included in Aeolosaurini in their 3689: 3571:, resolving strong support for most groups, and a similar result to Upchurch (1998) although with 2401:, vertically compressed anterior caudals, and a posteriorly shifted anterior caudal neural spine. 10206: 1929: 11764:"Nuevos materiales de Titanosaurios (Sauropoda) en el Cretácico Superior de Mato Grosso, Brazil" 6097:, continuous characters were distinguished in a run of the matrix, which resolved almost all of 3567:

American paleontologist Jeff Wilson presented another revision of overall sauropod phylogeny in

17466: 17439: 17401: 14850: 14838: 14830: 12795: 11924:"A Complete Skull of an Early Cretaceous Sauropod and the Evolution of Advanced Titanosaurians" 9622:

Poropat, S.F.; Kundrát, M.; Mannion, P.D.; Upchurch, P.; Tischler, T.R.; Elliott, D.A. (2021).

8841:, Argentina and another colony has reportedly been discovered in Spain. Several hundred female 5971: 12640:

Vila, Bernat; Jackson, Frankie D.; Fortuny, Josep; Sellés, Albert G.; Galobart, Àngel (2010).

17461: 17370: 17332: 17061: 13343: 10068:. Springer Earth System Sciences. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 541–582. 9979: 9374: 4136: 2112:

of titanosaurid and non-titanosaurid material because of the presence of both procoelous and

2023: 1986:, more elongate girdle bones, and more robust limb bones; and Argyrosaurinae was created for 1296: 17326: 16100: 14844: 9332:

Lydekker (Dinosauria – Sauropoda), the first dinosaur genus with a 'Gondwanan' distribution"

2309:

instead of the most basal titanosauroid. This result places Titanosauroidea in a group with

1179:

Sauropod hands already are highly derived from other dinosaurs, being reduced into columnar

1148:, one of the most basal titanosaurs, shows a normal hyposphene. The same area is reduced in 17523: 17448: 16116: 13970: 12962: 12910: 12863: 12711: 12653: 12598: 12500: 12400: 12343: 12242: 12189: 12142: 12041: 11935: 11849: 11636: 11530: 11060: 11016: 10951: 10894: 10827: 10731: 10590: 10476: 10385: 10306: 10218: 10171: 10107: 9939: 9879: 9814: 9675: 9407: 9346: 9261: 9222: 9163: 9122: 9075: 9062:

Gorscak, E.; O'Connor, P.M.; Stevens, N.J.; Roberts, E.M. (2014). "The basal titanosaurian

9028: 8980: 8898:

The titanosaurs were the last great group of sauropods, which existed from about 136 to 66

7118: 6143: 6090: 6022: 5976: 5947: 5881: 5821: 5805: 5741: 3907: 3872: 3859: 3605: 3568: 3515: 2790: 2739: 2345: 2288: 2244: 2183: 2083: 2015: 1937: 1844: 1812: 1778: 1766: 1754: 1742: 1733: 835:. This group includes some of the largest land animals known to have ever existed, such as 11474:

McIntosh, J.S. (1990). "Sauropoda". In Weishampel, D.B.; Dodson, P.; Osmólska, H. (eds.).

8938:). Australia had titanosaurs around 96 million years ago: fossils have been discovered in 6138:. From these updates, an analysis of 548 characters and 124 taxa was published by Mannion 8: 17507: 14046: 10063: 5041: 1840: 12966: 12914: 12867: 12715: 12657: 12602: 12504: 12404: 12347: 12246: 12193: 12146: 12045: 11939: 11853: 11640: 11534: 11064: 11020: 10955: 10898: 10831: 10735: 10594: 10480: 10389: 10310: 10222: 10175: 10111: 9943: 9883: 9818: 9721: 9679: 9411: 9350: 9265: 9226: 9167: 9126: 9079: 9032: 8910:

of their time. The fossil evidence suggests they replaced the other sauropods, like the

5965: 2369:, centro-parapophyseal laminae, procoelous anterior caudals, and a significantly longer 17101: 14173: 12978: 12934: 12676: 12641: 12622: 12571: 12523: 12488: 12423: 12388: 12364: 12331: 12307: 12280: 12258: 12215: 12158: 12067: 11958: 11923: 11660: 11084: 11032: 10980: 10939: 10858: 10815: 10752: 10719: 10500: 10449: 10401: 10329: 10294: 10260: 10187: 10139: 10035: 10000: 9962: 9927: 9897: 9848: 9778: 9753: 9698: 9663: 9604: 9555: 9506: 9428: 9395: 9362: 9282: 9249: 9248:

Wang, X.; Bandeira, K.L.; Qiu, R.; Jiang, S.; Cheng, X.; Ma, Y.; Kellner, A.W. (2021).

9186: 9151: 9091: 9044: 8415: 6518: 5570: 4232: 3695: 3409: 2873: 2731:

Contributing additional work to the systematics of titanosaurs, Spanish paleontologist

2534: 2404: 2253: 1273:, a titanosaur with osteoderms, depicted with the osteoderms arranged in a pair of rows 1156: 940: 131: 11515: 17237: 16778: 15525: 15166: 14895: 14083: 13035: 12982: 12938: 12926: 12879: 12770: 12681: 12614: 12563: 12528: 12428: 12369: 12312: 12262: 12162: 12107: 12086: 11963: 11818: 11652: 11479: 11390:

Catalogue of the fossil Reptilia and Amphibia in the British Museum (Natural History)

11349: 11293: 11179: 11088: 11076: 10985: 10967: 10920: 10912: 10863: 10845: 10799: 10757: 10648: 10623: 10603: 10578: 10539: 10522: 10492: 10453: 10441: 10422:"A New Nanoid Titanosaur (Dinosauria: Sauropoda) from the Upper Cretaceous of Brazil" 10405: 10334: 10264: 10252: 10244: 10191: 10143: 10131: 10123: 10077: 10040: 10022: 9967: 9905: 9840: 9783: 9703: 9608: 9596: 9586: 9559: 9547: 9537: 9510: 9498: 9433: 9287: 9191: 9048: 8899: 7769: 3527: 3523: 2353: 1519: 1142:, a set of surfaces between vertebrae that prevent additional rotation of the bones. 895: 864: 12281:"A new giant titanosaur sheds light on body mass evolution among sauropod dinosaurs" 12219: 12071: 11813: 11796: 11747: 11726: 11036: 10720:"A gigantic new dinosaur from Argentina and the evolution of the sauropod hind foot" 10504: 9866:

Cashmore, Daniel D.; Mannion, Philip D.; Upchurch, Paul; Butler, Richard J. (2020).

9852: 9754:"A new giant titanosaur sheds light on body mass evolution among sauropod dinosaurs" 9366: 3826:

also suggested procoelous caudals were no longer diagnostic, because in the tail of

2396: 1990:, bearing a more robust forelimb and hand and more primitive dorsals. The new genus 975:, had a body mass estimated to be 69 tonnes (76 tons), whereas one of the smallest, 17495: 17108: 16953: 16893: 16535: 16427: 16333: 16224: 16026: 16006: 15945: 15064: 14917: 14764: 14481: 14435: 14415: 14359: 13662: 13439: 13419: 12970: 12918: 12871: 12719: 12671: 12661: 12626: 12606: 12575: 12555: 12518: 12508: 12467: 12459: 12418: 12408: 12359: 12351: 12302: 12292: 12250: 12205: 12197: 12150: 12112: 12102: 12057: 12049: 12008: 11998: 11953: 11943: 11902: 11892: 11857: 11808: 11775: 11742: 11664: 11644: 11569: 11538: 11243: 11169: 11159: 11126: 11118: 11068: 11024: 10975: 10959: 10902: 10853: 10835: 10794: 10747: 10739: 10698: 10688: 10598: 10544: 10534: 10484: 10433: 10393: 10324: 10314: 10234: 10226: 10179: 10115: 10069: 10030: 10012: 9957: 9947: 9887: 9830: 9822: 9773: 9765: 9693: 9683: 9639: 9578: 9529: 9490: 9459: 9423: 9415: 9354: 9277: 9269: 9230: 9181: 9171: 9130: 9083: 9036: 8538: 8185: 7980: 7294: 6910: 6559: 6148: 6118: 5908: 5778: 5200: 3753: 2338: 1750: 1425: 1368: 1300: 1282: 1207: 1135: 1126: 1058: 945: 684: 581: 419: 295: 12974: 12922: 12875: 12723: 11861: 11164: 11147: 11106: 11072: 10718:

González-Riga, B.J.; Lamanna, M.C.; David, L.O.; Calvo, J.O.; Coria, J.P. (2016).

10397: 9494: 9234: 9135: 9110: 9095: 9040: 1107:(back bones) were solid (not hollowed-out), which may be a reversal to more basal 17375: 17245: 16978: 16871: 16567: 16547: 16528: 16486: 16413: 16399: 16282: 16033: 15953: 15600: 15136: 15127: 14988: 14980: 14907: 14667: 14545: 14366: 14222: 14053: 13782: 13775: 13767: 13754: 13671: 13217: 13204: 13167: 13140: 13115: 13076: 12827: 12666: 12413: 12254: 12201: 12154: 12053: 11948: 11028: 10840: 10437: 10073: 9952: 9688: 9644: 9623: 9463: 9176: 9087: 8997: 8233: 7569: 7211: 6893: 6859: 6265: 6154: 5999: 5920: 5274: 4198: 3979: 2859: 2510: 2322: 2293: 2248: 2188: 2043: 2004: 1668: 1532: 1447: 1286: 1150: 1032: 1027: 950: 929: 888: 868: 861: 843: 797: 725: 654: 510: 479: 210: 12463: 11987:(Dinosauria: Sauropoda), a basal titanosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of Brazil" 11122: 2817: 17252: 17167: 17049: 16994: 16944: 16756: 16749: 16695: 16667: 16622: 16595: 16470: 16435: 16377: 16304: 16217: 15981: 15860: 15832: 15811: 15796: 15718: 15691: 15509: 15493: 15459: 15302: 15101: 14973: 14799: 14538: 14517: 14466: 14458: 14310: 14303: 14210: 14109: 14097: 13905: 13877: 13714: 13685: 13678: 13624: 13538: 13524: 13508: 13483: 13313: 12822: 12743: 12332:"New Australian sauropods shed light on Cretaceous dinosaur palaeobiogeography" 11437:

Huene, F. von (1929). "Los Saurisquios y Ornitisquios del Cretáceo Argentino".

9628:

provides new anatomical information on the skull and neck of early titanosaurs"

9273: 8992: 8947: 8931: 8479: 8161: 8062: 7461: 7342: 7101: 6758: 6646: 6098: 5914: 4938: 4925: 4875: 4621: 4319: 4215: 3867: 3810: 3711: 3643: 3259: 2913: 2900: 2751: 2479: 2448: 2410: 2333: 2215: 2038: 2027: 2018:, using Titanosauridae as the group to contain all taxa like previous authors. 1998: 1992: 1904: 1816: 1774: 1747: 1544: 1172: 1053: 714: 643: 409: 337: 258: 12559: 10488: 10230: 10119: 9826: 9582: 9533: 9358: 5768:) was placed as the sister taxon of Aeolosaurini, which together grouped with 1001:, lived a non-insular context in Upper Creaceous Brazil, and is an example of 17517: 17424: 17295: 17280: 17259: 17175: 17135: 17123: 17093: 17042: 17014: 16987: 16908: 16885: 16833: 16764: 16688: 16654: 16643: 16581: 16500: 16463: 16442: 16392: 16370: 16362: 16355: 16348: 16289: 16254: 16231: 16173: 16040: 16019: 15887: 15878: 15867: 15846: 15825: 15803: 15746: 15623: 15560: 15444: 15267: 15243: 15209: 15180: 15173: 15152: 15087: 15080: 15073: 15038: 15029: 14966: 14958: 14951: 14881: 14868: 14785: 14709: 14652: 14631: 14580: 14573: 14566: 14559: 14552: 14509: 14488: 14407: 14384: 14231: 14188: 14090: 14067: 14039: 13870: 13863: 13811: 13707: 13644: 13635: 13517: 13391: 13359: 13327: 13288: 13270: 13249: 12930: 12883: 11080: 10971: 10916: 10849: 10693: 10672: 10445: 10248: 10127: 10026: 9909: 9901: 9600: 9551: 9502: 8976: 8915: 8846: 8813:, which has given rise to speculation that herbivorous dinosaurs and grasses 8794: 8562: 8398: 8358: 8209: 8086: 8017: 7852: 7738: 7690: 7512: 7375: 7252: 7180: 7142: 7136: 7130: 7111: 6927: 6734: 6684: 6542: 6356: 6217: 6160: 6112: 6017: 6005: 5984: 5826: 5788: 5756: 5597: 5583: 5556: 5378: 5152: 5000: 4892: 4658: 4560: 4546: 4481: 4415: 4374: 4292: 4106: 3911: 3889: 3799: 3725: 3651: 3621: 3590: 3433: 3349: 3300: 2968: 2951: 2838: 2832: 2782: 2645: 2631: 2551: 2327: 2317: 2284: 2221: 2129: 2032: 1974: 1945: 1910: 1895: 1835: 1829: 1762: 1664: 1557: 1412: 1291: 1229: 1074: 1043: 991: 977: 943:

in sequence. Only three complete titanosaur necks are known: the holotype of

917: 766: 704: 694: 633: 622: 612: 602: 561: 520: 459: 429: 347: 66: 12610: 10319: 3752:, and to replace the node-stem triplet of Saltasauridae, defined the clades 2364: 2115: 1802: 1794: 1112:

vertebrae, with ball-and-socket articulations between the vertebral centra.

17303: 17273: 17266: 17203: 17144: 17070: 17002: 16960: 16929: 16915: 16900: 16878: 16862: 16796: 16785: 16736: 16717: 16710: 16588: 16574: 16560: 16514: 16507: 16478: 16449: 16385: 16326: 16268: 16261: 16210: 16203: 16166: 16047: 15988: 15974: 15938: 15931: 15917: 15895: 15789: 15781: 15774: 15753: 15725: 15673: 15659: 15645: 15630: 15581: 15502: 15474: 15467: 15286: 15275: 15252: 15234: 15159: 15145: 15052: 15009: 15002: 14944: 14937: 14700: 14615: 14423: 14373: 14345: 14338: 14317: 14289: 14275: 14195: 14139: 14118: 13804: 13692: 13596: 13552: 13545: 13497: 13469: 13430: 13256: 12685: 12618: 12567: 12532: 12472: 12432: 12373: 12316: 12297: 11967: 11822: 11656: 11574: 11557: 11542: 11183: 11131: 10989: 10924: 10867: 10761: 10703: 10496: 10338: 10278:

Wilson, J. A. (2006). "An overview of titanosaur evolution and phylogeny".

10256: 10207:"Specialized Craniofacial Anatomy of a Titanosaurian Embryo from Argentina" 10135: 10044: 9971: 9844: 9787: 9769: 9707: 9437: 9291: 9250:"The first dinosaurs from the Early Cretaceous Hami Pterosaur Fauna, China" 9195: 8814: 8455: 8341: 8250: 7893: 7648: 7607: 7545: 7495: 7474: 7392: 7148: 7124: 6985: 6951: 6879: 6701: 6413: 6339: 6301: 6287: 6124: 6011: 5894: 5797: 5750: 5745: 5484: 5460: 5405: 5391: 5250: 5233: 5183: 5138: 5125: 4976: 4962: 4844: 4464: 4440: 4350: 4305: 4027: 3894: 3880: 3876: 3835: 3805: 3785: 3773: 3638: 3629: 3617: 3578: 3560: 3510: 3283: 3235: 3096: 3050: 2803: 2776: 2763: 2462: 2377:. Titanosauridae was less strongly defined because of the polytomy between 2311: 2280: 2259: 2232: 2226: 2209: 2125: 2096: 1941: 1916: 1820: 1808: 1787: 1693: 1660: 1506: 1462: 1402: 1250: 1189: 1068: 1048: 1037: 986: 982: 935: 923: 883: 877: 849: 786: 776: 746: 735: 571: 550: 490: 469: 399: 389: 327: 304: 12951: 12896: 12013: 11897: 11876: 11780: 11763: 11456:

Powell, J.E. (1986). "Revision de los Titanosauridos de America del Sur".

1923: 17433: 17288: 17196: 17182: 17078: 16967: 16922: 16819: 16812: 16805: 16771: 16703: 16681: 16602: 16493: 16188: 15995: 15960: 15853: 15818: 15760: 15739: 15732: 15704: 15637: 15609: 15574: 15567: 15553: 15452: 15437: 15338: 15260: 15223: 15094: 15045: 14806: 14682: 14645: 14638: 14607: 14591: 14531: 14495: 14473: 14393: 14352: 14296: 14268: 14254: 14202: 14155: 14075: 14060: 14032: 13898: 13856: 13842: 13822: 13796: 13742: 13735: 13651: 13617: 13603: 13446: 13384: 13320: 13297: 13263: 13235: 11877:"Cranial anatomy and phylogenetic position of the titanosaurian sauropod 10549: 8984: 8943: 8887: 8870: 8842: 8586: 8496: 8103: 8038: 8004: 7876: 7793: 7714: 7325: 6968: 6782: 6494: 6446: 6396: 6031: 5840: 5736:

Another form of composite matrix was created by Calvo, González-Riga and

5614: 5543: 5291: 5101: 5024: 4675: 4174: 4084: 4010: 3450: 3363: 3206: 3026: 3002: 2934: 2662: 2618: 2594: 2283:, and a less robust pubis; Upchurch considered the clade sister taxon to 2271: 2265: 1968: 1962: 1890: 1677: 1644: 1390: 1345: 1322: 1312: 1248:(feet), only being complete in five definitive titanosaurs. Among these, 1162: 1120: 1062: 971: 837: 756: 368: 118: 41: 12513: 11907: 11174: 11049: 10577:

Day, J.J.; Norman, D.B.; Gale, A.S.; Upchurch, P.; Powell, H.P. (2004).

10239: 10017: 9575:

South American Sauropodomorph Dinosaurs. Record, Diversity and Evolution

9526:

South American Sauropodomorph Dinosaurs. Record, Diversity and Evolution

9419: 1843:

provided a significant revision of Titanosauridae the following year in

1839:

because they all had strongly procoelous caudals. German paleontologist

1815:, and provided a short classification of Sauropoda, where he placed the 17189: 17116: 17085: 16847: 16674: 16521: 16456: 16420: 16406: 16341: 16312: 16275: 16238: 16181: 15767: 15711: 15666: 15616: 15588: 15546: 15482: 15430: 15412: 15399: 15323: 15316: 15309: 15295: 15202: 15195: 15188: 15108: 15020: 14995: 14725: 14675: 14659: 14623: 14524: 14400: 14324: 14238: 14181: 14132: 13884: 13700: 13589: 13453: 13412: 13377: 13106: 12998:"Gruesome 'Blood Worms' Invaded a Dinosaur's Leg Bone, Fossil Suggests" 12210: 12117: 12062: 11795:

Calvo, J.O.; Porfiri, J.D.; González-Riga, B.J.; Kellner, A.W. (2007).

11460:. Universidad Nacional de Tucuman Facultad de Ciencas Naturales: 1–340. 10907: 10882: 10354:"Massive new dinosaur might be the largest creature to ever roam Earth" 9892: 9867: 9835: 8979:

and parasite infestations. The specimen hails from the late cretaceous

8939: 8923: 8911: 8793:, discoveries published in 2005 revealed an unexpectedly wide range of 8603: 8310: 7810: 7235: 6248: 6193: 6134: 5852:

in a clade of the basalmost titanosaurs outside Titanosauroidea, where

5429: 4827: 4584: 4067: 3962: 3736:, and also it's opposite Titanosauroidea as every titanosaur closer to 2759: 2435: 2370: 2176: 2168: 2054: 2046:. Titanosauridae included many previously named genera, plus taxa like 1880: 1871: 1848: 1683: 1492: 1318: 1255: 1180: 1144: 1108: 1091: 1080: 832: 674: 664: 592: 530: 500: 439: 358: 242: 194: 86: 51: 28: 12445: 12355: 12176:

Carballido, J.L.; Sander, M.P. (2014). "Postcranial axial skeleton of

12003: 11982: 11248: 11227: 10963: 10880: 10743: 8955: 3793:

Following the clade definitions proposed in previous Salgado studies,

3779: 3702:

At the same time as Wilson & Upchurch redescribing the species of

2186:

concluded that a new clade of derived sauropods was necessary because

1013: 906: 17152: 17034: 16840: 16319: 16297: 16246: 15967: 15924: 15910: 15652: 15345: 15331: 15216: 14930: 14778: 14771: 14502: 14451: 14014: 14001: 13916: 13891: 13849: 13728: 13568: 13335: 13277: 11762:

Franco-Rosas, A.C.; Salgado, L.; Rosas, C.F.; Carvalho, I.S. (2004).

11648: 10883:"Sauropod dinosaur osteoderms from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar" 10183: 10060: 9624:"Second specimen of the Late Cretaceous Australian sauropod dinosaur 8907: 8838: 8825: 8798: 8781: 7631: 6470: 6085: 5934: 5501: 4398: 4150: 3720: 3573: 3380: 3074: 2809: 2789:

Argentinian paleontologist Jaime Powell published his 1986 thesis in

2087: 2078:

A brief review of putative titanosaurids from Europe was authored by

2048: 1983: 1851: 1728: 1653: 1307: 1184: 910:

Excavation of titanosaur fossils at the Lo Hueco fossil site in Spain

854: 821: 540: 449: 226: 148: 91: 35: 17395: 11232:(Macronaria) and the evolutionary history of basal titanosauriforms" 11145: 10814:

Vidal, Daniel; Ortega, Francisco; Sanz, José Luis (13 August 2014).

3554: 2279:

for articulation with the humerus, a laterally flared and flattened

1854:, and named multiple new genera. Huene included multiple species of 1079:

though somewhat more elongated. Titanosaurian nostrils were large ("

17418: 17160: 16826: 16636: 15839: 15680: 15539: 14792: 14282: 14125: 13835: 13610: 13582: 13490: 13405: 13398: 13305: 13242: 13124: 13100: 12545: 11405:

Contributions to a knowledge of the fossil vertebrates of Argentina

8971: 8935: 8919: 8850: 3862:

paper, with the tribe being considered to be within Saltasaurinae.

2109: 1770: 1656: 1104: 1002: 997: 824: 181: 168: 108: 81: 76: 61: 56: 46: 13045: 12588: 11478:(1st ed.). University of California Press. pp. 345–402. 11348:(2nd ed.). University of California Press. pp. 259–322. 9803: 8946:

in 2016. One of the oldest remains of this group was described by

3797:

published two papers in 2003 describing new taxa in Titanosauria:

2104:

was removed from the family and placed in undetermined Sauropoda.

17453: 16196: 14600: 14444: 14331: 13789: 9061: 8882: 8802: 8790: 2823: 2374: 1867: 1859: 1266: 1099: 1086:

Titanosaur necks were of average length for sauropods, and their

958: 379: 96: 71: 11794: 11761: 10937: 3724:. In order to create additional stability, Saldago also defined 16725: 15903: 13721: 13094: 12849: 12701: 12085:

Carballido, J.L.; Rauhut, O.W.M.; Pol, D.; Salgado, L. (2011).

10579:"A Middle Jurassic dinosaur trackway site from Oxfordshire, UK" 9523: 9477:

Mo, Jinyou; Ma, Feimin; Yu, Yilun; Xu, Xing (9 December 2022).

9213:

gen. et sp. nov., from the Late Cretaceous of southern China".

8959: 8857: 8854: 8810: 6799: 5875: 1863: 1724: 1281:, it has been determined that the skin of many titanosaurs was 1278: 1194: 1095: 158: 12329: 11226:

Mannion, P.D.; Upchurch, P.; Barnes, R.N.; Mateus, O. (2013).

10717: 10670: 10523:"Sauropod dinosaur phylogeny: critique and cladistic analysis" 10001:"Almost all known sauropod necks are incomplete and distorted" 2291:

study on sauropod phylogenetics, which additionally recovered

2030:, following its original description and not later works, and 12232: 12091:(Dinosauria, Sauropoda) from the Upper Jurassic of Patagonia" 11835: 11228:"Osteology of the Late Jurassic Portuguese sauropod dinosaur 9865: 9621: 9325: 8786: 2754:

was proposed as a name for the titanosaurs more derived than

2133: 1758: 892: 872: 12823:"Giant footprint could shed light on titanosaurus behaviour" 11105:

Mannion, P.D.; Upchurch, P.; Schwarz, D.; Wings, O. (2019).

10418: 10374: 5808:

in a phylogenetic analysis based partially on that of Calvo

3838:, a clade named the following year by Aldirene Franco-Rosas 3581:. More internal clades were resolved for Titanosauria, with 2822:, prominent procoelous anterior caudals, and a ridge on the 17027: 13531: 11836:

González-Riga, B.J.; Previtera, E.; Pirrone, C.A. (2009). "

11588: 11523:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B

11407:. Vol. 2. Anales del Museo de La Plata. pp. 1–14. 11403:

Lydekker, R. (1893). "Part I. The dinosaurs of Patagonia".

