Sauropoda - Knowledge

1519:. Studies published in 2021 suggest sauropods could not inhabit polar regions. This study suggests they were largely confined to tropical areas and had metabolisms that were very different to those of other dinosaurs, perhaps intermediate between mammals and reptiles. New studies published by Taia Wyenberg-henzler in 2022 suggest that sauropods in North America declined due to undetermined reasons in regards to their niches and distribution during the end of the Jurassic and into the latest Cretaceous. Why this is remains unclear, but some similarities in feeding niches between iguanodontians, hadrosauroids and sauropods have been suggested and may have resulted in some competition. However, this cannot fully explain the full decline in distribution of sauropods, as competitive exclusion would have resulted in a much more rapid decline than what is shown in the fossil record. Moreover, it must be determined as to whether sauropod declines in North America was the result of a change in preferred flora that sauropods ate, climate, or other factors. It is also suggested in this same study that iguanodontians and hadrosauroids took advantage of recently vacated niches left by a decline in sauropod diversity during the late Jurassic and the Cretaceous in North America. 1439:, whereas almost all mammals are limited to only seven. Additionally, each vertebra was extremely long and had a number of empty spaces in them which would have been filled only with air. An air-sac system connected to the spaces not only lightened the long necks, but effectively increased the airflow through the trachea, helping the creatures to breathe in enough air. By evolving vertebrae consisting of 60% air, the sauropods were able to minimize the amount of dense, heavy bone without sacrificing the ability to take sufficiently large breaths to fuel the entire body with oxygen. According to Kent Stevens, computer-modeled reconstructions of the skeletons made from the vertebrae indicate that sauropod necks were capable of sweeping out large feeding areas without needing to move their bodies, but were unable to be retracted to a position much above the shoulders for exploring the area or reaching higher. 1588:, Myers and Fiorillo concluded that species with age-segregated herds would not have exhibited much parental care. On the other hand, scientists who have studied age-mixed sauropod herds suggested that these species may have cared for their young for an extended period of time before the young reached adulthood. A 2014 study suggested that the time from laying the egg to the time of the hatching was likely to have been between 65 and 82 days. Exactly how segregated versus age-mixed herding varied across different groups of sauropods is unknown. Further examples of gregarious behavior will need to be discovered from more sauropod species to begin detecting possible patterns of distribution. 1256:) columns in eusauropods was semi-circular, so sauropod forefoot prints are horseshoe-shaped. Unlike elephants, print evidence shows that sauropods lacked any fleshy padding to back the front feet, making them concave. The only claw visible in most sauropods was the distinctive thumb claw (associated with digit I). Almost all sauropods had such a claw, though what purpose it served is unknown. The claw was largest (as well as tall and laterally flattened) in diplodocids, and very small in brachiosaurids, some of which seem to have lost the claw entirely based on trackway evidence. Titanosaurs may have lost the thumb claw completely (with the exception of early forms, such as 954:(four-legged), often with spatulate (spatula-shaped: broad at the tip, narrow at the neck) teeth. They had tiny heads, massive bodies, and most had long tails. Their hind legs were thick, straight, and powerful, ending in club-like feet with five toes, though only the inner three (or in some cases four) bore claws. Their forelimbs were rather more slender and typically ended in pillar-like hands built for supporting weight; often only the thumb bore a claw. Many illustrations of sauropods in the flesh miss these facts, inaccurately depicting sauropods with hooves capping the claw-less digits of the feet, or more than three claws or hooves on the hands. The 1743: 2423: 1801: 1720: 8480: 3405: 1835: 3339: 8491: 3362: 8498: 9892: 1677: 2994: 10624: 176: 3453: 3703: 123: 11859: 11853: 3552: 3123: 9897: 2618: 1284:: that is, there was little to no change in shape as juvenile sauropods became gigantic adults. Bonnan suggested that this odd scaling pattern (most vertebrates show significant shape changes in long bones associated with increasing weight support) might be related to a stilt-walker principle (suggested by amateur scientist Jim Schmidt) in which the long legs of adult sauropods allowed them to easily cover great distances without changing their overall mechanics. 974: 1735: 3738: 9354: 11848: 1634: 1597: 1948: 9346: 11842: 10616: 9366: 8486: 1577: 1464:. Most life restorations of sauropods in art through the first three quarters of the 20th century depicted them fully or partially immersed in water. This early notion was cast in doubt beginning in the 1950s, when a study by Kermack (1951) demonstrated that, if the animal were submerged in several metres of water, the pressure would be enough to fatally collapse the lungs and airway. However, this and other early studies of sauropod 1443:

well, and elimination of this excess heat would have been essential for survival. It has also been proposed that the long necks would have cooled the veins and arteries going to the brain, avoiding excessively heated blood from reaching the head. It was in fact found that the increase in metabolic rate resulting from the sauropods' necks was slightly more than compensated for by the extra surface area from which heat could dissipate.

9360: 10632: 3226: 3024: 3640: 1338: 3289: 2437: 1528: 1902: 7479: 2935: 3055: 1432:

neck, and the head was evolved to be very small and light, losing the ability to orally process food. By reducing their heads to simple harvesting tools that got the plants into the body, the sauropods needed less power to lift their heads, and thus were able to develop necks with less dense muscle and connective tissue. This drastically reduced the overall mass of the neck, enabling further elongation.

1654:) or would have hindered rearing. For example, titanosaurs had an unusually flexible backbone, which would have decreased stability in a tripodal posture and would have put more strain on the muscles. Likewise, it is unlikely that brachiosaurids could rear up onto the hind legs, as their center of gravity was much farther forward than other sauropods, which would cause such a stance to be unstable. 1483:, to show that sauropods were primarily terrestrial animals. In 2004, D.M. Henderson noted that, due to their extensive system of air sacs, sauropods would have been buoyant and would not have been able to submerge their torsos completely below the surface of the water; in other words, they would float, and would not have been in danger of lung collapse due to water pressure when swimming. 1553:, appear to show herds made up of individuals of various age groups, mixing juveniles and adults. However, a number of other fossil sites and trackways indicate that many sauropod species travelled in herds segregated by age, with juveniles forming herds separate from adults. Such segregated herding strategies have been found in species such as 1934:. Before they could conduct the analysis, the team had to create a digital skeleton of the animal in question, show where there would be muscle layering, locate the muscles and joints, and finally find the muscle properties before finding the gait and speed. The results of the biomechanics study revealed that 1818:, which were evolving wider-set limbs but retained their claws. Primitive true titanosaurs also retained their forefoot claw but had evolved fully wide gauge limbs. Wide gauge limbs were retained by advanced titanosaurs, trackways from which show a wide gauge and lack of any claws or digits on the forefeet. 1808:

Generally, sauropod trackways are divided into three categories based on the distance between opposite limbs: narrow gauge, medium gauge, and wide gauge. The gauge of the trackway can help determine how wide-set the limbs of various sauropods were and how this may have impacted the way they walked. A

1502:

While sauropods could therefore not have been aquatic as historically depicted, there is evidence that they preferred wet and coastal habitats. Sauropod footprints are commonly found following coastlines or crossing floodplains, and sauropod fossils are often found in wet environments or intermingled

1938:

was mechanically competent at a top speed of 2 m/s (5 mph) given the great weight of the animal and the strain that its joints were capable of bearing. The results further revealed that much larger terrestrial vertebrates might be possible, but would require significant body remodeling and

1796:

is also supported by the manus-to-pes distance, the morphology of the manus being kidney bean-shaped, and the morphology of the pes being subtriangular. It cannot be identified whether the footprints of the herd were caused by juveniles or adults, because of the lack of previous trackway individual

1572:

In a review of the evidence for various herd types, Myers and Fiorillo attempted to explain why sauropods appear to have often formed segregated herds. Studies of microscopic tooth wear show that juvenile sauropods had diets that differed from their adult counterparts, so herding together would not

1442:

Another proposed function of the sauropods' long necks was essentially a radiator to deal with the extreme amount of heat produced from their large body mass. Considering that the metabolism would have been doing an immense amount of work, it would certainly have generated a large amount of heat as

4456:

Tidwell, V., Carpenter, K. & Meyer, S. 2001. New Titanosauriform (Sauropoda) from the Poison Strip Member of the Cedar Mountain Formation (Lower Cretaceous), Utah. In: Mesozoic Vertebrate Life. D. H. Tanke & K. Carpenter (eds.). Indiana University Press, Eds. D.H. Tanke & K. Carpenter.

1825:

used computer modelling to show that this could be due to the properties of the substrate. These need to be just right to preserve tracks. Differences in hind limb and fore limb surface area, and therefore contact pressure with the substrate, may sometimes lead to only the forefeet trackways being

1139:

was estimated at 122.4 metric tons with lengths of up to nearly 60 meters but 2015 research argued that these estimates were based on a diplodocid rather than the more modern rebbachisaurid, suggesting a much shorter length of 35–40 meters with mass between 80–120 tons. Additional finds indicate a

7071:

Aureliano, Tito; Nascimento, Carolina S.I.; Fernandes, Marcelo A.; Ricardi-Branco, Fresia; Ghilardi, Aline M. (February 2021). "Blood parasites and acute osteomyelitis in a non-avian dinosaur (Sauropoda, Titanosauria) from the Upper Cretaceous Adamantina Formation, Bauru Basin, Southeast Brazil".

1657:

Diplodocids, on the other hand, appear to have been well adapted for rearing up into a tripodal stance. Diplodocids had a center of mass directly over the hips, giving them greater balance on two legs. Diplodocids also had the most mobile necks of sauropods, a well-muscled pelvic girdle, and tail

1629:

is one illustration of this hypothesis. In a 2005 paper, Rothschild and Molnar reasoned that if sauropods had adopted a bipedal posture at times, there would be evidence of stress fractures in the forelimb 'hands'. However, none were found after they examined a large number of sauropod skeletons.

1431:

Sauropod necks have been found at over 15 metres (49 ft) in length, a full six times longer than the world record giraffe neck. Enabling this were a number of essential physiological features. The dinosaurs' overall large body size and quadrupedal stance provided a stable base to support the

1265:

Titanosaurs were most unusual among sauropods, as, across their history as a clade, they lost not just the external claw but also completely lost the digits of the front foot. Advanced titanosaurs had no digits or digit bones, and walked only on horseshoe-shaped "stumps" made up of the columnar

1687:

Whether sauropods' long necks could be used for browsing high trees has been questioned based on calculations suggesting that just pumping blood up to the head in such a posture for long would have used some half of its energy intake. Further, to move blood to such a height—dismissing posited

1312:

are a characteristic feature of all sauropods. These air spaces reduced the overall weight of the massive necks that the sauropods had, and the air-sac system in general, allowing for a single-direction airflow through stiff lungs, made it possible for the sauropods to get enough oxygen. This

1273:

shows that, in at least some sauropods (probably brachiosaurids), the bottom and sides of the forefoot column was likely covered in small, spiny scales, which left score marks in the prints. In titanosaurs, the ends of the metacarpal bones that contacted the ground were unusually broad and

2006:

still retained a moderate size, possibly under 10 kg (22 lb). Even with these small, primitive forms, there is a notable size increase among sauropodomorphs, although scanty remains of this period make interpretation conjectural. There is one definite example of a small derived

1907: 1903: 2788:

that do not belong in Vulcanodontidae but to an even more basic position occupied in Sauropoda. It made sense to have Sauropoda compared to this, more derived group that included Vulcanodontidae and Eusauropoda in a definition: defined as the group formed by the last common ancestor of

1904: 1691:

The above have been used to argue that the long neck must instead have been held more or less horizontally, presumed to enable feeding on plants over a wide area with less need to move about, yielding a large energy saving for such a large animal. Reconstructions of the necks of

1204:

in the Kimberley Region of Western Australia. The report said that it was the biggest known yet. In 2020 Molina-Perez and Larramendi estimated the size of the animal at 31 meters (102 ft) and 72 tonnes (79.4 short tons) based on the 1.75 meter (5.7 ft) long footprint.

801:. Sauropods had very long necks, long tails, small heads (relative to the rest of their body), and four thick, pillar-like legs. They are notable for the enormous sizes attained by some species, and the group includes the largest animals to have ever lived on land. Well-known 1894:, and an extremely ovoid femur shaft. Those features are useful when attempting to explain trackway patterns of graviportal animals. When studying ichnology to calculate sauropod speed, there are a few problems, such as only providing estimates for certain gaits because of 1649:

Heinrich Mallison (in 2009) was the first to study the physical potential for various sauropods to rear into a tripodal stance. Mallison found that some characters previously linked to rearing adaptations were actually unrelated (such as the wide-set hip bones of

1906: 5222:

Bonnan, M.F. 2005. Pes anatomy in sauropod dinosaurs: implications for functional morphology, evolution, and phylogeny; pp. 346-380 in K. Carpenter and V. Tidwell (eds.), Thunder-Lizards: The Sauropodomorph Dinosaurs. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University

6889:

Navarro, Bruno A.; Ghilardi, Aline M.; Aureliano, Tito; Díaz, Verónica Díez; Bandeira, Kamila L. N.; Cattaruzzi, André G. S.; Iori, Fabiano V.; Martine, Ariel M.; Carvalho, Alberto B.; Anelli, Luiz E.; Fernandes, Marcelo A.; Zaher, Hussam (2022-09-15).

1772:

above). Generally, prints from the forefeet are much smaller than the hind feet, and often crescent-shaped. Occasionally ichnites preserve traces of the claws, and help confirm which sauropod groups lost claws or even digits on their forefeet.

1486:

Evidence for swimming in sauropods comes from fossil trackways that have occasionally been found to preserve only the forefeet (manus) impressions. Henderson showed that such trackways can be explained by sauropods with long forelimbs (such as

1573:

have been as productive as herding separately, where individual herd members could forage in a coordinated way. The vast size difference between juveniles and adults may also have played a part in the different feeding and herding strategies.

2109:

Although in general, sauropods were large, a gigantic size (40 t (39 long tons; 44 short tons) or more) was reached independently at multiple times in their evolution. Many gigantic forms existed in the Late Jurassic (specifically

1809:

2004 study by Day and colleagues found that a general pattern could be found among groups of advanced sauropods, with each sauropod family being characterised by certain trackway gauges. They found that most sauropods other than

2286:

using bone histology and demonstrated that the small island species evolved through a decrease in the growth rate of long bones as compared to rates of growth in ancestral species on the mainland. Two other possible dwarfs are

1217:, sauropods developed specialized "graviportal" (weight-bearing) limbs. The hind feet were broad, and retained three claws in most species. Particularly unusual compared with other animals were the highly modified front feet ( 1196:

Fossils from perhaps the largest dinosaur ever found were discovered in 2012 in the Neuquén Province of northwest Patagonia, Argentina. It is believed that they are from a titanosaur, which were amongst the largest sauropods.

2282:, both from Europe. Even though these sauropods are small, the only way to prove they are true dwarfs is through a study of their bone histology. A study by Martin Sander and colleagues in 2006 examined eleven individuals of 2596:) later that year that a complete picture of sauropods emerged. An approximate reconstruction of a complete sauropod skeleton was produced by artist John A. Ryder, hired by paleontologist E.D. Cope, based on the remains of 7381: 1046:) may have come from an animal 58 metres (190 ft) long; its vertebral column would have been substantially longer than that of the blue whale. However, research published in 2015 speculated that the size estimates of 6584:

Castanera, D.; Barco, J. L.; Díaz-Martínez, I.; Gascón, J. S. H.; Pérez-Lorente, F. L.; Canudo, J. I. (2011). "New evidence of a herd of titanosauriform sauropods from the lower Berriasian of the Iberian range (Spain)".

2101:, are identified by a small to medium body size. No sauropods were very small, however, for even "dwarf" sauropods are larger than 500 kg (1,100 lb), a size reached by only about 10% of all mammalian species. 5156:

Palaeobiology and Geobiology of Fossil Lagerstätten through Earth History: A Joint Conference of the "Paläontologische Gesellschaft" and the "Palaeontological Society of China", Göttingen, Germany, September 23-27,

1128:

has long been scrutinized due to controversial debates on its validity, but recent photos re-surfacing in 2022 have legitimized it, allowing for more updated estimates that range between 110–170 tons, rivaling the

6891: 5739:

Sander, P. Martin; Christian, Andreas; Clauss, Marcus; Fechner, Regina; Gee, Carole T.; Griebeler, Eva-Maria; Gunga, Hanns-Christian; Hummel, Jürgen; Mallison, Heinrich; Perry, Steven F.; et al. (2011).

5323:

Milàn, J.; Christiansen, P.; Mateus, O. (2005). "A three-dimensionally preserved sauropod manus impression from the Upper Jurassic of Portugal: implications for sauropod manus shape and locomotor mechanics".

1768:(known as "ichnites") are known from abundant evidence present on most continents. Ichnites have helped support other biological hypotheses about sauropods, including general fore and hind foot anatomy (see 937:

Complete sauropod fossil finds are extremely rare. Many species, especially the largest, are known only from isolated and disarticulated bones. Many near-complete specimens lack heads, tail tips and limbs.

4766: 1813:

had narrow-gauge limbs, with strong impressions of the large thumb claw on the forefeet. Medium gauge trackways with claw impressions on the forefeet probably belong to brachiosaurids and other primitive

2406:

but are 10-100 times larger, that seemed to have caused the osteomyelitis. The fossil is the first known instance of an aggressive case of osteomyelitis being caused by blood worms in an extinct animal.

2327:: it was only about 6.2 m (20 ft) long, an identifying trait of the species. As for all dwarf species, their reduced growth rate led to their small size. Another taxon of tiny sauropods, the 1392:

A study by Michael D'Emic and his colleagues from Stony Brook University found that sauropods evolved high tooth replacement rates to keep up with their large appetites. The study suggested that

1662:, which do so occasionally in the wild. He also argues that stress fractures in the wild do not occur from everyday behaviour, such as feeding-related activities (contra Rothschild and Molnar). 1475:

Beginning in the 1970s, the effects of sauropod air sacs on their supposed aquatic lifestyle began to be explored. Paleontologists such as Coombs and Bakker used this, as well as evidence from

2256:, only known from 3 m (9.8 ft) long ribs. These giant species lived in the Late Jurassic to the Late Cretaceous, appearing independently over a time span of 85 million years. 7407:

Pol, D.; Otero, A.; Apaldetti, C.; Martínez, R. N. (2021). "Triassic sauropodomorph dinosaurs from South America: The origin and diversification of dinosaur dominated herbivorous faunas".

1905: 6060:

Ruxton, Graeme D.; Birchard, Geoffrey F.; Deeming, D. Charles (2014). "Incubation time as an important influence on egg production and distribution into clutches for sauropod dinosaurs".

1658:

vertebrae with a specialised shape that would allow the tail to bear weight at the point it touched the ground. Mallison concluded that diplodocids were better adapted to rearing than

981:

The sauropods' most defining characteristic was their size. Even the dwarf sauropods (perhaps 5 to 6 metres, or 20 feet long) were counted among the largest animals in their

1707:

hold the base of their necks sharply flexed when alert, showing that any inference from bones about habitual "neutral postures" is deeply unreliable. Meanwhile, computer modeling of

1189:

was the shortest member of its group because of its unusually short neck. Unlike other sauropods, whose necks could grow to up to four times the length of their backs, the neck of

2348:

Sauropods are rarely known for preserved injuries or signs of illnesses, but more recent discoveries show they could suffer from such pathologies. A diplodocid specimen from the

1460:. Most studies in the 19th and early 20th centuries concluded that sauropods were too large to have supported their weight on land, and therefore that they must have been mainly 2484:

was known only from two unusual, heart-shaped teeth (from which it got its name), which could not be identified beyond the fact that they came from a previously unknown large

1274:

squared-off, and some specimens preserve the remains of soft tissue covering this area, suggesting that the front feet were rimmed with some kind of padding in these species.

1495:

forward. However, due to their body proportions, floating sauropods would also have been very unstable and maladapted for extended periods in the water. This mode of aquatic

2032:, a trait which evolved in sauropodomorphs. Once branched into sauropods, sauropodomorphs continued steadily to grow larger, with smaller sauropods, like the Early Jurassic 4089:

Eric Buffetaut; Varavudh Suteethorn; Gilles Cuny; Haiyan Tong; Jean Le Loeuff; Sasidhorn Khansubha; Sutee Jongautchariyakul (2000). "The earliest known sauropod dinosaur".

1746: 7018:"Blood parasites and acute osteomyelitis in a non-avian dinosaur (Sauropoda, Titanosauria) from the Upper Cretaceous Adamantina Formation, Bauru Basin, Southeast Brazil" 5979:

Wyenberg-Henzler T. 2022. Ecomorphospace occupation of large herbivorous dinosaurs from Late Jurassic through to Late Cretaceous time in North America. PeerJ 10:e13174

2097:, however, were some of the largest sauropods ever. Other than titanosaurs, diplodocoids also reached truly gigantic sizes. Meanwhile, a clade of diplodocoids, called 1316:

The bird-like hollowing of sauropod bones was recognized early in the study of these animals, and, in fact, at least one sauropod specimen found in the 19th century (

1882:. Commonly, studies about sauropod bone histology and speed focus on the postcranial skeleton, which holds many unique features, such as an enlarged process on the 934:, meaning "lizard foot". Sauropods are one of the most recognizable groups of dinosaurs, and have become a fixture in popular culture due to their impressive size. 2419:

and were originally interpreted in a variety of different ways. Their relationship to other dinosaurs was not recognized until well after their initial discovery.

6180:

Mallison, H. (2009). "Rearing for food? Kinetic/dynamic modeling of bipedal/tripodal poses in sauropod dinosaurs". P. 63 in Godefroit, P. and Lambert, O. (eds),

5075:

Martin Sander, P.; Mateus, Octávio; Laven, Thomas; Knötschke, Nils (2006). "Bone histology indicates insular dwarfism in a new Late Jurassic sauropod dinosaur".