11225: 11104: 10780:"The early evolution of titanosauriform sauropod dinosaurs" 10204: 9450: 9149: 9111:"Review of Cretaceous sauropod dinosaurs from Central Asia" 8962:, representing a 136-million-year-old subadult individual. 8865: 8861: 8834: 8806: 5924:, remained the same as originally found by Wilson but with 3893:, included a very large variety of taxa, and the new clade 3526:, who additionally provided a new phylogenetic analysis of 2276: 1761:. While it was later given a position as a sauropod within 1245: 1087: 12131: 12084: 11921: 10292: 14689: 12027: 11981:

Wilson, J.A.; Pol, D.; Carvalho, A.B.; Zaher, H. (2016).

11317: 10282:. Salas de los Infantes, Burgos, Spain. pp. 169–190. 8829:

Diagram showing titanosaur nest excavation and egg laying

5888:

Nemegtosauridae was additionally revised by Hussam Zaher

5776:

published another paper, describing the basal titanosaur

12758: 12639: 12487:

Mannion, P.D.; Upchurch, P.; Jin, X.; Zheng, W. (2019).

10280:

Actas de las III Jornadas sobre Dinosaurios y su Entorno

9394:

Mannion, P.D.; Upchurch, P.; Jin, X.; Zheng, W. (2019).

12486: 12278: 9758:

Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

9751: 9393: 1211:, while lacking carpals, preserves a manual formula of 891:

and relatives, titanosaurs make up the larger sauropod

12852:"A new titanosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of Brazil" 11980: 11558:"The phylogenetic relationships of sauropod dinosaurs" 11392:. British Museum of Natural History. pp. 134–136. 10777: 2156:

by Huene were also moved into the same species again,

1671:; together they form a clade named Titanosauriformes. 1130:, the only titanosaur known to have multiple phalanges 17479: 17360: 11343: 10576: 10096: 2393:

and its descendants, and diagnosed by short cervical

1675:

clade composed of the most recent common ancestor of

1154:

to only two ridges, and is fully absent in taxa like

12450:: implications for basal titanosaur relationships". 9247: 5772:

as sister to Saltasauridae. In the same year, Calvo

3923:

was in an unresolved polytomy except for a clade of

2200:

were distinct from Titanosauridae as they possessed

2086:, and covered the supposed genera known so far. The 793: 782: 772: 762: 752: 742: 731: 721: 710: 700: 690: 680: 670: 660: 650: 639: 629: 618: 608: 598: 588: 577: 567: 557: 546: 536: 526: 516: 506: 496: 486: 475: 465: 455: 445: 435: 425: 415: 405: 395: 385: 375: 364: 354: 343: 333: 323: 301: 292: 11626: 10157: 10155: 10153: 10056: 10054: 9661: 3604:Wilson and Paul Upchurch followed this study up in 1982:, distinguished by large size, a different form of 1201:show a reduction of phalanges to one or two bones. 17229: 12387:Li, L.G.; Li, D.Q.; You, H.L.; Dodson, P. (2014). 11724: 9208: 1956:and Titanosauridae indet. Titanosaurinae included 315:Titanosaurs of uncertain affinity and basal genera 11874: 11591:Estudios del Museo de Ciencias Naturales de Alava 11201: 9747: 9745: 9743: 3534:and related taxa possessed four unique features. 2361:eye-shaped pleurocoels, forked infradiapophyseal 2014:provided a synopsis of sauropod relationships in 1692:and some other basal species form a clade called 17515: 14756: 12791:"Bone discovery confirms big dinosaur roamed NZ" 12175: 11516:"The evolutionary history of sauropod dinosaurs" 11499:Le Loeuff, J. (1993). "European titanosaurids". 11283: 11281: 11139: 10150: 10051: 9018: 3732:, as every titanosaur closer to that genus than 3642:and all more derived titanosaurs, and the clade 12764: 12274: 12272: 10874: 10813: 10299:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 9921: 9919: 9572: 8849:, about 11–12 centimetres (4.3–4.7 in) in 1310:. Osteoderms were first confirmed in the genus 1244:Titanosaurs have a poor fossil record of their 13215: 13139: 12769:. Indiana University Press. pp. 454–465. 12739:"Bones reveal Queensland's prehistoric titans" 11265: 11261: 11259: 10647:. Indiana University Press. pp. 321–345. 10622:. Indiana University Press. pp. 248–267. 10557: 10460: 9740: 3901: 3686:placed as the next most derived titanosaurid. 3608:with a significant revision of the type genus 1819:(a reranking of Lydekker's Titanosauridae) in 13061: 12767:Thunder Lizards: The Sauropodomorph Dinosaurs 12386: 12087:"Osteology and phylogenetic relationships of 12078: 11702: 11698: 11696: 11620: 11469: 11467: 11418:Nopcsa, F. (1928). "The genera of reptiles". 11339: 11337: 11335: 11333: 11292:. Indiana University Press. pp. 50–103. 11278: 11002: 10645:Thunder Lizards: The Sauropodomorph Dinosaurs 10636: 10620:Thunder Lizards: The Sauropodomorph Dinosaurs 10565:Thunder-Lizards: The Sauropodomorph Dinosaurs 9108: 1643:Phylogenetic position of Titanosauria within 14879: 12269: 12226: 12169: 12125: 12021: 11676: 11674: 11287: 11221: 11219: 11217: 11197: 11195: 11193: 11100: 11098: 10773: 10771: 10666: 10664: 10611: 10161: 9984:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 9916: 9859: 9799: 9797: 9657: 9655: 9566: 9379:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 9102: 9012: 1090:were whip-like though not as long as in the 16146: 11313: 11311: 11309: 11256: 10996: 10570: 10516: 10514: 10198: 9615: 9517: 9321: 9143: 6021:, before being expanded upon once again in 3650:1999) was considered a possible synonym of 2152:. The variety of Romanian fossils named as 1005:resultant from other ecological pressures. 13068: 13054: 12539: 12480: 12439: 11829: 11720: 11718: 11693: 11601: 11549: 11507: 11464: 11396: 11381: 11362: 11330: 11320:Arquivos do Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro 10711: 10642: 10617: 10466: 10271: 10090: 9992: 9387: 9319: 9317: 9315: 9313: 9311: 9309: 9307: 9305: 9303: 9301: 9055: 8837:ground was discovered in Auca Mahuevo, in 6083:Philip Mannion and colleagues redescribed 3674:were united within Opisthocoelicaudiinae, 3577:closest to titanosaurs instead of outside 107: 15410: 13020:Breaking Science News | Sci-News.com 12675: 12665: 12522: 12512: 12471: 12452:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 12422: 12412: 12363: 12323: 12306: 12296: 12209: 12116: 12106: 12095:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 12061: 12012: 12002: 11991:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 11957: 11947: 11906: 11896: 11868: 11812: 11779: 11746: 11725:Calvo, J.O.; González-Riga, B.J. (2003). 11671: 11573: 11562:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 11498: 11371:Records of the Geological Survey of India 11290:The Sauropods: Evolution and Paleobiology 11247: 11236:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 11214: 11190: 11173: 11163: 11130: 11111:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 11095: 10979: 10931: 10906: 10857: 10839: 10807: 10798: 10787:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 10768: 10751: 10702: 10692: 10661: 10602: 10567:. Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. 10548: 10538: 10527:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 10328: 10318: 10286: 10238: 10034: 10016: 9961: 9951: 9891: 9834: 9794: 9777: 9697: 9687: 9652: 9643: 9632:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 9455:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 9427: 9281: 9202: 9185: 9175: 9134: 2062:included the species previously known as 816:(or titanosaurians; members of the group 14012: 12995: 12730: 11974: 11801:Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências 11788: 11755: 11555: 11513: 11492: 11473: 11449: 11411: 11402: 11387: 11368: 11306: 11152:Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências 10511: 9476: 8881: 8824: 7117: 5964: 5874: 5864:, and the rinconsaur-lognkosaur branch. 3778: 3688: 3553: 2403: 2239:Overlooking the naming of Titanosauria, 2167: 1922: 1920:of the various non-titanosaurid genera. 1737:, the name-bearing genus of Titanosauria 1723: 1285:with a small mosaic of small, bead-like 1265: 1193:is the only titanosaur known to possess 1119: 1017:Unnamed titanosaur from Japan labelled " 1012: 905: 12736: 11915: 11715: 11680: 11430: 10065:South American Sauropodomorph Dinosaurs 9298: 9241: 7134:(right), and femora of (left to right) 5938:. Following a revision of the skull of 2555:(="Titanosaurinae indet. DGM Serie B") 17516: 11875:Gallina, P.A.; Apesteguía, S. (2011). 11607: 11582: 11455: 11417: 10520: 10277: 9999:Taylor, Michael P. (24 January 2022). 9998: 9326:Wilson, J.A. and Upchurch, P. (2003). 17400: 17399: 17359: 16133: 15397: 14866: 13999: 13202: 13087: 13049: 12697: 12695: 11436: 10351: 9444: 8950:et al. (2016). It was found from the 8904:Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event 2257:and the more derived Titanosauridae ( 2163: 1847:, where he reviewed the dinosaurs of 1317:arrangement similar to the plates of 985:were closely related to the gigantic 12380: 11610:Records of the Queen Victoria Museum 9722:"Giant dinosaur slims down... a bit" 9109:Averianov, A.O.; Sues, H.D. (2017). 3934: 2845: 2301:within Titanosauroidea and resolved 2182:José Bonaparte and Rodolfo Coria in 13203: 13075: 12182:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 11768:Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia 10673:"Revision of the sauropod dinosaur 9339:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 9215:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 9021:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 8987:, and was described in the journal 3589:united within Nemegtosauridae, and 2175:dorsal and sauropod paleontologist 1940:thesis, Argentinian paleontologist 13: 12692: 12285:Proceedings of the Royal Society B 12239:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 12034:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 11009:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 10826:(8). Peter Dodson (ed.): –102488. 9662:Gorscak, E.; O'Connor, P. (2019). 9068:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 8918:, which died out between the late 8893:American Museum of Natural History 6063:, and Lognkosauria was defined as 3776:clade of unrelated titanosaurids. 2801:as the most basal titanosaur, and 2352:published a phylogenetic study on 2204:hyposphene-hypantrum articulations 2128:, but left within Titanosauridae. 2090:(middle Early Cretaceous) species 1140:hyposphene-hypantrum articulations 1115: 14: 17550: 17361:Topics in sauropodomorph research 14867: 13030: 11683:Revista Española de Paleontología 8965: 5950:) rescored the analysis of Zaher 3177:Curry-Rogers & Forster (2001) 2836:and the "Peirópolis titanosaur" ( 2738:published an additional study in 1328: 1277:From skin impressions found with 1213:2–1–1–1–1 17501: 17489: 17342: 17336: 17331: 17325: 16134: 16115: 16107: 16099: 15380: 15375: 14849: 14843: 14837: 14829: 13981: 13974: 13969: 13963: 12996:Baraniuk, Chris (January 2021). 12108:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00723.x 10800:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2012.00853.x 10604:10.1111/j.0031-0239.2004.00366.x 10540:10.1046/j.1096-3642.2002.00029.x 8891:skeleton cast on display at the 3842:containing everything closer to 1719: 1008: 901: 860:The group's name alludes to the 135: 39: 13008: 12989: 12945: 12890: 12843: 12815: 12783: 12633: 12582: 11814:10.1590/S0001-37652007000300013 11748:10.4067/S0716-02082003000200011 11043: 10412: 10368: 10345: 9714: 9470: 8981:São José do Rio Preto Formation 8771: 6101:within Titanosauria because of 5892:(2011) with the description of 3558:Mounted skeleton of a juvenile 2160:as originally named by Nopcsa. 124:Field Museum of Natural History 15398: 12799:. 24 June 2008. Archived from 9577:. Springer. pp. 341–391. 9528:. Springer. pp. 299–340. 6158:, and additional revisions of 3212:Antarctosaurus septentrionalis 1652:Titanosaurs are classified as 1295:, were probably the result of 964: 1: 17529:Valanginian first appearances 14000: 12975:10.1016/j.cretres.2020.104672 12923:10.1016/j.cretres.2020.104672 12876:10.1016/j.cretres.2016.07.001 12724:10.1016/j.cretres.2016.07.001 11983:"The skull of the titanosaur 11885:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 11862:10.1016/j.cretres.2008.06.006 11165:10.1590/0001-3765201920180374 11073:10.1016/j.cretres.2021.105031 10398:10.1016/j.cretres.2021.104754 9495:10.1016/j.cretres.2022.105449 9235:10.1080/14772019.2023.2293038 9136:10.1016/j.cretres.2016.09.006 9041:10.1080/14772019.2020.1716402 9005: 3817:, the new genus grouped with 1261: 1057:is especially similar to the 1047:, the head resembled that of 1031:, the head resembled that of 12737:Roberts, Greg (3 May 2007). 12667:10.1371/journal.pone.0010362 12414:10.1371/journal.pone.0085979 12255:10.1080/02724634.2015.980505 12202:10.1080/14772019.2013.764935 12155:10.1080/08912963.2012.672416 12054:10.1080/02724634.2011.539651 11949:10.1371/journal.pone.0016663 11439:Anales del Museo de la Plata 11029:10.1080/02724634.2014.901334 10841:10.1371/journal.pone.0102488 10438:10.5710/AMGH.25.08.2022.3477 10074:10.1007/978-3-030-95959-3_15 9953:10.1371/journal.pone.0151661 9689:10.1371/journal.pone.0211412 9177:10.1371/journal.pone.0151661 9088:10.1080/02724634.2014.845568 6047:. Eutitanosauria (closer to 5969:Mounted replica skeleton of 5760:. The new clade (defined as 2758:, and noted the presence of 2408:Mounted rearing skeleton of 2148:being declared dubious like 7: 10778:D'Emic, Michael D. (2012). 6009:and related rebbachisaurs, 3902:New phylogenetic frameworks 2972:(="Peirópolis titanosaur") 2814:horizontally facing dorsal 1811:reviewed reptile genera in 1746:was first named by British 279:Bonaparte & Coria, 1993 10: 17555: 12493:Royal Society Open Science 11735:Revista Geológica de Chile 9645:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa173 9464:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae054 9400:Royal Society Open Science 9274:10.1038/s41598-021-94273-7 8820: 8805:), including ancestors of 6029:during the description of 3682:formed Saltasaurinae, and 1823:, and included the genera 820:) were a diverse group of 16:Extinct clade of dinosaurs 17534:Maastrichtian extinctions 17408: 17366: 17355: 17323: 17225: 17134: 17060: 17022: 17013: 16977: 16943: 16861: 16795: 16744: 16735: 16662: 16653: 16631: 16620: 16555: 16546: 16161: 16157: 16142: 16129: 16096: 16062: 16014: 16005: 15877: 15699: 15690: 15599: 15534: 15523: 15492: 15425: 15421: 15406: 15393: 15373: 15285: 15242: 15233: 15135: 15126: 15063: 15028: 15019: 14925: 14916: 14905: 14890: 14875: 14862: 14826: 14752: 14724: 14708: 14699: 14590: 14434: 14383: 14263: 14252: 14221: 14168: 14164: 14153: 14108: 14027: 14023: 14008: 13995: 13961: 13915: 13830: 13821: 13762: 13753: 13661: 13634: 13577: 13566: 13507: 13478: 13467: 13429: 13372: 13368: 13357: 13287: 13230: 13226: 13211: 13198: 13166: 13148: 13135: 13083: 12560:10.1038/s41559-017-0455-5 12464:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlx103 12089:Tehuelchesaurus benitezii 11838:Malarguesaurus florenciae 11123:10.1093/zoolinnean/zly068 10675:Diamantinasaurus matildae 10489:10.1007/s00114-004-0560-6 10231:10.1016/j.cub.2020.07.091 10120:10.1038/s41586-020-2412-8 9827:10.1007/s00114-011-0869-x 9626:Diamantinasaurus matildae 9583:10.1007/978-3-030-95959-3 9534:10.1007/978-3-030-95959-3 9359:10.1017/S1477201903001044 8600: 8583: 8576: 8559: 8552: 8535: 8528: 8493: 8476: 8469: 8452: 8445: 8438: 8412: 8395: 8388: 8381: 8355: 8338: 8331: 8324: 8307: 8300: 8247: 8230: 8223: 8206: 8199: 8182: 8175: 8158: 8151: 8144: 8100: 8083: 8076: 8059: 8052: 8035: 8028: 8021: 8001: 7994: 7977: 7970: 7890: 7873: 7866: 7849: 7842: 7807: 7790: 7783: 7766: 7759: 7752: 7735: 7728: 7711: 7704: 7687: 7680: 7645: 7628: 7621: 7604: 7597: 7590: 7583: 7566: 7559: 7542: 7535: 7509: 7492: 7485: 7478: 7458: 7451: 7389: 7372: 7365: 7339: 7322: 7315: 7308: 7291: 7284: 7249: 7232: 7225: 7208: 7201: 7194: 7177: 7170: 7163: 6982: 6965: 6948: 6941: 6924: 6907: 6890: 6883: 6873: 6856: 6849: 6796: 6779: 6772: 6755: 6748: 6731: 6724: 6698: 6681: 6674: 6667: 6660: 6643: 6636: 6556: 6539: 6532: 6515: 6508: 6491: 6484: 6467: 6460: 6443: 6436: 6410: 6393: 6386: 6379: 6353: 6336: 6329: 6322: 6315: 6298: 6291: 6262: 6245: 6238: 6231: 6214: 6207: 6190: 6183: 5898:, which nested closer to 5611: 5594: 5587: 5567: 5560: 5540: 5533: 5498: 5481: 5474: 5457: 5450: 5443: 5426: 5419: 5402: 5395: 5375: 5368: 5288: 5271: 5264: 5247: 5230: 5223: 5197: 5180: 5173: 5166: 5149: 5142: 5122: 5115: 5098: 5091: 5038: 5021: 5014: 4997: 4990: 4973: 4966: 4956: 4949: 4942: 4922: 4915: 4889: 4872: 4865: 4858: 4841: 4824: 4817: 4672: 4655: 4648: 4635: 4618: 4611: 4598: 4581: 4574: 4557: 4550: 4540: 4478: 4461: 4454: 4437: 4430: 4412: 4395: 4388: 4371: 4364: 4347: 4340: 4333: 4316: 4309: 4289: 4282: 4229: 4212: 4195: 4188: 4171: 4164: 4147: 4140: 4130: 4117: 4110: 4081: 4064: 4057: 4050: 4024: 4007: 4000: 3993: 3976: 3959: 3952: 3447: 3430: 3423: 3406: 3399: 3377: 3360: 3353: 3297: 3280: 3273: 3256: 3249: 3232: 3225: 3203: 3196: 3189: 3093: 3071: 3064: 3047: 3040: 3023: 3016: 2999: 2992: 2965: 2948: 2931: 2924: 2917: 2897: 2890: 2870: 2863: 2659: 2642: 2635: 2615: 2608: 2591: 2584: 2548: 2531: 2524: 2507: 2500: 2493: 2476: 2459: 2452: 2432: 2425: 2120:caudals. Huene's species 1570: 1555: 1548: 1530: 1523: 1503: 1496: 1460: 1445: 1438: 1423: 1416: 1406: 1388: 1381: 1366: 1359: 1342: 289: 284: 132:Scientific classification 130: 115: 106: 23: 17539:Dinosaur unranked clades 17381:List of sauropod species 11005:Alamosaurus sanjuanensis 10694:10.1016/j.gr.2014.03.014 8906:, and were the dominant 8877: 5958:outside Lithostrota and 5824:, with the additions of 3636:2004) was defined to be 2132:fossils from France and 13041:Encyclopædia Britannica 12611:10.1126/science.1118806 12448:Mendozasaurus neguyelap 11729:Rinconsaurus caudamirus 11503:. Spécial (7): 105–117. 10320:10.1073/pnas.1000781107 10164:Journal of Paleontology 9211:Gandititan cavocaudatus 8952:Valley of the Dinosaurs 8776: 6146:for a redescription of 6073:Aeolosaurus rionegrinus 5786:as the sister taxon to 3710:(1999), as all taxa in 1930:Neuquensaurus australis 12796:The New Zealand Herald 12298:10.1098/rspb.2017.1219 12030:Chubutisaurus insignis 11575:10.1006/zjls.1997.0138 11543:10.1098/rstb.1995.0125 11501:Revue de Paléobiologie 11158:(suppl 2): e20180374. 9770:10.1098/rspb.2017.1219 8895: 8830: 7152: 7099:In the description of 5979: 5972:Futalognkosaurus dukei 5885: 3865:The second edition of 3795:Bernardo González-Riga 3790: 3756:and Eutitanosauria as 3699: 3564: 2414: 2179: 2122:Titanosaurus lydekkeri 2092:Titanosaurus valdensis 2064:Titanosaurus australis 1933: 1781:, which included only 1738: 1274: 1131: 1022: 911: 17462:Paleobiology Database 17371:Sauropod neck posture 17062:Opisthocoelicaudiinae 12241:. e980505 (5): 1–12. 11898:10.4202/app.2010.0011 11781:10.4072/rbp.2004.3.04 11556:Upchurch, P. (1998). 11514:Upchurch, P. (1995). 11230:Lusotitan atalaiensis 10887:Nature Communications 10521:Wilson, J.A. (2002). 10352:Baker, Harry (2021). 9064:Rukwatitan bisepultus 8885: 8833:A large titanosaurid 8828: 7121: 5995:Saltasaurus loricatus 5968: 5878: 4419:(="Brazil Series B") 4137:Opisthocoelicaudiinae 3834:was then included in 3782: 3693:Holotype skeleton of 3692: 3620:, they proposed that 3557: 3520:Kristina Curry-Rogers 3386:Titanosaurus colberti 3080:Titanosaurus colberti 2407: 2171: 2024:Opisthocoelicaudiinae 2012:John Stanton McIntosh 1926: 1727: 1306:Some titanosaurs had 1297:allopatric speciation 1269: 1123: 1035:. In others, such as 1016: 909: 12178:Europasaurus holgeri 11985:Tapuiasaurus macedoi 11879:Bonitasaura salgadoi 10217:(21): 4263–4269.e2. 5977:Royal Ontario Museum 5882:Tapuiasaurus macedoi 4119:"Santa Rosa indet." 3783:Life restoration of 2815: 2394: 2362: 2213: 2201: 2113: 1800: 1792: 1743:Titanosaurus indicus 1734:Titanosaurus indicus 1100:fossilized trackways 887:. Together with the 17230:Dubious titanosaurs 14047:Chinshakiangosaurus 13002:Scientific American 12967:2021CrRes.11804672A 12955:Cretaceous Research 12915:2021CrRes.11804672A 12903:Cretaceous Research 12868:2016CrRes..67...16G 12856:Cretaceous Research 12716:2016CrRes..67...16G 12704:Cretaceous Research 12658:2010PLoSO...510362V 12603:2005Sci...310.1177P 12597:(5751): 1177–1180. 12514:10.1098/rsos.191057 12505:2019RSOS....691057M 12405:2014PLoSO...985979L 12348:2016NatSR...634467P 12247:2015JVPal..35E0505C 12194:2014JSPal..12..335C 12147:2012HBio...24..631C 12046:2011JVPal..31...93C 11940:2011PLoSO...616663Z 11854:2009CrRes..30..135G 11842:Cretaceous Research 11641:2001Natur.412..530C 11535:1995RSPTB.349..365U 11065:2022CrRes.12905031S 11053:Cretaceous Research 11021:2015JVPal..35E1334C 10956:2017NatSR...742035V 10899:2011NatCo...2..564C 10832:2014PLoSO...9j2488V 10736:2016NatSR...619165G 10595:2004Palgy..47..319D 10481:2004NW.....91..493A 10469:Naturwissenschaften 10390:2021CrRes.12204754O 10378:Cretaceous Research 10311:2010PNAS..107.9258S 10223:2020CBio...30E4263K 10176:2007JPal...81.1528C 10112:2020Natur.583..406N 10018:10.7717/peerj.12810 9944:2016PLoSO..1151661M 9884:2020Palgy..63..951C 9819:2012NW.....99...83C 9807:Naturwissenschaften 9680:2019PLoSO..1411412G 9483:Cretaceous Research 9420:10.1098/rsos.191057 9412:2019RSOS....691057M 9351:2003JSPal...1..125W 9266:2021NatSR..1114962W 9227:2024JSPal..2293038H 9168:2016PLoSO..1151661M 9127:2017CrRes..69..184A 9115:Cretaceous Research 9080:2014JVPal..34.1133G 9033:2020JSPal..18.1009A 8989:Cretaceous Research 6132:, and redescribing 5991:Andesaurus delgadoi 5872:remained the same. 5042:Aeolosaurus maximus 4637:"Malagasy Taxon B" 3940:Curry-Rogers (2005) 2358:Andesaurus delgadoi 2348:, Leonardo Salgado 2100:. The French taxon 2070:, which were named 2042:were placed within 1841:Friedrich von Huene 1769:, he named the new 126:, Chicago, IL 17102:Opisthocoelicaudia 14174:Archaeodontosaurus 12336:Scientific Reports 12291:(1860): 20171219. 12135:Historical Biology 10944:Scientific Reports 10908:10.1038/ncomms1578 10724:Scientific Reports 9893:10.1111/pala.12496 9764:(1860): 20171219. 9254:Scientific Reports 8896: 8831: 8416:Opisthocoelicaudia 7153: 6519:Opisthocoelicaudia 6128:, an osteology of 5980: 5886: 5870:Opisthocoelicaudia 5571:Opisthocoelicaudia 4600:"Jabalpur indet." 4233:Opisthocoelicaudia 3856:Opisthocoelicaudia 3791: 3700: 3696:Opisthocoelicaudia 3672:Opisthocoelicaudia 3595:Opisthocoelicaudia 3565: 3549:Opisthocoelicaudia 3410:Opisthocoelicaudia 2874:Opisthocoelicaudia 2748:Opisthocoelicaudia 2535:Opisthocoelicaudia 2415: 2303:Opisthocoelicaudia 2254:Opisthocoelicaudia 2180: 2164:Titanosauria named 2136:were removed from 2020:Opisthocoelicaudia 1972:and the new genus 1960:and the new genus 1934: 1927:Skeletal mount of 1739: 1275: 1221:Opisthocoelicaudia 1203:Opisthoeoclicaudia 1197:. Other taxa like 1157:Opisthocoelicaudia 1132: 1023: 941:cervical vertebrae 912: 875:(now considered a 831:at the end of the 122:on display at the 17477: 17476: 17402:Taxon identifiers 17393: 17392: 17389: 17388: 17351: 17350: 17321: 17320: 17317: 17316: 17313: 17312: 17238:Bruhathkayosaurus 17221: 17220: 17217: 17216: 17213: 17212: 16939: 16938: 16857: 16856: 16779:Panamericansaurus 16616: 16615: 16612: 16611: 16125: 16124: 16094: 16093: 16090: 16089: 16086: 16085: 16082: 16081: 16058: 16057: 15526:Titanosauriformes 15519: 15518: 15389: 15388: 15371: 15370: 15367: 15366: 15363: 15362: 15359: 15358: 15355: 15354: 15167:Brachytrachelopan 15122: 15121: 15118: 15117: 14896:Haplocanthosaurus 14858: 14857: 14824: 14823: 14820: 14819: 14816: 14815: 14757:Dubious sauropods 14748: 14747: 14744: 14743: 14740: 14739: 14248: 14247: 14149: 14148: 14084:Protognathosaurus 13991: 13990: 13959: 13958: 13955: 13954: 13951: 13950: 13947: 13946: 13943: 13942: 13939: 13938: 13935: 13934: 13562: 13561: 13463: 13462: 13353: 13352: 13194: 13193: 13190: 13189: 13186: 13185: 12776:978-0-253-34542-4 12356:10.1038/srep34467 12004:10.1111/zoj.12420 11635:(6846): 530–534. 11529:(1330): 365–390. 11249:10.1111/zoj.12029 10964:10.1038/srep42035 10744:10.1038/srep19165 10681:Gondwana Research 10356:. LiveScience.com 10305:(20): 9258–9263. 10106:(7816): 406–410. 10083:978-3-030-95958-6 9592:978-3-030-95958-6 9543:978-3-030-95958-6 9027:(12): 1009–1032. 8900:million years ago 8768: 8767: 8759: 8758: 8750: 8749: 8741: 8740: 8732: 8731: 8723: 8722: 8714: 8713: 8705: 8704: 8696: 8695: 8687: 8686: 8678: 8677: 8669: 8668: 8660: 8659: 8651: 8650: 8642: 8641: 8633: 8632: 8624: 8623: 8615: 8614: 8517: 8516: 8508: 8507: 8427: 8426: 8370: 8369: 8289: 8288: 8280: 8279: 8271: 8270: 8262: 8261: 8133: 8132: 8124: 8123: 8115: 8114: 7959: 7958: 7950: 7949: 7941: 7940: 7932: 7931: 7923: 7922: 7914: 7913: 7905: 7904: 7831: 7830: 7822: 7821: 7770:Panamericansaurus 7669: 7668: 7660: 7659: 7524: 7523: 7440: 7439: 7431: 7430: 7422: 7421: 7413: 7412: 7404: 7403: 7354: 7353: 7273: 7272: 7264: 7263: 7096: 7095: 7087: 7086: 7078: 7077: 7069: 7068: 7060: 7059: 7051: 7050: 7042: 7041: 7033: 7032: 7024: 7023: 7015: 7014: 7006: 7005: 6997: 6996: 6838: 6837: 6829: 6828: 6820: 6819: 6811: 6810: 6713: 6712: 6625: 6624: 6616: 6615: 6607: 6606: 6598: 6597: 6589: 6588: 6580: 6579: 6571: 6570: 6425: 6424: 6368: 6367: 6277: 6276: 5812:(2007), although 5792:in a clade Calvo 5748:for the clade of 5733: 5732: 5725: 5724: 5716: 5715: 5707: 5706: 5698: 5697: 5689: 5688: 5680: 5679: 5671: 5670: 5662: 5661: 5653: 5652: 5644: 5643: 5635: 5634: 5626: 5625: 5522: 5521: 5513: 5512: 5357: 5356: 5348: 5347: 5339: 5338: 5330: 5329: 5321: 5320: 5312: 5311: 5303: 5302: 5212: 5211: 5080: 5079: 5071: 5070: 5062: 5061: 5053: 5052: 4904: 4903: 4795: 4794: 4786: 4785: 4777: 4776: 4768: 4767: 4759: 4758: 4750: 4749: 4741: 4740: 4732: 4731: 4723: 4722: 4714: 4713: 4705: 4704: 4696: 4695: 4687: 4686: 4529: 4528: 4520: 4519: 4511: 4510: 4502: 4501: 4493: 4492: 4271: 4270: 4262: 4261: 4253: 4252: 4244: 4243: 4096: 4095: 4039: 4038: 3528:Titanosauriformes 3524:Catherine Forster 3514:was described in 3506: 3505: 3498: 3497: 3489: 3488: 3480: 3479: 3471: 3470: 3462: 3461: 3339: 3338: 3330: 3329: 3321: 3320: 3312: 3311: 3171: 3170: 3162: 3161: 3153: 3152: 3144: 3143: 3135: 3134: 3126: 3125: 3117: 3116: 3108: 3107: 2981: 2980: 2728: 2727: 2719: 2718: 2710: 2709: 2701: 2700: 2692: 2691: 2683: 2682: 2674: 2673: 2573: 2572: 2564: 2563: 2354:Titanosauriformes 2305:as the sister of 2108:was considered a 1777:for the genus in 1650: 1649: 1637: 1636: 1628: 1627: 1619: 1618: 1610: 1609: 1601: 1600: 1592: 1591: 1583: 1582: 1520:Titanosauriformes 1482: 1481: 1473: 1472: 896:Titanosauriformes 811: 810: 806: 805: 280: 17546: 17506: 17505: 17504: 17494: 17493: 17492: 17485: 17470: 17469: 17457: 17456: 17444: 17443: 17442: 17429: 17428: 17427: 17397: 17396: 17357: 17356: 17346: 17340: 17335: 17329: 17227: 17226: 17109:Pellegrinisaurus 17020: 17019: 16975: 16974: 16954:Bustingorrytitan 16894:Futalognkosaurus 16742: 16741: 16660: 16659: 16629: 16628: 16553: 16552: 16536:Diamantinasauria 16428:Pellegrinisaurus 16334:Jiangshanosaurus 16225:Baotianmansaurus 16159: 16158: 16155: 16154: 16144: 16143: 16131: 16130: 16120: 16119: 16112: 16111: 16104: 16103: 16027:Diamantinasaurus 16012: 16011: 16007:Diamantinasauria 15946:Jiangshanosaurus 15697: 15696: 15532: 15531: 15423: 15422: 15419: 15418: 15408: 15407: 15395: 15394: 15384: 15379: 15240: 15239: 15133: 15132: 15065:Rebbachisaurinae 15026: 15025: 14923: 14922: 14918:Rebbachisauridae 14914: 14913: 14888: 14887: 14877: 14876: 14864: 14863: 14853: 14847: 14842: 14841: 14834: 14833: 14765:Bothriospondylus 14754: 14753: 14706: 14705: 14482:Eomamenchisaurus 14436:Mamenchisauridae 14416:Lapparentosaurus 14360:Spinophorosaurus 14261: 14260: 14166: 14165: 14162: 14161: 14025: 14024: 14021: 14020: 14010: 14009: 13997: 13996: 13986: 13985: 13978: 13973: 13967: 13828: 13827: 13760: 13759: 13663:Massospondylidae 13575: 13574: 13505: 13504: 13476: 13475: 13440:Jaklapallisaurus 13420:Thecodontosaurus 13370: 13369: 13366: 13365: 13228: 13227: 13224: 13223: 13213: 13212: 13200: 13199: 13146: 13145: 13137: 13136: 13130: 13129: 13085: 13084: 13070: 13063: 13056: 13047: 13046: 13024: 13023: 13012: 13006: 13005: 12993: 12987: 12986: 12949: 12943: 12942: 12894: 12888: 12887: 12847: 12841: 12840: 12838: 12836: 12831:. 5 October 2016 12819: 12813: 12812: 12810: 12808: 12787: 12781: 12780: 12762: 12756: 12755: 12753: 12751: 12734: 12728: 12727: 12699: 12690: 12689: 12679: 12669: 12637: 12631: 12630: 12586: 12580: 12579: 12543: 12537: 12536: 12526: 12516: 12484: 12478: 12477: 12475: 12443: 12437: 12436: 12426: 12416: 12384: 12378: 12377: 12367: 12327: 12321: 12320: 12310: 12300: 12276: 12267: 12266: 12230: 12224: 12223: 12213: 12173: 12167: 12166: 12129: 12123: 12122: 12120: 12110: 12082: 12076: 12075: 12065: 12025: 12019: 12018: 12016: 12006: 11978: 11972: 11971: 11961: 11951: 11919: 11913: 11912: 11910: 11900: 11872: 11866: 11865: 11833: 11827: 11826: 11816: 11792: 11786: 11785: 11783: 11759: 11753: 11752: 11750: 11722: 11713: 11712: 11700: 11691: 11690: 11678: 11669: 11668: 11649:10.1038/35087566 11624: 11618: 11617: 11605: 11599: 11598: 11586: 11580: 11579: 11577: 11553: 11547: 11546: 11520: 11511: 11505: 11504: 11496: 11490: 11489: 11471: 11462: 11461: 11453: 11447: 11446: 11434: 11428: 11427: 11415: 11409: 11408: 11400: 11394: 11393: 11385: 11379: 11378: 11366: 11360: 11359: 11341: 11328: 11327: 11315: 11304: 11303: 11285: 11276: 11275: 11263: 11254: 11253: 11251: 11223: 11212: 11211: 11199: 11188: 11187: 11177: 11167: 11143: 11137: 11136: 11134: 11102: 11093: 11092: 11047: 11041: 11040: 11007:Gilmore, 1922". 11000: 10994: 10993: 10983: 10935: 10929: 10928: 10910: 10878: 10872: 10871: 10861: 10843: 10811: 10805: 10804: 10802: 10784: 10775: 10766: 10765: 10755: 10715: 10709: 10708: 10706: 10696: 10668: 10659: 10658: 10640: 10634: 10633: 10615: 10609: 10608: 10606: 10574: 10568: 10561: 10555: 10554: 10552: 10542: 10518: 10509: 10508: 10464: 10458: 10457: 10416: 10410: 10409: 10372: 10366: 10365: 10363: 10361: 10349: 10343: 10342: 10332: 10322: 10290: 10284: 10283: 10275: 10269: 10268: 10242: 10202: 10196: 10195: 10184:10.1666/05-150.1 10170:(6): 1528–1532. 10159: 10148: 10147: 10094: 10088: 10087: 10058: 10049: 10048: 10038: 10020: 9996: 9990: 9989: 9983: 9975: 9965: 9955: 9923: 9914: 9913: 9895: 9863: 9857: 9856: 9838: 9801: 9792: 9791: 9781: 9749: 9738: 9737: 9735: 9733: 9728:. 10 August 2017 9718: 9712: 9711: 9701: 9691: 9659: 9650: 9649: 9647: 9619: 9613: 9612: 9570: 9564: 9563: 9521: 9515: 9514: 9474: 9468: 9467: 9448: 9442: 9441: 9431: 9391: 9385: 9384: 9378: 9370: 9336: 9323: 9296: 9295: 9285: 9245: 9239: 9238: 9206: 9200: 9199: 9189: 9179: 9147: 9141: 9140: 9138: 9106: 9100: 9099: 9074:(5): 1133–1154. 9059: 9053: 9052: 9016: 8860:, complete with 8579: 8578: 8555: 8554: 8539:Pellegrinisaurus 8531: 8530: 8472: 8471: 8448: 8447: 8441: 8440: 8391: 8390: 8384: 8383: 8334: 8333: 8327: 8326: 8303: 8302: 8226: 8225: 8202: 8201: 8186:Futalognkosaurus 8178: 8177: 8154: 8153: 8147: 8146: 8079: 8078: 8055: 8054: 8031: 8030: 8024: 8023: 7997: 7996: 7981:Diamantinasaurus 7973: 7972: 7869: 7868: 7845: 7844: 7786: 7785: 7762: 7761: 7755: 7754: 7731: 7730: 7707: 7706: 7683: 7682: 7624: 7623: 7600: 7599: 7593: 7592: 7586: 7585: 7562: 7561: 7538: 7537: 7488: 7487: 7481: 7480: 7454: 7453: 7368: 7367: 7318: 7317: 7311: 7310: 7295:Jiangshanosaurus 7287: 7286: 7228: 7227: 7204: 7203: 7197: 7196: 7173: 7172: 7166: 7165: 7156: 7155: 6944: 6943: 6911:Futalognkosaurus 6886: 6885: 6876: 6875: 6852: 6851: 6775: 6774: 6751: 6750: 6727: 6726: 6677: 6676: 6670: 6669: 6663: 6662: 6639: 6638: 6560:Diamantinasaurus 6535: 6534: 6511: 6510: 6487: 6486: 6463: 6462: 6439: 6438: 6389: 6388: 6382: 6381: 6332: 6331: 6325: 6324: 6318: 6317: 6294: 6293: 6241: 6240: 6234: 6233: 6210: 6209: 6186: 6185: 6176: 6175: 6149:Jiangshanosaurus 6119:Diamantinasaurus 6069:Futalognkosaurus 5926:Diamantinasaurus 5909:Diamantinasaurus 5816:was nested with 5784:Futalognkosaurus 5779:Futalognkosaurus 5590: 5589: 5563: 5562: 5536: 5535: 5477: 5476: 5453: 5452: 5446: 5445: 5422: 5421: 5398: 5397: 5371: 5370: 5267: 5266: 5226: 5225: 5201:Futalognkosaurus 5176: 5175: 5169: 5168: 5145: 5144: 5118: 5117: 5094: 5093: 5017: 5016: 4993: 4992: 4969: 4968: 4959: 4958: 4952: 4951: 4945: 4944: 4918: 4917: 4868: 4867: 4861: 4860: 4820: 4819: 4810: 4809: 4651: 4650: 4614: 4613: 4577: 4576: 4553: 4552: 4543: 4542: 4457: 4456: 4433: 4432: 4391: 4390: 4367: 4366: 4343: 4342: 4336: 4335: 4312: 4311: 4285: 4284: 4191: 4190: 4167: 4166: 4143: 4142: 4133: 4132: 4113: 4112: 4060: 4059: 4053: 4052: 4003: 4002: 3996: 3995: 3955: 3954: 3945: 3944: 3935: 3754:Epachthosaurinae 3426: 3425: 3402: 3401: 3356: 3355: 3276: 3275: 3252: 3251: 3228: 3227: 3199: 3198: 3192: 3191: 3182: 3181: 3067: 3066: 3043: 3042: 3019: 3018: 2995: 2994: 2927: 2926: 2920: 2919: 2893: 2892: 2866: 2865: 2856: 2855: 2846: 2819: 2638: 2637: 2611: 2610: 2587: 2586: 2527: 2526: 2503: 2502: 2496: 2495: 2455: 2454: 2428: 2427: 2418: 2417: 2398: 2366: 2339:Linnean taxonomy 2247:named the clade 2217: 2205: 2117: 1950:Antarctosaurinae 1804: 1796: 1751:Richard Lydekker 1551: 1550: 1526: 1525: 1499: 1498: 1441: 1440: 1426:Rebbachisauridae 1419: 1418: 1409: 1408: 1384: 1383: 1369:Mamenchisauridae 1362: 1361: 1338: 1337: 1333: 1332: 1301:insular dwarfism 1219:and potentially 1214: 1208:Diamantinasaurus 1136:dorsal vertebrae 1127:Diamantinasaurus 946:Futalognkosaurus 829:extinction event 795: 784: 774: 764: 754: 744: 733: 723: 712: 702: 692: 685:Pellegrinisaurus 682: 672: 662: 652: 641: 631: 620: 610: 600: 590: 582:Jiangshanosaurus 579: 569: 559: 548: 538: 528: 518: 508: 498: 488: 477: 467: 457: 447: 437: 427: 420:Baotianmansaurus 417: 407: 397: 387: 377: 366: 356: 345: 335: 325: 311: 310: 303: 296:Diamantinasauria 294: 278: 273: 257: 241: 225: 209: 140: 139: 111: 101: 38: 27:Temporal range: 21: 20: 17554: 17553: 17549: 17548: 17547: 17545: 17544: 17543: 17514: 17513: 17512: 17502: 17500: 17490: 17488: 17480: 17478: 17473: 17465: 17460: 17452: 17447: 17438: 17437: 17432: 17423: 17422: 17417: 17404: 17394: 17385: 17376:Sauropod hiatus 17362: 17347: 17309: 17246:Campylodoniscus 17209: 17130: 17056: 17009: 16979:Nemegtosauridae 16973: 16935: 16872:Argentinosaurus 16853: 16791: 16731: 16649: 16625: 16608: 16568:Atsinganosaurus 16548:Lirainosaurinae 16542: 16529:Xianshanosaurus 16414:Normanniasaurus 16400:Narambuenatitan 16283:Dongyangosaurus 16151: 16138: 16121: 16114: 16106: 16098: 16078: 16054: 16034:Sarmientosaurus 16001: 15954:Phuwiangosaurus 15873: 15686: 15601:Brachiosauridae 15595: 15528: 15515: 15488: 15415: 15402: 15385: 15351: 15281: 15229: 15137:Dicraeosauridae 15128:Flagellicaudata 15114: 15059: 15015: 14989:Nopcsaspondylus 14981:Maraapunisaurus 14910: 14908:Diplodocimorpha 14901: 14884: 14871: 14854: 14836: 14828: 14812: 14736: 14720: 14695: 14668:Tehuelchesaurus 14586: 14546:Tienshanosaurus 14430: 14379: 14367:Tehuelchesaurus 14257: 14244: 14223:Vulcanodontidae 14217: 14158: 14145: 14104: 14054:Gongxianosaurus 14017: 14004: 13987: 13980: 13931: 13911: 13817: 13776:Jingshanosaurus 13768:Chuxiongosaurus 13755:Sauropodiformes 13749: 13672:Adeopapposaurus 13657: 13630: 13571: 13558: 13503: 13472: 13459: 13425: 13362: 13349: 13283: 13220: 13218:Sauropodomorpha 13207: 13205:Sauropodomorpha 13182: 13168:Sauropodomorpha 13162: 13156:Avemetatarsalia 13141:Avemetatarsalia 13131: 13116:Avemetatarsalia 13090: 13089: 13079: 13077:Sauropodomorpha 13074: 13033: 13028: 13027: 13014: 13013: 13009: 12994: 12990: 12950: 12946: 12895: 12891: 12848: 12844: 12834: 12832: 12828:BBC News Online 12821: 12820: 12816: 12806: 12804: 12789: 12788: 12784: 12777: 12763: 12759: 12749: 12747: 12735: 12731: 12700: 12693: 12638: 12634: 12587: 12583: 12544: 12540: 12485: 12481: 12444: 12440: 12385: 12381: 12328: 12324: 12277: 12270: 12231: 12227: 12174: 12170: 12130: 12126: 12083: 12079: 12026: 12022: 11979: 11975: 11920: 11916: 11873: 11869: 11834: 11830: 11793: 11789: 11760: 11756: 11723: 11716: 11701: 11694: 11679: 11672: 11625: 11621: 11606: 11602: 11587: 11583: 11554: 11550: 11518: 11512: 11508: 11497: 11493: 11486: 11472: 11465: 11454: 11450: 11435: 11431: 11420:Palaeobiologica 11416: 11412: 11401: 11397: 11386: 11382: 11367: 11363: 11356: 11342: 11331: 11316: 11307: 11300: 11286: 11279: 11264: 11257: 11224: 11215: 11200: 11191: 11144: 11140: 11103: 11096: 11048: 11044: 11001: 10997: 10936: 10932: 10879: 10875: 10812: 10808: 10782: 10776: 10769: 10716: 10712: 10687:(3): 995–1033. 10669: 10662: 10655: 10641: 10637: 10630: 10616: 10612: 10575: 10571: 10562: 10558: 10519: 10512: 10475:(10): 493–497. 10465: 10461: 10417: 10413: 10373: 10369: 10359: 10357: 10350: 10346: 10291: 10287: 10276: 10272: 10211:Current Biology 10203: 10199: 10160: 10151: 10095: 10091: 10084: 10059: 10052: 9997: 9993: 9977: 9976: 9938:(4): e0151661. 9924: 9917: 9864: 9860: 9802: 9795: 9750: 9741: 9731: 9729: 9720: 9719: 9715: 9674:(2): e0211412. 9660: 9653: 9620: 9616: 9593: 9571: 9567: 9544: 9522: 9518: 9475: 9471: 9449: 9445: 9392: 9388: 9372: 9371: 9334: 9328:"A revision of 9324: 9299: 9246: 9242: 9207: 9203: 9162:(4): e0151661. 9148: 9144: 9107: 9103: 9060: 9056: 9017: 9013: 9008: 8998:Paleoleishmania 8968: 8880: 8823: 8782:Fossilized dung 8779: 8774: 8769: 8760: 8751: 8742: 8733: 8724: 8715: 8706: 8697: 8688: 8679: 8670: 8661: 8652: 8643: 8634: 8625: 8616: 8518: 8509: 8428: 8371: 8290: 8281: 8272: 8263: 8234:Atsinganosaurus 8134: 8125: 8116: 7960: 7951: 7942: 7933: 7924: 7915: 7906: 7832: 7823: 7670: 7661: 7570:Normanniasaurus 7525: 7441: 7432: 7423: 7414: 7405: 7355: 7274: 7265: 7212:Argentinosaurus 7097: 7088: 7079: 7070: 7061: 7052: 7043: 7034: 7025: 7016: 7007: 6998: 6894:Argentinosaurus 6860:Normanniasaurus 6839: 6830: 6821: 6812: 6714: 6626: 6617: 6608: 6599: 6590: 6581: 6572: 6426: 6369: 6278: 6266:Xianshanosaurus 6155:Dongyangosaurus 6000:Tehuelchesaurus 5921:Phuwiangosaurus 5734: 5726: 5717: 5708: 5699: 5690: 5681: 5672: 5663: 5654: 5645: 5636: 5627: 5523: 5514: 5358: 5349: 5340: 5331: 5322: 5313: 5304: 5275:Argentinosaurus 5213: 5081: 5072: 5063: 5054: 4905: 4796: 4787: 4778: 4769: 4760: 4751: 4742: 4733: 4724: 4715: 4706: 4697: 4688: 4530: 4521: 4512: 4503: 4494: 4272: 4263: 4254: 4245: 4199:Argentinosaurus 4097: 4040: 3980:Phuwiangosaurus 3904: 3871:, published in 3507: 3499: 3490: 3481: 3472: 3463: 3340: 3331: 3322: 3313: 3172: 3163: 3154: 3145: 3136: 3127: 3118: 3109: 2982: 2860:Titanosauroidea 2821: 2766:of this clade. 2729: 2720: 2711: 2702: 2693: 2684: 2675: 2574: 2565: 2511:Argentinosaurus 2400: 2397:prezygapophyses 2368: 2323:Nemegtosauridae 2294:Phuwiangosaurus 2249:Titanosauroidea 2219: 2207: 2189:Argentinosaurus 2173:Argentinosaurus 2166: 2119: 2044:Dicraeosaurinae 2005:Campylodoniscus 1874:and Argentina, 1806: 1798: 1765:by Lydekker in 1722: 1638: 1629: 1620: 1611: 1602: 1593: 1584: 1533:Brachiosauridae 1483: 1474: 1448:Dicraeosauridae 1331: 1264: 1212: 1168:Argentinosaurus 1151:Argentinosaurus 1118: 1116:Torso and limbs 1028:Sarmientosaurus 1011: 967: 930:Sarmientosaurus 904: 871:, via the type 869:Greek mythology 844:Argentinosaurus 807: 798:Xianshanosaurus 655:Narambuenatitan 511:Dongyangosaurus 480:Campylodoniscus 316: 277: 271: 255: 239: 223: 211:Sauropodomorpha 207: 134: 102: 100: 99: 94: 89: 84: 79: 74: 69: 64: 59: 54: 49: 44: 33: 32: 25: 17: 12: 11: 5: 17552: 17542: 17541: 17536: 17531: 17526: 17511: 17510: 17498: 17475: 17474: 17472: 17471: 17458: 17445: 17430: 17414: 17412: 17406: 17405: 17391: 17390: 17387: 17386: 17384: 17383: 17378: 17373: 17367: 17364: 17363: 17353: 17352: 17349: 17348: 17324: 17322: 17319: 17318: 17315: 17314: 17311: 17310: 17308: 17307: 17300: 17292: 17285: 17277: 17270: 17263: 17256: 17253:Clasmodosaurus 17249: 17242: 17233: 17231: 17223: 17222: 17219: 17218: 17215: 17214: 17211: 17210: 17208: 17207: 17200: 17193: 17186: 17179: 17172: 17168:Maxakalisaurus 17164: 17157: 17149: 17140: 17138: 17132: 17131: 17129: 17128: 17120: 17113: 17105: 17098: 17090: 17082: 17075: 17066: 17064: 17058: 17057: 17055: 17054: 17050:Quaesitosaurus 17046: 17039: 17031: 17023: 17017: 17011: 17010: 17008: 17007: 16999: 16995:Quaesitosaurus 16991: 16983: 16981: 16972: 16971: 16964: 16957: 16949: 16947: 16945:Saltasauroidea 16941: 16940: 16937: 16936: 16934: 16933: 16926: 16919: 16912: 16905: 16897: 16890: 16882: 16875: 16867: 16865: 16859: 16858: 16855: 16854: 16852: 16851: 16844: 16837: 16830: 16823: 16816: 16809: 16801: 16799: 16793: 16792: 16790: 16789: 16782: 16775: 16768: 16761: 16757:Maxakalisaurus 16753: 16750:Adamantisaurus 16745: 16739: 16733: 16732: 16730: 16729: 16722: 16714: 16707: 16700: 16696:Epachthosaurus 16692: 16685: 16678: 16671: 16668:Antarctosaurus 16663: 16657: 16651: 16650: 16648: 16647: 16640: 16632: 16626: 16623:Eutitanosauria 16621: 16618: 16617: 16614: 16613: 16610: 16609: 16607: 16606: 16599: 16596:Mansourasaurus 16592: 16585: 16578: 16571: 16564: 16556: 16550: 16544: 16543: 16541: 16540: 16532: 16525: 16518: 16511: 16504: 16497: 16490: 16483: 16475: 16471:Tastavinsaurus 16467: 16460: 16453: 16446: 16439: 16436:Petrobrasaurus 16432: 16424: 16417: 16410: 16403: 16396: 16389: 16382: 16378:Malarguesaurus 16374: 16367: 16359: 16352: 16345: 16338: 16330: 16323: 16316: 16309: 16305:Epachthosaurus 16301: 16294: 16286: 16279: 16272: 16265: 16258: 16251: 16243: 16235: 16228: 16221: 16218:Austroposeidon 16214: 16207: 16200: 16193: 16185: 16178: 16170: 16162: 16152: 16147: 16140: 16139: 16127: 16126: 16123: 16122: 16097: 16095: 16092: 16091: 16088: 16087: 16084: 16083: 16080: 16079: 16077: 16076: 16075: 16074: 16068: 16066: 16060: 16059: 16056: 16055: 16053: 16052: 16044: 16037: 16030: 16023: 16015: 16009: 16003: 16002: 16000: 15999: 15992: 15985: 15982:Tangvayosaurus 15978: 15971: 15964: 15957: 15950: 15942: 15935: 15928: 15921: 15914: 15907: 15900: 15892: 15883: 15881: 15875: 15874: 15872: 15871: 15864: 15861:Tastavinsaurus 15857: 15850: 15843: 15836: 15833:Pukyongosaurus 15829: 15822: 15815: 15812:Liubangosaurus 15808: 15800: 15797:Liaoningotitan 15793: 15786: 15778: 15771: 15764: 15757: 15750: 15743: 15736: 15729: 15722: 15719:Astrophocaudia 15715: 15708: 15700: 15694: 15692:Somphospondyli 15688: 15687: 15685: 15684: 15677: 15670: 15663: 15656: 15649: 15642: 15634: 15627: 15620: 15613: 15605: 15603: 15597: 15596: 15594: 15593: 15585: 15578: 15571: 15564: 15557: 15550: 15543: 15535: 15529: 15524: 15521: 15520: 15517: 15516: 15514: 15513: 15510:Lourinhasaurus 15506: 15498: 15496: 15494:Camarasauridae 15490: 15489: 15487: 15486: 15479: 15471: 15464: 15460:Dashanpusaurus 15456: 15449: 15441: 15434: 15426: 15416: 15411: 15404: 15403: 15391: 15390: 15387: 15386: 15374: 15372: 15369: 15368: 15365: 15364: 15361: 15360: 15357: 15356: 15353: 15352: 15350: 15349: 15342: 15335: 15328: 15320: 15313: 15306: 15303:Dinheirosaurus 15299: 15291: 15289: 15283: 15282: 15280: 15279: 15272: 15264: 15257: 15248: 15246: 15237: 15231: 15230: 15228: 15227: 15220: 15213: 15206: 15199: 15192: 15185: 15177: 15170: 15163: 15156: 15149: 15141: 15139: 15130: 15124: 15123: 15120: 15119: 15116: 15115: 15113: 15112: 15105: 15102:Rebbachisaurus 15098: 15091: 15084: 15077: 15069: 15067: 15061: 15060: 15058: 15057: 15049: 15042: 15034: 15032: 15023: 15017: 15016: 15014: 15013: 15006: 14999: 14992: 14985: 14977: 14974:Lavocatisaurus 14970: 14963: 14955: 14948: 14941: 14934: 14926: 14920: 14911: 14906: 14903: 14902: 14900: 14899: 14891: 14885: 14880: 14873: 14872: 14860: 14859: 14856: 14855: 14827: 14825: 14822: 14821: 14818: 14817: 14814: 14813: 14811: 14810: 14803: 