1423:

browsed leaves from top and middle branches. According to the scientists, the specializing of their diets helped the different herbivorous dinosaurs to coexist.

1231:

bones of sauropods were arranged in fully vertical columns, with extremely reduced finger bones (though it is not clear if the most primitive sauropods, such as

4230:"The sauropodomorph biostratigraphy of the Elliot Formation of southern Africa: Tracking the evolution of Sauropodomorpha across the Triassic–Jurassic boundary" 2081:

is quite plausibly the clade of dinosaurs with the largest body sizes ever to have existed. The few exceptions of smaller size are hypothesized to be caused by

5403:"Linear and Geometric Morphometric Analysis of Long Bone Scaling Patterns in Jurassic Neosauropod Dinosaurs: Their Functional and Paleobiological Implications" 2667:, and their increasing roster of relatives to differentiate them from the other major groups of dinosaurs. Marsh named this group Sauropoda, or "lizard feet". 1584:

Since the segregation of juveniles and adults must have taken place soon after hatching, and combined with the fact that sauropod hatchlings were most likely

2854:

The phylogenetic relationships of the sauropods have largely stabilised in recent years, though there are still some uncertainties, such as the placement of

1972:

from the Middle Triassic of Argentina, weighed approximately 1 kg (2.2 lb) or less. These evolved into saurischia, which saw a rapid increase of

1874:

was digitally reconstructed to test its locomotion for the first time. Before the study, the most common way of estimating speed was through studying bone

4751: 1790:

than any other ichnogenera, although they have been suggested to be from a basal titanosauriform. The tracks are wide-gauge, and the grouping as close to

1022:, at 33 to 34 metres (108 to 112 ft) long, was the longest sauropod known from reasonably complete remains, but others, like the old record holder, 2462:

in 1699, but was not recognized as a giant prehistoric reptile at the time. Dinosaurs would not be recognized as a group until over a century later.

5560:

Taylor, M.P. (2010). "Sauropod dinosaur research: a historical review". In Richard Moody, Eric Buffetaut, David M. Martill and Darren Naish (eds.),

7199:

Owen, R. (1842). "Report on British Fossil Reptiles". Part II. Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, Plymouth, England.

1616:, have speculated that sauropods could rear up on their hind legs, using the tail as the third 'leg' of a tripod. A skeletal mount depicting the 7116: 4029: 2799:(Bonaparte and Powell, 1980) and all its descendants. Aquesbi mentioned two synapomorphies, shared derived characteristics of Gravisauria: the 1000:

Their body structure did not vary as much as other dinosaurs, perhaps due to size constraints, but they displayed ample variety. Some, like the

5644: 5205: 1862: 6978: 4707:"Determining the largest known land animal: A critical comparison of differing methods for restoring the volume and mass of extinct animals" 6153:

Rothschild, B.M. & Molnar, R.E. (2005). "Sauropod Stress Fractures as Clues to Activity". In Carpenter, K. & Tidswell, V. (eds.).

2028:

Evolving from sauropodomorphs, the sauropods were huge. Their giant size probably resulted from an increased growth rate made possible by

6516: 4487: 1404:

replaced each tooth once every 35 days. The scientists found qualities of the tooth affected how long it took for a new tooth to grow.

1057:

with length estimates of 35 metres (115 ft) to 36 metres (118 ft) according to the most recent researches. However the giant

7134: 1415:

It was also noted by D'Emic and his team that the differences between the teeth of the sauropods also indicated a difference in diet.

1313:

adaptation would have advantaged sauropods particularly in the relatively low oxygen conditions of the Jurassic and Early Cretaceous.

7582: 7294:"Root causes of phylogenetic incongruence observed within basal sauropodomorph interrelationships: Sauropodomorph Interrelationships" 2543:

The next sauropod find to be described and misidentified as something other than a dinosaur were a set of hip vertebrae described by

912: 4189:

Blair W. McPhee; Adam M. Yates; Jonah N. Choiniere; Fernando Abdala (2014). "The complete anatomy and phylogenetic relationships of

2309:

from Switzerland might also be a dwarf, but this has yet to be proven. One of the most extreme cases of island dwarfism is found in

907:, had replaced all others and had a near-global distribution. However, as with all other non-avian dinosaurs alive at the time, the 1750: 6421: 1491:) floating in relatively shallow water deep enough to keep the shorter hind legs free of the bottom, and using the front limbs to 5345:"Morphometric Analysis of Humerus and Femur Shape in Morrison Sauropods: Implications for Functional Morphology and Paleobiology" 5238:"The evolution of manus shape in sauropod dinosaurs: Implications for functional morphology, forelimb orientation, and phylogeny" 2400:

et al. (2021). Examination of the titanosaur's bones revealed what appear to be parasitic blood worms similar to the prehistoric

1175:

occurring in a population of sauropods isolated on an island of the late Jurassic in what is now the Langenberg area of northern

6041:

Coria, R.A. (1994). "On a monospecific assemblage of sauropod dinosaurs from Patagonia: implications for gregarious behavior".

955: 1541:

Many lines of fossil evidence, from both bone beds and trackways, indicate that sauropods were gregarious animals that formed

7016:

Aureliano, Tito; Nascimento, Carolina S. I.; Fernandes, Marcelo A.; Ricardi-Branco, Fresia; Ghilardi, Aline M. (2021-02-01).

6873: 6846: 6182:

Tribute to Charles Darwin and Bernissart Iguanodons: New Perspectives on Vertebrate Evolution and Early Cretaceous Ecosystems

6162: 5165: 5137: 4342: 4315: 4272: 2600:, though many features were still inaccurate or incomplete according to later finds and biomechanical studies. Also in 1877, 5941: 4048:"Sauropodomorph dinosaur trackways from the Fleming Fjord Formation of East Greenland: Evidence for Late Triassic sauropods" 7603: 2695:

definitions were proposed, including one by Yates (2007), who defined Sauropoda as "the most inclusive clade that includes

7135:"Cretaceous Titanosaur Suffered from Blood Parasites and Severe Bone Inflammation | Paleontology | Sci-News.com" 1468:

were flawed in that they ignored a substantial body of evidence that the bodies of sauropods were heavily permeated with

12014: 5245: 4981:

Otero, Alejandro; Carballido, José L.; Salgado, Leonardo; Canudo, José Ignacio; Garrido, Alberto C. (12 January 2021).

4332: 1626: 4288: 1684:

There is little agreement over how sauropods held their heads and necks, and the postures they could achieve in life.

12009: 7526: 6957: 6937: 5536: 5309:

Apesteguía, S. (2005). "Evolution of the titanosaur metacarpus". Pp. 321-345 in Tidwell, V. and Carpenter, K. (eds.)

4927:

and other fragmentary sauropod remains suggest the largest land animals were about as big as the greatest whales".

7188:

Lithophylacii Britannici Ichnographia, sive lapidium aliorumque fossilium Britannicorum singulari figura insignium

6195: 4802: 8490: 5966: 2547:

in 1870. Seeley found that the vertebrae were very lightly constructed for their size and contained openings for

2352:

referred to as "Dolly" was described in 2022 with evidence of a severe respiratory infection. Sauropod ribs from

8497: 8479: 5581:

D'Emic, Michael D.; Whitlock, John A.; Smith, Kathlyn M.; Fisher, Daniel C.; Wilson, Jeffrey A. (17 July 2013).

5371: 1281: 7553: 7518: 6977:

Tan, Chao; Yu, Hai-Dong; Ren, Xin-Xin; Dai, Hui; Ma, Qing-Yu; Xiong, Can; Zhao, Zhi-Qiang; You, Hai-Lu (2022).

2807:. Those were previously not thought to be Eusauropoda synapomorphies but Allian found these properties also on 2803:

are wider side to side than front to rear and possession of asymmetrical condyles femoris at the bottom of the

1922:, the study performed a musculoskeletal analysis. The only previous musculoskeletal analyses were conducted on 1777: 1435:

Sauropods also had a great number of adaptations in their skeletal structure. Some sauropods had as many as 19

9891: 4634:"The fragile legacy of Amphicoelias fragillimus (Dinosauria: Sauropoda; Morrison Formation - Latest Jurassic)" 4576:(Dinosauria, Sauropoda) from the Morrison Formation of Wyoming, and a re-evaluation of diplodocid phylogeny". 7575: 1456:

When sauropods were first discovered, their immense size led many scientists to compare them with modern-day

6979:"Pathological ribs in sauropod dinosaurs from the Middle Jurassic of Yunyang, Chongqing, Southwestern China" 5182: 6359:

Stevens, K.A.; Parrish, J.M. (1999). "Neck posture and feeding habits of two Jurassic sauropod dinosaurs".

2536:, and grouped it together with the dinosaurs. However, Mantell still did not recognize the relationship to 4982: 4046:

Jens N. Lallensack; Hendrik Klein; Jesper Milàn; Oliver Wings; Octávio Mateus; Lars B. Clemmensen (2017).

1140:

number of species likely reached or exceeded weights of 40 tons. The largest land animal alive today, the

1050:

may have been highly exaggerated. The longest dinosaur known from reasonable fossils material is probably

7223: 7152:

Delair, J.B.; Sarjeant, W.A.S. (2002). "The earliest discoveries of dinosaurs: the records re-examined".

5580: 2684: 1742: 10623: 6436:"Inter-Vertebral Flexibility of the Ostrich Neck: Implications for Estimating Sauropod Neck Flexibility" 1077:, were extremely tall, with high shoulders and extremely long necks. The tallest sauropod was the giant 3981:"A specimen-level phylogenetic analysis and taxonomic revision of Diplodocidae (Dinosauria, Sauropoda)" 1545:. However, the makeup of the herds varied between species. Some bone beds, for example a site from the 1085:, the tallest of all living land animals, is only 4.8 to 5.6 metres (15.74 to 18.3 ft) tall. 7017: 2468:

published the first modern scientific descriptions of sauropods in 1841, in a book and a paper naming

1200:

On or shortly before 29 March 2017 a sauropod footprint about 5.6 feet (1.7 meters) long was found at

1171:, which was 6.2 meters long as a fully-grown adult. Its small stature was probably the result of 175: 11858: 11852: 5029: 2679:

definition of Sauropoda was published in 1997 by Salgado and colleagues. They defined the clade as a

2360:, in southwest China show evidence of rib breakage by way of traumatic fracture, bone infection, and 875:

also its sauropod status, were subsequently questioned. Sauropod-like sauropodomorph tracks from the

6542:"A new wide-gauge sauropod track site from the Late Cretaceous of Mendoza, Neuquen Basin, Argentina" 4832: 4787: 2336:, 5.7 m (18.7 ft) long, lived a non-insular context in Upper Creaceous Brazil, and is an example of 1960:

Sauropods were gigantic descendants of surprisingly small ancestors. Basal dinosauriformes, such as

1784:

age in Spain support the gregarious behaviour of the group. The tracks are possibly more similar to

11895: 7670: 7568: 3915: 2828:, 183 million years ago, and Aquesbi thought that this was part of a much larger revolution in the 1786: 1223:). The front feet of sauropods were very dissimilar from those of modern large quadrupeds, such as 1135: 1038: 9896: 1700:

have therefore often portrayed them in near-horizontal, so-called "neutral, undeflected posture".

1688:

auxiliary hearts in the neck—would require a heart 15 times as large as of a similar-sized whale.

1499:, combined with its instability, led Henderson to refer to sauropods in water as "tipsy punters". 1063:

specimen BYU 9024 might have been even larger reaching lengths of 45–48 meters (148–157 ft).

7494: 7263:"Evolution of titanosaurid sauropods. 1: Phylogenetic analysis based on the postcranial evidence" 6494: 2422: 876: 5565: 4983:"Report of a giant titanosaur sauropod from the Upper Cretaceous of Neuquén Province, Argentina" 2580:. However, it was not until the description of new, nearly complete sauropod skeletons from the 11981: 11916: 9365: 9353: 9345: 4827: 4521: 1613: 6863: 6402: 4752:"Supersaurus, Ultrasaurus and Dystylosaurus in 2019, part 2b: the size of the BYU 9024 animal" 4305: 4262: 2576:

were described by Phillips in 1871, he finally recognized the animal as a dinosaur related to

2548: 11976: 11885: 11847: 11576: 7858: 7506: 5154: 5127: 4774: 4572:

Lovelace, David M.; Hartman, Scott A.; Wahl, William R. (2007). "Morphology of a specimen of

4188: 2841: 2650: 2448:

The first sauropod fossil to be scientifically described was a single tooth known by the non-

1996: 1671: 1141: 927: 286: 11841: 10615: 9359: 6778:

Sellers, W. I.; Margetts, L.; Coria, R. A. B.; Manning, P. L. (2013). Carrier, David (ed.).

4491: 2056:. Responding to the growth of sauropods, their theropod predators grew also, as shown by an 11963: 10631: 8485: 7416: 7346: 7161: 7081: 7029: 6791: 6633: 6594: 6556: 6447: 6368: 6116: 6069: 6015: 5810: 5678: 5594: 5359: 5254: 5084: 4994: 4936: 4881: 4819: 4676: 4530: 4227: 4098: 2701: 2385: 1800: 962: 8: 11954: 8561: 4598:

Carpenter, K. (2006). "Biggest of the big: a critical re-evaluation of the mega-sauropod

3920: 2714: 2492:

was known from slightly better, but still scrappy remains. Owen thought at the time that

326: 7545: 7420: 7350: 7165: 7085: 7033: 6795: 6637: 6598: 6560: 6451: 6372: 6120: 6073: 6019: 5814: 5682: 5598: 5363: 5258: 5088: 4998: 4940: 4885: 4823: 4680: 4534: 4102: 3404: 1719: 12004: 11616: 8688: 7432: 7362: 7315: 7097: 7053: 6998: 6919: 6814: 6779: 6752: 6719: 6695: 6662: 6541: 6470: 6435: 6333: 6308: 6289: 6235: 6210: 6085: 5891: 5866: 5833: 5798: 5774: 5741: 5701: 5666: 5617: 5582: 5504: 5477: 5432: 5383: 5375: 5270: 5108: 5054: 5010: 4960: 4905: 4845: 4810: 4729: 4611: 4554: 4431: 4404: 4385: 4210: 4166: 4141: 4122: 4088: 4045: 4007: 3980: 3693: 2722:

and all of its descendants for the clade equivalent to Sauropoda as defined by Salgado

2563:, and Seeley considered the vertebrae to come from a pterosaur. He named the new genus 2349: 2029: 1839: 1472:. In 1878, paleontologist E.D. Cope had even referred to these structures as "floats". 1436: 994: 655: 507: 170: 7173: 5344: 5237: 4513: 4142:"The earliest known sauropod dinosaur and the first steps towards sauropod locomotion" 3939: 2500:, hence its name, which means "whale lizard". A year later, when Owen coined the name 11752: 11293: 10040: 9681: 9410: 8598: 7522: 7510: 7436: 7274: 7262: 7243: 7101: 7057: 7045: 7002: 6923: 6911: 6892:"A New Nanoid Titanosaur (Dinosauria: Sauropoda) from the Upper Cretaceous of Brazil" 6869: 6842: 6819: 6757: 6739: 6700: 6682: 6646: 6621: 6569: 6475: 6384: 6338: 6281: 6276: 6259: 6240: 6158: 6132: 6000: 5896: 5838: 5779: 5761: 5757: 5706: 5622: 5532: 5527:

Ward, Peter Douglas (2006). "The Jurassic: Dinosaur Hegemony in a Low-Oxygen World".

5509: 5424: 5161: 5133: 5100: 5014: 4964: 4952: 4909: 4897: 4803:"Giants and Bizarres: Body Size of Some Southern South American Cretaceous Dinosaurs" 4733: 4546: 4436: 4389: 4338: 4311: 4268: 4171: 4114: 4012: 3531: 3361: 3220: 2862: 2449: 1895: 1834: 1815: 1621: 1605: 1496: 1309: 1185: 1124: 577: 7366: 7319: 6410: 6089: 5436: 5387: 5274: 4849: 4615: 4558: 4358:

Marsh, O.C. (1878). "Principal characters of American Jurassic dinosaurs. Part I"".

4214: 11623: 11468: 11408: 11050: 10942: 10848: 10739: 10541: 10521: 10460: 9579: 9432: 9279: 8996: 8950: 8930: 8874: 8177: 7954: 7934: 7541: 7484: 7424: 7354: 7305: 7235: 7169: 7089: 7037: 6990: 6903: 6809: 6799: 6747: 6731: 6690: 6674: 6641: 6602: 6564: 6465: 6455: 6376: 6328: 6320: 6293: 6271: 6230: 6222: 6124: 6077: 6023: 5923: 5886: 5878: 5828: 5818: 5769: 5753: 5696: 5686: 5612: 5602: 5499: 5489: 5450: 5414: 5367: 5262: 5112: 5092: 5058: 5044: 5002: 4944: 4889: 4837: 4721: 4538: 4426: 4416: 4380: 4375: 4367: 4241: 4202: 4161: 4153: 4126: 4106: 4069: 4059: 4002: 3992: 3338: 3250: 3083: 2959: 2752: 2692: 2680: 2601: 2524: 2380:, suggests that individuals of various genera were susceptible to diseases such as 2265: 2233: 1962: 1351: 1227:. Rather than splaying out to the sides to create a wide foot as in elephants, the 1172: 1067: 741: 699: 547: 431: 7093: 7041: 6994: 5152: 5006: 11890: 11760: 11493: 11386: 11082: 11062: 11043: 11001: 10928: 10914: 10797: 10548: 10468: 10115: 9651: 9642: 9503: 9495: 9422: 9182: 9060: 8881: 8737: 8568: 8297: 8290: 8282: 8269: 8186: 7732: 7719: 7682: 7655: 7630: 7591: 7428: 6907: 6804: 6663:"Simulating sauropod manus-only trackway formation using finite-element analysis" 6606: 6460: 6380: 6027: 5823: 5691: 5607: 4841: 3944: 3576: 3318: 2873: 2848: 2778: 2755: 2738: 2402: 2303:, a titanosaur that lived on the Iberian peninsula of southern Spain and France. 2249:

lived, with all possibly being titanosaurs. One sparsely known possible giant is

2203: 2137: 2098: 2082: 2013:, under 50 kg (110 lb), even though it is closer to the sauropods than 1952: 1870: 1854: 1546: 1228: 1219: 1163: 1090: 1074: 1052: 958: 900: 813: 336: 249: 40: 4330: 4030:

blogs.scientificamerican.com tetrapod-zoology 2015-04-24 That Brontosaurus Thing

1676: 11767: 11682: 11564: 11509: 11459: 11271: 11264: 11210: 11182: 11137: 11110: 10985: 10950: 10892: 10819: 10732: 10496: 10375: 10347: 10326: 10311: 10233: 10206: 10024: 10008: 9974: 9817: 9616: 9488: 9314: 9053: 9032: 8981: 8973: 8825: 8818: 8725: 8624: 8612: 8420: 8392: 8229: 8200: 8193: 8139: 8053: 8039: 8023: 7998: 7828: 6128: 3964: 3098: 2993: 2837: 2833: 2817: 2734: 2516: 2397: 2361: 2353: 2215: 2125: 2046: 1792: 1708: 1461: 1355: 1277: 1095: 852: 844: 618: 587: 461: 386: 7452:

Allain, R. and Aquesbi, N. (2008). "Anatomy and phylogenetic relationships of

7358: 6938:"Achoo! Respiratory illness gave young 'Dolly' the dinosaur flu-like symptoms" 5927: 4870:

Pal, Saurabh; Ayyasami, Krishnan (27 June 2022). "The lost titan of Cauvery".

4542: 3452: 1503:

with fossils of marine organisms. A good example of this would be the massive

891:(150 million years ago), sauropods had become widespread (especially the 11998: 11810: 11795: 11774: 11690: 11650: 11638: 11608: 11557: 11529: 11502: 11423: 11400: 11348: 11279: 11203: 11169: 11158: 11096: 11015: 10978: 10957: 10907: 10885: 10877: 10870: 10863: 10804: 10769: 10746: 10688: 10555: 10534: 10402: 10393: 10382: 10361: 10340: 10318: 10261: 10138: 10075: 9959: 9782: 9758: 9724: 9695: 9688: 9667: 9602: 9595: 9588: 9553: 9544: 9481: 9473: 9466: 9396: 9383: 9300: 9224: 9167: 9146: 9095: 9088: 9081: 9074: 9067: 9024: 9003: 8922: 8899: 8746: 8703: 8605: 8582: 8554: 8385: 8378: 8326: 8222: 8159: 8150: 8032: 7906: 7874: 7842: 7803: 7785: 7764: 7278: 7247: 7049: 6915: 6743: 6686: 5765: 5153:

Reitner, Joachim; Yang, Qun; Wang, Yongdong; Reich, Mike (6 September 2013).

4956: 4901: 4872: 4550: 4371: 3959: 3702: 3619: 3546: 3356: 3239: 2821: 2809: 2747: 2731: 2629: 2581: 2415:

The first scraps of fossil remains now recognized as sauropods all came from

2381: 2328: 2323: 2272: 2221: 2191: 2185: 2173: 2131: 2025:, which were upwards of 1 t (0.98 long tons; 1.1 short tons) in weight. 1858: 1843: 1476: 1158: 1149: 931: 896: 888: 884: 825: 607: 557: 441: 413: 316: 78: 36: 6720:"The 'Goldilocks' effect: preservation bias in vertebrate track assemblages" 6718:

Falkingham, P. L.; Bates, K. T.; Margetts, L.; Manning, P. L. (2011-08-07).