14800:Qinlingosaurus 14796: 14789: 14782: 14775: 14768: 14760: 14758: 14750: 14749: 14746: 14745: 14742: 14741: 14738: 14737: 14735: 14734: 14733:(see below ↓ ) 14730: 14728: 14722: 14721: 14719: 14718: 14717:(see below ↓ ) 14714: 14712: 14703: 14697: 14696: 14694: 14693: 14686: 14679: 14672: 14664: 14656: 14649: 14642: 14635: 14628: 14620: 14612: 14604: 14596: 14594: 14588: 14587: 14585: 14584: 14577: 14570: 14563: 14556: 14549: 14542: 14539:Rhomaleopakhus 14535: 14528: 14521: 14518:Mamenchisaurus 14514: 14506: 14499: 14492: 14485: 14478: 14470: 14467:Chuanjiesaurus 14463: 14459:Cetiosauriscus 14455: 14448: 14440: 14438: 14432: 14431: 14429: 14428: 14420: 14412: 14404: 14397: 14389: 14387: 14381: 14380: 14378: 14377: 14370: 14363: 14356: 14349: 14342: 14335: 14328: 14321: 14314: 14311:Dashanpusaurus 14307: 14304:Cetiosauriscus 14300: 14293: 14286: 14279: 14272: 14264: 14258: 14253: 14250: 14249: 14246: 14245: 14243: 14242: 14235: 14227: 14225: 14219: 14218: 14216: 14215: 14211:Zizhongosaurus 14207: 14199: 14192: 14185: 14178: 14169: 14159: 14154: 14151: 14150: 14147: 14146: 14144: 14143: 14136: 14129: 14122: 14114: 14112: 14110:Lessemsauridae 14106: 14105: 14103: 14102: 14098:Tuebingosaurus 14094: 14087: 14080: 14072: 14064: 14057: 14050: 14043: 14036: 14028: 14018: 14013: 14006: 14005: 13993: 13992: 13989: 13988: 13962: 13960: 13957: 13956: 13953: 13952: 13949: 13948: 13945: 13944: 13941: 13940: 13937: 13936: 13933: 13932: 13930: 13929: 13928: 13927: 13921: 13919: 13913: 13912: 13910: 13909: 13906:Sefapanosaurus 13902: 13895: 13888: 13881: 13878:Melanorosaurus 13874: 13867: 13860: 13853: 13846: 13839: 13831: 13825: 13819: 13818: 13816: 13815: 13808: 13801: 13793: 13786: 13779: 13772: 13763: 13757: 13751: 13750: 13748: 13747: 13739: 13732: 13725: 13718: 13715:Massospondylus 13711: 13704: 13697: 13689: 13686:Glacialisaurus 13682: 13679:Coloradisaurus 13675: 13667: 13665: 13659: 13658: 13656: 13655: 13648: 13640: 13638: 13632: 13631: 13629: 13628: 13625:Tuebingosaurus 13621: 13614: 13607: 13600: 13593: 13586: 13578: 13572: 13567: 13564: 13563: 13560: 13559: 13557: 13556: 13549: 13542: 13539:Pachysauriscus 13535: 13528: 13525:Gresslyosaurus 13521: 13513: 13511: 13509:Plateosauridae 13502: 13501: 13494: 13487: 13484:Plateosauravus 13479: 13473: 13468: 13465: 13464: 13461: 13460: 13458: 13457: 13450: 13443: 13435: 13433: 13427: 13426: 13424: 13423: 13416: 13409: 13402: 13395: 13388: 13381: 13373: 13363: 13358: 13355: 13354: 13351: 13350: 13348: 13347: 13340: 13332: 13324: 13317: 13314:Chromogisaurus 13310: 13302: 13293: 13291: 13285: 13284: 13282: 13281: 13274: 13267: 13260: 13253: 13246: 13239: 13231: 13221: 13216: 13209: 13208: 13196: 13195: 13192: 13191: 13188: 13187: 13184: 13183: 13181: 13180: 13179: 13178: 13172: 13170: 13164: 13163: 13161: 13160: 13159: 13158: 13149: 13143: 13133: 13132: 13128: 13127: 13118: 13109: 13103: 13097: 13081: 13080: 13073: 13072: 13065: 13058: 13050: 13032: 13031:External links 13029: 13026: 13025: 13007: 12988: 12944: 12889: 12842: 12814: 12803:on 3 June 2020 12782: 12775: 12757: 12744:The Australian 12729: 12691: 12632: 12581: 12554:(3): 445–451. 12538: 12479: 12458:(1): 136–181. 12438: 12379: 12322: 12268: 12225: 12188:(3): 335–387. 12168: 12141:(6): 631–654. 12124: 12101:(2): 605–662. 12077: 12020: 12014:2027.42/134419 11997:(3): 611–662. 11973: 11914: 11867: 11848:(1): 135–148. 11828: 11807:(3): 529–541. 11787: 11774:(3): 329–336. 11754: 11741:(2): 333–353. 11714: 11692: 11670: 11619: 11600: 11581: 11548: 11506: 11491: 11484: 11476:The Dinosauria 11463: 11448: 11429: 11410: 11395: 11380: 11361: 11354: 11346:The Dinosauria 11329: 11305: 11298: 11277: 11255: 11213: 11189: 11138: 11117:(3): 784–909. 11094: 11042: 11015:(1): e901334. 10995: 10930: 10873: 10806: 10793:(3): 624–671. 10767: 10710: 10660: 10653: 10635: 10628: 10610: 10589:(2): 319–348. 10569: 10556: 10533:(2): 215–275. 10510: 10459: 10411: 10367: 10344: 10285: 10270: 10197: 10149: 10089: 10082: 10050: 9991: 9915: 9878:(6): 951–978. 9858: 9793: 9739: 9713: 9651: 9638:(2): 610–674. 9614: 9591: 9565: 9542: 9516: 9469: 9443: 9386: 9345:(3): 125–160. 9297: 9240: 9221:(1). 2293038. 9201: 9142: 9101: 9054: 9010: 9009: 9007: 9004: 8967: 8966:Paleopathology 8964: 8932:supercontinent 8916:brachiosaurids 8879: 8876: 8822: 8819: 8795:monocotyledons 8778: 8775: 8773: 8770: 8766: 8765: 8762: 8761: 8757: 8756: 8753: 8752: 8748: 8747: 8744: 8743: 8739: 8738: 8735: 8734: 8730: 8729: 8726: 8725: 8721: 8720: 8717: 8716: 8712: 8711: 8708: 8707: 8703: 8702: 8699: 8698: 8694: 8693: 8690: 8689: 8685: 8684: 8681: 8680: 8676: 8675: 8672: 8671: 8667: 8666: 8663: 8662: 8658: 8657: 8654: 8653: 8649: 8648: 8645: 8644: 8640: 8639: 8636: 8635: 8631: 8630: 8627: 8626: 8622: 8621: 8618: 8617: 8613: 8612: 8609: 8608: 8599: 8596: 8595: 8592: 8591: 8582: 8577: 8575: 8572: 8571: 8568: 8567: 8558: 8553: 8551: 8548: 8547: 8544: 8543: 8534: 8529: 8527: 8524: 8523: 8520: 8519: 8515: 8514: 8511: 8510: 8506: 8505: 8502: 8501: 8492: 8489: 8488: 8485: 8484: 8480:Mansourasaurus 8475: 8470: 8468: 8465: 8464: 8461: 8460: 8451: 8446: 8444: 8439: 8437: 8434: 8433: 8430: 8429: 8425: 8424: 8421: 8420: 8411: 8408: 8407: 8404: 8403: 8394: 8389: 8387: 8382: 8380: 8377: 8376: 8373: 8372: 8368: 8367: 8364: 8363: 8354: 8351: 8350: 8347: 8346: 8337: 8332: 8330: 8325: 8323: 8320: 8319: 8316: 8315: 8306: 8301: 8299: 8296: 8295: 8292: 8291: 8287: 8286: 8283: 8282: 8278: 8277: 8274: 8273: 8269: 8268: 8265: 8264: 8260: 8259: 8256: 8255: 8246: 8243: 8242: 8239: 8238: 8229: 8224: 8222: 8219: 8218: 8215: 8214: 8205: 8200: 8198: 8195: 8194: 8191: 8190: 8181: 8176: 8174: 8171: 8170: 8167: 8166: 8162:Epachthosaurus 8157: 8152: 8150: 8145: 8143: 8140: 8139: 8136: 8135: 8131: 8130: 8127: 8126: 8122: 8121: 8118: 8117: 8113: 8112: 8109: 8108: 8099: 8096: 8095: 8092: 8091: 8082: 8077: 8075: 8072: 8071: 8068: 8067: 8063:Maxakalisaurus 8058: 8053: 8051: 8048: 8047: 8044: 8043: 8034: 8029: 8027: 8022: 8020: 8014: 8013: 8010: 8009: 8000: 7995: 7993: 7990: 7989: 7986: 7985: 7976: 7971: 7969: 7966: 7965: 7962: 7961: 7957: 7956: 7953: 7952: 7948: 7947: 7944: 7943: 7939: 7938: 7935: 7934: 7930: 7929: 7926: 7925: 7921: 7920: 7917: 7916: 7912: 7911: 7908: 7907: 7903: 7902: 7899: 7898: 7889: 7886: 7885: 7882: 7881: 7872: 7867: 7865: 7862: 7861: 7858: 7857: 7848: 7843: 7841: 7838: 7837: 7834: 7833: 7829: 7828: 7825: 7824: 7820: 7819: 7816: 7815: 7806: 7803: 7802: 7799: 7798: 7789: 7784: 7782: 7779: 7778: 7775: 7774: 7765: 7760: 7758: 7753: 7751: 7748: 7747: 7744: 7743: 7734: 7729: 7727: 7724: 7723: 7720: 7719: 7710: 7705: 7703: 7700: 7699: 7696: 7695: 7686: 7681: 7679: 7676: 7675: 7672: 7671: 7667: 7666: 7663: 7662: 7658: 7657: 7654: 7653: 7644: 7641: 7640: 7637: 7636: 7627: 7622: 7620: 7617: 7616: 7613: 7612: 7603: 7598: 7596: 7591: 7589: 7584: 7582: 7579: 7578: 7575: 7574: 7565: 7560: 7558: 7555: 7554: 7551: 7550: 7541: 7536: 7534: 7531: 7530: 7527: 7526: 7522: 7521: 7518: 7517: 7508: 7505: 7504: 7501: 7500: 7491: 7486: 7484: 7479: 7477: 7471: 7470: 7467: 7466: 7462:Tastavinsaurus 7457: 7452: 7450: 7447: 7446: 7443: 7442: 7438: 7437: 7434: 7433: 7429: 7428: 7425: 7424: 7420: 7419: 7416: 7415: 7411: 7410: 7407: 7406: 7402: 7401: 7398: 7397: 7388: 7385: 7384: 7381: 7380: 7371: 7366: 7364: 7361: 7360: 7357: 7356: 7352: 7351: 7348: 7347: 7343:Malarguesaurus 7338: 7335: 7334: 7331: 7330: 7321: 7316: 7314: 7309: 7307: 7304: 7303: 7300: 7299: 7290: 7285: 7283: 7280: 7279: 7276: 7275: 7271: 7270: 7267: 7266: 7262: 7261: 7258: 7257: 7248: 7245: 7244: 7241: 7240: 7231: 7226: 7224: 7221: 7220: 7217: 7216: 7207: 7202: 7200: 7195: 7193: 7190: 7189: 7186: 7185: 7176: 7171: 7169: 7164: 7162: 7154: 7102:Mansourasaurus 7094: 7093: 7090: 7089: 7085: 7084: 7081: 7080: 7076: 7075: 7072: 7071: 7067: 7066: 7063: 7062: 7058: 7057: 7054: 7053: 7049: 7048: 7045: 7044: 7040: 7039: 7036: 7035: 7031: 7030: 7027: 7026: 7022: 7021: 7018: 7017: 7013: 7012: 7009: 7008: 7004: 7003: 7000: 6999: 6995: 6994: 6991: 6990: 6981: 6978: 6977: 6974: 6973: 6964: 6961: 6960: 6957: 6956: 6947: 6942: 6940: 6937: 6936: 6933: 6932: 6923: 6920: 6919: 6916: 6915: 6906: 6903: 6902: 6899: 6898: 6889: 6884: 6882: 6874: 6872: 6869: 6868: 6865: 6864: 6855: 6850: 6848: 6845: 6844: 6841: 6840: 6836: 6835: 6832: 6831: 6827: 6826: 6823: 6822: 6818: 6817: 6814: 6813: 6809: 6808: 6805: 6804: 6795: 6792: 6791: 6788: 6787: 6778: 6773: 6771: 6768: 6767: 6764: 6763: 6759:Antarctosaurus 6754: 6749: 6747: 6744: 6743: 6740: 6739: 6730: 6725: 6723: 6720: 6719: 6716: 6715: 6711: 6710: 6707: 6706: 6697: 6694: 6693: 6690: 6689: 6680: 6675: 6673: 6668: 6666: 6661: 6659: 6656: 6655: 6652: 6651: 6647:Epachthosaurus 6642: 6637: 6635: 6632: 6631: 6628: 6627: 6623: 6622: 6619: 6618: 6614: 6613: 6610: 6609: 6605: 6604: 6601: 6600: 6596: 6595: 6592: 6591: 6587: 6586: 6583: 6582: 6578: 6577: 6574: 6573: 6569: 6568: 6565: 6564: 6555: 6552: 6551: 6548: 6547: 6538: 6533: 6531: 6528: 6527: 6524: 6523: 6514: 6509: 6507: 6504: 6503: 6500: 6499: 6490: 6485: 6483: 6480: 6479: 6476: 6475: 6466: 6461: 6459: 6456: 6455: 6452: 6451: 6442: 6437: 6435: 6432: 6431: 6428: 6427: 6423: 6422: 6419: 6418: 6409: 6406: 6405: 6402: 6401: 6392: 6387: 6385: 6380: 6378: 6375: 6374: 6371: 6370: 6366: 6365: 6362: 6361: 6352: 6349: 6348: 6345: 6344: 6335: 6330: 6328: 6323: 6321: 6316: 6314: 6311: 6310: 6307: 6306: 6297: 6292: 6290: 6284: 6283: 6280: 6279: 6275: 6274: 6271: 6270: 6261: 6258: 6257: 6254: 6253: 6244: 6239: 6237: 6232: 6230: 6227: 6226: 6223: 6222: 6213: 6208: 6206: 6203: 6202: 6199: 6198: 6189: 6184: 6182: 6174: 6099:Somphospondyli 6053:Epachthosaurus 6025:by Carballido 5915:Tangvayosaurus 5866:Antarctosaurus 5832:Antarctosaurus 5814:Epachthosaurus 5731: 5730: 5723: 5722: 5719: 5718: 5714: 5713: 5710: 5709: 5705: 5704: 5701: 5700: 5696: 5695: 5692: 5691: 5687: 5686: 5683: 5682: 5678: 5677: 5674: 5673: 5669: 5668: 5665: 5664: 5660: 5659: 5656: 5655: 5651: 5650: 5647: 5646: 5642: 5641: 5638: 5637: 5633: 5632: 5629: 5628: 5624: 5623: 5620: 5619: 5610: 5607: 5606: 5603: 5602: 5593: 5588: 5586: 5580: 5579: 5576: 5575: 5566: 5561: 5559: 5553: 5552: 5549: 5548: 5539: 5534: 5532: 5529: 5528: 5525: 5524: 5520: 5519: 5516: 5515: 5511: 5510: 5507: 5506: 5497: 5494: 5493: 5490: 5489: 5480: 5475: 5473: 5470: 5469: 5466: 5465: 5456: 5451: 5449: 5444: 5442: 5439: 5438: 5435: 5434: 5425: 5420: 5418: 5415: 5414: 5411: 5410: 5401: 5396: 5394: 5388: 5387: 5384: 5383: 5374: 5369: 5367: 5364: 5363: 5360: 5359: 5355: 5354: 5351: 5350: 5346: 5345: 5342: 5341: 5337: 5336: 5333: 5332: 5328: 5327: 5324: 5323: 5319: 5318: 5315: 5314: 5310: 5309: 5306: 5305: 5301: 5300: 5297: 5296: 5287: 5284: 5283: 5280: 5279: 5270: 5265: 5263: 5260: 5259: 5256: 5255: 5246: 5243: 5242: 5239: 5238: 5229: 5224: 5222: 5219: 5218: 5215: 5214: 5210: 5209: 5206: 5205: 5196: 5193: 5192: 5189: 5188: 5179: 5174: 5172: 5167: 5165: 5162: 5161: 5158: 5157: 5148: 5143: 5141: 5135: 5134: 5131: 5130: 5121: 5116: 5114: 5111: 5110: 5107: 5106: 5097: 5092: 5090: 5087: 5086: 5083: 5082: 5078: 5077: 5074: 5073: 5069: 5068: 5065: 5064: 5060: 5059: 5056: 5055: 5051: 5050: 5047: 5046: 5037: 5034: 5033: 5030: 5029: 5020: 5015: 5013: 5010: 5009: 5006: 5005: 4996: 4991: 4989: 4986: 4985: 4982: 4981: 4972: 4967: 4965: 4957: 4955: 4950: 4948: 4943: 4941: 4935: 4934: 4931: 4930: 4926:Epachthosaurus 4921: 4916: 4914: 4911: 4910: 4907: 4906: 4902: 4901: 4898: 4897: 4888: 4885: 4884: 4881: 4880: 4876:Malarguesaurus 4871: 4866: 4864: 4859: 4857: 4854: 4853: 4850: 4849: 4840: 4837: 4836: 4833: 4832: 4823: 4818: 4816: 4808: 4797: 4793: 4792: 4789: 4788: 4784: 4783: 4780: 4779: 4775: 4774: 4771: 4770: 4766: 4765: 4762: 4761: 4757: 4756: 4753: 4752: 4748: 4747: 4744: 4743: 4739: 4738: 4735: 4734: 4730: 4729: 4726: 4725: 4721: 4720: 4717: 4716: 4712: 4711: 4708: 4707: 4703: 4702: 4699: 4698: 4694: 4693: 4690: 4689: 4685: 4684: 4681: 4680: 4671: 4668: 4667: 4664: 4663: 4654: 4649: 4647: 4644: 4643: 4640: 4639: 4634: 4631: 4630: 4627: 4626: 4622:Quaesitosaurus 4617: 4612: 4610: 4607: 4606: 4603: 4602: 4597: 4594: 4593: 4590: 4589: 4580: 4575: 4573: 4570: 4569: 4566: 4565: 4556: 4551: 4549: 4541: 4539: 4536: 4535: 4532: 4531: 4527: 4526: 4523: 4522: 4518: 4517: 4514: 4513: 4509: 4508: 4505: 4504: 4500: 4499: 4496: 4495: 4491: 4490: 4487: 4486: 4477: 4474: 4473: 4470: 4469: 4460: 4455: 4453: 4450: 4449: 4446: 4445: 4436: 4431: 4429: 4426: 4425: 4422: 4421: 4411: 4408: 4407: 4404: 4403: 4394: 4389: 4387: 4384: 4383: 4380: 4379: 4370: 4365: 4363: 4360: 4359: 4356: 4355: 4346: 4341: 4339: 4334: 4332: 4329: 4328: 4325: 4324: 4320:Epachthosaurus 4315: 4310: 4308: 4302: 4301: 4298: 4297: 4288: 4283: 4281: 4278: 4277: 4274: 4273: 4269: 4268: 4265: 4264: 4260: 4259: 4256: 4255: 4251: 4250: 4247: 4246: 4242: 4241: 4238: 4237: 4228: 4225: 4224: 4221: 4220: 4216:Antarctosaurus 4211: 4208: 4207: 4204: 4203: 4194: 4189: 4187: 4184: 4183: 4180: 4179: 4170: 4165: 4163: 4160: 4159: 4156: 4155: 4146: 4141: 4139: 4131: 4129: 4126: 4125: 4122: 4121: 4116: 4111: 4109: 4103: 4102: 4099: 4098: 4094: 4093: 4090: 4089: 4080: 4077: 4076: 4073: 4072: 4063: 4058: 4056: 4051: 4049: 4046: 4045: 4042: 4041: 4037: 4036: 4033: 4032: 4023: 4020: 4019: 4016: 4015: 4006: 4001: 3999: 3994: 3992: 3989: 3988: 3985: 3984: 3975: 3972: 3971: 3968: 3967: 3958: 3953: 3951: 3943: 3933: 3903: 3900: 3868:The Dinosauria 3811:Jorge O. Calvo 3770:Epachthosaurus 3758:Epachthosaurus 3746:Epachthosaurus 3712:Somphospondyli 3664:Epachthosaurus 3644:Eutitanosauria 3540:Quaesitosaurus 3504: 3503: 3496: 3495: 3492: 3491: 3487: 3486: 3483: 3482: 3478: 3477: 3474: 3473: 3469: 3468: 3465: 3464: 3460: 3459: 3456: 3455: 3446: 3443: 3442: 3439: 3438: 3429: 3424: 3422: 3419: 3418: 3415: 3414: 3405: 3400: 3398: 3395: 3394: 3391: 3390: 3376: 3373: 3372: 3369: 3368: 3359: 3354: 3352: 3346: 3345: 3342: 3341: 3337: 3336: 3333: 3332: 3328: 3327: 3324: 3323: 3319: 3318: 3315: 3314: 3310: 3309: 3306: 3305: 3296: 3293: 3292: 3289: 3288: 3279: 3274: 3272: 3269: 3268: 3265: 3264: 3260:Quaesitosaurus 3255: 3250: 3248: 3245: 3244: 3241: 3240: 3231: 3226: 3224: 3221: 3220: 3217: 3216: 3202: 3197: 3195: 3190: 3188: 3180: 3173: 3169: 3168: 3165: 3164: 3160: 3159: 3156: 3155: 3151: 3150: 3147: 3146: 3142: 3141: 3138: 3137: 3133: 3132: 3129: 3128: 3124: 3123: 3120: 3119: 3115: 3114: 3111: 3110: 3106: 3105: 3102: 3101: 3092: 3089: 3088: 3085: 3084: 3070: 3065: 3063: 3060: 3059: 3056: 3055: 3046: 3041: 3039: 3036: 3035: 3032: 3031: 3022: 3017: 3015: 3012: 3011: 3008: 3007: 2998: 2993: 2991: 2988: 2987: 2984: 2983: 2979: 2978: 2975: 2974: 2964: 2961: 2960: 2957: 2956: 2947: 2944: 2943: 2940: 2939: 2930: 2925: 2923: 2918: 2916: 2914:Eutitanosauria 2910: 2909: 2906: 2905: 2901:Epachthosaurus 2896: 2891: 2889: 2883: 2882: 2879: 2878: 2869: 2864: 2862: 2854: 2844: 2824:sternal plates 2799:Epachthosaurus 2762:as a probable 2756:Epachthosaurus 2752:Eutitanosauria 2726: 2725: 2722: 2721: 2717: 2716: 2713: 2712: 2708: 2707: 2704: 2703: 2699: 2698: 2695: 2694: 2690: 2689: 2686: 2685: 2681: 2680: 2677: 2676: 2672: 2671: 2668: 2667: 2658: 2655: 2654: 2651: 2650: 2641: 2636: 2634: 2628: 2627: 2624: 2623: 2614: 2609: 2607: 2604: 2603: 2600: 2599: 2590: 2585: 2583: 2580: 2579: 2576: 2575: 2571: 2570: 2567: 2566: 2562: 2561: 2558: 2557: 2547: 2544: 2543: 2540: 2539: 2530: 2525: 2523: 2520: 2519: 2516: 2515: 2506: 2501: 2499: 2494: 2492: 2489: 2488: 2485: 2484: 2480:Epachthosaurus 2475: 2472: 2471: 2468: 2467: 2458: 2453: 2451: 2449:Titanosauridae 2445: 2444: 2441: 2440: 2431: 2426: 2424: 2416: 2411:Epachthosaurus 2383:Epachthosaurus 2334:Quaesitosaurus 2198:Epachthosaurus 2165: 2162: 2124:was left as a 2080:Jean Le Loeuff 2039:Quaesitosaurus 2028:Camarasauridae 2022:was placed in 1999:Clasmodosaurus 1993:Epachthosaurus 1980:Antarctosaurus 1954:Argyrosaurinae 1905:Antarctosaurus 1888:from England, 1817:Titanosaurinae 1803:opisthocoelous 1775:Titanosauridae 1748:paleontologist 1721: 1718: 1669:brachiosaurids 1648: 1647: 1640: 1639: 1635: 1634: 1631: 1630: 1626: 1625: 1622: 1621: 1617: 1616: 1613: 1612: 1608: 1607: 1604: 1603: 1599: 1598: 1595: 1594: 1590: 1589: 1586: 1585: 1581: 1580: 1577: 1576: 1569: 1566: 1565: 1562: 1561: 1554: 1549: 1547: 1545:Somphospondyli 1541: 1540: 1537: 1536: 1529: 1524: 1522: 1516: 1515: 1512: 1511: 1502: 1497: 1495: 1489: 1488: 1485: 1484: 1480: 1479: 1476: 1475: 1471: 1470: 1467: 1466: 1459: 1456: 1455: 1452: 1451: 1444: 1439: 1437: 1434: 1433: 1430: 1429: 1422: 1417: 1415: 1407: 1405: 1399: 1398: 1395: 1394: 1387: 1382: 1380: 1377: 1376: 1373: 1372: 1365: 1360: 1358: 1355: 1354: 1351: 1350: 1341: 1336: 1330: 1329:Classification 1327: 1263: 1260: 1239:Rapetosaurus - 1217:Epachthosaurus 1199:Epachthosaurus 1173:Epachthosaurus 1117: 1114: 1059:rebbachisaurid 1054:Antarctosaurus 1033:brachiosaurids 1010: 1007: 966: 963: 903: 900: 889:brachiosaurids 809: 808: 804: 803: 802: 801: 791: 780: 770: 760: 750: 740: 729: 719: 715:Tastavinsaurus 708: 698: 688: 678: 668: 658: 648: 644:Malarguesaurus 637: 627: 616: 606: 596: 586: 575: 565: 555: 544: 534: 524: 514: 504: 494: 484: 473: 463: 453: 443: 433: 423: 413: 410:Austroposeidon 403: 393: 383: 373: 362: 352: 341: 338:Adamantisaurus 331: 318: 317: 314: 309: 308: 307: 299: 287: 286: 282: 281: 269: 262: 261: 259:Somphospondyli 253: 246: 245: 237: 230: 229: 221: 214: 213: 205: 198: 197: 192: 185: 184: 179: 172: 171: 166: 162: 161: 156: 152: 151: 146: 142: 141: 128: 127: 113: 112: 104: 103: 95: 90: 85: 80: 75: 70: 65: 60: 55: 50: 45: 40: 26: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 17551: 17540: 17537: 17535: 17532: 17530: 17527: 17525: 17522: 17521: 17519: 17509: 17499: 17497: 17487: 17486: 17483: 17468: 17463: 17459: 17455: 17450: 17446: 17441: 17435: 17431: 17426: 17420: 17416: 17415: 17413: 17411: 17407: 17403: 17398: 17382: 17379: 17377: 17374: 17372: 17369: 17368: 17365: 17358: 17354: 17345: 17341: 17339: 17334: 17328: 17306: 17305: 17301: 17298: 17297: 17296:Mongolosaurus 17293: 17291: 17290: 17286: 17283: 17282: 17281:Macrurosaurus 17278: 17276: 17275: 17271: 17269: 17268: 17264: 17262: 17261: 17260:Hypselosaurus 17257: 17255: 17254: 17250: 17248: 17247: 17243: 17240: 17239: 17235: 17234: 17232: 17228: 17224: 17206: 17205: 17201: 17199: 17198: 17194: 17192: 17191: 17187: 17185: 17184: 17180: 17178: 17177: 17176:Neuquensaurus 17173: 17170: 17169: 17165: 17163: 17162: 17158: 17155: 17154: 17150: 17147: 17146: 17142: 17141: 17139: 17137: 17136:Saltasaurinae 17133: 17126: 17125: 17124:Zhuchengtitan 17121: 17119: 17118: 17114: 17111: 17110: 17106: 17104: 17103: 17099: 17096: 17095: 17094:Dreadnoughtus 17091: 17088: 17087: 17083: 17081: 17080: 17076: 17073: 17072: 17068: 17067: 17065: 17063: 17059: 17052: 17051: 17047: 17045: 17044: 17043:Qingxiusaurus 17040: 17037: 17036: 17032: 17030: 17029: 17025: 17024: 17021: 17018: 17016: 17015:Saltasauridae 17012: 17005: 17004: 17000: 16997: 16996: 16992: 16990: 16989: 16988:Nemegtosaurus 16985: 16984: 16982: 16980: 16976: 16970: 16969: 16965: 16963: 16962: 16958: 16956: 16955: 16951: 16950: 16948: 16946: 16942: 16932: 16931: 16927: 16925: 16924: 16920: 16918: 16917: 16913: 16911: 16910: 16909:Mendozasaurus 16906: 16903: 16902: 16898: 16896: 16895: 16891: 16888: 16887: 16886:Dzharatitanis 16883: 16881: 16880: 16876: 16874: 16873: 16869: 16868: 16866: 16864: 16860: 16850: 16849: 16845: 16843: 16842: 16838: 16836: 16835: 16834:Gondwanatitan 16831: 16829: 16828: 16824: 16822: 16821: 16817: 16815: 16814: 16810: 16808: 16807: 16803: 16802: 16800: 16798: 16794: 16788: 16787: 16783: 16781: 16780: 16776: 16774: 16773: 16769: 16767: 16766: 16765:Muyelensaurus 16762: 16759: 16758: 16754: 16752: 16751: 16747: 16746: 16743: 16740: 16738: 16734: 16728: 16727: 16723: 16720: 16719: 16715: 16713: 16712: 16708: 16706: 16705: 16701: 16698: 16697: 16693: 16691: 16690: 16689:Chucarosaurus 16686: 16684: 16683: 16679: 16677: 16676: 16672: 16670: 16669: 16665: 16664: 16661: 16658: 16656: 16655:Colossosauria 16652: 16646: 16645: 16644:Menucocelsior 16641: 16639: 16638: 16634: 16633: 16630: 16627: 16624: 16619: 16605: 16604: 16600: 16598: 16597: 16593: 16591: 16590: 16586: 16584: 16583: 16582:Lirainosaurus 16579: 16577: 16576: 16572: 16570: 16569: 16565: 16563: 16562: 16558: 16557: 16554: 16551: 16549: 16545: 16538: 16537: 16533: 16531: 16530: 16526: 16524: 16523: 16519: 16517: 16516: 16512: 16510: 16509: 16505: 16503: 16502: 16501:Trigonosaurus 16498: 16496: 16495: 16491: 16489: 16488: 16484: 16481: 16480: 16476: 16473: 16472: 16468: 16466: 16465: 16464:Ruyangosaurus 16461: 16459: 16458: 16454: 16452: 16451: 16447: 16445: 16444: 16443:Pitekunsaurus 16440: 16438: 16437: 16433: 16430: 16429: 16425: 16423: 16422: 16418: 16416: 16415: 16411: 16409: 16408: 16404: 16402: 16401: 16397: 16395: 16394: 16393:Mnyamawamtuka 16390: 16388: 16387: 16383: 16380: 16379: 16375: 16373: 16372: 16371:Magyarosaurus 16368: 16365: 16364: 16363:Ligabuesaurus 16360: 16358: 16357: 16356:Laplatasaurus 16353: 16351: 16350: 16349:Karongasaurus 16346: 16344: 16343: 16339: 16336: 16335: 16331: 16329: 16328: 16324: 16322: 16321: 16317: 16315: 16314: 16310: 16307: 16306: 16302: 16300: 16299: 16295: 16292: 16291: 16290:Dreadnoughtus 16287: 16285: 16284: 16280: 16278: 16277: 16273: 16271: 16270: 16266: 16264: 16263: 16259: 16257: 16256: 16255:Borealosaurus 16252: 16249: 16248: 16244: 16241: 16240: 16236: 16234: 16233: 16232:Barrosasaurus 16229: 16227: 16226: 16222: 16220: 16219: 16215: 16213: 16212: 16208: 16206: 16205: 16201: 16199: 16198: 16194: 16191: 16190: 16186: 16184: 16183: 16179: 16176: 16175: 16174:Aegyptosaurus 16171: 16169: 16168: 16164: 16163: 16160: 16156: 16153: 16150: 16145: 16141: 16137: 16132: 16128: 16118: 16113: 16110: 16102: 16072: 16071: 16070: 16069: 16067: 16065: 16061: 16050: 16049: 16045: 16043: 16042: 16041:Savannasaurus 16038: 16036: 16035: 16031: 16029: 16028: 16024: 16022: 16021: 16020:Australotitan 16017: 16016: 16013: 16010: 16008: 16004: 15998: 15997: 15993: 15991: 15990: 15986: 15984: 15983: 15979: 15977: 15976: 15972: 15970: 15969: 15965: 15963: 15962: 15958: 15956: 15955: 15951: 15948: 15947: 15943: 15941: 15940: 15936: 15934: 15933: 15929: 15927: 15926: 15922: 15920: 15919: 15915: 15913: 15912: 15908: 15906: 15905: 15901: 15898: 15897: 15893: 15890: 15889: 15888:Australodocus 15885: 15884: 15882: 15880: 15879:Euhelopodidae 15876: 15870: 15869: 15868:Triunfosaurus 15865: 15863: 15862: 15858: 15856: 15855: 15851: 15849: 15848: 15847:Sauroposeidon 15844: 15842: 15841: 15837: 15835: 15834: 15830: 15828: 15827: 15826:Padillasaurus 15823: 15821: 15820: 15816: 15814: 15813: 15809: 15806: 15805: 15804:Ligabuesaurus 15801: 15799: 15798: 15794: 15792: 15791: 15787: 15784: 15783: 15779: 15777: 15776: 15772: 15770: 15769: 15765: 15763: 15762: 15758: 15756: 15755: 15751: 15749: 15748: 15747:Chubutisaurus 15744: 15742: 15741: 15737: 15735: 15734: 15730: 15728: 15727: 15723: 15721: 15720: 15716: 15714: 15713: 15709: 15707: 15706: 15702: 15701: 15698: 15695: 15693: 15689: 15683: 15682: 15678: 15676: 15675: 15671: 15669: 15668: 15664: 15662: 15661: 15657: 15655: 15654: 15650: 15648: 15647: 15643: 15640: 15639: 15635: 15633: 15632: 15628: 15626: 15625: 15624:Brachiosaurus 15621: 15619: 15618: 15614: 15612: 15611: 15607: 15606: 15604: 15602: 15598: 15591: 15590: 15586: 15584: 15583: 15579: 15577: 15576: 15572: 15570: 15569: 15565: 15563: 15562: 15561:Fushanosaurus 15558: 15556: 15555: 15551: 15549: 15548: 15544: 15542: 15541: 15537: 15536: 15533: 15530: 15527: 15522: 15512: 15511: 15507: 15505: 15504: 15500: 15499: 15497: 15495: 15491: 15485: 15484: 15480: 15477: 15476: 15472: 15470: 15469: 15465: 15462: 15461: 15457: 15455: 15454: 15450: 15447: 15446: 15445:Bashunosaurus 15442: 15440: 15439: 15435: 15433: 15432: 15428: 15427: 15424: 15420: 15417: 15414: 15409: 15405: 15401: 15396: 15392: 15383: 15378: 15348: 15347: 15343: 15341: 15340: 15336: 15334: 15333: 15329: 15326: 15325: 15321: 15319: 15318: 15314: 15312: 15311: 15307: 15305: 15304: 15300: 15298: 15297: 15293: 15292: 15290: 15288: 15284: 15278: 15277: 15273: 15270: 15269: 15268:Atlantosaurus 15265: 15263: 15262: 15258: 15255: 15254: 15250: 15249: 15247: 15245: 15244:Apatosaurinae 15241: 15238: 15236: 15232: 15226: 15225: 15221: 15219: 15218: 15214: 15212: 15211: 15210:Smitanosaurus 15207: 15205: 15204: 15200: 15198: 15197: 15193: 15191: 15190: 15186: 15183: 15182: 15181:Dyslocosaurus 15178: 15176: 15175: 15174:Dicraeosaurus 15171: 15169: 15168: 15164: 15162: 15161: 15157: 15155: 15154: 15153:Amargatitanis 15150: 15148: 15147: 15143: 15142: 15140: 15138: 15134: 15131: 15129: 15125: 15111: 15110: 15106: 15104: 15103: 15099: 15097: 15096: 15092: 15090: 15089: 15088:Katepensaurus 15085: 15083: 15082: 15081:Itapeuasaurus 15078: 15076: 15075: 15074:Demandasaurus 15071: 15070: 15068: 15066: 15062: 15055: 15054: 15050: 15048: 15047: 15043: 15041: 15040: 15039:Cathartesaura 15036: 15035: 15033: 15031: 15030:Limaysaurinae 15027: 15024: 15022: 15018: 15012: 15011: 15007: 15005: 15004: 15000: 14998: 14997: 14993: 14991: 14990: 14986: 14983: 14982: 14978: 14976: 14975: 14971: 14969: 14968: 14967:Histriasaurus 14964: 14961: 14960: 14959:Dzharatitanis 14956: 14954: 14953: 14952:Comahuesaurus 14949: 14947: 14946: 14942: 14940: 14939: 14935: 14933: 14932: 14928: 14927: 14924: 14921: 14919: 14915: 14912: 14909: 14904: 14898: 14897: 14893: 14892: 14889: 14886: 14883: 14882:Diplodocoidea 14878: 14874: 14870: 14869:Diplodocoidea 14865: 14861: 14852: 14848: 14846: 14840: 14832: 14809: 14808: 14804: 14802: 14801: 14797: 14795: 14794: 14790: 14788: 14787: 14786:Gigantosaurus 14783: 14781: 14780: 14776: 14774: 14773: 14769: 14767: 14766: 14762: 14761: 14759: 14755: 14751: 14732: 14731: 14729: 14727: 14723: 14716: 14715: 14713: 14711: 14710:Diplodocoidea 14707: 14704: 14702: 14698: 14692: 14691: 14687: 14685: 14684: 14680: 14678: 14677: 14673: 14670: 14669: 14665: 14662: 14661: 14657: 14655: 14654: 14653:Narindasaurus 14650: 14648: 14647: 14643: 14641: 14640: 14636: 14634: 14633: 14632:Losillasaurus 14629: 14626: 14625: 14621: 14618: 14617: 14613: 14610: 14609: 14605: 14603: 14602: 14598: 14597: 14595: 14593: 14589: 14583: 14582: 14581:Zigongosaurus 14578: 14576: 14575: 14574:Yuanmousaurus 14571: 14569: 14568: 14567:Xinjiangtitan 14564: 14562: 14561: 14560:Wamweracaudia 14557: 14555: 14554: 14553:Tonganosaurus 14550: 14548: 14547: 14543: 14541: 14540: 14536: 14534: 14533: 14529: 14527: 14526: 14522: 14520: 14519: 14515: 14512: 14511: 14510:Klamelisaurus 14507: 14505: 14504: 14500: 14498: 14497: 14493: 14491: 14490: 14489:Huangshanlong 14486: 14484: 14483: 14479: 14476: 14475: 14471: 14469: 14468: 14464: 14461: 14460: 14456: 14454: 14453: 14449: 14447: 14446: 14442: 14441: 14439: 14437: 14433: 14426: 14425: 14421: 14418: 14417: 14413: 14410: 14409: 14408:Ferganasaurus 14405: 14403: 14402: 14398: 14396: 14395: 14391: 14390: 14388: 14386: 14385:Cetiosauridae 14382: 14376: 14375: 14371: 14369: 14368: 14364: 14362: 14361: 14357: 14355: 14354: 14350: 14348: 14347: 14343: 14341: 14340: 14336: 14334: 14333: 14329: 14327: 14326: 14322: 14320: 14319: 14315: 14313: 14312: 14308: 14306: 14305: 14301: 14299: 14298: 14294: 14292: 14291: 14287: 14285: 14284: 14280: 14278: 14277: 14273: 14271: 14270: 14266: 14265: 14262: 14259: 14256: 14251: 14241: 14240: 14236: 14234: 14233: 14232:Tazoudasaurus 14229: 14228: 14226: 14224: 14220: 14213: 14212: 14208: 14205: 14204: 14200: 14198: 14197: 14193: 14191: 14190: 14189:Ohmdenosaurus 14186: 14184: 14183: 14179: 14176: 14175: 14171: 14170: 14167: 14163: 14160: 14157: 14152: 14142: 14141: 14137: 14135: 14134: 14130: 14128: 14127: 14123: 14121: 14120: 14116: 14115: 14113: 14111: 14107: 14100: 14099: 14095: 14093: 14092: 14091:Schleitheimia 14088: 14086: 14085: 14081: 14078: 14077: 14073: 14070: 14069: 14068:Leonerasaurus 14065: 14063: 14062: 14058: 14056: 14055: 14051: 14049: 14048: 14044: 14042: 14041: 14040:Blikanasaurus 14037: 14035: 14034: 14030: 14029: 14026: 14022: 14019: 14016: 14011: 14007: 14003: 13998: 13994: 13984: 13979: 13977: 13972: 13966: 13925: 13924: 13923: 13922: 13920: 13918: 13914: 13908: 13907: 13903: 13901: 13900: 13896: 13894: 13893: 13889: 13887: 13886: 13882: 13880: 13879: 13875: 13873: 13872: 13871:Leonerasaurus 13868: 13866: 13865: 13864:Lamplughsaura 13861: 13859: 13858: 13854: 13852: 13851: 13847: 13845: 13844: 13840: 13838: 13837: 13833: 13832: 13829: 13826: 13824: 13820: 13814: 13813: 13812:Yunnanosaurus 13809: 13807: 13806: 13802: 13799: 13798: 13794: 13792: 13791: 13787: 13785: 13784: 13780: 13778: 13777: 13773: 13770: 13769: 13765: 13764: 13761: 13758: 13756: 13752: 13745: 13744: 13740: 13738: 13737: 13733: 13731: 13730: 13726: 13724: 13723: 13719: 13717: 13716: 13712: 13710: 13709: 13708:Lufengosaurus 13705: 13703: 13702: 13698: 13695: 13694: 13690: 13688: 13687: 13683: 13681: 13680: 13676: 13674: 13673: 13669: 13668: 13666: 13664: 13660: 13654: 13653: 13649: 13647: 13646: 13645:Eucnemesaurus 13642: 13641: 13639: 13637: 13636:Riojasauridae 13633: 13627: 13626: 13622: 13620: 13619: 13615: 13613: 13612: 13608: 13606: 13605: 13601: 13599: 13598: 13594: 13592: 13591: 13587: 13585: 13584: 13580: 13579: 13576: 13573: 13570: 13565: 13555: 13554: 13550: 13548: 13547: 13543: 13541: 13540: 13536: 13534: 13533: 13529: 13527: 13526: 13522: 13520: 13519: 13518:Euskelosaurus 13515: 13514: 13512: 13510: 13506: 13500: 13499: 13495: 13493: 13492: 13488: 13486: 13485: 13481: 13480: 13477: 13474: 13471: 13466: 13456: 13455: 13451: 13449: 13448: 13444: 13442: 13441: 13437: 13436: 13434: 13432: 13428: 13422: 13421: 13417: 13415: 13414: 13410: 13408: 13407: 13403: 13401: 13400: 13396: 13394: 13393: 13392:Bagualosaurus 13389: 13387: 13386: 13382: 13380: 13379: 13375: 13374: 13371: 13367: 13364: 13361: 13360:Bagualosauria 13356: 13346: 13345: 13341: 13338: 13337: 13333: 13330: 13329: 13328:Pampadromaeus 13325: 13323: 13322: 13318: 13316: 13315: 13311: 13308: 13307: 13303: 13300: 13299: 13295: 13294: 13292: 13290: 13289:Saturnaliidae 13286: 13280: 13279: 13275: 13273: 13272: 13271:Pampadromaeus 13268: 13266: 13265: 13261: 13259: 13258: 13254: 13252: 13251: 13250:Gigantoscelus 13247: 13245: 13244: 13240: 13238: 13237: 13233: 13232: 13229: 13225: 13222: 13219: 13214: 13210: 13206: 13201: 13197: 13176: 13175: 13174: 13173: 13171: 13169: 13165: 13157: 13153: 13152: 13151: 13150: 13147: 13144: 13142: 13138: 13134: 13126: 13122: 13119: 13117: 13113: 13110: 13108: 13104: 13102: 13098: 13096: 13092: 13091: 13086: 13082: 13078: 13071: 13066: 13064: 13059: 13057: 13052: 13051: 13048: 13044: 13043: 13042: 13037: 13021: 13017: 13011: 13003: 12999: 12992: 12984: 12980: 12976: 12972: 12968: 12964: 12960: 12956: 12948: 12940: 12936: 12932: 12928: 12924: 12920: 12916: 12912: 12908: 12904: 12900: 12893: 12885: 12881: 12877: 12873: 12869: 12865: 12861: 12857: 12853: 12846: 12830: 12829: 12824: 12818: 12802: 12798: 12797: 12792: 12786: 12778: 12772: 12768: 12761: 12746: 12745: 12740: 12733: 12725: 12721: 12717: 12713: 12709: 12705: 12698: 12696: 12687: 12683: 12678: 12673: 12668: 12663: 12659: 12655: 12652:(5): e10362. 12651: 12647: 12643: 12636: 12628: 12624: 12620: 12616: 12612: 12608: 12604: 12600: 12596: 12592: 12585: 12577: 12573: 12569: 12565: 12561: 12557: 12553: 12549: 12542: 12534: 12530: 12525: 12520: 12515: 12510: 12506: 12502: 12499:(8): 191057. 12498: 12494: 12490: 12483: 12474: 12473:10044/1/53967 12469: 12465: 12461: 12457: 12453: 12449: 12442: 12434: 12430: 12425: 12420: 12415: 12410: 12406: 12402: 12399:(1): e85979. 12398: 12394: 12390: 12383: 12375: 12371: 12366: 12361: 12357: 12353: 12349: 12345: 12341: 12337: 12333: 12326: 12318: 12314: 12309: 12304: 12299: 12294: 12290: 12286: 12282: 12275: 12273: 12264: 12260: 12256: 12252: 12248: 12244: 12240: 12236: 12229: 12221: 12217: 12212: 12207: 12203: 12199: 12195: 12191: 12187: 12183: 12179: 12172: 12164: 12160: 12156: 12152: 12148: 12144: 12140: 12136: 12128: 12119: 12114: 12109: 12104: 12100: 12096: 12092: 12090: 12081: 12073: 12069: 12064: 12059: 12055: 12051: 12047: 12043: 12040:(1): 93–110. 12039: 12035: 12031: 12024: 12015: 12010: 12005: 12000: 11996: 11992: 11988: 11986: 11977: 11969: 11965: 11960: 11955: 11950: 11945: 11941: 11937: 11934:(2): e16663. 11933: 11929: 11925: 11918: 11909: 11904: 11899: 11894: 11890: 11886: 11882: 11880: 11871: 11863: 11859: 11855: 11851: 11847: 11843: 11839: 11832: 11824: 11820: 11815: 11810: 11806: 11802: 11798: 11791: 11782: 11777: 11773: 11769: 11765: 11758: 11749: 11744: 11740: 11736: 11732: 11730: 11721: 11719: 11711:(2): 155–172. 11710: 11706: 11699: 11697: 11688: 11684: 11677: 11675: 11666: 11662: 11658: 11654: 11650: 11646: 11642: 11638: 11634: 11630: 11623: 11615: 11611: 11604: 11597:(1): 235–255. 11596: 11592: 11585: 11576: 11571: 11568:(1): 43–103. 11567: 11563: 11559: 11552: 11544: 11540: 11536: 11532: 11528: 11524: 11517: 11510: 11502: 11495: 11487: 11485:0-520-06726-6 11481: 11477: 11470: 11468: 11459: 11452: 11444: 11440: 11433: 11425: 11421: 11414: 11406: 11399: 11391: 11384: 11376: 11372: 11365: 11357: 11355:0-520-24209-2 11351: 11347: 11340: 11338: 11336: 11334: 11326:(4): 485–504. 11325: 11321: 11314: 11312: 11310: 11301: 11299:0-520-24623-3 11295: 11291: 11284: 11282: 11274:(3): 271–282. 11273: 11269: 11262: 11260: 11250: 11245: 11241: 11237: 11233: 11231: 11222: 11220: 11218: 11209: 11205: 11198: 11196: 11194: 11185: 11181: 11176: 11171: 11166: 11161: 11157: 11153: 11149: 11142: 11133: 11132:10044/1/64080 11128: 11124: 11120: 11116: 11112: 11108: 11101: 11099: 11090: 11086: 11082: 11078: 11074: 11070: 11066: 11062: 11058: 11054: 11046: 11038: 11034: 11030: 11026: 11022: 11018: 11014: 11010: 11006: 10999: 10991: 10987: 10982: 10977: 10973: 10969: 10965: 10961: 10957: 10953: 10949: 10945: 10941: 10934: 10926: 10922: 10918: 10914: 10909: 10904: 10900: 10896: 10892: 10888: 10884: 10877: 10869: 10865: 10860: 10855: 10851: 10847: 10842: 10837: 10833: 10829: 10825: 10821: 10817: 10810: 10801: 10796: 10792: 10788: 10781: 10774: 10772: 10763: 10759: 10754: 10749: 10745: 10741: 10737: 10733: 10729: 10725: 10721: 10714: 10705: 10704:10044/1/27497 10700: 10695: 10690: 10686: 10682: 10678: 10676: 10667: 10665: 10656: 10654:0-253-34542-1 10650: 10646: 10639: 10631: 10629:0-253-34542-1 10625: 10621: 10614: 10605: 10600: 10596: 10592: 10588: 10584: 10583:Palaeontology 10580: 10573: 10566: 10560: 10551: 10550:2027.42/73066 10546: 10541: 10536: 10532: 10528: 10524: 10517: 10515: 10506: 10502: 10498: 10494: 10490: 10486: 10482: 10478: 10474: 10470: 10463: 10455: 10451: 10447: 10443: 10439: 10435: 10431: 10427: 10423: 10415: 10407: 10403: 10399: 10395: 10391: 10387: 10383: 10379: 10371: 10355: 10348: 10340: 10336: 10331: 10326: 10321: 10316: 10312: 10308: 10304: 10300: 10296: 10289: 10281: 10274: 10266: 10262: 10258: 10254: 10250: 10246: 10241: 10236: 10232: 10228: 10224: 10220: 10216: 10212: 10208: 10201: 10193: 10189: 10185: 10181: 10177: 10173: 10169: 10165: 10158: 10156: 10154: 10145: 10141: 10137: 10133: 10129: 10125: 10121: 10117: 10113: 10109: 10105: 10101: 10093: 10085: 10079: 10075: 10071: 10067: 10066: 10057: 10055: 10046: 10042: 10037: 10032: 10028: 10024: 10019: 10014: 10010: 10006: 10002: 9995: 9987: 9981: 9973: 9969: 9964: 9959: 9954: 9949: 9945: 9941: 9937: 9933: 9929: 9922: 9920: 9911: 9907: 9903: 9899: 9894: 9889: 9885: 9881: 9877: 9873: 9872:Palaeontology 9869: 9862: 9854: 9850: 9846: 9842: 9837: 9832: 9828: 9824: 9820: 9816: 9812: 9808: 9800: 9798: 9789: 9785: 9780: 9775: 9771: 9767: 9763: 9759: 9755: 9748: 9746: 9744: 9727: 9723: 9717: 9709: 9705: 9700: 9695: 9690: 9685: 9681: 9677: 9673: 9669: 9665: 9658: 9656: 9646: 9641: 9637: 9633: 9629: 9627: 9618: 9610: 9606: 9602: 9598: 9594: 9588: 9584: 9580: 9576: 9569: 9561: 9557: 9553: 9549: 9545: 9539: 9535: 9531: 9527: 9520: 9512: 9508: 9504: 9500: 9496: 9492: 9488: 9484: 9480: 9473: 9465: 9461: 9457: 9456: 9447: 9439: 9435: 9430: 9425: 9421: 9417: 9413: 9409: 9406:(8): 191057. 9405: 9401: 9397: 9390: 9382: 9376: 9368: 9364: 9360: 9356: 9352: 9348: 9344: 9340: 9333: 9331: 9322: 9320: 9318: 9316: 9314: 9312: 9310: 9308: 9306: 9304: 9302: 9293: 9289: 9284: 9279: 9275: 9271: 9267: 9263: 9259: 9255: 9251: 9244: 9236: 9232: 9228: 9224: 9220: 9216: 9212: 9205: 9197: 9193: 9188: 9183: 9178: 9173: 9169: 9165: 9161: 9157: 9153: 9146: 9137: 9132: 9128: 9124: 9120: 9116: 9112: 9105: 9097: 9093: 9089: 9085: 9081: 9077: 9073: 9069: 9065: 9058: 9050: 9046: 9042: 9038: 9034: 9030: 9026: 9022: 9015: 9011: 9003: 9000: 8999: 8994: 8990: 8986: 8982: 8978: 8977:osteomyelitis 8974: 8973: 8963: 8961: 8957: 8953: 8949: 8945: 8941: 8937: 8933: 8927: 8925: 8921: 8917: 8913: 8909: 8905: 8902:, before the 8901: 8894: 8890: 8889: 8884: 8875: 8873: 8872: 8867: 8863: 8859: 8856: 8852: 8848: 8844: 8840: 8836: 8827: 8818: 8816: 8812: 8808: 8804: 8801:and grasses ( 8800: 8796: 8792: 8788: 8783: 8764: 8763: 8755: 8754: 8746: 8745: 8737: 8736: 8728: 8727: 8719: 8718: 8710: 8709: 8701: 8700: 8692: 8691: 8683: 8682: 8674: 8673: 8665: 8664: 8656: 8655: 8647: 8646: 8638: 8637: 8629: 8628: 8620: 8619: 8611: 8610: 8607: 8606: 8605: 8598: 8597: 8594: 8593: 8590: 8589: 8588: 8581: 8580: 8574: 8573: 8570: 8569: 8566: 8565: 8564: 8563:Dreadnoughtus 8557: 8556: 8550: 8549: 8546: 8545: 8542: 8541: 8540: 8533: 8532: 8526: 8525: 8522: 8521: 8513: 8512: 8504: 8503: 8500: 8499: 8498: 8491: 8490: 8487: 8486: 8483: 8482: 8481: 8474: 8473: 8467: 8466: 8463: 8462: 8459: 8458: 8457: 8450: 8449: 8443: 8442: 8436: 8435: 8432: 8431: 8423: 8422: 8419: 8418: 8417: 8410: 8409: 8406: 8405: 8402: 8401: 8400: 8399:Lirainosaurus 8393: 8392: 8386: 8385: 8379: 8378: 8375: 8374: 8366: 8365: 8362: 8361: 8360: 8359:Nemegtosaurus 8353: 8352: 8349: 8348: 8345: 8344: 8343: 8336: 8335: 8329: 8328: 8322: 8321: 8318: 8317: 8314: 8313: 8312: 8305: 8304: 8298: 8297: 8294: 8293: 8285: 8284: 8276: 8275: 8267: 8266: 8258: 8257: 8254: 8253: 8252: 8245: 8244: 8241: 8240: 8237: 8236: 8235: 8228: 8227: 8221: 8220: 8217: 8216: 8213: 8212: 8211: 8210:Mendozasaurus 8204: 8203: 8197: 8196: 8193: 8192: 8189: 8188: 8187: 8180: 8179: 8173: 8172: 8169: 8168: 8165: 8164: 8163: 8156: 8155: 8149: 8148: 8142: 8141: 8138: 8137: 8129: 8128: 8120: 8119: 8111: 8110: 8107: 8106: 8105: 8098: 8097: 8094: 8093: 8090: 8089: 8088: 8087:Neuquensaurus 8081: 8080: 8074: 8073: 8070: 8069: 8066: 8065: 8064: 8057: 8056: 8050: 8049: 8046: 8045: 8042: 8041: 8040: 8033: 8032: 8026: 8025: 8019: 8018:Saltasauridae 8016: 8015: 8012: 8011: 8008: 8007: 8006: 7999: 7998: 7992: 7991: 7988: 7987: 7984: 7983: 7982: 7975: 7974: 7968: 7967: 7964: 7963: 7955: 7954: 7946: 7945: 7937: 7936: 7928: 7927: 7919: 7918: 7910: 7909: 7901: 7900: 7897: 7896: 7895: 7888: 7887: 7884: 7883: 7880: 7879: 7878: 7871: 7870: 7864: 7863: 7860: 7859: 7856: 7855: 7854: 7853:Trigonosaurus 7847: 7846: 7840: 7839: 7836: 7835: 7827: 7826: 7818: 7817: 7814: 7813: 7812: 7805: 7804: 7801: 7800: 7797: 7796: 7795: 7788: 7787: 7781: 7780: 7777: 7776: 7773: 7772: 7771: 7764: 7763: 7757: 7756: 7750: 7749: 7746: 7745: 7742: 7741: 7740: 7739:Gondwanatitan 7733: 7732: 7726: 7725: 7722: 7721: 7718: 7717: 7716: 7709: 7708: 7702: 7701: 7698: 7697: 7694: 7693: 7692: 7691:Muyelensaurus 7685: 7684: 7678: 7677: 7674: 7673: 7665: 7664: 7656: 7655: 7652: 7651: 7650: 7643: 7642: 7639: 7638: 7635: 7634: 7633: 7626: 7625: 7619: 7618: 7615: 7614: 7611: 7610: 7609: 7602: 7601: 7595: 7594: 7588: 7587: 7581: 7580: 7577: 7576: 7573: 7572: 7571: 7564: 7563: 7557: 7556: 7553: 7552: 7549: 7548: 7547: 7540: 7539: 7533: 7532: 7529: 7528: 7520: 7519: 7516: 7515: 7514: 7513:Mnyamawamtuka 7507: 7506: 7503: 7502: 7499: 7498: 7497: 7490: 7489: 7483: 7482: 7476: 7473: 7472: 7469: 7468: 7465: 7464: 7463: 7456: 7455: 7449: 7448: 7445: 7444: 7436: 7435: 7427: 7426: 7418: 7417: 7409: 7408: 7400: 7399: 7396: 7395: 7394: 7387: 7386: 7383: 7382: 7379: 7378: 7377: 7376:Chubutisaurus 7370: 7369: 7363: 7362: 7359: 7358: 7350: 7349: 7346: 7345: 7344: 7337: 7336: 7333: 7332: 7329: 7328: 7327: 7320: 7319: 7313: 7312: 7306: 7305: 7302: 7301: 7298: 7297: 7296: 7289: 7288: 7282: 7281: 7278: 7277: 7269: 7268: 7260: 7259: 7256: 7255: 7254: 7253:Ligabuesaurus 7247: 7246: 7243: 7242: 7239: 7238: 7237: 7230: 7229: 7223: 7222: 7219: 7218: 7215: 7214: 7213: 7206: 7205: 7199: 7198: 7192: 7191: 7188: 7187: 7184: 7183: 7182: 7181:Karongasaurus 7175: 7174: 7168: 7167: 7161: 7158: 7157: 7151: 7150: 7145: 7144: 7143:Lirainosaurus 7139: 7138: 7137:Magyarosaurus 7133: 7132: 7131:Magyarosaurus 7127: 7126: 7120: 7116: 7114: 7113: 7112:Mnyamawamtuka 7108: 7104: 7103: 7092: 7091: 7083: 7082: 7074: 7073: 7065: 7064: 7056: 7055: 7047: 7046: 7038: 7037: 7029: 7028: 7020: 7019: 7011: 7010: 7002: 7001: 6993: 6992: 6989: 6988: 6987: 6980: 6979: 6976: 6975: 6972: 6971: 6970: 6963: 6962: 6959: 6958: 6955: 6954: 6953: 6946: 6945: 6939: 6938: 6935: 6934: 6931: 6930: 6929: 6928:Mendozasaurus 6922: 6921: 6918: 6917: 6914: 6913: 6912: 6905: 6904: 6901: 6900: 6897: 6896: 6895: 6888: 6887: 6881: 6878: 6877: 6871: 6870: 6867: 6866: 6863: 6862: 6861: 6854: 6853: 6847: 6846: 6843: 6842: 6834: 6833: 6825: 6824: 6816: 6815: 6807: 6806: 6803: 6802: 6801: 6794: 6793: 6790: 6789: 6786: 6785: 6784: 6777: 6776: 6770: 6769: 6766: 6765: 6762: 6761: 6760: 6753: 6752: 6746: 6745: 6742: 6741: 6738: 6737: 6736: 6735:Pitekunsaurus 6729: 6728: 6722: 6721: 6718: 6717: 6709: 6708: 6705: 6704: 6703: 6696: 6695: 6692: 6691: 6688: 6687: 6686: 6685:Muyelensaurus 6679: 6678: 6672: 6671: 6665: 6664: 6658: 