6661:

Falkingham, P. L.; Bates, K. T.; Margetts, L.; Manning, P. L. (2011-02-23).

6001:"Evidence for gregarious behavior and age segregation in sauropod dinosaurs" 5867:"Tipsy punters: sauropod dinosaur pneumaticity, buoyancy and aquatic habits" 4923:

Paul, Gregory S.; Larramendi, Asier (11 April 2023). "Body mass estimate of

4445:

The necks of the sauropod dinosaurs were by far the longest of any animal...

1711:

necks has raised doubts over the flexibility needed for stationary grazing.

122: 11939: 11818: 11788: 11781: 11718: 11659: 11585: 11517: 11475: 11444: 11430: 11415: 11393: 11377: 11311: 11300: 11251: 11232: 11225: 11103: 11089: 11075: 11029: 11022: 10993: 10964: 10900: 10841: 10783: 10776: 10725: 10718: 10681: 10663: 10650: 10578: 10562: 10503: 10489: 10453: 10446: 10432: 10410: 10304: 10296: 10289: 10268: 10240: 10188: 10174: 10160: 10145: 10096: 10017: 9989: 9982: 9801: 9790: 9767: 9749: 9674: 9660: 9567: 9524: 9517: 9459: 9452: 9215: 9130: 8938: 8888: 8860: 8853: 8832: 8804: 8790: 8710: 8654: 8633: 8319: 8207: 8111: 8067: 8060: 8012: 7984: 7945: 7771: 7537: 6942: 6823: 6761: 6735: 6704: 6678: 6479: 6388: 6342: 6324: 6244: 6226: 6136: 5900: 5882: 5842: 5783: 5710: 5626: 5513: 5428: 5104: 5049: 4706: 4440: 4246: 4229: 4193:(Sauropodiformes, Dinosauria): implications for the origins of Sauropoda". 4175: 4157: 4118: 4064: 4047: 4016: 3634: 3605: 3590: 3551: 3517: 3384: 3333: 3205: 3122: 3048: 3018: 2904: 2772: 2676: 2635: 2623: 2610: 2592: 2544: 2532: 2527:, a characteristic of land animals. He assigned these specimens to the new 2465: 2459: 2428: 2373: 2317: 2311: 2299: 2289: 2278: 2251: 2227: 2209: 2179: 2167: 2111: 2090: 2078: 2063: 2052: 2034: 2015: 2002: 1887: 1566: 1480: 1376: 1343: 1239: 1167: 1114: 1005: 863: 831: 639: 567: 517: 421: 405: 376: 162: 144: 7070: 7015: 6285: 5206:"World's biggest dinosaur footprints found in 'Australia's Jurassic Park'" 4228:

Blair W. Mcphee; Emese M. Bordy; Lara Sciscio; Jonah N. Choiniere (2017).

2617: 11948: 11803: 11711: 11697: 11593: 11482: 11437: 11334: 11327: 11320: 11286: 11218: 11196: 11117: 11008: 10703: 10510: 10475: 10368: 10333: 10275: 10254: 10247: 10219: 10152: 10124: 10089: 10082: 10068: 9967: 9952: 9853: 9775: 9738: 9609: 9560: 9321: 9197: 9160: 9153: 9122: 9106: 9046: 9010: 8988: 8908: 8867: 8811: 8783: 8769: 8717: 8670: 8590: 8575: 8547: 8413: 8371: 8357: 8337: 8311: 8257: 8250: 8166: 8132: 8118: 7961: 7899: 7835: 7812: 7778: 7750: 4800: 4725: 4571: 3728: 3399: 3283: 3265: 3166: 2988: 2973: 2844: 2795: 2784: 2586: 2565: 2476: 2389: 2245: 2239: 2197: 2155: 2149: 2119: 2115: 2094: 2021: 2009: 1927: 1561: 1555: 1533: 1492: 1370: 1360: 1318: 1244: 1180: 1108: 1018: 947: 857: 819: 807: 629: 597: 537: 497: 471: 366: 346: 306: 265: 156: 132: 53: 7239: 6958:"Discovery of what ailed Dolly the dinosaur is a first, researchers say" 6620:

Day, J.J.; Norman, D.B.; Gale, A.S.; Upchurch, P.; Powell, H.P. (2004).

6403:

Head and neck posture in sauropod dinosaurs inferred from extant animals

5096: 4948: 1734: 1703:

However, research on living animals demonstrates that almost all extant

775: 11704: 11631: 11600: 11362: 11189: 11036: 10971: 10935: 10921: 10856: 10827: 10790: 10753: 10696: 10282: 10226: 10181: 10131: 10103: 10061: 9997: 9945: 9927: 9914: 9838: 9831: 9824: 9810: 9717: 9710: 9703: 9623: 9535: 9510: 9240: 9190: 9174: 9138: 9039: 8915: 8839: 8753: 8696: 8647: 8399: 8215: 8104: 7968: 7927: 7892: 7621: 7117:"Gruesome 'Blood Worms' Invaded a Dinosaur's Leg Bone, Fossil Suggests" 6780:"March of the Titans: The Locomotor Capabilities of Sauropod Dinosaurs" 5379: 5183:"Massive new dinosaur might be the largest creature to ever roam Earth" 4074: 3737: 3502: 3447: 3429: 3116: 2929: 2655: 2501: 2384:

and parasite infestations. The specimen hails from the late cretaceous

2294: 2276:(at one point its identity as a dwarf was challenged) and the Jurassic 2161: 2143: 2058: 2040: 1990: 1968: 1923: 1810: 1781: 1651: 1639: 1617: 1488: 1365: 1293: 1258: 1252: 1233: 1154: 1130: 1119: 1102: 1059: 1024: 1013: 1001: 990: 920: 908: 904: 892: 837: 794: 451: 356: 233: 150: 138: 98: 63: 20: 7310: 7293: 5980: 4893: 4633: 4206: 3997: 1004:, possessed tremendously long tails, which they may have been able to 11667: 11549: 11355: 10834: 10812: 10761: 10482: 10439: 10425: 10167: 9860: 9846: 9731: 9445: 9293: 9286: 9017: 8966: 8406: 8364: 8243: 8083: 7850: 7792: 5494: 5419: 5402: 4421: 4110: 3664: 2879: 2856: 2800: 2742: 2641: 2560: 2497: 2470: 2357: 1984: 1947: 1879: 1875: 1847: 1821:

Occasionally, only trackways from the forefeet are found. Falkingham

1680:

Reconstruction of selected sauropod necks, showing posture and length

1633: 1596: 1585: 1550: 1381: 1323: 1297: 1214: 1201: 982: 973: 951: 880: 187: 103: 47: 11910: 7333:

Yates, A. M. (2007). "Solving a dinosaurian puzzle: the identity of

6309:"Hearts, neck posture and metabolic intensity of sauropod dinosaurs" 6104: 5645:"No toothbrush required: Dinosaurs replaced their smile every month" 3225: 2270:

Two well-known island dwarf species of sauropods are the Cretaceous

1576: 781: 11933: 11675: 11341: 11151: 10354: 10195: 10054: 9307: 8797: 8640: 8350: 8125: 8097: 8005: 7920: 7913: 7820: 7757: 7639: 7615: 7535: 6105:"A Skeleton of Diplodocus, Recently Mounted in the American Museum" 5129:

Biology of the Sauropod Dinosaurs: Understanding the Life of Giants

4673:

Dinosaur Facts and Figures: The Sauropods and Other Sauropodomorphs

2825: 2649:

In 1878, the most complete sauropod yet was found and described by

2454: 2368: 2337: 2332: 1978: 1931: 1761: 1754: 1724: 1704: 1659: 1512: 1504: 1469: 1305: 1270: 1224: 1033: 1029: 919:

remains of sauropods have been found on every continent, including

868: 851:

The oldest known unequivocal sauropod dinosaurs are known from the

798: 527: 220: 207: 93: 88: 73: 68: 58: 7560: 7456:(Dinosauria, Sauropoda) from the late Early Jurassic of Morocco." 6861: 6422:

Museums and TV have dinosaurs' posture all wrong, claim scientists

6081: 5638: 5636: 5288:

Upchurch, P. (1994). "Manus claw function in sauropod dinosaurs".

5266: 3639: 3023: 11968: 10711: 9115: 8959: 8846: 8304: 6583: 5942:"Giant wading sauropod discovery made on Isle of Skye (Wired UK)" 5583:"Evolution of High Tooth Replacement Rates in Sauropod Dinosaurs" 5529:

Out of Thin Air: Dinosaurs, Birds, and Earth's Ancient Atmosphere

5478:"Why sauropods had long necks; and why giraffes have short necks" 5074: 4631: 4405:"Why sauropods had long necks; and why giraffes have short necks" 3288: 3191: 2868: 2767: 2485: 2416: 2305: 2086: 2067: 1973: 1939:

possible sufficient behavioral change to prevent joint collapse.

1765: 1580:

Cast of Toni, a juvenile brachiosaurus (restored as a diplodocid)

1465: 1337: 1304:, evidenced by indentations and hollow cavities in most of their 1301: 1176: 1082: 986: 108: 83: 7386:(Dinosauria, Sauropoda) from the late Early Jurassic of Morocco" 5562:

Dinosaurs (and other extinct saurians): a historical perspective

4402: 2934: 2436: 1527: 11240: 10418: 8236: 7609: 7291: 6622:"A Middle Jurassic dinosaur trackway site from Oxfordshire, UK" 6517:"Ouch! Long-necked dinosaurs may actually have had stiff necks" 5967:"Sauropod dinosaurs were restricted to warmer regions of Earth" 5742:"Biology of the sauropod dinosaurs: the evolution of gigantism" 5667:"The Articulation of Sauropod Necks: Methodology and Mythology" 5633: 3054: 2829: 2519:

recognized the dinosaurian nature of several bones assigned to

2377: 1612:

Since early in the history of their study, scientists, such as

1508: 916: 786: 197: 6717: 6660: 6433: 4139: 2882:

after an analysis presented by Sander and colleagues in 2011.

883:) might, however, indicate the occurrence of the group in the 5576: 5574: 4670: 2804: 2727: 2528: 1891: 1728: 1457: 802: 790: 705: 6888: 6260:"The cardiovascular system of barosaurus: an educated guess" 6152: 5738: 5520: 4980: 2691:

and Eusauropoda and all of its descendants". Later, several

2659:. With this find, Marsh also created a new group to contain 1247:

that individual digits would not have been visible in life.

1081:

specimen at 22 m (72 ft) tall. By comparison, the

750: 11542: 8046: 6777: 5914:

Kermack, K.A. (1951). "A note on the habits of sauropods".

5531:. Washington, D. C.: Joseph Henry Press. pp. 199–222. 5372:

10.1666/0094-8373(2004)030<0444:maohaf>2.0.co;2

4675:. New Jersey: Princeton University Press. pp. 42–267. 4331:

J. J. Alistair Crame; Geological Society of London (1989).

2556: 2044:, evolving into even larger forms like the Middle Jurassic 1883: 1542: 1516: 1009: 753: 726: 720: 5571: 1144:, weighs no more than 10.4 metric tons (11.5 short tons). 759: 714: 9204: 7406: 7224:"Camarasaurus, Amphicoelias, and other sauropods of Cope" 6962: 5994: 5992: 5990: 5988: 4604:

New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin

1853:

In a study published in PLoS ONE on October 30, 2013, by

1243:, had such forefeet). The front feet were so modified in 7505: 7292:

Peyre de Fabrègues, C.; Allain, R.; Barriel, V. (2015).

6148: 6146: 5451:

Evidence for bird-like air sacs in Saurischian dinosaurs

4514:"Supersonic sauropods? Tail dynamics in the diplodocids" 2523:

by Owen. Mantell noticed that the leg bones contained a

2426:

The first reconstruction of a sauropod, the skeleton of

1012:

as a signal or to deter or injure predators, or to make

6427: 5322: 5030:"Shoulder height, body mass and shape of proboscideans" 4146:

Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

2343: 1088:

The best evidence indicates that the most massive were

985:. Their only real competitors in terms of size are the 6495:"Ostrich Necks Reveal Sauropod Movements, Food Habits" 6211:"Raising the sauropod neck: it costs more to get less" 5985: 4801:

Mazzetta, G.V.; Christiansen, P.; Fariña, R.A (2004).

2708:

Proponents of this definition also use the clade name

11875: 6619: 6535: 6533: 6486: 6434:

Cobley MJ; Rayfield EJ; Barrett PM (14 August 2013).

6143: 6059: 4916: 2766:, and the sister taxon Eusauropoda, but also certain 1070:, can only reach lengths of 7.3 metres (24 ft). 765: 747: 702: 7474: 6862:

Brian K. Hall; Benedikt Hallgrímsson (1 June 2011).

6855: 1898:, and being subject to many more accuracy problems. 977:

Size comparison of selected giant sauropod dinosaurs

762: 756: 723: 717: 711: 635: 625: 614: 603: 593: 583: 573: 563: 553: 543: 533: 523: 513: 503: 493: 467: 457: 447: 437: 427: 392: 382: 372: 362: 352: 342: 332: 322: 312: 302: 5231: 5229: 4632:Cary Woodruff & John R Foster (July 15, 2015). 4041: 4039: 4037: 3978: 2621:Several macronarian sauropods; from left to right, 2183:. Through the Early to Late Cretaceous, the giants 744: 708: 11744: 7495:"Sauropods: The biggest dinosaurs that ever lived" 6530: 6401:Taylor, M.P., Wedel, M.J., and Naish, D. (2009). " 4764: 3979:Tschopp, E.; Mateus, O.; Benson, R. B. J. (2015). 1396:, for example, replaced each tooth every 14 days, 7260: 6587:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 6306: 6008:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 5642: 5305: 5303: 4512:Myhrvold, Nathan P.; Currie, Philip John (1997). 4467:Bakker, Robert (1994). "The Bite of the Bronto". 4260: 1280:has shown that sauropod dinosaur long bones grew 11996: 9271: 7448: 7446: 7261:Salgado, L.; Coria, R. A.; Calvo, J. O. (1997). 6868:. Jones & Bartlett Publishers. p. 446. 6841:. University of Akron: McGraw Hill. p. 35. 5860: 5858: 5856: 5854: 5852: 5799:"Sauropod Necks: Are They Really for Heat Loss?" 5226: 4593: 4591: 4303: 4034: 2555:). Such air sacs were at the time known only in 1147:Among the smallest sauropods were the primitive 1066:The longest terrestrial animal alive today, the 7210:Geology of Oxford and the Valley of the Thames. 6176: 6174: 4758: 4324: 4297: 4293:. Oklahoma Geological Survey. 2003. p. 40. 1838:Reconstructed skeleton used to estimate speed, 993:. But, unlike whales, sauropods were primarily 7730: 7654: 7215: 7151: 6358: 6307:Seymour, RS; Lillywhite, HB (September 2000). 6196:"Did sauropods walk with their necks upright?" 6157:. Indiana University Press. pp. 381–391. 5300: 5146: 4922: 4627: 4625: 4511: 1300:, including birds), sauropods had a system of 7576: 7443: 7379: 7285: 6155:Thunder Lizards: The Sauropodomorph Dinosaurs 5998: 5849: 5790: 5734: 5732: 5730: 5728: 5726: 5724: 5722: 5720: 5556: 5554: 5552: 5550: 5548: 5471: 5469: 5467: 5311:Thunder-Lizards: The Sauropodomorph Dinosaurs 4588: 2496:was a giant marine reptile related to modern 1162:(6 m or 20 ft long), and the dwarf 871:sauropods, but their age, and in the case of 9394: 7202: 6508: 6171: 5871:Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 5281: 5160:. Universitätsverlag Göttingen. p. 21. 5125: 4334:Origins and Evolution of the Antarctic Biota 2741:paleontologist Najat Aquesbi in 2008 when a 2297:, an isolated island in the Cretaceous, and 1522: 1408:'s teeth took longer to grow than those for 10661: 7382:"Anatomy and phylogenetic relationships of 7254: 6976: 6613: 5907: 5658: 5475: 5021: 4869: 4794: 4622: 4450: 4403:Michael P. Taylor; Mathew J. Wedel (2013). 2340:resultant from other ecological pressures. 1976:size, although more primitive members like 1714: 130:Six sauropods (top left to bottom right): 7583: 7569: 7373: 7221: 7154:Proceedings of the Geologists' Association 6773: 6771: 6577: 6514: 6257: 6096: 5717: 5545: 5464: 5027: 2745:analysis of the dinosaur found by Allain, 1956:- one of the largest dinosaurs known today 1358:on their tails, a prominent example being 1153:(4 m, or 13 ft long), the dwarf 950:(plant-eating), usually quite long-necked 121: 9925: 7515:The Sauropods: Evolution and Paleobiology 7309: 7298:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 7222:Osborn, H. F.; Mook, C. C. (1919-01-01). 7139:Breaking Science News | Sci-News.com 6813: 6803: 6751: 6694: 6645: 6568: 6539: 6469: 6459: 6354: 6352: 6332: 6275: 6234: 6034: 5890: 5864: 5832: 5822: 5796: 5773: 5700: 5690: 5616: 5606: 5503: 5493: 5443: 5418: 5316: 5313:. Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. 5119: 5048: 4831: 4597: 4430: 4420: 4379: 4351: 4267:. Indiana University Press. p. 181. 4254: 4245: 4195:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 4165: 4140:Adam M. Yates; James W. Kitching (2003). 4073: 4063: 4006: 3996: 2712:, defined as the most recent ancestor of 1829: 8527: 7409:Journal of South American Earth Sciences 7193: 7114: 5287: 5132:. Indiana University Press. p. 73. 4485: 2616: 2435: 2421: 2259: 2104: 1946: 1900: 1833: 1799: 1751:Serras de Aire e Candeeiros Natural Park 1741: 1733: 1718: 1675: 1665: 1632: 1595: 1575: 1526: 1336: 972: 7492: 7400: 6768: 6208: 5913: 5664: 5203: 2847:, which they attributed to a worldwide 2410: 2073: 1643:, depicted in a rearing tripodal stance 1400:replaced each tooth every 62 days, and 1122:). Meanwhile, 'mega-sauropods' such as 11997: 7228:Geological Society of America Bulletin 6724:Journal of the Royal Society Interface 6349: 6102: 5400: 5342: 5235: 4749: 4671:Molina-Perez & Larramendi (2020). 4466: 2832:, which includes the disappearance of 1890:, an inward-slanting top third of the 1250:The arrangement of the forefoot bone ( 16:Extinct clade of saurischian dinosaurs 11915: 11914: 11874: 10648: 9912: 9381: 8514: 7717: 7602: 7564: 7332: 6836: 6193: 6040: 5180: 4745: 4743: 4700: 4698: 4696: 4694: 4692: 4690: 4666: 4664: 4662: 4660: 4658: 4656: 4654: 4565: 4357: 4310:. Taylor & Francis. p. 415. 4264:The Age of Dinosaurs in South America 913:Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event 7145: 5999:Myers, T.S.; Fiorillo, A.R. (2009). 5526: 5070: 5068: 4976: 4974: 4704: 4479: 4360:American Journal of Science and Arts 2344:Paleopathology and paleoparasitology 2089:, although there is a trend in some 1326:(a flying reptile) because of this. 1322:) was originally misidentified as a 7718: 7590: 7180: 6492: 5981:https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.13174 4337:. Geological Society. p. 132. 2392:, and was described in the journal 1625:rearing up on its hind legs at the 1384:covering portions of their bodies. 13: 6540:Riga, B.J.G.; Calvo, J.O. (2009). 6258:Choy, DS; Altman, P (1992-08-29). 5476:Taylor, M.P.; Wedel, M.J. (2013). 5246:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 4740: 4687: 4651: 4457:Indiana University Press. 139-165. 2569:, or "bird face" because of this. 1918:To estimate the gait and speed of 1627:American Museum of Natural History 1106:specimen (60-80+ metric tons) and 14: 12026: 11876:Topics in sauropodomorph research 9382: 7190:. Gleditsch and Weidmann: London. 5204:Palazzo, Chiara (28 March 2017). 5065: 4971: 2730:Gravisauria was appointed by the 2670: 2614:, based on an isolated vertebra. 2293:, which existed on the island of 1591: 1537:, formed herds segregated by age. 1419:ate plants low to the ground and 1208: 926:The name Sauropoda was coined by 11857: 11851: 11846: 11840: 10649: 10630: 10622: 10614: 9895: 9890: 9364: 9358: 9352: 9344: 8496: 8489: 8484: 8478: 7477: 7380:Allain, R.; Aquesbi, N. (2008). 7212:Oxford: Clarendon Press, 523 pp. 7115:Baraniuk, Chris (January 2021). 6647:10.1111/j.0031-0239.2004.00366.x 6570:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2009.00869.x 5758:10.1111/j.1469-185X.2010.00137.x 5643:Barber, Elizabeth (2004-06-09). 3736: 3701: 3638: 3550: 3451: 3403: 3360: 3337: 3287: 3224: 3121: 3053: 3022: 2992: 2933: 2572:When more complete specimens of 2315:, a relative of the much larger 1446: 1028:, were also extremely long. The 740: 698: 174: 51: 7326: 7127: 7108: 7064: 7009: 6970: 6950: 6930: 6882: 6830: 6711: 6654: 6415: 6395: 6300: 6251: 6202: 6187: 6053: 5973: 5959: 5934: 5455:Journal of Experimental Zoology 5394: 5336: 5216: 5197: 5174: 4863: 4505: 4460: 4396: 4281: 2458:. This fossil was described by 2386:São José do Rio Preto Formation 1354:. There were genera with small 1308:that had been invaded by them. 1193:was shorter than its backbone. 1100:(60-80 metric tons), the giant 485:Sauropods of uncertain affinity 9913: 7554:University of California Press 7552:(2nd ed.). Berkeley, CA: 7519:University of California Press 4490:. Science News. Archived from 4486:Peterson, Ivars (March 2000). 4221: 4182: 4133: 4082: 4023: 3972: 3952: 3945:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary 3932: 2751:, as the outcome was that the 1778:Villar del Arzobispo Formation 941: 903:, one group of sauropods, the 734:), whose members are known as 1: 8515: 7536:Upchurch, P.; Barrett, P.M.; 7470: 7174:10.1016/S0016-7878(02)80022-0 7094:10.1016/j.cretres.2020.104672 7042:10.1016/j.cretres.2020.104672 6995:10.1080/08912963.2022.2045979 6407:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 5037:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 5007:10.1016/j.cretres.2021.104754 4714:Annals of the Carnegie Museum 4307:Encyclopedia of the Antarctic 4234:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 4052:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 3926: 2816:Gravisauria split off in the 930:in 1878, and is derived from 867:were originally described as 7429:10.1016/j.jsames.2020.103145 6908:10.5710/AMGH.25.08.2022.3477 6805:10.1371/journal.pone.0078733 6607:10.1016/j.palaeo.2011.07.015 6461:10.1371/journal.pone.0072187 6381:10.1126/science.284.5415.798 6277:10.1016/0140-6736(92)91722-k 6028:10.1016/j.palaeo.2009.01.002 5824:10.1371/journal.pone.0077108 5692:10.1371/journal.pone.0078572 5608:10.1371/journal.pone.0069235 4842:10.1080/08912960410001715132 2093:towards a smaller size. The 1942: 1911:Most likely walking gait of 1840:Museo Municipal Carmen Funes 1507:sauropod trackways found in 1097:Mamenchisaurus sinocanadorum 7: 5647:. Christian Science Monitor 5401:Bonnan, Matthew F. (2007). 5236:Bonnan, Matthew F. (2003). 3909: 2685:most recent common ancestor 1287: 10: 12031: 6194:Bujor, Mara (2009-05-29). 6129:10.1126/science.10.259.870 4578:Arquivos do Museu Nacional 4488:"Whips and Dinosaur Tails" 4261:Fernando E. Novas (2009). 2604:named another relative of 2263: 1669: 1451: 1412:because they were larger. 399:Allain & Aquesbi, 2008 18: 12015:Maastrichtian extinctions 11923: 11881: 11870: 11838: 11740: 11649: 11575: 11537: 11528: 11492: 11458: 11376: 11310: 11259: 11250: 11177: 11168: 11146: 11135: 11070: 11061: 10676: 10672: 10657: 10644: 10611: 10577: 10529: 10520: 10392: 10214: 10205: 10114: 10049: 10038: 10007: 9940: 9936: 9921: 9908: 9888: 9800: 9757: 9748: 9650: 9641: 9578: 9543: 9534: 9440: 9431: 9420: 9405: 9390: 9377: 9341: 9267: 9239: 9223: 9214: 9105: 8949: 8898: 8778: 8767: 8736: 8683: 8679: 8668: 8623: 8542: 8538: 8523: 8510: 8476: 8430: 8345: 8336: 8277: 8268: 8176: 8149: 8092: 8081: 8022: 7993: 7982: 7944: 7887: 7883: 7872: 7802: 7745: 7741: 7726: 7713: 7681: 7663: 7650: 7598: 7359:10.1080/08912960600866953 6515:Ghose, Tia (2013-08-15). 6209:Seymour, RS (June 2009). 5928:10.1080/00222935108654213 4705:Paul, Gregory S. (2019). 4543:10.1017/S0094837300019801 4304:Beau Riffenburgh (2007). 3965:Dictionary.com Unabridged 3720: 3685: 3678: 3660: 3653: 3630: 3623: 3601: 3594: 3572: 3565: 3542: 3535: 3513: 3506: 3443: 3425: 3418: 3395: 3388: 3352: 3329: 3322: 3311: 3279: 3261: 3254: 3243: 3216: 3209: 3187: 3180: 3162: 3155: 3112: 3094: 3087: 3076: 3069: 3044: 3037: 3014: 3007: 2984: 2977: 2955: 2948: 2925: 2918: 2900: 2893: 2432:. By John A. Ryder, 1877. 2171:, and the brachiosaurids 2030:tachymetabolic endothermy 1776:Sauropod tracks from the 1600:Restoration of a rearing 1523:Herding and parental care 661: 654: 299: 294: 171:Scientific classification 169: 129: 120: 30: 12010:Norian first appearances 11896:List of sauropod species 7540:(2004). "Sauropoda". In 6865:Strickberger's Evolution 5865:Henderson, D.M. (2004). 5797:Henderson, D.M. (2013). 4765:The Nature Conservancy. 4600:Amphicoelias fragillimus 4372:10.2475/ajs.s3-16.95.411 3916:List of sauropod species 1787:Sauropodichnus giganteus 1715:Trackways and locomotion 1534:Alamosaurus sanjuanensis 1531:Some sauropods, such as 1426: 1387: 1332: 1136:Amphicoelias fragillimus 1039:Amphicoelias fragillimus 19:Not to be confused with 6519:. NBC News Live Science 6424:. Guardian, 27 May 2009 5028:Larramendi, A. (2015). 4767:"African Bush Elephant" 4381:2027/hvd.32044107172876 1310:Pneumatic, hollow bones 1133:in size. The weight of 968: 877:Fleming Fjord Formation 6736:10.1098/rsif.2010.0634 6679:10.1098/rsbl.2010.0403 6409:54 (2), 2009: 213-220 6325:10.1098/rspb.2000.1225 6227:10.1098/rsbl.2009.0096 6103:Osborn, H. F. (1899). 5883:10.1098/rsbl.2003.0136 5877:(Suppl 4): S180–S183. 5665:Stevens, K.A. (2013). 5343:Bonnan, M. F. (2004). 5050:10.4202/app.00136.2014 4782:Cite journal requires 4290:Oklahoma Geology Notes 4247:10.4202/app.00377.2017 4191:Antetonitrus ingenipes 4158:10.1098/rspb.2003.2417 4065:10.4202/app.00374.2017 2689:Vulcanodon karibaensis 2646: 2445: 2433: 2329:saltasaurid titanosaur 2123:, the mamenchisaurids 1957: 1915: 1850: 1830:Biomechanics and speed 1805: 1757: 1739: 1731: 1681: 1646: 1609: 1581: 1538: 1347: 978: 11977:Paleobiology Database 11886:Sauropod neck posture 11577:Opisthocoelicaudiinae 7501:. Types of dinosaurs. 7493:Strauss, Bob (2008). 7208:Phillips, J. (1871). 5449:Wedel, M.J. (2009). " 5407:The Anatomical Record 5181:Baker, Harry (2021). 5126:Nicole Klein (2011). 4750:Taylor, Mike (2019). 2758:. The group includes 2720:Saltasaurus loricatus 2697:Saltasaurus loricatus 2651:Othniel Charles Marsh 2620: 2504:, he did not include 2440:Modern reconstructed 2439: 2429:Camarasaurus supremus 2425: 2260:Dwarfism in sauropods 2105:Independent gigantism 1950: 1910: 1886:, a wide lobe on the 1837: 1803: 1745: 1737: 1723:Sauropod tracks near 1722: 1679: 1672:Sauropod neck posture 1666:Head and neck posture 1636: 1599: 1579: 1530: 1340: 1094:(65–80 metric tons), 976: 928:Othniel Charles Marsh 6837:Szabo, John (2011). 4726:10.2992/007.085.0403 2702:Melanorosaurus readi 2411:History of discovery 2284:Europasaurus holgeri 2087:ecological pressures 2074:Size in Neosauropoda 1797:age identification. 1637:Mounted skeleton of 1269:Print evidence from 11745:Dubious titanosaurs 8562:Chinshakiangosaurus 7556:. pp. 259–322. 7454:Tazoudasaurus naimi 7421:2021JSAES.10703145P 7384:Tazoudasaurus naimi 7351:2007HBio...19...93Y 7240:10.1130/GSAB-30-379 7166:2002PrGA..113..185D 7121:Scientific American 7086:2021CrRes.11804672A 7074:Cretaceous Research 7034:2021CrRes.11804672A 7022:Cretaceous Research 6966:. 10 February 2022. 6946:. 10 February 2022. 6796:2013PLoSO...878733S 6638:2004Palgy..47..319D 6599:2011PPP...310..227C 6561:2009Palgy..52..631G 6452:2013PLoSO...872187C 6373:1999Sci...284..798S 6121:1899Sci....10..870F 6074:2014Pbio...40..323R 6020:2009PPP...274...96M 5916:Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist 5815:2013PLoSO...877108H 5683:2013PLoSO...878572S 5599:2013PLoSO...869235D 5364:2004Pbio...30..444B 5259:2003JVPal..23..595B 5097:10.1038/nature04633 5089:2006Natur.441..739M 4999:2021CrRes.12204754O 4987:Cretaceous Research 4949:10.18261/let.56.2.5 4941:2023Letha..56..2.5P 4886:2022GeolT..38..112P 4824:2004HBio...16...71M 4681:2020dffs.book.....M 4535:1997Pbio...23..393M 4152:(1525): 1753–1758. 4103:2000Natur.407...72B 3921:Wadadam Fossil Park 2715:Tazoudasaurus naimi 2455:Rutellum implicatum 2394:Cretaceous Research 2165:, the camarasaurid 2135:, the diplodocoids 1804:A sauropod trackway 1738:Sauropod footprints 1350:Some sauropods had 1296:dinosaurs (such as 995:terrestrial animals 327:Chinshakiangosaurus 11617:Opisthocoelicaudia 8689:Archaeodontosaurus 7339:Historical Biology 7186:Lhuyd, E. (1699). 6983:Historical Biology 6493:n.d (2013-08-14). 5746:Biological Reviews 4811:Historical Biology 3948:. Merriam-Webster. 3694:Opisthocoelicaudia 2683:, containing "the 2647: 2446: 2434: 2350:Morrison Formation 1958: 1916: 1851: 1806: 1758: 1740: 1732: 1682: 1647: 1610: 1582: 1539: 1437:cervical vertebrae 1348: 1341:Reconstruction of 1266:metacarpal bones. 979: 797:('lizard-hipped') 508:Archaeodontosaurus 11992: 11991: 11917:Taxon identifiers 11908: 11907: 11904: 11903: 11866: 11865: 11836: 11835: 11832: 11831: 11828: 11827: 11753:Bruhathkayosaurus 11736: 11735: 11732: 11731: 11728: 11727: 11454: 11453: 11372: 11371: 11294:Panamericansaurus 11131: 11130: 11127: 11126: 10640: 10639: 10609: 10608: 10605: 10604: 10601: 10600: 10597: 10596: 10573: 10572: 10041:Titanosauriformes 10034: 10033: 9904: 9903: 9886: 9885: 9882: 9881: 9878: 9877: 9874: 9873: 9870: 9869: 9682:Brachytrachelopan 9637: 9636: 9633: 9632: 9411:Haplocanthosaurus 9373: 9372: 9339: 9338: 9335: 9334: 9331: 9330: 9272:Dubious sauropods 9263: 9262: 9259: 9258: 9255: 9254: 8763: 8762: 8664: 8663: 8599:Protognathosaurus 8506: 8505: 8474: 8473: 8470: 8469: 8466: 8465: 8462: 8461: 8458: 8457: 8454: 8453: 8450: 8449: 8077: 8076: 7978: 7977: 7868: 7867: 7709: 7708: 7705: 7704: 7701: 7700: 7311:10.1111/zoj.12290 6875:978-1-4496-4722-3 6848:978-1-121-09332-4 6730:(61): 1142–1154. 