6657: 6654: 6653: 6650: 6649: 6648: 6641: 6640: 6634: 6633: 6630: 6629: 6621: 6620: 6612: 6611: 6603: 6602: 6594: 6593: 6585: 6584: 6576: 6575: 6567: 6566: 6563: 6562: 6561: 6554: 6553: 6550: 6549: 6546: 6545: 6544: 6543:Savannasaurus 6537: 6536: 6530: 6529: 6526: 6525: 6522: 6521: 6520: 6513: 6512: 6506: 6505: 6502: 6501: 6498: 6497: 6496: 6489: 6488: 6482: 6481: 6478: 6477: 6474: 6473: 6472: 6465: 6464: 6458: 6457: 6454: 6453: 6450: 6449: 6448: 6441: 6440: 6434: 6433: 6430: 6429: 6421: 6420: 6417: 6416: 6415: 6408: 6407: 6404: 6403: 6400: 6399: 6398: 6391: 6390: 6384: 6383: 6377: 6376: 6373: 6372: 6364: 6363: 6360: 6359: 6358: 6357:Nemegtosaurus 6351: 6350: 6347: 6346: 6343: 6342: 6341: 6334: 6333: 6327: 6326: 6320: 6319: 6313: 6312: 6309: 6308: 6305: 6304: 6303: 6296: 6295: 6289: 6286: 6285: 6282: 6281: 6273: 6272: 6269: 6268: 6267: 6260: 6259: 6256: 6255: 6252: 6251: 6250: 6243: 6242: 6236: 6235: 6229: 6228: 6225: 6224: 6221: 6220: 6219: 6218:Ruyangosaurus 6212: 6211: 6205: 6204: 6201: 6200: 6197: 6196: 6195: 6188: 6187: 6181: 6178: 6177: 6173: 6171: 6167: 6163: 6162: 6161:Ruyangosaurus 6157: 6156: 6151: 6150: 6145: 6141: 6137: 6136: 6131: 6130:Mendozasaurus 6127: 6126: 6121: 6120: 6115: 6114: 6113:Savannasaurus 6109: 6104: 6100: 6096: 6092: 6088: 6087: 6081: 6078: 6077:Gondwanatitan 6074: 6070: 6066: 6065:Mendozasaurus 6062: 6058: 6057:Muyelensaurus 6054: 6050: 6046: 6042: 6038: 6034: 6033: 6028: 6024: 6020: 6019: 6018:Padillasaurus 6014: 6013: 6008: 6007: 6006:Comahuesaurus 6002: 6001: 5996: 5992: 5987: 5986: 5985:Chubutisaurus 5978: 5974: 5973: 5967: 5963: 5961: 5960:Nemegtosaurus 5957: 5953: 5949: 5945: 5941: 5937: 5936: 5931: 5927: 5923: 5922: 5917: 5916: 5911: 5910: 5905: 5904:Nemegtosaurus 5901: 5897: 5896: 5891: 5884: 5883: 5877: 5873: 5871: 5867: 5863: 5862:Gondwanatitan 5859: 5855: 5854:Lirainosaurus 5851: 5847: 5843: 5842: 5837: 5836:Nemegtosaurus 5833: 5829: 5828: 5827:Ligabuesaurus 5823: 5819: 5815: 5811: 5807: 5803: 5799: 5795: 5791: 5790: 5789:Mendozasaurus 5785: 5781: 5780: 5775: 5771: 5767: 5766:Muyelensaurus 5763: 5759: 5758: 5757:Muyelensaurus 5753: 5752: 5747: 5743: 5739: 5729: 5721: 5720: 5712: 5711: 5703: 5702: 5694: 5693: 5685: 5684: 5676: 5675: 5667: 5666: 5658: 5657: 5649: 5648: 5640: 5639: 5631: 5630: 5622: 5621: 5618: 5617: 5616: 5609: 5608: 5605: 5604: 5601: 5600: 5599: 5598:Neuquensaurus 5592: 5591: 5585: 5582: 5581: 5578: 5577: 5574: 5573: 5572: 5565: 5564: 5558: 5557:Saltasauridae 5555: 5554: 5551: 5550: 5547: 5546: 5545: 5538: 5537: 5531: 5530: 5527: 5526: 5518: 5517: 5509: 5508: 5505: 5504: 5503: 5496: 5495: 5492: 5491: 5488: 5487: 5486: 5479: 5478: 5472: 5471: 5468: 5467: 5464: 5463: 5462: 5455: 5454: 5448: 5447: 5441: 5440: 5437: 5436: 5433: 5432: 5431: 5424: 5423: 5417: 5416: 5413: 5412: 5409: 5408: 5407: 5400: 5399: 5393: 5390: 5389: 5386: 5385: 5382: 5381: 5380: 5379:Dreadnoughtus 5373: 5372: 5366: 5365: 5362: 5361: 5353: 5352: 5344: 5343: 5335: 5334: 5326: 5325: 5317: 5316: 5308: 5307: 5299: 5298: 5295: 5294: 5293: 5286: 5285: 5282: 5281: 5278: 5277: 5276: 5269: 5268: 5262: 5261: 5258: 5257: 5254: 5253: 5252: 5245: 5244: 5241: 5240: 5237: 5236: 5235: 5228: 5227: 5221: 5220: 5217: 5216: 5208: 5207: 5204: 5203: 5202: 5195: 5194: 5191: 5190: 5187: 5186: 5185: 5178: 5177: 5171: 5170: 5164: 5163: 5160: 5159: 5156: 5155: 5154: 5153:Mendozasaurus 5147: 5146: 5140: 5137: 5136: 5133: 5132: 5129: 5128: 5127: 5120: 5119: 5113: 5112: 5109: 5108: 5105: 5104: 5103: 5096: 5095: 5089: 5088: 5085: 5084: 5076: 5075: 5067: 5066: 5058: 5057: 5049: 5048: 5045: 5044: 5043: 5036: 5035: 5032: 5031: 5028: 5027: 5026: 5019: 5018: 5012: 5011: 5008: 5007: 5004: 5003: 5002: 5001:Muyelensaurus 4995: 4994: 4988: 4987: 4984: 4983: 4980: 4979: 4978: 4971: 4970: 4964: 4961: 4960: 4954: 4953: 4947: 4946: 4940: 4937: 4936: 4933: 4932: 4929: 4928: 4927: 4920: 4919: 4913: 4912: 4909: 4908: 4900: 4899: 4896: 4895: 4894: 4893:Ruyangosaurus 4887: 4886: 4883: 4882: 4879: 4878: 4877: 4870: 4869: 4863: 4862: 4856: 4855: 4852: 4851: 4848: 4847: 4846: 4839: 4838: 4835: 4834: 4831: 4830: 4829: 4822: 4821: 4815: 4812: 4811: 4807: 4806: 4804: 4798: 4791: 4790: 4782: 4781: 4773: 4772: 4764: 4763: 4755: 4754: 4746: 4745: 4737: 4736: 4728: 4727: 4719: 4718: 4710: 4709: 4701: 4700: 4692: 4691: 4683: 4682: 4679: 4678: 4677: 4670: 4669: 4666: 4665: 4662: 4661: 4660: 4659:Neuquensaurus 4653: 4652: 4646: 4645: 4642: 4641: 4638: 4633: 4632: 4629: 4628: 4625: 4624: 4623: 4616: 4615: 4609: 4608: 4605: 4604: 4601: 4596: 4595: 4592: 4591: 4588: 4587: 4586: 4579: 4578: 4572: 4571: 4568: 4567: 4564: 4563: 4562: 4561:Lirainosaurus 4555: 4554: 4548: 4547:Saltasaurinae 4545: 4544: 4538: 4537: 4534: 4533: 4525: 4524: 4516: 4515: 4507: 4506: 4498: 4497: 4489: 4488: 4485: 4484: 4483: 4482:Nemegtosaurus 4476: 4475: 4472: 4471: 4468: 4467: 4466: 4459: 4458: 4452: 4451: 4448: 4447: 4444: 4443: 4442: 4435: 4434: 4428: 4427: 4424: 4423: 4420: 4418: 4417: 4416:Trigonosaurus 4410: 4409: 4406: 4405: 4402: 4401: 4400: 4393: 4392: 4386: 4385: 4382: 4381: 4378: 4377: 4376: 4375:Magyarosaurus 4369: 4368: 4362: 4361: 4358: 4357: 4354: 4353: 4352: 4345: 4344: 4338: 4337: 4331: 4330: 4327: 4326: 4323: 4322: 4321: 4314: 4313: 4307: 4304: 4303: 4300: 4299: 4296: 4295: 4294: 4293:Aegyptosaurus 4287: 4286: 4280: 4279: 4276: 4275: 4267: 4266: 4258: 4257: 4249: 4248: 4240: 4239: 4236: 4235: 4234: 4227: 4226: 4223: 4222: 4219: 4218: 4217: 4210: 4209: 4206: 4205: 4202: 4201: 4200: 4193: 4192: 4186: 4185: 4182: 4181: 4178: 4177: 4176: 4169: 4168: 4162: 4161: 4158: 4157: 4154: 4153: 4152: 4145: 4144: 4138: 4135: 4134: 4128: 4127: 4124: 4123: 4120: 4115: 4114: 4108: 4107:Saltasauridae 4105: 4104: 4101: 4100: 4092: 4091: 4088: 4087: 4086: 4079: 4078: 4075: 4074: 4071: 4070: 4069: 4062: 4061: 4055: 4054: 4048: 4047: 4044: 4043: 4035: 4034: 4031: 4030: 4029: 4022: 4021: 4018: 4017: 4014: 4013: 4012: 4005: 4004: 3998: 3997: 3991: 3990: 3987: 3986: 3983: 3982: 3981: 3974: 3973: 3970: 3969: 3966: 3965: 3964: 3957: 3956: 3950: 3947: 3946: 3942: 3941: 3937: 3936: 3932: 3930: 3929:Nemegtosaurus 3926: 3922: 3921:Brachiosaurus 3917: 3913: 3912:Late Jurassic 3909: 3899: 3896: 3892: 3891: 3890:Brachiosaurus 3886: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3869: 3863: 3861: 3857: 3853: 3849: 3848:Gondwanatitan 3845: 3841: 3837: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3820: 3816: 3815:Mendozasaurus 3812: 3808: 3807: 3802: 3801: 3800:Mendozasaurus 3796: 3788: 3787: 3781: 3777: 3775: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3747: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3731: 3727: 3726:Andesauroidea 3723: 3722: 3717: 3713: 3709: 3705: 3698: 3697: 3691: 3687: 3685: 3681: 3677: 3676:Neuquensaurus 3673: 3669: 3665: 3662:excluded and 3661: 3660:Nemegtosaurus 3657: 3653: 3652:Saltasauridae 3649: 3645: 3641: 3640: 3635: 3631: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3611: 3607: 3602: 3600: 3596: 3592: 3591:Saltasauridae 3588: 3584: 3583:Nemegtosaurus 3580: 3576: 3575: 3570: 3563: 3562: 3556: 3552: 3550: 3545: 3541: 3537: 3536:Nemegtosaurus 3533: 3529: 3525: 3521: 3517: 3513: 3512: 3502: 3494: 3493: 3485: 3484: 3476: 3475: 3467: 3466: 3458: 3457: 3454: 3453: 3452: 3445: 3444: 3441: 3440: 3437: 3436: 3435: 3434:Neuquensaurus 3428: 3427: 3421: 3420: 3417: 3416: 3413: 3412: 3411: 3404: 3403: 3397: 3396: 3393: 3392: 3389: 3387: 3383: 3382: 3375: 3374: 3371: 3370: 3367: 3366: 3365: 3358: 3357: 3351: 3350:Saltasaurinae 3348: 3347: 3344: 3343: 3335: 3334: 3326: 3325: 3317: 3316: 3308: 3307: 3304: 3303: 3302: 3301:Nemegtosaurus 3295: 3294: 3291: 3290: 3287: 3286: 3285: 3278: 3277: 3271: 3270: 3267: 3266: 3263: 3262: 3261: 3254: 3253: 3247: 3246: 3243: 3242: 3239: 3238: 3237: 3230: 3229: 3223: 3222: 3219: 3218: 3215: 3213: 3209: 3208: 3201: 3200: 3194: 3193: 3187: 3184: 3183: 3179: 3178: 3174: 3167: 3166: 3158: 3157: 3149: 3148: 3140: 3139: 3131: 3130: 3122: 3121: 3113: 3112: 3104: 3103: 3100: 3099: 3098: 3091: 3090: 3087: 3086: 3083: 3081: 3077: 3076: 3069: 3068: 3062: 3061: 3058: 3057: 3054: 3053: 3052: 3045: 3044: 3038: 3037: 3034: 3033: 3030: 3029: 3028: 3021: 3020: 3014: 3013: 3010: 3009: 3006: 3005: 3004: 2997: 2996: 2990: 2989: 2986: 2985: 2977: 2976: 2973: 2971: 2970: 2969:Trigonosaurus 2963: 2962: 2959: 2958: 2955: 2954: 2953: 2952:Lirainosaurus 2946: 2945: 2942: 2941: 2938: 2937: 2936: 2929: 2928: 2922: 2921: 2915: 2912: 2911: 2908: 2907: 2904: 2903: 2902: 2895: 2894: 2888: 2885: 2884: 2881: 2880: 2877: 2876: 2875: 2868: 2867: 2861: 2858: 2857: 2853: 2852: 2851:Powell (2003) 2848: 2847: 2843: 2841: 2840: 2839:Trigonosaurus 2835: 2834: 2833:Lirainosaurus 2829: 2825: 2820: 2812: 2811: 2806: 2805: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2787: 2785: 2784: 2783:Magyarosaurus 2779: 2778: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2734: 2724: 2723: 2715: 2714: 2706: 2705: 2697: 2696: 2688: 2687: 2679: 2678: 2670: 2669: 2666: 2665: 2664: 2657: 2656: 2653: 2652: 2649: 2648: 2647: 2646:Neuquensaurus 2640: 2639: 2633: 2632:Saltasaurinae 2630: 2629: 2626: 2625: 2622: 2621: 2620: 2613: 2612: 2606: 2605: 2602: 2601: 2598: 2597: 2596: 2589: 2588: 2582: 2581: 2578: 2577: 2569: 2568: 2560: 2559: 2556: 2554: 2553: 2552:Trigonosaurus 2546: 2545: 2542: 2541: 2538: 2537: 2536: 2529: 2528: 2522: 2521: 2518: 2517: 2514: 2513: 2512: 2505: 2504: 2498: 2497: 2491: 2490: 2487: 2486: 2483: 2482: 2481: 2474: 2473: 2470: 2469: 2466: 2465: 2464: 2457: 2456: 2450: 2447: 2446: 2443: 2442: 2439: 2438: 2437: 2430: 2429: 2423: 2420: 2419: 2413: 2412: 2406: 2402: 2399: 2392: 2388: 2387:Neuquensaurus 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2367: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2342: 2340: 2336: 2335: 2330: 2329: 2328:Nemegtosaurus 2324: 2320: 2319: 2318:Brachiosaurus 2314: 2313: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2295: 2290: 2286: 2285:Diplodocoidea 2282: 2278: 2274: 2273: 2268: 2267: 2262: 2261: 2256: 2255: 2251:, to include 2250: 2246: 2242: 2241:Paul Upchurch 2237: 2235: 2234: 2229: 2228: 2223: 2218: 2211: 2206: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2190: 2185: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2161: 2159: 2155: 2154:Magyarosaurus 2151: 2147: 2146:Hypselosaurus 2143: 2139: 2138:Hypselosaurus 2135: 2131: 2130:Maastrichtian 2127: 2123: 2118: 2111: 2107: 2106:Macrurosaurus 2103: 2099: 2098: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2076: 2073: 2072:Neuquensaurus 2069: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2056: 2051: 2050: 2045: 2041: 2040: 2035: 2034: 2033:Nemegtosaurus 2029: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2007: 2006: 2001: 2000: 1995: 1994: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1976: 1975:Neuquensaurus 1971: 1970: 1965: 1964: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1946:Saltasaurinae 1943: 1939: 1932: 1931: 1925: 1921: 1919: 1918: 1913: 1912: 1911:Laplatasaurus 1907: 1906: 1901: 1897: 1896:United States 1893: 1892: 1887: 1886:Macrurosaurus 1884:from France, 1883: 1882: 1877: 1876:Hypselosaurus 1873: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1837: 1836:Macrurosaurus 1832: 1831: 1830:Hypselosaurus 1826: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1805: 1797: 1790: 1789: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1763:Cetiosauridae 1760: 1756: 1752: 1749: 1745: 1744: 1736: 1735: 1730: 1726: 1720:Early history 1717: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1686: 1685: 1680: 1679: 1672: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1655: 1646: 1642: 1641: 1633: 1632: 1624: 1623: 1615: 1614: 1606: 1605: 1597: 1596: 1588: 1587: 1579: 1578: 1575: 1574: 1568: 1567: 1564: 1563: 1560: 1559: 1558:Euhelopodidae 1553: 1552: 1546: 1543: 1542: 1539: 1538: 1535: 1534: 1528: 1527: 1521: 1518: 1517: 1514: 1513: 1510: 1509: 1508: 1501: 1500: 1494: 1491: 1490: 1487: 1486: 1478: 1477: 1469: 1468: 1465: 1464: 1458: 1457: 1454: 1453: 1450: 1449: 1443: 1442: 1436: 1435: 1432: 1431: 1428: 1427: 1421: 1420: 1414: 1413:Diplodocoidea 1411: 1410: 1404: 1401: 1400: 1397: 1396: 1393: 1392: 1386: 1385: 1379: 1378: 1375: 1374: 1371: 1370: 1364: 1363: 1357: 1356: 1353: 1352: 1349: 1348: 1347: 1340: 1339: 1335: 1334: 1326: 1324: 1320: 1315: 1314: 1309: 1304: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1293: 1292:Magyarosaurus 1288: 1284: 1280: 1272: 1268: 1259: 1257: 1253: 1252: 1247: 1242: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1231: 1230:Neuquensaurus 1226: 1222: 1218: 1210: 1209: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1191: 1186: 1182: 1177: 1175: 1174: 1169: 1165: 1164: 1159: 1158: 1153: 1152: 1147: 1146: 1141: 1137: 1129: 1128: 1122: 1113: 1110: 1106: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1084: 1082: 1078: 1076: 1075:Brachiosaurus 1071: 1070: 1065: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1055: 1050: 1046: 1045: 1044:Nemegtosaurus 1040: 1039: 1034: 1030: 1029: 1020: 1015: 1009:Head and neck 1006: 1004: 1000: 999: 994: 993: 992:Magyarosaurus 988: 984: 980: 979: 978:Magyarosaurus 974: 973: 962: 960: 954: 952: 948: 947: 942: 938: 937: 932: 931: 926: 925: 920: 919: 918:Nemegtosaurus 908: 902:Fossil record 899: 897: 894: 890: 886: 885: 881: 879: 874: 870: 866: 863: 858: 856: 852: 851: 846: 845: 840: 839: 834: 830: 826: 823: 819: 815: 800: 799: 792: 789: 788: 781: 779: 778: 771: 769: 768: 767:Trigonosaurus 761: 759: 758: 751: 749: 748: 741: 738: 737: 730: 728: 727: 720: 717: 716: 709: 707: 706: 705:Ruyangosaurus 699: 697: 696: 695:Pitekunsaurus 689: 687: 686: 679: 677: 676: 669: 667: 666: 659: 657: 656: 649: 646: 645: 638: 636: 635: 634:Macrurosaurus 628: 625: 624: 623:Ligabuesaurus 617: 615: 614: 613:Laplatasaurus 607: 605: 604: 603:Karongasaurus 597: 595: 594: 587: 584: 583: 576: 574: 573: 566: 564: 563: 562:Hypselosaurus 556: 553: 552: 545: 543: 542: 535: 533: 532: 525: 523: 522: 521:Dreadnoughtus 515: 513: 512: 505: 503: 502: 495: 493: 492: 485: 482: 481: 474: 472: 471: 464: 462: 461: 460:Borealosaurus 454: 452: 451: 444: 442: 441: 434: 432: 431: 430:Barrosasaurus 424: 422: 421: 414: 412: 411: 404: 402: 401: 394: 392: 391: 384: 382: 381: 374: 371: 370: 363: 361: 360: 353: 350: 349: 348:Aegyptosaurus 342: 340: 339: 332: 330: 329: 322: 321: 320: 319: 313: 312: 306: 300: 297: 291: 290: 288: 283: 276: 270: 267: 264: 263: 260: 254: 251: 248: 247: 244: 238: 235: 232: 231: 228: 222: 219: 216: 215: 212: 206: 203: 200: 199: 196: 193: 190: 187: 186: 183: 180: 177: 174: 173: 170: 167: 164: 163: 160: 157: 154: 153: 150: 147: 144: 143: 138: 133: 129: 125: 121: 120: 114: 110: 105: 98: 93: 88: 83: 78: 73: 68: 63: 58: 53: 48: 43: 37: 30: 22: 19: 17508:Paleontology 17440:Titanosauria 17410:Titanosauria 17409: 17330: 17304:Titanosaurus 17302: 17294: 17287: 17279: 17274:Loricosaurus 17272: 17267:Iuticosaurus 17265: 17258: 17251: 17244: 17236: 17204:Yamanasaurus 17202: 17195: 17188: 17181: 17174: 17166: 17159: 17151: 17145:Abditosaurus 17143: 17122: 17115: 17107: 17100: 17092: 17084: 17077: 17071:Abditosaurus 17069: 17048: 17041: 17033: 17026: 17003:Tapuiasaurus 17001: 16993: 16986: 16966: 16961:Titanomachya 16959: 16952: 16930:Puertasaurus 16928: 16921: 16916:Notocolossus 16914: 16907: 16901:Jiangxititan 16899: 16892: 16884: 16879:Drusilasaura 16877: 16870: 16863:Lognkosauria 16846: 16839: 16832: 16825: 16818: 16811: 16804: 16797:Aeolosaurini 16786:Rinconsaurus 16784: 16777: 16770: 16763: 16755: 16748: 16737:Rinconsauria 16724: 16718:Tengrisaurus 16716: 16711:Quetecsaurus 16709: 16702: 16694: 16687: 16680: 16673: 16666: 16642: 16635: 16601: 16594: 16589:Lohuecotitan 16587: 16580: 16575:Garrigatitan 16573: 16566: 16561:Ampelosaurus 16559: 16534: 16527: 16520: 16515:Uberabatitan 16513: 16508:Sonidosaurus 16506: 16499: 16492: 16485: 16479:Tengrisaurus 16477: 16469: 16462: 16455: 16450:Rapetosaurus 16448: 16441: 16434: 16426: 16419: 16412: 16405: 16398: 16391: 16386:Malawisaurus 16384: 16376: 16369: 16361: 16354: 16347: 16340: 16332: 16327:Huabeisaurus 16325: 16318: 16311: 16303: 16296: 16288: 16281: 16274: 16269:Choconsaurus 16267: 16262:Brasilotitan 16260: 16253: 16245: 16237: 16230: 16223: 16216: 16211:Atacamatitan 16209: 16204:Argyrosaurus 16202: 16195: 16187: 16180: 16172: 16167:Abdarainurus 16165: 16149:Titanosauria 16148: 16136:Titanosauria 16135: 16105: 16064:Titanosauria 16063: 16048:Wintonotitan 16046: 16039: 16032: 16025: 16018: 15994: 15989:Yongjinglong 15987: 15980: 15975:Tambatitanis 15973: 15966: 15959: 15952: 15944: 15939:Huanghetitan 15937: 15932:Huabeisaurus 15930: 15923: 15918:Gannansaurus 15916: 15909: 15902: 15896:Chiayusaurus 15894: 15886: 15866: 15859: 15852: 15845: 15838: 15831: 15824: 15817: 15810: 15802: 15795: 15790:Jiutaisaurus 15788: 15782:Jiangxititan 15780: 15775:Garumbatitan 15773: 15766: 15759: 15754:Dongbeititan 15752: 15745: 15738: 15731: 15726:Austrosaurus 15724: 15717: 15710: 15703: 15679: 15674:Venenosaurus 15672: 15665: 15660:Sonorasaurus 15658: 15651: 15646:Giraffatitan 15644: 15636: 15631:Cedarosaurus 15629: 15622: 15615: 15608: 15587: 15582:Pelorosaurus 15580: 15573: 15566: 15559: 15552: 15545: 15538: 15508: 15503:Camarasaurus 15501: 15481: 15475:Haestasaurus 15473: 15468:Europasaurus 15466: 15458: 15451: 15443: 15436: 15429: 15344: 15337: 15330: 15322: 15315: 15308: 15301: 15294: 15287:Diplodocinae 15276:Brontosaurus 15274: 15266: 15259: 15253:Amphicoelias 15251: 15235:Diplodocidae 15222: 15215: 15208: 15201: 15194: 15187: 15179: 15172: 15165: 15160:Bajadasaurus 15158: 15151: 15146:Amargasaurus 15144: 15107: 15100: 15093: 15086: 15079: 15072: 15053:Rayososaurus 15051: 15044: 15037: 15010:Zapalasaurus 15008: 15003:Xenoposeidon 15001: 14994: 14987: 14979: 14972: 14965: 14957: 14950: 14945:Campananeyen 14943: 14938:Amazonsaurus 14936: 14929: 14894: 14835: 14805: 14798: 14791: 14784: 14777: 14770: 14763: 14701:Neosauropoda 14688: 14681: 14674: 14666: 14658: 14651: 14644: 14637: 14630: 14622: 14616:Haestasaurus 14614: 14606: 14599: 14579: 14572: 14565: 14558: 14551: 14544: 14537: 14530: 14523: 14516: 14508: 14501: 14494: 14487: 14480: 14472: 14465: 14457: 14450: 14443: 14424:Patagosaurus 14422: 14414: 14406: 14399: 14392: 14374:Volkheimeria 14372: 14365: 14358: 14351: 14346:Perijasaurus 14344: 14339:Nebulasaurus 14337: 14330: 14323: 14318:Dystrophaeus 14316: 14309: 14302: 14295: 14290:Barapasaurus 14288: 14281: 14276:Asiatosaurus 14274: 14267: 14237: 14230: 14209: 14201: 14196:Rhoetosaurus 14194: 14187: 14180: 14172: 14140:Lessemsaurus 14138: 14131: 14124: 14119:Antetonitrus 14117: 14096: 14089: 14082: 14074: 14066: 14059: 14052: 14045: 14038: 14031: 13968: 13904: 13897: 13890: 13883: 13876: 13869: 13862: 13855: 13848: 13841: 13834: 13810: 13805:Yizhousaurus 13803: 13795: 13788: 13781: 13774: 13766: 13741: 13734: 13727: 13720: 13713: 13706: 13699: 13693:Ignavusaurus 13691: 13684: 13677: 13670: 13650: 13643: 13623: 13616: 13609: 13602: 13597:Ignavusaurus 13595: 13588: 13581: 13553:Yimenosaurus 13551: 13546:Plateosaurus 13544: 13537: 13530: 13523: 13516: 13498:Xixiposaurus 13496: 13489: 13482: 13470:Plateosauria 13452: 13445: 13438: 13431:Unaysauridae 13418: 13411: 13404: 13397: 13390: 13383: 13376: 13342: 13334: 13326: 13319: 13312: 13304: 13296: 13276: 13269: 13262: 13257:Guaibasaurus 13255: 13248: 13241: 13234: 13120: 13111: 13039: 13036:Titanosauria 13034: 13019: 13010: 13001: 12991: 12958: 12954: 12947: 12906: 12902: 12892: 12859: 12855: 12845: 12833:. Retrieved 12826: 12817: 12805:. Retrieved 12801:the original 12794: 12785: 12766: 12760: 12748:. Retrieved 12742: 12732: 12707: 12703: 12649: 12645: 12635: 12594: 12590: 12584: 12551: 12547: 12541: 12496: 12492: 12482: 12455: 12451: 12447: 12441: 12396: 12392: 12382: 12339: 12335: 12325: 12288: 12284: 12238: 12228: 12185: 12181: 12177: 12171: 12138: 12134: 12127: 12098: 12094: 12088: 12080: 12037: 12033: 12029: 12023: 11994: 11990: 11984: 11976: 11931: 11927: 11917: 11908:11336/192915 11891:(1): 45–60. 11888: 11884: 11878: 11870: 11845: 11841: 11837: 11831: 11804: 11800: 11790: 11771: 11767: 11757: 11738: 11734: 11728: 11708: 11704: 11686: 11682: 11632: 11628: 11622: 11613: 11609: 11603: 11594: 11590: 11584: 11565: 11561: 11551: 11526: 11522: 11509: 11500: 11494: 11475: 11457: 11451: 11442: 11438: 11432: 11423: 11419: 11413: 11404: 11398: 11389: 11383: 11374: 11370: 11364: 11345: 11323: 11319: 11289: 11271: 11267: 11239: 11235: 11229: 11207: 11203: 11175:11336/106658 11155: 11151: 11141: 11114: 11110: 11056: 11052: 11045: 11012: 11008: 11004: 10998: 10947: 10943: 10933: 10890: 10886: 10876: 10823: 10819: 10809: 10790: 10786: 10727: 10723: 10713: 10684: 10680: 10674: 10644: 10638: 10619: 10613: 10586: 10582: 10572: 10564: 10559: 10530: 10526: 10472: 10468: 10462: 10429: 10425: 10414: 10381: 10377: 10370: 10358:. Retrieved 10347: 10302: 10298: 10288: 10279: 10273: 10240:11336/150635 10214: 10210: 10200: 10167: 10163: 10103: 10099: 10092: 10064: 10008: 10004: 9994: 9980:cite journal 9935: 9931: 9875: 9871: 9861: 9813:(1): 83–87. 9810: 9806: 9761: 9757: 9730:. Retrieved 9725: 9716: 9671: 9667: 9635: 9631: 9625: 9617: 9574: 9568: 9525: 9519: 9486: 9482: 9472: 9453: 9446: 9403: 9399: 9389: 9375:cite journal 9342: 9338: 9330:Titanosaurus 9329: 9260:(1): 14962. 9257: 9253: 9243: 9218: 9214: 9210: 9204: 9159: 9155: 9145: 9118: 9114: 9104: 9071: 9067: 9063: 9057: 9024: 9020: 9014: 8996: 8988: 8970: 8969: 8928: 8922:and the mid- 8897: 8886: 8869: 8853:, contained 8832: 8797:, including 8780: 8772:Paleobiology 8602: 8601: 8585: 8584: 8561: 8560: 8537: 8536: 8495: 8494: 8478: 8477: 8456:Ampelosaurus 8454: 8453: 8414: 8413: 8397: 8396: 8357: 8356: 8342:Lohuecotitan 8340: 8339: 8309: 8308: 8251:Notocolossus 8249: 8248: 8232: 8231: 8208: 8207: 8184: 8183: 8160: 8159: 8102: 8101: 8085: 8084: 8061: 8060: 8037: 8036: 8003: 8002: 7979: 7978: 7894:Argyrosaurus 7892: 7891: 7875: 7874: 7851: 7850: 7809: 7808: 7792: 7791: 7768: 7767: 7737: 7736: 7713: 7712: 7689: 7688: 7649:Rapetosaurus 7647: 7646: 7630: 7629: 7608:Rinconsaurus 7606: 7605: 7568: 7567: 7546:Tapuiasaurus 7544: 7543: 7511: 7510: 7496:Malawisaurus 7494: 7493: 7475:Lithostrotia 7460: 7459: 7393:Wintonotitan 7391: 7390: 7374: 7373: 7341: 7340: 7324: 7323: 7293: 7292: 7251: 7250: 7234: 7233: 7210: 7209: 7179: 7178: 7160:Titanosauria 7159: 7149:Ampelosaurus 7147: 7141: 7135: 7129: 7125:Ampelosaurus 7123: 7110: 7106: 7100: 7098: 6986:Puertasaurus 6984: 6983: 6967: 6966: 6952:Notocolossus 6950: 6949: 6926: 6925: 6909: 6908: 6892: 6891: 6880:Lognkosauria 6858: 6857: 6798: 6797: 6781: 6780: 6757: 6756: 6733: 6732: 6702:Rinconsaurus 6700: 6699: 6683: 6682: 6645: 6644: 6558: 6557: 6541: 6540: 6517: 6516: 6493: 6492: 6469: 6468: 6445: 6444: 6414:Rapetosaurus 6412: 6411: 6395: 6394: 6355: 6354: 6340:Tapuiasaurus 6338: 6337: 6302:Malawisaurus 6300: 6299: 6288:Lithostrotia 6264: 6263: 6247: 6246: 6216: 6215: 6192: 6191: 6180:Titanosauria 6179: 6170:Yongjinglong 6169: 6165: 6159: 6153: 6147: 6139: 6133: 6129: 6125:Yongjinglong 6123: 6117: 6111: 6108:Titanosaurus 6107: 6102: 6094: 6084: 6082: 6076: 6072: 6068: 6064: 6061:Rinconsaurus 6060: 6056: 6052: 6048: 6044: 6040: 6036: 6030: 6026: 6016: 6012:Europasaurus 6010: 6004: 5998: 5994: 5990: 5983: 5981: 5970: 5959: 5956:Tapuiasaurus 5955: 5951: 5943: 5940:Tapuiasaurus 5939: 5933: 5929: 5925: 5919: 5913: 5907: 5903: 5900:Rapetosaurus 5899: 5895:Tapuiasaurus 5893: 5889: 5887: 5880: 5869: 5865: 5861: 5857: 5853: 5849: 5848:nested with 5846:Malawisaurus 5845: 5839: 5835: 5831: 5825: 5818:Rapetosaurus 5817: 5813: 5809: 5801: 5798:Lognkosauria 5793: 5787: 5783: 5777: 5773: 5770:Rapetosaurus 5769: 5765: 5762:Rinconsaurus 5761: 5755: 5751:Rinconsaurus 5749: 5746:Rinconsauria 5738:Juan Porfiri 5735: 5727: 5613: 5612: 5596: 5595: 5569: 5568: 5542: 5541: 5500: 5499: 5485:Tapuiasaurus 5483: 5482: 5461:Rapetosaurus 5459: 5458: 5428: 5427: 5406:Malawisaurus 5404: 5403: 5392:Lithostrotia 5377: 5376: 5290: 5289: 5273: 5272: 5251:Drusilasaura 5249: 5248: 5234:Puertasaurus 5232: 5231: 5199: 5198: 5184:Quetecsaurus 5182: 5181: 5151: 5150: 5139:Lognkosauria 5126:Notocolossus 5124: 5123: 5100: 5099: 5040: 5039: 5023: 5022: 4999: 4998: 4977:Rinconsaurus 4975: 4974: 4963:Rinconsauria 4924: 4923: 4891: 4890: 4874: 4873: 4845:Wintonotitan 4843: 4842: 4826: 4825: 4814:Titanosauria 4813: 4802: 4800: 4799: 4674: 4673: 4657: 4656: 4636: 4620: 4619: 4599: 4583: 4582: 4559: 4558: 4480: 4479: 4465:Rapetosaurus 4463: 4462: 4441:Malawisaurus 4439: 4438: 4414: 4413: 4397: 4396: 4373: 4372: 4351:Ampelosaurus 4349: 4348: 4318: 4317: 4306:Lithostrotia 4291: 4290: 4231: 4230: 4214: 4213: 4197: 4196: 4173: 4172: 4149: 4148: 4118: 4083: 4082: 4066: 4065: 4028:Argyrosaurus 4026: 4025: 4009: 4008: 3978: 3977: 3961: 3960: 3949:Titanosauria 3948: 3939: 3938: 3928: 3925:Rapetosaurus 3924: 3920: 3915: 3905: 3895:Lithostrotia 3888: 3884: 3881:Peter Dodson 3877:Paul Barrett 3866: 3864: 3855: 3851: 3847: 3843: 3839: 3836:Aeolosaurini 3832:Rinconsaurus 3831: 3828:Rinconsaurus 3827: 3824:Rinconsaurus 3823: 3819:Malawisaurus 3818: 3814: 3806:Rinconsaurus 3804: 3798: 3792: 3786:Rinconsaurus 3784: 3774:paraphyletic 3769: 3765: 3761: 3757: 3749: 3745: 3741: 3737: 3733: 3729: 3719: 3715: 3707: 3704:Titanosaurus 3703: 3701: 3694: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3671: 3667: 3663: 3659: 3656:Rapetosaurus 3655: 3647: 3639:Malawisaurus 3637: 3633: 3630:Lithostrotia 3625: 3618:dubious name 3614:Titanosaurus 3613: 3610:Titanosaurus 3609: 3603: 3598: 3594: 3587:Rapetosaurus 3586: 3582: 3579:Neosauropoda 3572: 3566: 3561:Rapetosaurus 3559: 3548: 3544:Rapetosaurus 3543: 3539: 3535: 3532:Rapetosaurus 3531: 3511:Rapetosaurus 3509: 3508: 3500: 3449: 3448: 3432: 3431: 3408: 3407: 3385: 3379: 3378: 3362: 3361: 3299: 3298: 3284:Rapetosaurus 3282: 3281: 3258: 3257: 3236:Malawisaurus 3234: 3233: 3211: 3205: 3204: 3186:Titanosauria 3185: 3176: 3175: 3097:Ampelosaurus 3095: 3094: 3079: 3073: 3072: 3051:Argyrosaurus 3049: 3048: 3025: 3024: 3001: 3000: 2967: 2966: 2950: 2949: 2933: 2932: 2899: 2898: 2887:Titanosauria 2886: 2872: 2871: 2850: 2849: 2837: 2831: 2827: 2808: 2804:Ampelosaurus 2802: 2798: 2794: 2788: 2781: 2777:Ampelosaurus 2775: 2771: 2767: 2764:synapomorphy 2755: 2747: 2743: 2735: 2730: 2661: 2660: 2644: 2643: 2617: 2616: 2593: 2592: 2550: 2549: 2533: 2532: 2509: 2508: 2478: 2477: 2463:Malawisaurus 2461: 2460: 2434: 2433: 2422:Titanosauria 2421: 2409: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2379:Malawisaurus 2378: 2357: 2349: 2343: 2332: 2326: 2316: 2312:Camarasaurus 2310: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2292: 2270: 2264: 2260:Malawisaurus 2258: 2252: 2238: 2233:Volkheimeria 2231: 2227:Patagosaurus 2225: 2222:cetiosaurids 2210:Andesauridae 2197: 2193: 2187: 2181: 2172: 2157: 2153: 2150:T. lydekkeri 2149: 2145: 2142:Titanosaurus 2141: 2137: 2126:nomen dubium 2121: 2116:amphicoelous 2105: 2101: 2097:Iuticosaurus 2095: 2091: 2077: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2053: 2047: 2037: 2031: 2019: 2010: 2003: 1997: 1991: 1988:Argyrosaurus 1987: 1979: 1973: 1967: 1961: 1958:Titanosaurus 1957: 1942:Jaime Powell 1935: 1928: 1917:Pleurocoelus 1915: 1909: 1903: 1900:Argyrosaurus 1899: 1889: 1885: 1879: 1875: 1858:from India, 1856:Titanosaurus 1855: 1834: 1828: 1825:Titanosaurus 1824: 1821:Morosauridae 1809:Franz Nopcsa 1791:, united by 1788:Argyrosaurus 1786: 1783:Titanosaurus 1782: 1741: 1740: 1732: 1713: 1710:Rapetosaurus 1709: 1706:Malawisaurus 1705: 1701: 1697: 1694:Lithostrotia 1689: 1682: 1676: 1673: 1665:euhelopodids 1661:Diplodocidae 1651: 1573:Titanosauria 1572: 1571: 1556: 1531: 1507:Camarasaurus 1505: 1504: 1463:Diplodocidae 1461: 1446: 1424: 1403:Neosauropoda 1389: 1367: 1344: 1343: 1311: 1305: 1290: 1276: 1271:Ampelosaurus 1270: 1251:Notocolossus 1249: 1243: 1238: 1234: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1190:Argyrosaurus 1188: 1178: 1171: 1167: 1161: 1155: 1149: 1143: 1133: 1125: 1094:. While the 1085: 1073: 1069:Camarasaurus 1067: 1061: 1052: 1042: 1038:Rapetosaurus 1036: 1026: 1024: 1019:Xinghesaurus 996: 990: 976: 970: 968: 955: 944: 936:Tapuiasaurus 934: 928: 924:Rapetosaurus 922: 916: 913: 884:Titanosaurus 882: 878:nomen dubium 876: 862:mythological 859: 850:Puertasaurus 848: 842: 836: 818:Titanosauria 817: 813: 812: 796: 787:Wintonotitan 785: 777:Uberabatitan 775: 765: 755: 747:Titanosaurus 745: 736:Tambatitanis 734: 724: 713: 703: 693: 683: 673: 663: 653: 642: 632: 621: 611: 601: 591: 580: 572:Iuticosaurus 570: 560: 551:Huabeisaurus 549: 539: 529: 519: 509: 499: 491:Choconsaurus 489: 478: 470:Brasilotitan 468: 458: 448: 438: 428: 418: 408: 400:Atacamatitan 398: 390:Argyrosaurus 388: 378: 367: 357: 346: 336: 328:Abdarainurus 326: 305:Lithostrotia 275:Titanosauria 274: 265: 249: 233: 217: 201: 188: 175: 117: 34:140–66 18: 17524:Titanosaurs 17434:Wikispecies 17289:Microcoelus 17197:Saltasaurus 17183:Paralititan 17079:Alamosaurus 16968:Udelartitan 16923:Patagotitan 16820:Bravasaurus 16813:Arrudatitan 16806:Aeolosaurus 16772:Overosaurus 16704:Jainosaurus 16682:Bonitasaura 16603:Paludititan 16494:Traukutitan 16189:Angolatitan 15996:Yunmenglong 15961:Qiaowanlong 15854:Sibirotitan 15819:Oceanotitan 15761:Europatitan 15740:Brontomerus 15733:Brohisaurus 15705:Angolatitan 15638:Galvesaurus 15610:Abydosaurus 15575:Ornithopsis 15568:Fusuisaurus 15554:Eucamerotus 15453:Daanosaurus 15438:Aragosaurus 15339:Supersaurus 15261:Apatosaurus 15224:Tharosaurus 15095:Nigersaurus 15046:Limaysaurus 14807:Ultrasaurus 14683:Turiasaurus 14646:Moabosaurus 14639:Mierasaurus 14608:Bellusaurus 14592:Turiasauria 14532:Qijianglong 14496:Hudiesaurus 14474:Datousaurus 14394:Cetiosaurus 14353:Shunosaurus 14297:Bellusaurus 14269:Algoasaurus 14255:Eusauropoda 14203:Sanpasaurus 14156:Gravisauria 14076:Pulanesaura 14061:Isanosaurus 14033:Amygdalodon 13899:Pulanesaura 13857:Irisosaurus 13843:Anchisaurus 13823:Anchisauria 13797:Xingxiulong 13743:Xingxiulong 13736:Sarahsaurus 13652:Riojasaurus 13618:Sarahsaurus 13604:Kholumolumo 13447:Macrocollum 13385:Asylosaurus 13321:Nhandumirim 13298:Buriolestes 13264:Mbiresaurus 13236:Buriolestes 12211:11336/19199 12118:11336/71888 12063:11336/94194 11705:Ameghiniana 11689:(1): 15–21. 11445:(2): 1–196. 11377:(1): 30–43. 11268:Ameghiniana 11204:Ameghiniana 10426:Ameghiniana 9836:11336/52393 9121:: 184–197. 8985:Bauru Basin 8944:Gobi desert 8912:diplodocids 8888:Patagotitan 8871:Abelisaurus 8587:Alamosaurus 8497:Paludititan 8104:Saltasaurus 8039:Paralititan 8005:Patagotitan 7877:Aeolosaurus 7794:Overosaurus 7715:Bonitasaura 7326:Angolatitan 7128:(left) and 7122:Humerus of 6969:Patagotitan 6783:Jainosaurus 6495:Saltasaurus 6447:Alamosaurus 6397:Aeolosaurus 6049:Saltasaurus 6045:Saltasaurus 6032:Patagotitan 5930:Saltasaurus 5858:Aeolosaurus 5841:Bonitasaura 5615:Saltasaurus 5544:Alamosaurus 5292:Patagotitan 5102:Bonitasaura 5025:Overosaurus 4801:Carballido 4676:Saltasaurus 4175:Alamosaurus 4085:Aeolosaurus 4011:Paralititan 3885:Saltasaurus 3852:Saltasaurus 3844:Aeolosaurus 3766:Saltasaurus 3762:Saltasaurus 3750:Saltasaurus 3738:Saltasaurus 3734:Saltasaurus 3716:Saltasaurus 3680:Saltasaurus 3668:Alamosaurus 3599:Saltasaurus 3451:Saltasaurus 3364:Alamosaurus 3207:Jainosaurus 3027:Saltasaurus 3003:Aeolosaurus 2935:Alamosaurus 2828:Alamosaurus 2818:diapophyses 2772:Alamosaurus 2768:Aeolosaurus 2663:Saltasaurus 2619:Alamosaurus 2595:Aeolosaurus 2391:Saltasaurus 2341:and ranks. 2321:, although 2307:Saltasaurus 2272:Saltasaurus 2266:Alamosaurus 2216:pleurocoels 2068:T. robustus 2060:Saltasaurus 1969:Saltasaurus 1963:Aeolosaurus 1891:Alamosaurus 1714:Saltasaurus 1698:Alamosaurus 1678:Saltasaurus 1645:Eusauropoda 1391:Turiasauria 1346:Shunosaurus 1323:ankylosaurs 1313:Saltasaurus 1256:metatarsals 1235:Saltasaurus 1225:Alamosaurus 1183:and blocky 1181:metacarpals 1163:Saltasaurus 1109:saurischian 1092:diplodocids 1081:macronarian 1063:Nigersaurus 1049:diplodocids 987:lognkosaurs 983:rinconsaurs 972:Patagotitan 965:Description 867:of ancient 855:same region 838:Patagotitan 814:Titanosaurs 757:Traukutitan 369:Angolatitan 119:Patagotitan 24:Titanosaurs 17518:Categories 17190:Rocasaurus 17117:Qunkasaura 17086:Baurutitan 16848:Shingopana 16675:Baalsaurus 16522:Volgatitan 16457:Rukwatitan 16421:Nullotitan 16407:Ninjatitan 16342:Kaijutitan 16313:Gandititan 16276:Daxiatitan 16239:Baurutitan 16182:Andesaurus 16073:see below↓ 15768:Fukuititan 15712:Arkharavia 15667:Soriatitan 15617:Atlasaurus 15589:Rugocaudia 15547:Duriatitan 15483:Yuzhoulong 15431:Abrosaurus 15413:Macronaria 15400:Macronaria 15324:Kaatedocus 15317:Galeamopus 15310:Diplodocus 15296:Barosaurus 15203:Pilmatueia 15196:Lingwulong 15189:Kaatedocus 15109:Tataouinea 15021:Khebbashia 14996:Sidersaura 14726:Macronaria 14676:Tendaguria 14660:Oplosaurus 14624:Janenschia 14525:Omeisaurus 14401:Chebsaurus 14325:Janenschia 14239:Vulcanodon 14182:Kotasaurus 14133:Ledumahadi 13926:see below↓ 13885:Meroktenos 13701:Leyesaurus 13590:Gyposaurus 13454:Unaysaurus 13413:Pantydraco 13378:Arcusaurus 13344:Saturnalia 13177:see below↓ 13125:Dinosauria 13107:Sauropsida 12961:: 104672. 12909:: 104672. 12807:18 January 11458:PhD Thesis 11242:: 98–206. 11210:(1): 3–32. 11059:: 105031. 10384:: 104754. 10360:22 January 10011:: –12810. 9489:: 105449. 9006:References 8940:Queensland 8924:Cretaceous 8908:herbivores 8855:fossilised 8843:saltasaurs 8815:co-evolved 8604:Baurutitan 8311:Rukwatitan 7811:Shingopana 7236:Andesaurus 6249:Daxiatitan 6194:Andesaurus 6135:Tendaguria 6103:Andesaurus 6041:Andesaurus 6039:(1997) as 5850:Andesaurus 5430:Baurutitan 4828:Andesaurus 4585:Rocasaurus 4068:Janenschia 3963:Andesaurus 3916:Janenschia 3742:Andesaurus 3730:Andesaurus 3714:closer to 3666:included. 3632:(Upchurch 2760:osteoderms 2746:recovered 2436:Andesaurus 2299:Andesaurus 2194:Andesaurus 2177:Matt Wedel 2102:Aepisaurus 2055:Janenschia 1881:Aepisaurus 1872:Madagascar 1849:Cretaceous 1795:procoelous 1690:Andesaurus 1684:Andesaurus 1493:Macronaria 1319:stegosaurs 1308:osteoderms 1262:Integument 1145:Andesaurus 833:Cretaceous 675:Nullotitan 665:Ninjatitan 593:Kaijutitan 531:Gandititan 501:Daxiatitan 440:Baurutitan 359:Andesaurus 285:Subgroups 243:Macronaria 195:Saurischia 182:Dinosauria 29:Cretaceous 17496:Dinosaurs 17153:Bonatitan 17035:Isisaurus 16841:Punatitan 16320:Hamititan 16298:Elaltitan 16247:Bonatitan 15968:Silutitan 15925:Gobititan 15911:Euhelopus 15653:Lusotitan 15346:Tornieria 15332:Leinkupal 15217:Suuwassea 14931:Agustinia 14779:Dinodocus 14772:Cardiodon 14503:Jingiella 14452:Anhuilong 14015:Sauropoda 14002:Sauropoda 13917:Sauropoda 13892:Mussaurus 13850:Camelotia 13729:Pradhania 13569:Massopoda 13336:Panphagia 13278:Panphagia 13093:Kingdom: 12983:225134198 12939:225134198 12931:0195-6671 12884:0195-6671 12862:: 16–24. 12835:5 October 12710:: 16–24. 12342:: 34467. 12263:129498917 12163:130423764 11089:239121820 11081:0195-6671 10972:2045-2322 10950:: 42035. 10917:2041-1723 10850:1932-6203 10730:: 19165. 10454:251875979 10446:0002-7014 10406:233582290 10265:221343275 10249:0960-9822 10192:131612932 10144:219730449 10128:0028-0836 10027:2167-8359 9910:0031-0239 9902:1475-4983 9609:248368302 9601:2197-9596 9560:248368302 9552:2197-9596 9511:254524890 9503:0195-6671 9049:214244529 8993:Aureliano 8958:state of 8926:Periods. 8839:Patagonia 7632:Isisaurus 7105:, Sallam 6471:Isisaurus 6086:Lusotitan 5942:, Wilson 5935:Euhelopus 5879:Skull of 5502:Isisaurus 4399:Agustinia 4151:Isisaurus 3728:for only 3721:Euhelopus 3684:Isisaurus 3574:Euhelopus 3381:Isisaurus 3075:Isisaurus 2810:Isisaurus 2733:José Sanz 2088:Barremian 2049:Tornieria 1984:braincase 1852:Argentina 1799:caudals, 1729:Lectotype 1702:Isisaurus 1657:dinosaurs 1185:phalanges 1124:Manus of 1105:vertebrae 853:from the 825:dinosaurs 541:Hamititan 450:Bonatitan 227:Sauropoda 155:Kingdom: 149:Eukaryota 17454:42333657 17419:Wikidata 17161:Ibirania 16827:Caieiria 16637:Inawentu 15840:Ruixinia 15681:Vouivria 15540:Astrodon 14793:Neosodon 14283:Bagualia 14126:Ingentia 13836:Aardonyx 13783:Qianlong 13611:Musankwa 13583:Gryponyx 13491:Ruehleia 13406:Nambalia 13399:Efraasia 13306:Eoraptor 13243:Eoraptor 13101:Chordata 13099:Phylum: 13095:Animalia 12686:20463953 12646:PLOS ONE 12619:16293759 12568:29379183 12533:31598266 12433:24489684 12393:PLOS ONE 12374:27763598 12317:28794222 12220:85087382 12072:86055386 11968:21326881 11928:PLOS ONE 11823:17768539 11657:11484051 11616:: 1–173. 11184:31340217 11037:86797277 10990:28169348 10925:22127060 10868:25118985 10820:PLOS ONE 10762:26777391 10505:33590452 10497:15729763 10339:20435913 10257:32857974 10136:32555457 10045:35127288 9972:27115989 9932:PLOS ONE 9853:18921496 9845:22173579 9788:28794222 9726:BBC News 9708:30759122 9668:PLOS ONE 9438:31598266 9367:53997295 9292:34385481 9196:27115989 9156:PLOS ONE 8972:Ibirania 8948:Ghilardi 8936:Gondwana 8920:Jurassic 8914:and the 8851:diameter 8791:conifers 3914:African 3622:Linnaean 3616:to be a 2158:M. dacus 2110:chimaera 1936:For his 1771:sauropod 1654:sauropod 998:Ibirania 822:sauropod 169:Chordata 165:Phylum: 159:Animalia 145:Domain: 116:Mounted 17482:Portals 17425:Q133051 16197:Arackar 14601:Amanzia 14445:Analong 14332:Jobaria 13790:Seitaad 13105:Class: 13038:at the 12963:Bibcode 12911:Bibcode 12864:Bibcode 12712:Bibcode 12677:2864735 12654:Bibcode 12627:1816461 12599:Bibcode 12591:Science 12576:3375335 12524:6731702 12501:Bibcode 12424:3906019 12401:Bibcode 12365:5072287 12344:Bibcode 12308:5563814 12243:Bibcode 12190:Bibcode 12143:Bibcode 12042:Bibcode 11959:3034730 11936:Bibcode 11850:Bibcode 11665:4347583 11637:Bibcode 11531:Bibcode 11061:Bibcode 11017:Bibcode 10981:5294579 10952:Bibcode 10895:Bibcode 10893:: 564. 10859:4131861 10828:Bibcode 10753:4725985 10732:Bibcode 10591:Bibcode 10477:Bibcode 10386:Bibcode 10330:2889090 10307:Bibcode 10219:Bibcode 10172:Bibcode 10108:Bibcode 10036:8793732 9963:4846048 9940:Bibcode 9880:Bibcode 9815:Bibcode 9779:5563814 9732:8 April 9699:6374010 9676:Bibcode 9429:6731702 9408:Bibcode 9347:Bibcode 9283:8361124 9262:Bibcode 9223:Bibcode 9187:4846048 9164:Bibcode 9123:Bibcode 9076:Bibcode 9029:Bibcode 8956:Paraíba 8858:embryos 8835:nesting 8821:Nesting 8803:Poaceae 2375:ischium 2365:laminae 2144:, with 2026:within 1868:Romania 1860:England 1773:family 1283:armored 1279:fossils 1195:carpals 1166:. Both 959:embryos 380:Arackar 16726:Vahiny 16487:Tiamat 15904:Erketu 13722:Ngwevu 12981: 12937: 12929: 12882: 12773: 12684: 12674: 12625: 12617: 12574: 12566: 12548:Nature 12531: 12521: 12431: 12421: 12372: 12362: 12315: 12305: 12261: 12218: 12161: 12070: 11966: 11956: 11821: 11663: 11655: 11629:Nature 11482: 11426:: 184. 11352: 11296: 11182: 11087: 11079: 11035: 10988: 10978: 10970: 10923: 10915: 10866: 10856: 10848: 10760: 10750: 10651: 10626: 10503: 10495: 10452: 10444: 10404: 10337: 10327: 10263: 10255: 10247: 10190: 10142: 10134: 10126: 10100:Nature 10080: 10043: 10033: 10025: 9970: 9960: 9908: 9900: 9851: 9843: 9786: 9776: 9706: 9696: 9607: 9599: 9589: 9558: 9550: 9540: 9509: 9501: 9436: 9426: 9365: 9290: 9280: 9194: 9184: 9096:677002 9094: 9047: 8960:Brazil 8811:bamboo 8787:cycads 7107:et al. 6800:Vahiny 6166:et al. 6140:et al. 6095:et al. 6037:et al. 6027:et al. 6015:, and 5952:et al. 5944:et al. 5890:et al. 5810:et al. 5802:et al. 5796:named 5794:et al. 5774:et al. 5728: 4805:(2017) 4803:et al. 3840:et al. 3809:(with 3803:, and 3708:et al. 3648:et al. 3646:(Sanz 3634:et al. 3626:et al. 3501: 2795:et al. 2744:et al. 2736:et al. 2350:et al. 1908:, and 1898:, and 1864:France 1712:, and 1287:scales 1096:pelvis 1003:nanism 933:, and 865:Titans 726:Tiamat 17467:55585 13121:Clade 13112:Clade 12979:S2CID 12935:S2CID 12750:4 May 12623:S2CID 12572:S2CID 12259:S2CID 12216:S2CID 12159:S2CID 12068:S2CID 11661:S2CID 11519:(PDF) 11085:S2CID 11033:S2CID 10783:(PDF) 10501:S2CID 10450:S2CID 10432:(5). 10402:S2CID 10261:S2CID 10188:S2CID 10140:S2CID 10005:PeerJ 9898:eISSN 9849:S2CID 9605:S2CID 9556:S2CID 9507:S2CID 9363:S2CID 9335:(PDF) 9092:S2CID 9045:S2CID 8878:Range 8799:palms 6075:plus 6067:plus 6059:plus 6051:than 6043:plus 5932:than 5902:than 5584:-inae 3887:than 3850:than 3740:than 3718:than 2373:than 2371:pubis 2281:ilium 2224:like 2134:Spain 1894:from 1759:India 1246:pedes 1088:tails 951:atlas 893:clade 873:genus 266:Clade 250:Clade 234:Clade 218:Clade 202:Clade 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11240:168 11170:hdl 11160:doi 11127:hdl 11119:doi 11115:185 11069:doi 11057:129 11025:doi 10976:PMC 10960:doi 10903:doi 10854:PMC 10836:doi 10795:doi 10791:166 10748:PMC 10740:doi 10699:hdl 10689:doi 10599:doi 10545:hdl 10535:doi 10531:136 10485:doi 10434:doi 10394:doi 10382:122 10325:PMC 10315:doi 10303:107 10235:hdl 10227:doi 10180:doi 10116:doi 10104:583 10070:doi 10031:PMC 10013:doi 9958:PMC 9948:doi 9888:doi 9831:hdl 9823:doi 9774:PMC 9766:doi 9762:284 9694:PMC 9684:doi 9640:doi 9636:192 9579:doi 9530:doi 9491:doi 9487:144 9460:doi 9424:PMC 9416:doi 9355:doi 9278:PMC 9270:doi 9231:doi 9182:PMC 9172:doi 9131:doi 9084:doi 9037:doi 8991:by 8934:of 6142:in 6089:in 5804:in 5740:in 4939:Eu- 3906:In 3854:or 3518:by 2344:In 2243:in 2082:in 1753:in 1731:of 17520:: 17464:: 17451:: 17436:: 17421:: 13123:: 13114:: 13018:. 13000:. 12977:. 12969:. 12957:. 12933:. 12925:. 12917:. 12905:. 12901:. 12878:. 12870:. 12860:67 12858:. 12854:. 12825:. 12793:. 12741:. 12718:. 12708:67 12706:. 12694:^ 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