6367:(5415): 798–800. 6164:978-0-253-34542-4 5185:. LiveScience.com 5167:978-3-86395-135-1 5139:978-0-253-35508-9 4925:Bruhathkayosaurus 4894:10.1111/gto.12390 4344:978-0-903317-44-3 4317:978-0-415-97024-2 4274:978-0-253-35289-7 4207:10.1111/zoj.12127 3998:10.7717/peerj.857 3906: 3905: 3897: 3896: 3888: 3887: 3879: 3878: 3870: 3869: 3861: 3860: 3852: 3851: 3843: 3842: 3834: 3833: 3825: 3824: 3816: 3815: 3807: 3806: 3798: 3797: 3789: 3788: 3780: 3779: 3771: 3770: 3762: 3761: 3753: 3752: 3745: 3744: 3710: 3709: 3532:Titanosauriformes 3491: 3490: 3482: 3481: 3473: 3472: 3464: 3463: 3373: 3372: 3300: 3299: 3221:Haplocanthosaurus 3144: 3143: 3135: 3134: 2863:Haplocanthosaurus 2737:Ronan Allain and 1908: 1896:preservation bias 1816:titanosauriformes 1766:fossil footprints 1640:Barosaurus lentus 1622:Barosaurus lentus 1606:Charles R. Knight 1380:, had small bony 1292:Along with other 1191:Brachytrachelopan 1186:Brachytrachelopan 1125:Bruhathkayosaurus 1073:Others, like the 691: 690: 685: 677: 669: 649: 648: 578:Protognathosaurus 400: 290: 115: 12022: 11985: 11984: 11972: 11971: 11959: 11958: 11957: 11944: 11943: 11942: 11912: 11911: 11872: 11871: 11861: 11855: 11850: 11844: 11742: 11741: 11624:Pellegrinisaurus 11535: 11534: 11490: 11489: 11469:Bustingorrytitan 11409:Futalognkosaurus 11257: 11256: 11175: 11174: 11144: 11143: 11068: 11067: 11051:Diamantinasauria 10943:Pellegrinisaurus 10849:Jiangshanosaurus 10740:Baotianmansaurus 10674: 10673: 10670: 10669: 10659: 10658: 10646: 10645: 10635: 10634: 10627: 10626: 10619: 10618: 10542:Diamantinasaurus 10527: 10526: 10522:Diamantinasauria 10461:Jiangshanosaurus 10212: 10211: 10047: 10046: 9938: 9937: 9934: 9933: 9923: 9922: 9910: 9909: 9899: 9894: 9755: 9754: 9648: 9647: 9580:Rebbachisaurinae 9541: 9540: 9438: 9437: 9433:Rebbachisauridae 9429: 9428: 9403: 9402: 9392: 9391: 9379: 9378: 9368: 9362: 9357: 9356: 9349: 9348: 9280:Bothriospondylus 9269: 9268: 9221: 9220: 8997:Eomamenchisaurus 8951:Mamenchisauridae 8931:Lapparentosaurus 8875:Spinophorosaurus 8776: 8775: 8681: 8680: 8677: 8676: 8540: 8539: 8536: 8535: 8525: 8524: 8512: 8511: 8501: 8500: 8493: 8488: 8482: 8343: 8342: 8275: 8274: 8178:Massospondylidae 8090: 8089: 8020: 8019: 7991: 7990: 7955:Jaklapallisaurus 7935:Thecodontosaurus 7885: 7884: 7881: 7880: 7743: 7742: 7739: 7738: 7728: 7727: 7715: 7714: 7661: 7660: 7652: 7651: 7645: 7644: 7600: 7599: 7585: 7578: 7571: 7562: 7561: 7557: 7532: 7517:. Berkeley, CA: 7502: 7487: 7485:Dinosaurs portal 7482: 7481: 7480: 7465: 7450: 7441: 7440: 7404: 7398: 7397: 7377: 7371: 7370: 7330: 7324: 7323: 7313: 7289: 7283: 7282: 7258: 7252: 7251: 7219: 7213: 7206: 7200: 7197: 7191: 7184: 7178: 7177: 7149: 7143: 7142: 7131: 7125: 7124: 7112: 7106: 7105: 7068: 7062: 7061: 7013: 7007: 7006: 6974: 6968: 6967: 6954: 6948: 6947: 6934: 6928: 6927: 6886: 6880: 6879: 6859: 6853: 6852: 6834: 6828: 6827: 6817: 6807: 6775: 6766: 6765: 6755: 6715: 6709: 6708: 6698: 6658: 6652: 6651: 6649: 6617: 6611: 6610: 6593:(3–4): 227–237. 6581: 6575: 6574: 6572: 6546: 6537: 6528: 6527: 6525: 6524: 6512: 6506: 6505: 6503: 6502: 6490: 6484: 6483: 6473: 6463: 6431: 6425: 6419: 6413: 6399: 6393: 6392: 6356: 6347: 6346: 6336: 6319:(1455): 1883–7. 6304: 6298: 6297: 6279: 6255: 6249: 6248: 6238: 6206: 6200: 6199: 6191: 6185: 6178: 6169: 6168: 6150: 6141: 6140: 6100: 6094: 6093: 6057: 6051: 6050: 6038: 6032: 6031: 6005: 5996: 5983: 5977: 5971: 5970: 5963: 5957: 5956: 5954: 5953: 5938: 5932: 5931: 5911: 5905: 5904: 5894: 5862: 5847: 5846: 5836: 5826: 5794: 5788: 5787: 5777: 5736: 5715: 5714: 5704: 5694: 5662: 5656: 5655: 5653: 5652: 5640: 5631: 5630: 5620: 5610: 5578: 5569: 5558: 5543: 5542: 5524: 5518: 5517: 5507: 5497: 5495:10.7717/peerj.36 5473: 5462: 5447: 5441: 5440: 5422: 5420:10.1002/ar.20578 5413:(9): 1089–1111. 5398: 5392: 5391: 5349: 5340: 5334: 5333: 5320: 5314: 5307: 5298: 5297: 5285: 5279: 5278: 5242: 5233: 5224: 5220: 5214: 5213: 5201: 5195: 5194: 5192: 5190: 5178: 5172: 5171: 5150: 5144: 5143: 5123: 5117: 5116: 5083:(7094): 739–41. 5072: 5063: 5062: 5052: 5034: 5025: 5019: 5018: 4978: 4969: 4968: 4920: 4914: 4913: 4867: 4861: 4860: 4858: 4856: 4835: 4807: 4798: 4792: 4791: 4785: 4780: 4778: 4770: 4762: 4756: 4755: 4747: 4738: 4737: 4711: 4702: 4685: 4684: 4668: 4649: 4648: 4638: 4629: 4620: 4619: 4595: 4586: 4585: 4569: 4563: 4562: 4518: 4509: 4503: 4502: 4500: 4499: 4483: 4477: 4476: 4464: 4458: 4454: 4448: 4447: 4434: 4424: 4422:10.7717/peerj.36 4400: 4394: 4393: 4383: 4355: 4349: 4348: 4328: 4322: 4321: 4301: 4295: 4294: 4285: 4279: 4278: 4258: 4252: 4251: 4249: 4225: 4219: 4218: 4186: 4180: 4179: 4169: 4137: 4131: 4130: 4111:10.1038/35024060 4086: 4080: 4079: 4077: 4067: 4043: 4032: 4027: 4021: 4020: 4010: 4000: 3976: 3970: 3969: 3956: 3950: 3949: 3936: 3740: 3722: 3721: 3705: 3687: 3686: 3681: 3680: 3656: 3655: 3642: 3626: 3625: 3597: 3596: 3568: 3567: 3554: 3538: 3537: 3509: 3508: 3455: 3421: 3420: 3407: 3391: 3390: 3364: 3341: 3325: 3324: 3314: 3313: 3291: 3257: 3256: 3251:Rebbachisauridae 3246: 3245: 3228: 3212: 3211: 3183: 3182: 3158: 3157: 3126: 3125: 3090: 3089: 3084:Mamenchisauridae 3079: 3078: 3072: 3071: 3058: 3057: 3040: 3039: 3026: 3010: 3009: 2996: 2980: 2979: 2960:Spinophorosaurus 2951: 2950: 2937: 2921: 2920: 2896: 2895: 2886: 2885: 2681:node-based taxon 2602:Richard Lydekker 2525:medullary cavity 2266:Insular dwarfism 2234:Futalognkosaurus 2007:sauropodomorph: 1963:Pseudolagosuchus 1909: 1173:insular dwarfism 1068:African elephant 959:caudal vertebrae 911:died out in the 789:-footed'), is a 772: 771: 768: 767: 764: 761: 758: 755: 752: 749: 746: 733: 732: 729: 728: 725: 722: 719: 716: 713: 710: 707: 704: 683: 675: 667: 637: 627: 616: 605: 595: 585: 575: 565: 555: 548:Bothriospondylus 545: 535: 525: 515: 505: 495: 481: 480: 469: 459: 449: 439: 432:Spinophorosaurus 429: 398: 394: 384: 374: 364: 354: 344: 334: 324: 314: 304: 285: 280: 264: 248: 179: 178: 125: 114: 113: 50: 34:Temporal range: 28: 27: 12030: 12029: 12025: 12024: 12023: 12021: 12020: 12019: 11995: 11994: 11993: 11988: 11980: 11975: 11967: 11962: 11953: 11952: 11947: 11938: 11937: 11932: 11919: 11909: 11900: 11891:Sauropod hiatus 11877: 11862: 11824: 11761:Campylodoniscus 11724: 11645: 11571: 11524: 11494:Nemegtosauridae 11488: 11450: 11387:Argentinosaurus 11368: 11306: 11246: 11164: 11140: 11123: 11083:Atsinganosaurus 11063:Lirainosaurinae 11057: 11044:Xianshanosaurus 10929:Normanniasaurus 10915:Narambuenatitan 10798:Dongyangosaurus 10666: 10653: 10636: 10629: 10621: 10613: 10593: 10569: 10549:Sarmientosaurus 10516: 10469:Phuwiangosaurus 10388: 10201: 10116:Brachiosauridae 10110: 10043: 10030: 10003: 9930: 9917: 9900: 9866: 9796: 9744: 9652:Dicraeosauridae 9643:Flagellicaudata 9629: 9574: 9530: 9504:Nopcsaspondylus 9496:Maraapunisaurus 9425: 9423:Diplodocimorpha 9416: 9399: 9386: 9369: 9351: 9343: 9327: 9251: 9235: 9210: 9183:Tehuelchesaurus 9101: 9061:Tienshanosaurus 8945: 8894: 8882:Tehuelchesaurus 8772: 8759: 8738:Vulcanodontidae 8732: 8673: 8660: 8619: 8569:Gongxianosaurus 8532: 8519: 8502: 8495: 8446: 8426: 8332: 8291:Jingshanosaurus 8283:Chuxiongosaurus 8270:Sauropodiformes 8264: 8187:Adeopapposaurus 8172: 8145: 8086: 8073: 8018: 7987: 7974: 7940: 7877: 7864: 7798: 7735: 7733:Sauropodomorpha 7722: 7720:Sauropodomorpha 7697: 7683:Sauropodomorpha 7677: 7671:Avemetatarsalia 7656:Avemetatarsalia 7646: 7631:Avemetatarsalia 7605: 7604: 7594: 7592:Sauropodomorpha 7589: 7529: 7483: 7478: 7476: 7473: 7468: 7451: 7444: 7405: 7401: 7378: 7374: 7331: 7327: 7290: 7286: 7259: 7255: 7220: 7216: 7207: 7203: 7198: 7194: 7185: 7181: 7150: 7146: 7133: 7132: 7128: 7113: 7109: 7069: 7065: 7014: 7010: 6975: 6971: 6956: 6955: 6951: 6936: 6935: 6931: 6887: 6883: 6876: 6860: 6856: 6849: 6835: 6831: 6776: 6769: 6716: 6712: 6667:Biology Letters 6659: 6655: 6618: 6614: 6582: 6578: 6544: 6538: 6531: 6522: 6520: 6513: 6509: 6500: 6498: 6497:. Science Daily 6491: 6487: 6432: 6428: 6420: 6416: 6400: 6396: 6357: 6350: 6313:Proc. Biol. Sci 6305: 6301: 6270:(8818): 534–6. 6256: 6252: 6207: 6203: 6192: 6188: 6179: 6172: 6165: 6151: 6144: 6101: 6097: 6058: 6054: 6039: 6035: 6014:(1–2): 96–104. 6003: 5997: 5986: 5978: 5974: 5965: 5964: 5960: 5951: 5949: 5940: 5939: 5935: 5922:(44): 830–832. 5912: 5908: 5863: 5850: 5795: 5791: 5737: 5718: 5663: 5659: 5650: 5648: 5641: 5634: 5579: 5572: 5559: 5546: 5539: 5525: 5521: 5474: 5465: 5448: 5444: 5399: 5395: 5347: 5341: 5337: 5321: 5317: 5308: 5301: 5286: 5282: 5240: 5234: 5227: 5221: 5217: 5202: 5198: 5188: 5186: 5179: 5175: 5168: 5151: 5147: 5140: 5124: 5120: 5073: 5066: 5032: 5026: 5022: 4979: 4972: 4921: 4917: 4868: 4864: 4854: 4852: 4833:10.1.1.694.1650 4805: 4799: 4795: 4783: 4781: 4772: 4771: 4763: 4759: 4748: 4741: 4709: 4703: 4688: 4669: 4652: 4641:PeerJ PrePrints 4636: 4630: 4623: 4596: 4589: 4570: 4566: 4516: 4510: 4506: 4497: 4495: 4484: 4480: 4465: 4461: 4455: 4451: 4401: 4397: 4366:(95): 411–416. 4356: 4352: 4345: 4329: 4325: 4318: 4302: 4298: 4287: 4286: 4282: 4275: 4259: 4255: 4226: 4222: 4187: 4183: 4138: 4134: 4097:(6800): 72–74. 4087: 4083: 4044: 4035: 4028: 4024: 3977: 3973: 3958: 3957: 3953: 3938: 3937: 3933: 3929: 3912: 3907: 3898: 3889: 3880: 3871: 3862: 3853: 3844: 3835: 3826: 3817: 3808: 3799: 3790: 3781: 3772: 3763: 3754: 3577:Phuwiangosaurus 3492: 3483: 3474: 3465: 3374: 3319:Dicraeosauridae 3301: 3145: 3136: 3120: 3052: 2874:Nemegtosauridae 2849:mass extinction 2779:Gongxianosaurus 2756:Vulcanodontidae 2673: 2653:, who named it 2512:in that group. 2413: 2403:Paleoleishmania 2346: 2268: 2262: 2204:Argentinosaurus 2138:Maraapunisaurus 2114:), such as the 2107: 2099:Dicraeosauridae 2083:island dwarfism 2076: 1953:Argentinosaurus 1945: 1936:Argentinosaurus 1920:Argentinosaurus 1913:Argentinosaurus 1901: 1871:Argentinosaurus 1832: 1747:Sauropod tracks 1717: 1674: 1668: 1594: 1547:Middle Jurassic 1525: 1454: 1449: 1429: 1390: 1335: 1329: 1290: 1211: 1091:Argentinosaurus 1053:Argentinosaurus 1044:Maraapunisaurus 1032:(and now lost) 971: 965:for sauropods. 946:Sauropods were 944: 901:Late Cretaceous 814:Argentinosaurus 743: 739: 701: 697: 650: 486: 337:Gongxianosaurus 284: 278: 262: 250:Sauropodomorpha 246: 173: 116: 112: 111: 106: 101: 96: 91: 86: 81: 76: 71: 66: 61: 56: 45: 44: 41:Late Cretaceous 35: 32: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 12028: 12018: 12017: 12012: 12007: 11990: 11989: 11987: 11986: 11973: 11960: 11945: 11929: 11927: 11921: 11920: 11906: 11905: 11902: 11901: 11899: 11898: 11893: 11888: 11882: 11879: 11878: 11868: 11867: 11864: 11863: 11839: 11837: 11834: 11833: 11830: 11829: 11826: 11825: 11823: 11822: 11815: 11807: 11800: 11792: 11785: 11778: 11771: 11768:Clasmodosaurus 11764: 11757: 11748: 11746: 11738: 11737: 11734: 11733: 11730: 11729: 11726: 11725: 11723: 11722: 11715: 11708: 11701: 11694: 11687: 11683:Maxakalisaurus 11679: 11672: 11664: 11655: 11653: 11647: 11646: 11644: 11643: 11635: 11628: 11620: 11613: 11605: 11597: 11590: 11581: 11579: 11573: 11572: 11570: 11569: 11565:Quaesitosaurus 11561: 11554: 11546: 11538: 11532: 11526: 11525: 11523: 11522: 11514: 11510:Quaesitosaurus 11506: 11498: 11496: 11487: 11486: 11479: 11472: 11464: 11462: 11460:Saltasauroidea 11456: 11455: 11452: 11451: 11449: 11448: 11441: 11434: 11427: 11420: 11412: 11405: 11397: 11390: 11382: 11380: 11374: 11373: 11370: 11369: 11367: 11366: 11359: 11352: 11345: 11338: 11331: 11324: 11316: 11314: 11308: 11307: 11305: 11304: 11297: 11290: 11283: 11276: 11272:Maxakalisaurus 11268: 11265:Adamantisaurus 11260: 11254: 11248: 11247: 11245: 11244: 11237: 11229: 11222: 11215: 11211:Epachthosaurus 11207: 11200: 11193: 11186: 11183:Antarctosaurus 11178: 11172: 11166: 11165: 11163: 11162: 11155: 11147: 11141: 11138:Eutitanosauria 11136: 11133: 11132: 11129: 11128: 11125: 11124: 11122: 11121: 11114: 11111:Mansourasaurus 11107: 11100: 11093: 11086: 11079: 11071: 11065: 11059: 11058: 11056: 11055: 11047: 11040: 11033: 11026: 11019: 11012: 11005: 10998: 10990: 10986:Tastavinsaurus 10982: 10975: 10968: 10961: 10954: 10951:Petrobrasaurus 10947: 10939: 10932: 10925: 10918: 10911: 10904: 10897: 10893:Malarguesaurus 10889: 10882: 10874: 10867: 10860: 10853: 10845: 10838: 10831: 10824: 10820:Epachthosaurus 10816: 10809: 10801: 10794: 10787: 10780: 10773: 10766: 10758: 10750: 10743: 10736: 10733:Austroposeidon 10729: 10722: 10715: 10708: 10700: 10693: 10685: 10677: 10667: 10662: 10655: 10654: 10642: 10641: 10638: 10637: 10612: 10610: 10607: 10606: 10603: 10602: 10599: 10598: 10595: 10594: 10592: 10591: 10590: 10589: 10583: 10581: 10575: 10574: 10571: 10570: 10568: 10567: 10559: 10552: 10545: 10538: 10530: 10524: 10518: 10517: 10515: 10514: 10507: 10500: 10497:Tangvayosaurus 10493: 10486: 10479: 10472: 10465: 10457: 10450: 10443: 10436: 10429: 10422: 10415: 10407: 10398: 10396: 10390: 10389: 10387: 10386: 10379: 10376:Tastavinsaurus 10372: 10365: 10358: 10351: 10348:Pukyongosaurus 10344: 10337: 10330: 10327:Liubangosaurus 10323: 10315: 10312:Liaoningotitan 10308: 10301: 10293: 10286: 10279: 10272: 10265: 10258: 10251: 10244: 10237: 10234:Astrophocaudia 10230: 10223: 10215: 10209: 10207:Somphospondyli 10203: 10202: 10200: 10199: 10192: 10185: 10178: 10171: 10164: 10157: 10149: 10142: 10135: 10128: 10120: 10118: 10112: 10111: 10109: 10108: 10100: 10093: 10086: 10079: 10072: 10065: 10058: 10050: 10044: 10039: 10036: 10035: 10032: 10031: 10029: 10028: 10025:Lourinhasaurus 10021: 10013: 10011: 10009:Camarasauridae 10005: 10004: 10002: 10001: 9994: 9986: 9979: 9975:Dashanpusaurus 9971: 9964: 9956: 9949: 9941: 9931: 9926: 9919: 9918: 9906: 9905: 9902: 9901: 9889: 9887: 9884: 9883: 9880: 9879: 9876: 9875: 9872: 9871: 9868: 9867: 9865: 9864: 9857: 9850: 9843: 9835: 9828: 9821: 9818:Dinheirosaurus 9814: 9806: 9804: 9798: 9797: 9795: 9794: 9787: 9779: 9772: 9763: 9761: 9752: 9746: 9745: 9743: 9742: 9735: 9728: 9721: 9714: 9707: 9700: 9692: 9685: 9678: 9671: 9664: 9656: 9654: 9645: 9639: 9638: 9635: 9634: 9631: 9630: 9628: 9627: 9620: 9617:Rebbachisaurus 9613: 9606: 9599: 9592: 9584: 9582: 9576: 9575: 9573: 9572: 9564: 9557: 9549: 9547: 9538: 9532: 9531: 9529: 9528: 9521: 9514: 9507: 9500: 9492: 9489:Lavocatisaurus 9485: 9478: 9470: 9463: 9456: 9449: 9441: 9435: 9426: 9421: 9418: 9417: 9415: 9414: 9406: 9400: 9395: 9388: 9387: 9375: 9374: 9371: 9370: 9342: 9340: 9337: 9336: 9333: 9332: 9329: 9328: 9326: 9325: 9318: 9315:Qinlingosaurus 9311: 9304: 9297: 9290: 9283: 9275: 9273: 9265: 9264: 9261: 9260: 9257: 9256: 9253: 9252: 9250: 9249: 9248:(see below ↓ ) 9245: 9243: 9237: 9236: 9234: 9233: 9232:(see below ↓ ) 9229: 9227: 9218: 9212: 9211: 9209: 9208: 9201: 9194: 9187: 9179: 9171: 9164: 9157: 9150: 9143: 9135: 9127: 9119: 9111: 9109: 9103: 9102: 9100: 9099: 9092: 9085: 9078: 9071: 9064: 9057: 9054:Rhomaleopakhus 9050: 9043: 9036: 9033:Mamenchisaurus 9029: 9021: 9014: 9007: 9000: 8993: 8985: 8982:Chuanjiesaurus 8978: 8974:Cetiosauriscus 8970: 8963: 8955: 8953: 8947: 8946: 8944: 8943: 8935: 8927: 8919: 8912: 8904: 8902: 8896: 8895: 8893: 8892: 8885: 8878: 8871: 8864: 8857: 8850: 8843: 8836: 8829: 8826:Dashanpusaurus 8822: 8819:Cetiosauriscus 8815: 8808: 8801: 8794: 8787: 8779: 8773: 8768: 8765: 8764: 8761: 8760: 8758: 8757: 8750: 8742: 8740: 8734: 8733: 8731: 8730: 8726:Zizhongosaurus 8722: 8714: 8707: 8700: 8693: 8684: 8674: 8669: 8666: 8665: 8662: 8661: 8659: 8658: 8651: 8644: 8637: 8629: 8627: 8625:Lessemsauridae 8621: 8620: 8618: 8617: 8613:Tuebingosaurus 8609: 8602: 8595: 8587: 8579: 8572: 8565: 8558: 8551: 8543: 8533: 8528: 8521: 8520: 8508: 8507: 8504: 8503: 8477: 8475: 8472: 8471: 8468: 8467: 8464: 8463: 8460: 8459: 8456: 8455: 8452: 8451: 8448: 8447: 8445: 8444: 8443: 8442: 8436: 8434: 8428: 8427: 8425: 8424: 8421:Sefapanosaurus 8417: 8410: 8403: 8396: 8393:Melanorosaurus 8389: 8382: 8375: 8368: 8361: 8354: 8346: 8340: 8334: 8333: 8331: 8330: 8323: 8316: 8308: 8301: 8294: 8287: 8278: 8272: 8266: 8265: 8263: 8262: 8254: 8247: 8240: 8233: 8230:Massospondylus 8226: 8219: 8212: 8204: 8201:Glacialisaurus 8197: 8194:Coloradisaurus 8190: 8182: 8180: 8174: 8173: 8171: 8170: 8163: 8155: 8153: 8147: 8146: 8144: 8143: 8140:Tuebingosaurus 8136: 8129: 8122: 8115: 8108: 8101: 8093: 8087: 8082: 8079: 8078: 8075: 8074: 8072: 8071: 8064: 8057: 8054:Pachysauriscus 8050: 8043: 8040:Gresslyosaurus 8036: 8028: 8026: 8024:Plateosauridae 8017: 8016: 8009: 8002: 7999:Plateosauravus 7994: 7988: 7983: 7980: 7979: 7976: 7975: 7973: 7972: 7965: 7958: 7950: 7948: 7942: 7941: 7939: 7938: 7931: 7924: 7917: 7910: 7903: 7896: 7888: 7878: 7873: 7870: 7869: 7866: 7865: 7863: 7862: 7855: 7847: 7839: 7832: 7829:Chromogisaurus 7825: 7817: 7808: 7806: 7800: 7799: 7797: 7796: 7789: 7782: 7775: 7768: 7761: 7754: 7746: 7736: 7731: 7724: 7723: 7711: 7710: 7707: 7706: 7703: 7702: 7699: 7698: 7696: 7695: 7694: 7693: 7687: 7685: 7679: 7678: 7676: 7675: 7674: 7673: 7664: 7658: 7648: 7647: 7643: 7642: 7633: 7624: 7618: 7612: 7596: 7595: 7588: 7587: 7580: 7573: 7565: 7559: 7558: 7550:The Dinosauria 7544:; Dodson, P.; 7542:Weishampel, D. 7533: 7527: 7503: 7489: 7488: 7472: 7469: 7467: 7466: 7442: 7399: 7372: 7325: 7304:(3): 569–586. 7284: 7253: 7234:(1): 379–388. 7214: 7201: 7192: 7179: 7160:(3): 185–197. 7144: 7126: 7107: 7063: 7008: 6989:(4): 475–482. 6969: 6949: 6929: 6881: 6874: 6854: 6847: 6829: 6790:(10): e78733. 6767: 6710: 6673:(1): 142–145. 6653: 6632:(2): 319–348. 6612: 6576: 6555:(3): 631–640. 6529: 6507: 6485: 6426: 6414: 6394: 6348: 6299: 6250: 6201: 6198:. ZME Science. 6186: 6170: 6163: 6142: 6115:(259): 870–4. 6095: 6068:(3): 323–330. 6052: 6033: 5984: 5972: 5958: 5933: 5906: 5848: 5809:(10): e77108. 5789: 5752:(1): 117–155. 5716: 5677:(10): e78572. 5657: 5632: 5570: 5544: 5537: 5519: 5463: 5442: 5393: 5358:(3): 444–470. 5335: 5315: 5299: 5280: 5253:(3): 595–613. 5225: 5215: 5196: 5173: 5166: 5145: 5138: 5118: 5064: 5020: 4970: 4915: 4880:(3): 112–116. 4862: 4818:(2–4): 71–83. 4793: 4784:|journal= 4757: 4739: 4720:(4): 335–358. 4686: 4650: 4621: 4587: 4564: 4529:(4): 393–409. 4504: 4478: 4459: 4449: 4395: 4350: 4343: 4323: 4316: 4296: 4280: 4273: 4253: 4240:(3): 441–465. 4220: 4201:(1): 151–205. 4181: 4132: 4081: 4058:(4): 833–843. 4033: 4022: 3971: 3968:(Online). n.d. 3951: 3930: 3928: 3925: 3924: 3923: 3918: 3911: 3908: 3904: 3903: 3900: 3899: 3895: 3894: 3891: 3890: 3886: 3885: 3882: 3881: 3877: 3876: 3873: 3872: 3868: 3867: 3864: 3863: 3859: 3858: 3855: 3854: 3850: 3849: 3846: 3845: 3841: 3840: 3837: 3836: 3832: 3831: 3828: 3827: 3823: 3822: 3819: 3818: 3814: 3813: 3810: 3809: 3805: 3804: 3801: 3800: 3796: 3795: 3792: 3791: 3787: 3786: 3783: 3782: 3778: 3777: 3774: 3773: 3769: 3768: 3765: 3764: 3760: 3759: 3756: 3755: 3751: 3750: 3747: 3746: 3743: 3742: 3733: 3719: 3716: 3715: 3712: 3711: 3708: 3707: 3698: 3684: 3679: 3677: 3674: 3673: 3670: 3669: 3659: 3654: 3652: 3649: 3648: 3645: 3644: 3629: 3624: 3622: 3615: 3614: 3611: 3610: 3600: 3595: 3593: 3586: 3585: 3582: 3581: 3571: 3566: 3564: 3561: 3560: 3557: 3556: 3541: 3536: 3534: 3527: 3526: 3523: 3522: 3512: 3507: 3505: 3498: 3497: 3494: 3493: 3489: 3488: 3485: 3484: 3480: 3479: 3476: 3475: 3471: 3470: 3467: 3466: 3462: 3461: 3458: 3457: 3442: 3439: 3438: 3435: 3434: 3424: 3419: 3417: 3414: 3413: 3410: 3409: 3394: 3389: 3387: 3380: 3379: 3376: 3375: 3371: 3370: 3367: 3366: 3351: 3348: 3347: 3344: 3343: 3328: 3323: 3321: 3312: 3310: 3307: 3306: 3303: 3302: 3298: 3297: 3294: 3293: 3278: 3275: 3274: 3271: 3270: 3260: 3255: 3253: 3244: 3242: 3235: 3234: 3231: 3230: 3215: 3210: 3208: 3201: 3200: 3197: 3196: 3186: 3181: 3179: 3176: 3175: 3172: 3171: 3161: 3156: 3154: 3151: 3150: 3147: 3146: 3142: 3141: 3138: 3137: 3133: 3132: 3129: 3128: 3111: 3108: 3107: 3104: 3103: 3099:Mamenchisaurus 3093: 3088: 3086: 3077: 3075: 3070: 3068: 3065: 3064: 3061: 3060: 3043: 3038: 3036: 3033: 3032: 3029: 3028: 3013: 3008: 3006: 3003: 3002: 2999: 2998: 2983: 2978: 2976: 2969: 2968: 2965: 2964: 2954: 2949: 2947: 2944: 2943: 2940: 2939: 2924: 2919: 2917: 2914: 2913: 2910: 2909: 2899: 2894: 2892: 2884: 2838:Coelophysoidea 2818:Early Jurassic 2735:paleontologist 2672: 2671:Classification 2669: 2584:(representing 2553:pneumatization 2517:Gideon Mantell 2412: 2409: 2362:osteosclerosis 2354:Yunyang County 2345: 2342: 2264:Main article: 2261: 2258: 2216:Antarctosaurus 2126:Mamenchisaurus 2106: 2103: 2075: 2072: 2047:Mamenchisaurus 1944: 1941: 1831: 1828: 1793:Sauropodichnus 1770:Limbs and feet 1716: 1713: 1670:Main article: 1667: 1664: 1593: 1592:Rearing stance 1590: 1524: 1521: 1453: 1450: 1448: 1445: 1428: 1425: 1389: 1386: 1364:, and several 1334: 1331: 1289: 1286: 1278:Matthew Bonnan 1210: 1209:Limbs and feet 1207: 1075:brachiosaurids 1048:A. fragillimus 989:, such as the 970: 967: 961:are extremely 943: 940: 897:brachiosaurids 853:Early Jurassic 845:Mamenchisaurus 689: 688: 687: 686: 678: 670: 659: 658: 652: 651: 647: 646: 645: 644: 633: 623: 619:Tuebingosaurus 612: 601: 591: 588:Qinlingosaurus 581: 571: 561: 551: 541: 531: 521: 511: 501: 488: 487: 484: 479: 478: 477: 476: 475: 465: 462:Zizhongosaurus 455: 445: 435: 425: 417: 409: 390: 387:Lessemsauridae 380: 370: 360: 350: 340: 330: 320: 310: 297: 296: 292: 291: 276: 269: 268: 260: 253: 252: 244: 237: 236: 231: 224: 223: 218: 211: 210: 205: 201: 200: 195: 191: 190: 185: 181: 180: 167: 166: 127: 126: 118: 117: 107: 102: 97: 92: 87: 82: 77: 72: 67: 62: 57: 52: 33: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12027: 12016: 12013: 12011: 12008: 12006: 12003: 12002: 12000: 11983: 11978: 11974: 11970: 11965: 11961: 11956: 11950: 11946: 11941: 11935: 11931: 11930: 11928: 11926: 11922: 11918: 11913: 11897: 11894: 11892: 11889: 11887: 11884: 11883: 11880: 11873: 11869: 11860: 11856: 11854: 11849: 11843: 11821: 11820: 11816: 11813: 11812: 11811:Mongolosaurus 11808: 11806: 11805: 11801: 11798: 11797: 11796:Macrurosaurus 11793: 11791: 11790: 11786: 11784: 11783: 11779: 11777: 11776: 11775:Hypselosaurus 11772: 11770: 11769: 11765: 11763: 11762: 11758: 11755: 11754: 11750: 11749: 11747: 11743: 11739: 11721: 11720: 11716: 11714: 11713: 11709: 11707: 11706: 11702: 11700: 11699: 11695: 11693: 11692: 11691:Neuquensaurus 11688: 11685: 11684: 11680: 11678: 11677: 11673: 11670: 11669: 11665: 11662: 11661: 11657: 11656: 11654: 11652: 11651:Saltasaurinae 11648: 11641: 11640: 11639:Zhuchengtitan 11636: 11634: 11633: 11629: 11626: 11625: 11621: 11619: 11618: 11614: 11611: 11610: 11609:Dreadnoughtus 11606: 11603: 11602: 11598: 11596: 11595: 11591: 11588: 11587: 11583: 11582: 11580: 11578: 11574: 11567: 11566: 11562: 11560: 11559: 11558:Qingxiusaurus 11555: 11552: 11551: 11547: 11545: 11544: 11540: 11539: 11536: 11533: 11531: 11530:Saltasauridae 11527: 11520: 11519: 11515: 11512: 11511: 11507: 11505: 11504: 11503:Nemegtosaurus 11500: 11499: 11497: 11495: 11491: 11485: 11484: 11480: 11478: 11477: 11473: 11471: 11470: 11466: 11465: 11463: 11461: 11457: 11447: 11446: 11442: 11440: 11439: 11435: 11433: 11432: 11428: 11426: 11425: 11424:Mendozasaurus 11421: 11418: 11417: 11413: 11411: 11410: 11406: 11403: 11402: 11401:Dzharatitanis 11398: 11396: 11395: 11391: 11389: 11388: 11384: 11383: 11381: 11379: 11375: 11365: 11364: 11360: 11358: 11357: 11353: 11351: 11350: 11349:Gondwanatitan 11346: 11344: 11343: 11339: 11337: 11336: 11332: 11330: 11329: 11325: 11323: 11322: 11318: 11317: 11315: 11313: 11309: 11303: 11302: 11298: 11296: 11295: 11291: 11289: 11288: 11284: 11282: 11281: 11280:Muyelensaurus 11277: 11274: 11273: 11269: 11267: 11266: 11262: 11261: 11258: 11255: 11253: 11249: 11243: 11242: 11238: 11235: 11234: 11230: 11228: 11227: 11223: 11221: 11220: 11216: 11213: 11212: 11208: 11206: 11205: 11204:Chucarosaurus 11201: 11199: 11198: 11194: 11192: 11191: 11187: 11185: 11184: 11180: 11179: 11176: 11173: 11171: 11170:Colossosauria 11167: 11161: 11160: 11159:Menucocelsior 11156: 11154: 11153: 11149: 11148: 11145: 11142: 11139: 11134: 11120: 11119: 11115: 11113: 11112: 11108: 11106: 11105: 11101: 11099: 11098: 11097:Lirainosaurus 11094: 11092: 11091: 11087: 11085: 11084: 11080: 11078: 11077: 11073: 11072: 11069: 11066: 11064: 11060: 11053: 11052: 11048: 11046: 11045: 11041: 11039: 11038: 11034: 11032: 11031: 11027: 11025: 11024: 11020: 11018: 11017: 11016:Trigonosaurus 11013: 11011: 11010: 11006: 11004: 11003: 10999: 10996: 10995: 10991: 10988: 10987: 10983: 10981: 10980: 10979:Ruyangosaurus 10976: 10974: 10973: 10969: 10967: 10966: 10962: 10960: 10959: 10958:Pitekunsaurus 10955: 10953: 10952: 10948: 10945: 10944: 10940: 10938: 10937: 10933: 10931: 10930: 10926: 10924: 10923: 10919: 10917: 10916: 10912: 10910: 10909: 10908:Mnyamawamtuka 10905: 10903: 10902: 10898: 10895: 10894: 10890: 10888: 10887: 10886:Magyarosaurus 10883: 10880: 10879: 10878:Ligabuesaurus 10875: 10873: 10872: 10871:Laplatasaurus 10868: 10866: 10865: 10864:Karongasaurus 10861: 10859: 10858: 10854: 10851: 10850: 10846: 10844: 10843: 10839: 10837: 10836: 10832: 10830: 10829: 10825: 10822: 10821: 10817: 10815: 10814: 10810: 10807: 10806: 10805:Dreadnoughtus 10802: 10800: 10799: 10795: 10793: 10792: 10788: 10786: 10785: 10781: 10779: 10778: 10774: 10772: 10771: 10770:Borealosaurus 10767: 10764: 10763: 10759: 10756: 10755: 10751: 10749: 10748: 10747:Barrosasaurus 10744: 10742: 10741: 10737: 10735: 10734: 10730: 10728: 10727: 10723: 10721: 10720: 10716: 10714: 10713: 10709: 10706: 10705: 10701: 10699: 10698: 10694: 10691: 10690: 10689:Aegyptosaurus 10686: 10684: 10683: 10679: 10678: 10675: 10671: 10668: 10665: 10660: 10656: 10652: 10647: 10643: 10633: 10628: 10625: 10617: 10587: 10586: 10585: 10584: 10582: 10580: 10576: 10565: 10564: 10560: 10558: 10557: 10556:Savannasaurus 10553: 10551: 10550: 10546: 10544: 10543: 10539: 10537: 10536: 10535:Australotitan 10532: 10531: 10528: 10525: 10523: 10519: 10513: 10512: 10508: 10506: 10505: 10501: 10499: 10498: 10494: 10492: 10491: 10487: 10485: 10484: 10480: 10478: 10477: 10473: 10471: 10470: 10466: 10463: 10462: 10458: 10456: 10455: 10451: 10449: 10448: 10444: 10442: 10441: 10437: 10435: 10434: 10430: 10428: 10427: 10423: 10421: 10420: 10416: 10413: 10412: 10408: 10405: 10404: 10403:Australodocus 10400: 10399: 10397: 10395: 10394:Euhelopodidae 10391: 10385: 10384: 10383:Triunfosaurus 10380: 10378: 10377: 10373: 10371: 10370: 10366: 10364: 10363: 10362:Sauroposeidon 10359: 10357: 10356: 10352: 10350: 10349: 10345: 10343: 10342: 10341:Padillasaurus 10338: 10336: 10335: 10331: 10329: 10328: 10324: 10321: 10320: 10319:Ligabuesaurus 10316: 10314: 10313: 10309: 10307: 10306: 10302: 10299: 10298: 10294: 10292: 10291: 10287: 10285: 10284: 10280: 10278: 10277: 10273: 10271: 10270: 10266: 10264: 10263: 10262:Chubutisaurus 10259: 10257: 10256: 10252: 10250: 10249: 10245: 10243: 10242: 10238: 10236: 10235: 10231: 10229: 10228: 10224: 10222: 10221: 10217: 10216: 10213: 10210: 10208: 10204: 10198: 10197: 10193: 10191: 10190: 10186: 10184: 10183: 10179: 10177: 10176: 10172: 10170: 10169: 10165: 10163: 10162: 10158: 10155: 10154: 10150: 10148: 10147: 10143: 10141: 10140: 10139:Brachiosaurus 10136: 10134: 10133: 10129: 10127: 10126: 10122: 10121: 10119: 10117: 10113: 10106: 10105: 10101: 10099: 10098: 10094: 10092: 10091: 10087: 10085: 10084: 10080: 10078: 10077: 10076:Fushanosaurus 10073: 10071: 10070: 10066: 10064: 10063: 10059: 10057: 10056: 10052: 10051: 10048: 10045: 10042: 10037: 10027: 10026: 10022: 10020: 10019: 10015: 10014: 10012: 10010: 10006: 10000: 9999: 9995: 9992: 9991: 9987: 9985: 9984: 9980: 9977: 9976: 9972: 9970: 9969: 9965: 9962: 9961: 9960:Bashunosaurus 9957: 9955: 9954: 9950: 9948: 9947: 9943: 9942: 9939: 9935: 9932: 9929: 9924: 9920: 9916: 9911: 9907: 9898: 9893: 9863: 9862: 9858: 9856: 9855: 9851: 9849: 9848: 9844: 9841: 9840: 9836: 9834: 9833: 9829: 9827: 9826: 9822: 9820: 9819: 9815: 9813: 9812: 9808: 9807: 9805: 9803: 9799: 9793: 9792: 9788: 9785: 9784: 9783:Atlantosaurus 9780: 9778: 9777: 9773: 9770: 9769: 9765: 9764: 9762: 9760: 9759:Apatosaurinae 9756: 9753: 9751: 9747: 9741: 9740: 9736: 9734: 9733: 9729: 9727: 9726: 9725:Smitanosaurus 9722: 9720: 9719: 9715: 9713: 9712: 9708: 9706: 9705: 9701: 9698: 9697: 9696:Dyslocosaurus 9693: 9691: 9690: 9689:Dicraeosaurus 9686: 9684: 9683: 9679: 9677: 9676: 9672: 9670: 9669: 9668:Amargatitanis 9665: 9663: 9662: 9658: 9657: 9655: 9653: 9649: 9646: 9644: 9640: 9626: 9625: 9621: 9619: 9618: 9614: 9612: 9611: 9607: 9605: 9604: 9603:Katepensaurus 9600: 9598: 9597: 9596:Itapeuasaurus 9593: 9591: 9590: 9589:Demandasaurus 9586: 9585: 9583: 9581: 9577: 9570: 9569: 9565: 9563: 9562: 9558: 9556: 9555: 9554:Cathartesaura 9551: 9550: 9548: 9546: 9545:Limaysaurinae 9542: 9539: 9537: 9533: 9527: 9526: 9522: 9520: 9519: 9515: 9513: 9512: 9508: 9506: 9505: 9501: 9498: 9497: 9493: 9491: 9490: 9486: 9484: 9483: 9482:Histriasaurus 9479: 9476: 9475: 9474:Dzharatitanis 9471: 9469: 9468: 9467:Comahuesaurus 9464: 9462: 9461: 9457: 9455: 9454: 9450: 9448: 9447: 9443: 9442: 9439: 9436: 9434: 9430: 9427: 9424: 9419: 9413: 9412: 9408: 9407: 9404: 9401: 9398: 9397:Diplodocoidea 9393: 9389: 9385: 9384:Diplodocoidea 9380: 9376: 9367: 9363: 9361: 9355: 9347: 9324: 9323: 9319: 9317: 9316: 9312: 9310: 9309: 9305: 9303: 9302: 9301:Gigantosaurus 9298: 9296: 9295: 9291: 9289: 9288: 9284: 9282: 9281: 9277: 9276: 9274: 9270: 9266: 9247: 9246: 9244: 9242: 9238: 9231: 9230: 9228: 9226: 9225:Diplodocoidea 9222: 9219: 9217: 9213: 9207: 9206: 9202: 9200: 9199: 9195: 9193: 9192: 9188: 9185: 9184: 9180: 9177: 9176: 9172: 9170: 9169: 9168:Narindasaurus 9165: 9163: 9162: 9158: 9156: 9155: 9151: 9149: 9148: 9147:Losillasaurus 9144: 9141: 9140: 9136: 9133: 9132: 9128: 9125: 9124: 9120: 9118: 9117: 9113: 9112: 9110: 9108: 9104: 9098: 9097: 9096:Zigongosaurus 9093: 9091: 9090: 9089:Yuanmousaurus 9086: 9084: 9083: 9082:Xinjiangtitan 9079: 9077: 9076: 9075:Wamweracaudia 9072: 9070: 9069: 9068:Tonganosaurus 9065: 9063: 9062: 9058: 9056: 9055: 9051: 9049: 9048: 9044: 9042: 9041: 9037: 9035: 9034: 9030: 9027: 9026: 9025:Klamelisaurus 9022: 9020: 9019: 9015: 9013: 9012: 9008: 9006: 9005: 9004:Huangshanlong 9001: 8999: 8998: 8994: 8991: 8990: 8986: 8984: 8983: 8979: 8976: 8975: 8971: 8969: 8968: 8964: 8962: 8961: 8957: 8956: 8954: 8952: 8948: 8941: 8940: 8936: 8933: 8932: 8928: 8925: 8924: 8923:Ferganasaurus 8920: 8918: 8917: 8913: 8911: 8910: 8906: 8905: 8903: 8901: 8900:Cetiosauridae 8897: 8891: 8890: 8886: 8884: 8883: 8879: 8877: 8876: 8872: 8870: 8869: 8865: 8863: 8862: 8858: 8856: 8855: 8851: 8849: 8848: 8844: 8842: 8841: 8837: 8835: 8834: 8830: 8828: 8827: 8823: 8821: 8820: 8816: 8814: 8813: 8809: 8807: 8806: 8802: 8800: 8799: 8795: 8793: 8792: 8788: 8786: 8785: 8781: 8780: 8777: 8774: 8771: 8766: 8756: 8755: 8751: 8749: 8748: 8747:Tazoudasaurus 8744: 8743: 8741: 8739: 8735: 8728: 8727: 8723: 8720: 8719: 8715: 8713: 8712: 8708: 8706: 8705: 8704:Ohmdenosaurus 8701: 8699: 8698: 8694: 8691: 8690: 8686: 8685: 8682: 8678: 8675: 8672: 8667: 8657: 8656: 8652: 8650: 8649: 8645: 8643: 8642: 8638: 8636: 8635: 8631: 8630: 8628: 8626: 8622: 8615: 8614: 8610: 8608: 8607: 8606:Schleitheimia 8603: 8601: 8600: 8596: 8593: 8592: 8588: 8585: 8584: 8583:Leonerasaurus 8580: 8578: 8577: 8573: 8571: 8570: 8566: 8564: 8563: 8559: 8557: 8556: 8555:Blikanasaurus 8552: 8550: 8549: 8545: 8544: 8541: 8537: 8534: 8531: 8526: 8522: 8518: 8513: 8509: 8499: 8494: 8492: 8487: 8481: 8440: 8439: 8438: 8437: 8435: 8433: 8429: 8423: 8422: 8418: 8416: 8415: 8411: 8409: 8408: 8404: 8402: 8401: 8397: 8395: 8394: 8390: 8388: 8387: 8386:Leonerasaurus 8383: 8381: 8380: 8379:Lamplughsaura 8376: 8374: 8373: 8369: 8367: 8366: 8362: 8360: 8359: 8355: 8353: 8352: 8348: 8347: 8344: 8341: 8339: 8335: 8329: 8328: 8327:Yunnanosaurus 8324: 8322: 8321: 8317: 8314: 8313: 8309: 8307: 8306: 8302: 8300: 8299: 8295: 8293: 8292: 8288: 8285: 8284: 8280: 8279: 8276: 8273: 8271: 8267: 8260: 8259: 8255: 8253: 8252: 8248: 8246: 8245: 8241: 8239: 8238: 8234: 8232: 8231: 8227: 8225: 8224: 8223:Lufengosaurus 8220: 8218: 8217: 8213: 8210: 8209: 8205: 8203: 8202: 8198: 8196: 8195: 8191: 8189: 8188: 8184: 8183: 8181: 8179: 8175: 8169: 8168: 8164: 8162: 8161: 8160:Eucnemesaurus 8157: 8156: 8154: 8152: 8151:Riojasauridae 8148: 8142: 8141: 8137: 8135: 8134: 8130: 8128: 8127: 8123: 8121: 8120: 8116: 8114: 8113: 8109: 8107: 8106: 8102: 8100: 8099: 8095: 8094: 8091: 8088: 8085: 8080: 8070: 8069: 8065: 8063: 8062: 8058: 8056: 8055: 8051: 8049: 8048: 8044: 8042: 8041: 8037: 8035: 8034: 8033:Euskelosaurus 8030: 8029: 8027: 8025: 8021: 8015: 8014: 8010: 8008: 8007: 8003: 8001: 8000: 7996: 7995: 7992: 7989: 7986: 7981: 7971: 7970: 7966: 7964: 7963: 7959: 7957: 7956: 7952: 7951: 7949: 7947: 7943: 7937: 7936: 7932: 7930: 7929: 7925: 7923: 7922: 7918: 7916: 7915: 7911: 7909: 7908: 7907:Bagualosaurus 7904: 7902: 7901: 7897: 7895: 7894: 7890: 7889: 7886: 7882: 7879: 7876: 7875:Bagualosauria 7871: 7861: 7860: 7856: 7853: 7852: 7848: 7845: 7844: 7843:Pampadromaeus 7840: 7838: 7837: 7833: 7831: 7830: 7826: 7823: 7822: 7818: 7815: 7814: 7810: 7809: 7807: 7805: 7804:Saturnaliidae 7801: 7795: 7794: 7790: 7788: 7787: 7786:Pampadromaeus 7783: 7781: 7780: 7776: 7774: 7773: 7769: 7767: 7766: 7765:Gigantoscelus 7762: 7760: 7759: 7755: 7753: 7752: 7748: 7747: 7744: 7740: 7737: 7734: 7729: 7725: 7721: 7716: 7712: 7691: 7690: 7689: 7688: 7686: 7684: 7680: 7672: 7668: 7667: 7666: 7665: 7662: 7659: 7657: 7653: 7649: 7641: 7637: 7634: 7632: 7628: 7625: 7623: 7619: 7617: 7613: 7611: 7607: 7606: 7601: 7597: 7593: 7586: 7581: 7579: 7574: 7572: 7567: 7566: 7563: 7555: 7551: 7547: 7543: 7539: 7534: 7530: 7528:0-520-24623-3 7524: 7520: 7516: 7512: 7508: 7504: 7500: 7496: 7491: 7490: 7486: 7475: 7464:(2): 345-424. 7463: 7459: 7458:Geodiversitas 7455: 7449: 7447: 7438: 7434: 7430: 7426: 7422: 7418: 7414: 7410: 7403: 7396:(2): 345–424. 7395: 7391: 7390:Geodiversitas 7387: 7385: 7376: 7368: 7364: 7360: 7356: 7352: 7348: 7345:(1): 93–123. 7344: 7340: 7336: 7329: 7321: 7317: 7312: 7307: 7303: 7299: 7295: 7288: 7280: 7276: 7272: 7268: 7264: 7257: 7249: 7245: 7241: 7237: 7233: 7229: 7225: 7218: 7211: 7205: 7196: 7189: 7183: 7175: 7171: 7167: 7163: 7159: 7155: 7148: 7140: 7136: 7130: 7122: 7118: 7111: 7103: 7099: 7095: 7091: 7087: 7083: 7079: 7075: 7067: 7059: 7055: 7051: 7047: 7043: 7039: 7035: 7031: 7027: 7023: 7019: 7012: 7004: 7000: 6996: 6992: 6988: 6984: 6980: 6973: 6965: 6964: 6959: 6953: 6945: 6944: 6939: 6933: 6925: 6921: 6917: 6913: 6909: 6905: 6901: 6897: 6893: 6885: 6877: 6871: 6867: 6866: 6858: 6850: 6844: 6840: 6833: 6825: 6821: 6816: 6811: 6806: 6801: 6797: 6793: 6789: 6785: 6781: 6774: 6772: 6763: 6759: 6754: 6749: 6745: 6741: 6737: 6733: 6729: 6725: 6721: 6714: 6706: 6702: 6697: 6692: 6688: 6684: 6680: 6676: 6672: 6668: 6664: 6657: 6648: 6643: 6639: 6635: 6631: 6627: 6626:Palaeontology 6623: 6616: 6608: 6604: 6600: 6596: 6592: 6588: 6580: 6571: 6566: 6562: 6558: 6554: 6550: 6549:Palaeontology 6543: 6536: 6534: 6518: 6511: 6496: 6489: 6481: 6477: 6472: 6467: 6462: 6457: 6453: 6449: 6446:(8): e72187. 6445: 6441: 6437: 6430: 6423: 6418: 6412: 6408: 6404: 6398: 6390: 6386: 6382: 6378: 6374: 6370: 6366: 6362: 6355: 6353: 6344: 6340: 6335: 6330: 6326: 6322: 6318: 6314: 6310: 6303: 6295: 6291: 6287: 6283: 6278: 6273: 6269: 6265: 6261: 6254: 6246: 6242: 6237: 6232: 6228: 6224: 6220: 6216: 6212: 6205: 6197: 6190: 6183: 6177: 6175: 6166: 6160: 6156: 6149: 6147: 6138: 6134: 6130: 6126: 6122: 6118: 6114: 6110: 6106: 6099: 6091: 6087: 6083: 6082:10.1666/13028 6079: 6075: 6071: 6067: 6063: 6056: 6048: 6044: 6037: 6029: 6025: 6021: 6017: 6013: 6009: 6002: 5995: 5993: 5991: 5989: 5982: 5976: 5968: 5962: 5947: 5943: 5937: 5929: 5925: 5921: 5917: 5910: 5902: 5898: 5893: 5888: 5884: 5880: 5876: 5872: 5868: 5861: 5859: 5857: 5855: 5853: 5844: 5840: 5835: 5830: 5825: 5820: 5816: 5812: 5808: 5804: 5800: 5793: 5785: 5781: 5776: 5771: 5767: 5763: 5759: 5755: 5751: 5747: 5743: 5735: 5733: 5731: 5729: 5727: 5725: 5723: 5721: 5712: 5708: 5703: 5698: 5693: 5688: 5684: 5680: 5676: 5672: 5668: 5661: 5646: 5639: 5637: 5628: 5624: 5619: 5614: 5609: 5604: 5600: 5596: 5593:(7): e69235. 5592: 5588: 5584: 5577: 5575: 5567: 5566:HTML abstract 5563: 5557: 5555: 5553: 5551: 5549: 5540: 5538:0-309-10061-5 5534: 5530: 5523: 5515: 5511: 5506: 5501: 5496: 5491: 5487: 5483: 5479: 5472: 5470: 5468: 5460: 5456: 5452: 5446: 5438: 5434: 5430: 5426: 5421: 5416: 5412: 5408: 5404: 5397: 5389: 5385: 5381: 5377: 5373: 5369: 5365: 5361: 5357: 5353: 5346: 5339: 5331: 5327: 5319: 5312: 5306: 5304: 5295: 5291: 5284: 5276: 5272: 5268: 5267:10.1671/A1108 5264: 5260: 5256: 5252: 5248: 5247: 5239: 5232: 5230: 5219: 5211: 5210:The Telegraph 5207: 5200: 5184: 5177: 5169: 5163: 5159: 5158: 5149: 5141: 5135: 5131: 5130: 5122: 5114: 5110: 5106: 5102: 5098: 5094: 5090: 5086: 5082: 5078: 5071: 5069: 5060: 5056: 5051: 5046: 5042: 5038: 5031: 5024: 5016: 5012: 5008: 5004: 5000: 4996: 4992: 4988: 4984: 4977: 4975: 4966: 4962: 4958: 4954: 4950: 4946: 4942: 4938: 4934: 4930: 4926: 4919: 4911: 4907: 4903: 4899: 4895: 4891: 4887: 4883: 4879: 4875: 4874: 4873:Geology Today 4866: 4851: 4847: 4843: 4839: 4834: 4829: 4825: 4821: 4817: 4813: 4812: 4804: 4797: 4789: 4776: 4768: 4761: 4753: 4746: 4744: 4735: 4731: 4727: 4723: 4719: 4715: 4708: 4701: 4699: 4697: 4695: 4693: 4691: 4682: 4678: 4674: 4667: 4665: 4663: 4661: 4659: 4657: 4655: 4646: 4642: 4635: 4628: 4626: 4617: 4613: 4609: 4605: 4601: 4594: 4592: 4584:(4): 527–544. 4583: 4579: 4575: 4568: 4560: 4556: 4552: 4548: 4544: 4540: 4536: 4532: 4528: 4524: 4523: 4515: 4508: 4494:on 2007-07-14 4493: 4489: 4482: 4474: 4470: 4463: 4453: 4446: 4442: 4438: 4433: 4428: 4423: 4418: 4414: 4410: 4406: 4399: 4391: 4387: 4382: 4377: 4373: 4369: 4365: 4361: 4354: 4346: 4340: 4336: 4335: 4327: 4319: 4313: 4309: 4308: 4300: 4292: 4291: 4284: 4276: 4270: 4266: 4265: 4257: 4248: 4243: 4239: 4235: 4231: 4224: 4216: 4212: 4208: 4204: 4200: 4196: 4192: 4185: 4177: 4173: 4168: 4163: 4159: 4155: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4136: 4128: 4124: 4120: 4116: 4112: 4108: 4104: 4100: 4096: 4092: 4085: 4076: 4071: 4066: 4061: 4057: 4053: 4049: 4042: 4040: 4038: 4031: 4026: 4018: 4014: 4009: 4004: 3999: 3994: 3990: 3986: 3982: 3975: 3967: 3966: 3961: 3955: 3947: 3946: 3941: 3935: 3931: 3922: 3919: 3917: 3914: 3913: 3902: 3901: 3893: 3892: 3884: 3883: 3875: 3874: 3866: 3865: 3857: 3856: 3848: 3847: 3839: 3838: 3830: 3829: 3821: 3820: 3812: 3811: 3803: 3802: 3794: 3793: 3785: 3784: 3776: 3775: 3767: 3766: 3758: 3757: 3749: 3748: 3741: 3739: 3734: 3732: 3731: 3730: 3724: 3723: 3718: 3717: 3714: 3713: 3706: 3704: 3699: 3697: 3696: 3695: 3689: 3688: 3683: 3682: 3676: 3675: 3672: 3671: 3668: 3667: 3666: 3658: 3657: 3651: 3650: 3647: 3646: 3643: 3641: 3637: 3636: 3628: 3627: 3621: 3620:Saltasauridae 3617: 3616: 3613: 3612: 3609: 3608: 3607: 3599: 3598: 3592: 3588: 3587: 3584: 3583: 3580: 3579: 3578: 3570: 3569: 3563: 3562: 3559: 3558: 3555: 3553: 3549: 3548: 3547:Brachiosaurus 3540: 3539: 3533: 3529: 3528: 3525: 3524: 3521: 3520: 3519: 3511: 3510: 3504: 3500: 3499: 3496: 3495: 3487: 3486: 3478: 3477: 3469: 3468: 3460: 3459: 3456: 3454: 3450: 3449: 3441: 3440: 3437: 3436: 3433: 3432: 3431: 3423: 3422: 3416: 3415: 3412: 3411: 3408: 3406: 3402: 3401: 3393: 3392: 3386: 3382: 3381: 3378: 3377: 3369: 3368: 3365: 3363: 3359: 3358: 3357:Dicraeosaurus 3350: 3349: 3346: 3345: 3342: 3340: 3336: 3335: 3327: 3326: 3320: 3316: 3315: 3309: 3308: 3305: 3304: 3296: 3295: 3292: 3290: 3286: 3285: 3277: 3276: 3273: 3272: 3269: 3268: 3267: 3259: 3258: 3252: 3248: 3247: 3241: 3240:Diplodocoidea 3237: 3236: 3233: 3232: 3229: 3227: 3223: 3222: 3214: 3213: 3207: 3203: 3202: 3199: 3198: 3195: 3194: 3193: 3185: 3184: 3178: 3177: 3174: 3173: 3170: 3169: 3168: 3160: 3159: 3153: 3152: 3149: 3148: 3140: 3139: 3131: 3130: 3127: 3124: 3119: 3118: 3110: 3109: 3106: 3105: 3102: 3101: 3100: 3092: 3091: 3085: 3081: 3080: 3074: 3073: 3067: 3066: 3063: 3062: 3059: 3056: 3051: 3050: 3042: 3041: 3035: 3034: 3031: 3030: 3027: 3025: 3021: 3020: 3012: 3011: 3005: 3004: 3001: 3000: 2997: 2995: 2991: 2990: 2982: 2981: 2975: 2971: 2970: 2967: 2966: 2963: 2962: 2961: 2953: 2952: 2946: 2945: 2942: 2941: 2938: 2936: 2932: 2931: 2923: 2922: 2916: 2915: 2912: 2911: 2908: 2907: 2906: 2898: 2897: 2891: 2888: 2887: 2883: 2881: 2877: 2875: 2871: 2870: 2865: 2864: 2859: 2858: 2852: 2850: 2846: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2822:Pliensbachian 2820:, around the 2819: 2814: 2812: 2811: 2810:Tazoudasaurus 2806: 2802: 2798: 2797: 2792: 2791:Tazoudasaurus 2787: 2786: 2781: 2780: 2775: 2774: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2760:Tazoudasaurus 2757: 2754: 2750: 2749: 2748:Tazoudasaurus 2744: 2740: 2736: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2716: 2711: 2706: 2704: 2703: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2668: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2657: 2652: 2644: 2643: 2638: 2637: 2632: 2631: 2630:Brachiosaurus 2626: 2625: 2619: 2615: 2613: 2612: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2594: 2589: 2588: 2583: 2582:United States 2579: 2575: 2570: 2568: 2567: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2541: 2539: 2535: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2513: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2478: 2473: 2472: 2467: 2463: 2461: 2457: 2456: 2451: 2443: 2438: 2431: 2430: 2424: 2420: 2418: 2408: 2405: 2404: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2382:osteomyelitis 2379: 2375: 2371: 2370: 2365: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2341: 2339: 2335: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2325: 2324:Brachiosaurus 2320: 2319: 2314: 2313: 2308: 2307: 2302: 2301: 2296: 2292: 2291: 2285: 2281: 2280: 2275: 2274: 2273:Magyarosaurus 2267: 2257: 2255: 2253: 2248: 2247: 2242: 2241: 2236: 2235: 2230: 2229: 2224: 2223: 2222:Dreadnoughtus 2218: 2217: 2212: 2211: 2206: 2205: 2200: 2199: 2194: 2193: 2192:Sauroposeidon 2188: 2187: 2186:Borealosaurus 2182: 2181: 2176: 2175: 2174:Brachiosaurus 2170: 2169: 2164: 2163: 2158: 2157: 2152: 2151: 2146: 2145: 2140: 2139: 2134: 2133: 2132:Xinjiangtitan 2128: 2127: 2122: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2102: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2071: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2060: 2055: 2054: 2049: 2048: 2043: 2042: 2037: 2036: 2031: 2026: 2024: 2023: 2018: 2017: 2012: 2011: 2005: 2004: 1999: 1998: 1993: 1992: 1987: 1986: 1981: 1980: 1975: 1971: 1970: 1965: 1964: 1955: 1954: 1949: 1940: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1914: 1899: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1872: 1867: 1864: 1860: 1859:Rodolfo Coria 1856: 1849: 1845: 1844:Plaza Huincul 1841: 1836: 1827: 1824: 1819: 1817: 1812: 1802: 1798: 1795: 1794: 1789: 1788: 1783: 1779: 1774: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1736: 1730: 1726: 1721: 1712: 1710: 1706: 1701: 1699: 1695: 1689: 1685: 1678: 1673: 1663: 1661: 1655: 1653: 1645: 1642: 1641: 1635: 1631: 1628: 1624: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1607: 1603: 1598: 1589: 1587: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1568: 1564: 1563: 1558: 1557: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1536: 1535: 1529: 1520: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1500: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1484: 1482: 1478: 1477:sedimentology 1473: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1447:Palaeobiology 1444: 1440: 1438: 1433: 1424: 1422: 1418: 1413: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1385: 1383: 1379: 1378: 1373: 1372: 1367: 1363: 1362: 1357: 1353: 1346: 1345: 1339: 1330: 1327: 1325: 1321: 1320: 1314: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1285: 1283: 1282:isometrically 1279: 1275: 1272: 1267: 1263: 1261: 1260: 1255: 1254: 1248: 1246: 1242: 1241: 1236: 1235: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1221: 1216: 1206: 1203: 1198: 1194: 1192: 1188: 1187: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1169: 1165: 1164:brachiosaurid 1161: 1160: 1159:Magyarosaurus 1156: 1152: 1151: 1150:Ohmdenosaurus 1145: 1143: 1142:bush elephant 1138: 1137: 1132: 1127: 1126: 1121: 1117: 1116: 1111: 1110: 1105: 1104: 1099: 1098: 1093: 1092: 1086: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1071: 1069: 1064: 1062: 1061: 1056: 1054: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1040: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1026: 1021: 1020: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1003: 998: 996: 992: 988: 984: 975: 966: 964: 960: 957: 953: 949: 939: 935: 933: 932:Ancient Greek 929: 924: 922: 918: 914: 910: 906: 902: 898: 894: 890: 889:Late Jurassic 886: 885:Late Triassic 882: 878: 874: 870: 866: 865: 860: 859: 854: 849: 847: 846: 841: 839: 834: 833: 828: 827: 826:Brachiosaurus 822: 821: 816: 815: 810: 809: 804: 800: 796: 792: 788: 784: 783: 778: 777: 770: 737: 731: 695: 684:Tornier, 1913 682: 679: 674: 671: 666: 665:Opisthocoelia 663: 662: 660: 657: 653: 642: 641: 634: 632: 631: 624: 621: 620: 613: 610: 609: 608:Schleitheimia 602: 600: 599: 592: 590: 589: 582: 580: 579: 572: 570: 569: 562: 560: 559: 558:Ferganasaurus 552: 550: 549: 542: 540: 539: 532: 530: 529: 522: 520: 519: 512: 510: 509: 502: 500: 499: 492: 491: 490: 489: 483: 482: 474: 473: 466: 464: 463: 456: 454: 453: 446: 444: 443: 442:Tazoudasaurus 436: 434: 433: 426: 424: 423: 418: 416: 415: 414:Ohmdenosaurus 410: 408: 407: 402: 401: 397: 391: 389: 388: 381: 379: 378: 371: 369: 368: 361: 359: 358: 351: 349: 348: 341: 339: 338: 331: 329: 328: 321: 319: 318: 317:Blikanasaurus 311: 309: 308: 301: 300: 298: 293: 288: 283: 277: 274: 271: 270: 267: 261: 258: 255: 254: 251: 245: 242: 239: 238: 235: 232: 229: 226: 225: 222: 219: 216: 213: 212: 209: 206: 203: 202: 199: 196: 193: 192: 189: 186: 183: 182: 177: 172: 168: 165: 164: 159: 158: 153: 152: 147: 146: 141: 140: 135: 134: 128: 124: 119: 110: 105: 100: 95: 90: 85: 80: 75: 70: 65: 60: 55: 49: 42: 38: 37:Late Triassic 29: 26: 22: 11924: 11845: 11819:Titanosaurus 11817: 11809: 11802: 11794: 11789:Loricosaurus 11787: 11782:Iuticosaurus 11780: 11773: 11766: 11759: 11751: 11719:Yamanasaurus 11717: 11710: 11703: 11696: 11689: 11681: 11674: 11666: 11660:Abditosaurus 11658: 11637: 11630: 11622: 11615: 11607: 11599: 11592: 11586:Abditosaurus 11584: 11563: 11556: 11548: 11541: 11518:Tapuiasaurus 11516: 11508: 11501: 11481: 11476:Titanomachya 11474: 11467: 11445:Puertasaurus 11443: 11436: 11431:Notocolossus 11429: 11422: 11416:Jiangxititan 11414: 11407: 11399: 11394:Drusilasaura 11392: 11385: 11378:Lognkosauria 11361: 11354: 11347: 11340: 11333: 11326: 11319: 11312:Aeolosaurini 11301:Rinconsaurus 11299: 11292: 11285: 11278: 11270: 11263: 11252:Rinconsauria 11239: 11233:Tengrisaurus 11231: 11226:Quetecsaurus 11224: 11217: 11209: 11202: 11195: 11188: 11181: 11157: 11150: 11116: 11109: 11104:Lohuecotitan 11102: 11095: 11090:Garrigatitan 11088: 11081: 11076:Ampelosaurus 11074: 11049: 11042: 11035: 11030:Uberabatitan 11028: 11023:Sonidosaurus 11021: 11014: 11007: 11000: 10994:Tengrisaurus 10992: 10984: 10977: 10970: 10965:Rapetosaurus 10963: 10956: 10949: 10941: 10934: 10927: 10920: 10913: 10906: 10901:Malawisaurus 10899: 10891: 10884: 10876: 10869: 10862: 10855: 10847: 10842:Huabeisaurus 10840: 10833: 10826: 10818: 10811: 10803: 10796: 10789: 10784:Choconsaurus 10782: 10777:Brasilotitan 10775: 10768: 10760: 10752: 10745: 10738: 10731: 10726:Atacamatitan 10724: 10719:Argyrosaurus 10717: 10710: 10702: 10695: 10687: 10682:Abdarainurus 10680: 10664:Titanosauria 10651:Titanosauria 10620: 10579:Titanosauria 10563:Wintonotitan 10561: 10554: 10547: 10540: 10533: 10509: 10504:Yongjinglong 10502: 10495: 10490:Tambatitanis 10488: 10481: 10474: 10467: 10459: 10454:Huanghetitan 10452: 10447:Huabeisaurus 10445: 10438: 10433:Gannansaurus 10431: 10424: 10417: 10411:Chiayusaurus 10409: 10401: 10381: 10374: 10367: 10360: 10353: 10346: 10339: 10332: 10325: 10317: 10310: 10305:Jiutaisaurus 10303: 10297:Jiangxititan 10295: 10290:Garumbatitan 10288: 10281: 10274: 10269:Dongbeititan 10267: 10260: 10253: 10246: 10241:Austrosaurus 10239: 10232: 10225: 10218: 10194: 10189:Venenosaurus 10187: 10180: 10175:Sonorasaurus 10173: 10166: 10161:Giraffatitan 10159: 10151: 10146:Cedarosaurus 10144: 10137: 10130: 10123: 10102: 10097:Pelorosaurus 10095: 10088: 10081: 10074: 10067: 10060: 10053: 10023: 10018:Camarasaurus 10016: 9996: 9990:Haestasaurus 9988: 9983:Europasaurus 9981: 9973: 9966: 9958: 9951: 9944: 9859: 9852: 9845: 9837: 9830: 9823: 9816: 9809: 9802:Diplodocinae 9791:Brontosaurus 9789: 9781: 9774: 9768:Amphicoelias 9766: 9750:Diplodocidae 9737: 9730: 9723: 9716: 9709: 9702: 9694: 9687: 9680: 9675:Bajadasaurus 9673: 9666: 9661:Amargasaurus 9659: 9622: 9615: 9608: 9601: 9594: 9587: 9568:Rayososaurus 9566: 9559: 9552: 9525:Zapalasaurus 9523: 9518:Xenoposeidon 9516: 9509: 9502: 9494: 9487: 9480: 9472: 9465: 9460:Campananeyen 9458: 9453:Amazonsaurus 9451: 9444: 9409: 9350: 9320: 9313: 9306: 9299: 9292: 9285: 9278: 9216:Neosauropoda 9203: 9196: 9189: 9181: 9173: 9166: 9159: 9152: 9145: 9137: 9131:Haestasaurus 9129: 9121: 9114: 9094: 9087: 9080: 9073: 9066: 9059: 9052: 9045: 9038: 9031: 9023: 9016: 9009: 9002: 8995: 8987: 8980: 8972: 8965: 8958: 8939:Patagosaurus 8937: 8929: 8921: 8914: 8907: 8889:Volkheimeria 8887: 8880: 8873: 8866: 8861:Perijasaurus 8859: 8854:Nebulasaurus 8852: 8845: 8838: 8833:Dystrophaeus 8831: 8824: 8817: 8810: 8805:Barapasaurus 8803: 8796: 8791:Asiatosaurus 8789: 8782: 8752: 8745: 8724: 8716: 8711:Rhoetosaurus 8709: 8702: 8695: 8687: 8655:Lessemsaurus 8653: 8646: 8639: 8634:Antetonitrus 8632: 8611: 8604: 8597: 8589: 8581: 8574: 8567: 8560: 8553: 8546: 8529: 8516: 8483: 8431: 8419: 8412: 8405: 8398: 8391: 8384: 8377: 8370: 8363: 8356: 8349: 8325: 8320:Yizhousaurus 8318: 8310: 8303: 8296: 8289: 8281: 8256: 8249: 8242: 8235: 8228: 8221: 8214: 8208:Ignavusaurus 8206: 8199: 8192: 8185: 8165: 8158: 8138: 8131: 8124: 8117: 8112:Ignavusaurus 8110: 8103: 8096: 8068:Yimenosaurus 8066: 8061:Plateosaurus 8059: 8052: 8045: 8038: 8031: 8013:Xixiposaurus 8011: 8004: 7997: 7985:Plateosauria 7967: 7960: 7953: 7946:Unaysauridae 7933: 7926: 7919: 7912: 7905: 7898: 7891: 7857: 7849: 7841: 7834: 7827: 7819: 7811: 7791: 7784: 7777: 7772:Guaibasaurus 7770: 7763: 7756: 7749: 7635: 7626: 7549: 7546:Osmólska, H. 7514: 7511:Wilson, J.A. 7507:Rogers, K.C. 7498: 7461: 7457: 7453: 7412: 7408: 7402: 7393: 7389: 7383: 7375: 7342: 7338: 7335:Aliwalia rex 7334: 7328: 7301: 7297: 7287: 7270: 7266: 7256: 7231: 7227: 7217: 7209: 7204: 7195: 7187: 7182: 7157: 7153: 7147: 7138: 7129: 7120: 7110: 7077: 7073: 7066: 7025: 7021: 7011: 6986: 6982: 6972: 6961: 6952: 6943:Live Science 6941: 6932: 6899: 6895: 6884: 6864: 6857: 6838: 6832: 6787: 6783: 6727: 6723: 6713: 6670: 6666: 6656: 6629: 6625: 6615: 6590: 6586: 6579: 6552: 6548: 6521:. Retrieved 6510: 6499:. Retrieved 6488: 6443: 6439: 6429: 6417: 6406: 6397: 6364: 6360: 6316: 6312: 6302: 6267: 6263: 6253: 6221:(3): 317–9. 6218: 6214: 6204: 6189: 6181: 6154: 6112: 6108: 6098: 6065: 6062:Paleobiology 6061: 6055: 6046: 6042: 6036: 6011: 6007: 5975: 5961: 5950:. Retrieved 5948:. 2015-12-02 5945: 5936: 5919: 5915: 5909: 5874: 5870: 5806: 5802: 5792: 5749: 5745: 5674: 5670: 5660: 5649:. Retrieved 5590: 5586: 5561: 5528: 5522: 5485: 5481: 5458: 5454: 5445: 5410: 5406: 5396: 5355: 5352:Paleobiology 5351: 5338: 5329: 5325: 5318: 5310: 5293: 5289: 5283: 5250: 5244: 5218: 5209: 5199: 5187:. Retrieved 5176: 5155: 5148: 5128: 5121: 5080: 5076: 5040: 5036: 5023: 4990: 4986: 4932: 4928: 4924: 4918: 4877: 4871: 4865: 4853:. Retrieved 4815: 4809: 4796: 4775:cite journal 4760: 4717: 4713: 4672: 4644: 4640: 4607: 4603: 4599: 4581: 4577: 4573: 4567: 4526: 4522:Paleobiology 4520: 4507: 4496:. Retrieved 4492:the original 4481: 4472: 4468: 4462: 4452: 4444: 4412: 4408: 4398: 4363: 4359: 4353: 4333: 4326: 4306: 4299: 4289: 4283: 4263: 4256: 4237: 4233: 4223: 4198: 4194: 4190: 4184: 4149: 4145: 4135: 4094: 4090: 4084: 4055: 4051: 4025: 3988: 3984: 3974: 3963: 3954: 3943: 3934: 3735: 3726: 3725: 3700: 3691: 3690: 3662: 3661: 3635:Rapetosaurus 3632: 3631: 3606:Malawisaurus 3603: 3602: 3591:Titanosauria 3574: 3573: 3544: 3543: 3518:Camarasaurus 3515: 3514: 3445: 3444: 3427: 3426: 3397: 3396: 3385:Diplodocidae 3354: 3353: 3334:Amargasaurus 3331: 3330: 3281: 3280: 3263: 3262: 3218: 3217: 3206:Neosauropoda 3189: 3188: 3164: 3163: 3114: 3113: 3096: 3095: 3049:Patagosaurus 3046: 3045: 3019:Barapasaurus 3016: 3015: 2986: 2985: 2957: 2956: 2927: 2926: 2905:Antetonitrus 2902: 2901: 2889: 2878: 2867: 2861: 2855: 2853: 2834:Prosauropoda 2815: 2808: 2794: 2790: 2783: 2777: 2773:Antetonitrus 2771: 2763: 2759: 2746: 2723: 2719: 2713: 2709: 2707: 2700: 2696: 2688: 2677:phylogenetic 2674: 2664: 2660: 2654: 2648: 2640: 2636:Giraffatitan 2634: 2628: 2624:Camarasaurus 2622: 2611:Titanosaurus 2609: 2605: 2598:Camarasaurus 2597: 2593:Camarasaurus 2591: 2585: 2578:Pelorosaurus 2577: 2573: 2571: 2564: 2552: 2545:Harry Seeley 2542: 2537: 2533:Pelorosaurus 2531: 2520: 2514: 2509: 2505: 2493: 2489: 2481: 2475: 2469: 2466:Richard Owen 2464: 2460:Edward Lhuyd 2453: 2447: 2442:Camarasaurus 2441: 2427: 2414: 2401: 2393: 2376:fossil from 2367: 2366: 2347: 2331: 2322: 2318:Camarasaurus 2316: 2312:Europasaurus 2310: 2304: 2300:Ampelosaurus 2298: 2290:Rapetosaurus 2288: 2283: 2279:Europasaurus 2277: 2271: 2269: 2252:Huanghetitan 2250: 2244: 2238: 2232: 2228:Notocolossus 2226: 2220: 2214: 2210:Puertasaurus 2208: 2202: 2196: 2190: 2184: 2180:Giraffatitan 2178: 2172: 2168:Camarasaurus 2166: 2160: 2154: 2148: 2142: 2136: 2130: 2124: 2118: 2112:Kimmeridgian 2108: 2091:Titanosauria 2079:Neosauropoda 2077: 2064:coelophysoid 2057: 2053:Patagosaurus 2051: 2045: 2039: 2035:Barapasaurus 2033: 2027: 2020: 2016:Plateosaurus 2014: 2008: 2003:Guaibasaurus 2001: 1995: 1989: 1983: 1977: 1967: 1961: 1959: 1951: 1935: 1930:, and other 1928:terror birds 1919: 1917: 1912: 1869: 1865: 1863:Lee Margetts 1855:Bill Sellers 1852: 1822: 1820: 1807: 1791: 1785: 1775: 1769: 1759: 1702: 1697: 1693: 1690: 1686: 1683: 1656: 1648: 1644: 1638: 1620: 1611: 1601: 1583: 1571: 1560: 1554: 1540: 1532: 1517:Isle of Skye 1511:deposits on 1501: 1489:macronarians 1485: 1481:biomechanics 1474: 1455: 1441: 1434: 1430: 1421:Camarasaurus 1420: 1416: 1414: 1409: 1406:Camarasaurus 1405: 1401: 1398:Camarasaurus 1397: 1393: 1391: 1377:Ampelosaurus 1375: 1369: 1359: 1349: 1344:Ampelosaurus 1342: 1328: 1317: 1315: 1291: 1276: 1268: 1264: 1257: 1251: 1249: 1240:Barapasaurus 1238: 1232: 1218: 1212: 1199: 1195: 1190: 1184: 1168:Europasaurus 1166: 1157: 1148: 1146: 1134: 1123: 1118:(50-55 1115:Puertasaurus 1113: 1107: 1101: 1096: 1089: 1087: 1078: 1072: 1065: 1058: 1055:huinculensis 1051: 1047: 1043: 1037: 1023: 1017: 999: 980: 945: 936: 925: 873:Antetonitrus 872: 864:Antetonitrus 862: 856: 850: 843: 836: 832:Camarasaurus 830: 824: 818: 812: 806: 780: 774: 735: 693: 692: 680: 676:Seeley, 1870 672: 664: 640:Yizhousaurus 638: 628: 617: 606: 596: 586: 576: 568:Nebulasaurus 566: 556: 546: 536: 526: 518:Asiatosaurus 516: 506: 496: 470: 460: 450: 440: 430: 422:Rhoetosaurus 420: 412: 406:Barapasaurus 404: 395: 385: 377:Volkheimeria 375: 365: 355: 345: 335: 325: 315: 305: 281: 272: 256: 240: 227: 214: 163:Amargasaurus 161: 155: 149: 145:Giraffatitan 143: 137: 131: 46:228–66 25: 11949:Wikispecies 11804:Microcoelus 11712:Saltasaurus 11698:Paralititan 11594:Alamosaurus 11483:Udelartitan 11438:Patagotitan 11335:Bravasaurus 11328:Arrudatitan 11321:Aeolosaurus 11287:Overosaurus 11219:Jainosaurus 11197:Bonitasaura 11118:Paludititan 11009:Traukutitan 10704:Angolatitan 10511:Yunmenglong 10476:Qiaowanlong 10369:Sibirotitan 10334:Oceanotitan 10276:Europatitan 10255:Brontomerus 10248:Brohisaurus 10220:Angolatitan 10153:Galvesaurus 10125:Abydosaurus 10090:Ornithopsis 10083:Fusuisaurus 10069:Eucamerotus 9968:Daanosaurus 9953:Aragosaurus 9854:Supersaurus 9776:Apatosaurus 9739:Tharosaurus 9610:Nigersaurus 9561:Limaysaurus 9322:Ultrasaurus 9198:Turiasaurus 9161:Moabosaurus 9154:Mierasaurus 9123:Bellusaurus 9107:Turiasauria 9047:Qijianglong 9011:Hudiesaurus 8989:Datousaurus 8909:Cetiosaurus 8868:Shunosaurus 8812:Bellusaurus 8784:Algoasaurus 8770:Eusauropoda 8718:Sanpasaurus 8671:Gravisauria 8591:Pulanesaura 8576:Isanosaurus 8548:Amygdalodon 8414:Pulanesaura 8372:Irisosaurus 8358:Anchisaurus 8338:Anchisauria 8312:Xingxiulong 8258:Xingxiulong 8251:Sarahsaurus 8167:Riojasaurus 8133:Sarahsaurus 8119:Kholumolumo 7962:Macrocollum 7900:Asylosaurus 7836:Nhandumirim 7813:Buriolestes 7779:Mbiresaurus 7751:Buriolestes 7273:(1): 3–32. 7267:Ameghiniana 6896:Ameghiniana 6184:. Brussels. 4935:(2): 1–11. 4610:: 131–138. 4574:Supersaurus 4475:(6): 26–33. 4075:10362/33146 3729:Saltasaurus 3400:Apatosaurus 3284:Nigersaurus 3266:Limaysaurus 3167:Cetiosaurus 2989:Shunosaurus 2974:Eusauropoda 2845:Thyreophora 2796:Saltasaurus 2785:Isanosaurus 2710:Gravisauria 2665:Cetiosaurus 2606:Cetiosaurus 2587:Apatosaurus 2574:Cetiosaurus 2566:Ornithopsis 2538:Cetiosaurus 2521:Cetiosaurus 2506:Cetiosaurus 2494:Cetiosaurus 2490:Cetiosaurus 2477:Cetiosaurus 2452:descriptor 2390:Bauru Basin 2372:, a nanoid 2254:ruyangensis 2246:Alamosaurus 2240:Patagotitan 2198:Paralititan 2156:Supersaurus 2150:Apatosaurus 2120:Turiasaurus 2095:titanosaurs 2085:, or other 2022:Riojasaurus 2010:Anchisaurus 1826:preserved. 1811:titanosaurs 1698:Apatosaurus 1652:titanosaurs 1567:diplodocids 1562:Bellusaurus 1556:Alamosaurus 1394:Nigersaurus 1371:Saltasaurus 1366:titanosaurs 1361:Shunosaurus 1319:Ornithopsis 1294:saurischian 1245:eusauropods 1213:As massive 1181:diplodocoid 1120:metric tons 1109:Patagotitan 1019:Supersaurus 1014:sonic booms 1002:diplodocids 948:herbivorous 942:Description 909:titanosaurs 905:titanosaurs 893:diplodocids 858:Isanosaurus 820:Alamosaurus 808:Apatosaurus 795:saurischian 673:Cetiosauria 630:Ultrasaurus 598:Sanpasaurus 538:Bellusaurus 498:Algoasaurus 472:Eusauropoda 396:Gravisauria 367:Pulanesaura 347:Isanosaurus 307:Amygdalodon 266:Anchisauria 157:Shunosaurus 133:Patagotitan 11999:Categories 11705:Rocasaurus 11632:Qunkasaura 11601:Baurutitan 11363:Shingopana 11190:Baalsaurus 11037:Volgatitan 10972:Rukwatitan 10936:Nullotitan 10922:Ninjatitan 10857:Kaijutitan 10828:Gandititan 10791:Daxiatitan 10754:Baurutitan 10697:Andesaurus 10588:see below↓ 10283:Fukuititan 10227:Arkharavia 10182:Soriatitan 10132:Atlasaurus 10104:Rugocaudia 10062:Duriatitan 9998:Yuzhoulong 9946:Abrosaurus 9928:Macronaria 9915:Macronaria 9839:Kaatedocus 9832:Galeamopus 9825:Diplodocus 9811:Barosaurus 9718:Pilmatueia 9711:Lingwulong 9704:Kaatedocus 9624:Tataouinea 9536:Khebbashia 9511:Sidersaura 9241:Macronaria 9191:Tendaguria 9175:Oplosaurus 9139:Janenschia 9040:Omeisaurus 8916:Chebsaurus 8840:Janenschia 8754:Vulcanodon 8697:Kotasaurus 8648:Ledumahadi 8441:see below↓ 8400:Meroktenos 8216:Leyesaurus 8105:Gyposaurus 7969:Unaysaurus 7928:Pantydraco 7893:Arcusaurus 7859:Saturnalia 7692:see below↓ 7640:Dinosauria 7622:Sauropsida 7538:Dodson, P. 7415:: 103145. 7080:: 104672. 7028:: 104672. 6523:2013-08-16 6501:2013-08-16 6215:Biol. Lett 6049:: 209–213. 5952:2016-03-22 5651:2013-08-14 5296:: 161–171. 5189:22 January 4993:: 104754. 4498:2007-07-07 3960:"sauropod" 3940:"sauropod" 3927:References 3503:Macronaria 3448:Diplodocus 3430:Barosaurus 3117:Omeisaurus 2930:Vulcanodon 2890:†Sauropoda 2764:Vulcanodon 2693:stem-based 2675:The first 2661:Diplodocus 2656:Diplodocus 2561:pterosaurs 2502:Dinosauria 2498:crocodiles 2374:titanosaur 2295:Madagascar 2162:Barosaurus 2144:Diplodocus 2059:Allosaurus 2041:Kotasaurus 1997:Saturnalia 1991:Pantydraco 1969:Marasuchus 1782:Berriasian 1764:and other 1694:Diplodocus 1618:diplodocid 1602:Diplodocus 1497:locomotion 1417:Diplodocus 1410:Diplodocus 1402:Diplodocus 1382:osteoderms 1368:, such as 1259:Janenschia 1253:metacarpal 1234:Vulcanodon 1215:quadrupeds 1155:titanosaur 1131:blue whale 1103:Barosaurus 1079:Barosaurus 1060:Barosaurus 1025:Diplodocus 991:blue whale 963:diagnostic 952:quadrupeds 921:Antarctica 917:Fossilised 899:). By the 838:Diplodocus 681:Diplodocia 668:Owen, 1860 452:Vulcanodon 357:Kotasaurus 295:Subgroups 234:Saurischia 221:Dinosauria 151:Omeisaurus 139:Barosaurus 21:Saurischia 12005:Sauropods 11955:Sauropoda 11925:Sauropoda 11668:Bonatitan 11550:Isisaurus 11356:Punatitan 10835:Hamititan 10813:Elaltitan 10762:Bonatitan 10483:Silutitan 10440:Gobititan 10426:Euhelopus 10168:Lusotitan 9861:Tornieria 9847:Leinkupal 9732:Suuwassea 9446:Agustinia 9294:Dinodocus 9287:Cardiodon 9018:Jingiella 8967:Anhuilong 8530:Sauropoda 8517:Sauropoda 8432:Sauropoda 8407:Mussaurus 8365:Camelotia 8244:Pradhania 8084:Massopoda 7851:Panphagia 7793:Panphagia 7608:Kingdom: 7499:about.com 7437:233579282 7337:Galton". 7279:1851-8044 7248:0016-7606 7102:225134198 7058:225134198 7050:0195-6671 7003:247172509 6924:251875979 6916:0002-7014 6839:Dinosaurs 6744:1742-5689 6687:1744-9561 5766:1464-7931 5453:". (pdf) 5015:233582290 4965:259782734 4957:0024-1164 4910:250056201 4902:0266-6979 4828:CiteSeerX 4734:210840060 4551:0094-8373 4390:219245525 3665:Isisaurus 2880:Cladogram 2857:Euhelopus 2801:vertebrae 2743:cladistic 2642:Euhelopus 2515:In 1850, 2510:Cardiodon 2482:Cardiodon 2471:Cardiodon 2398:Aureliano 2358:Chongqing 2116:turiasaur 1985:Panphagia 1943:Body size 1932:dinosaurs 1924:hominoids 1880:ichnology 1876:histology 1848:Argentina 1780:of early 1762:trackways 1760:Sauropod 1705:tetrapods 1660:elephants 1586:precocial 1565:and some 1551:Argentina 1324:pterosaur 1306:vertebrae 1298:theropods 1225:elephants 1202:Walmadany 1183:sauropod 983:ecosystem 887:. By the 881:Greenland 799:dinosaurs 736:sauropods 694:Sauropoda 282:Sauropoda 194:Kingdom: 188:Eukaryota 31:Sauropods 11969:42333651 11934:Wikidata 11676:Ibirania 11342:Caieiria 11152:Inawentu 10355:Ruixinia 10196:Vouivria 10055:Astrodon 9308:Neosodon 8798:Bagualia 8641:Ingentia 8351:Aardonyx 8298:Qianlong 8126:Musankwa 8098:Gryponyx 8006:Ruehleia 7921:Nambalia 7914:Efraasia 7821:Eoraptor 7758:Eoraptor 7616:Chordata 7614:Phylum: 7610:Animalia 7548:(eds.). 7513:(2005). 7471:See also 7367:85202575 7320:83180197 6824:24348896 6784:PLOS ONE 6762:21233145 6705:20591856 6480:23967284 6440:PLOS ONE 6411:abstract 6389:10221910 6343:11052540 6245:19364714 6137:17788971 6090:84437615 5946:Wired UK 5901:15252977 5843:24204747 5803:PLOS ONE 5784:21251189 5711:24205266 5671:PLOS ONE 5627:23874921 5587:PLOS ONE 5514:23638372 5437:41222371 5429:17721981 5388:86258781 5332:: 47–52. 5275:85667519 5105:16760975 4850:56028251 4647:: e1037. 4616:56215581 4559:83696153 4441:23638372 4215:82631097 4176:12965005 4119:10993074 4017:25870766 3991:: e857. 3910:See also 2826:Toarcian 2770:such as 2739:Moroccan 2699:but not 2549:air sacs 2450:Linnaean 2444:skeleton 2369:Ibirania 2333:Ibirania 1979:Eoraptor 1755:Portugal 1725:Rovereto 1513:Scotland 1505:Jurassic 1470:air sacs 1302:air sacs 1288:Air sacs 1271:Portugal 1034:vertebra 1030:holotype 987:rorquals 956:proximal 869:Triassic 805:include 656:Synonyms 528:Bagualia 208:Chordata 204:Phylum: 198:Animalia 184:Domain: 10712:Arackar 9116:Amanzia 8960:Analong 8847:Jobaria 8305:Seitaad 7620:Class: 7417:Bibcode 7347:Bibcode 7162:Bibcode 7082:Bibcode 7030:Bibcode 6815:3864407 6792:Bibcode 6753:3119880 6696:3030862 6634:Bibcode 6595:Bibcode 6557:Bibcode 6471:3743800 6448:Bibcode 6369:Bibcode 6361:Science 6334:1690760 6294:7378155 6286:1354287 6236:2679936 6117:Bibcode 6109:Science 6070:Bibcode 6016:Bibcode 5892:1810024 5834:3812985 5811:Bibcode 5775:3045712 5702:3812995 5679:Bibcode 5618:3714237 5595:Bibcode 5505:3628838 5488:: e36. 5461:: 18pp. 5380:4096900 5360:Bibcode 5255:Bibcode 5113:4361820 5085:Bibcode 5059:2092950 4995:Bibcode 4937:Bibcode 4929:Lethaia 4882:Bibcode 4820:Bibcode 4677:Bibcode 4531:Bibcode 4432:3628838 4415:: e36. 4167:1691423 4127:4387776 4099:Bibcode 4008:4393826 3192:Jobaria 2869:Jobaria 2768:species 2486:reptile 2417:England 2306:Amanzia 2068:Germany 2062:-sized 1974:bauplan 1709:ostrich 1466:ecology 1462:aquatic 1452:Ecology 1177:Germany 1083:giraffe 1008:like a 773:; from 11940:Q14416 11241:Vahiny 11002:Tiamat 10419:Erketu 8237:Ngwevu 7525: 7435: 7365: 7318: 7277: 7246: 7100: 7056: 7048: 7001: 6922: 6914: 6872: 6845: 6822: 6812: 6760: 6750: 6742: 6703: 6693: 6685: 6478: 6468: 6387: 6341: 6331: 6292: 6284: 6264:Lancet 6243: 6233: 6161: 6135: 6088: 5899: 5889: 5841: 5831: 5782: 5772: 5764: 5709: 5699: 5625: 5615: 5535: 5512: 5502: 5435: 5427: 5386: 5378: 5326:Kaupia 5273: 5223:Press. 5164: 5136: 5111: 5103: 5077:Nature 5057: 5013: 4963: 4955: 4908: 4900: 4855:7 July 4848: 4830: 4732: 4614: 4557: 4549: 4439: 4429: 4388: 4341: 4314: 4271: 4213: 4174: 4164: 4125: 4117: 4091:Nature 4015: 4005: 2753:family 2732:French 2724:et al. 2639:, and 2378:Brazil 2338:nanism 1866:et al. 1823:et al. 1614:Osborn 1608:, 1911 1509:lagoon 1458:whales 1179:. The 803:genera 787:lizard 776:sauro- 289:, 1878 160:, and 11982:95571 7636:Clade 7627:Clade 7433:S2CID 7363:S2CID 7316:S2CID 7098:S2CID 7054:S2CID 6999:S2CID 6920:S2CID 6902:(5). 6545:(PDF) 6290:S2CID 6086:S2CID 6004:(PDF) 5482:PeerJ 5433:S2CID 5384:S2CID 5376:JSTOR 5348:(PDF) 5271:S2CID 5241:(PDF) 5109:S2CID 5055:S2CID 5033:(PDF) 5011:S2CID 4961:S2CID 4906:S2CID 4846:S2CID 4806:(PDF) 4730:S2CID 4710:(PDF) 4637:(PDF) 4612:S2CID 4555:S2CID 4517:(PDF) 4469:Earth 4409:PeerJ 4386:S2CID 4211:S2CID 4123:S2CID 3985:PeerJ 2842:basal 2830:fauna 2805:femur 2728:clade 2557:birds 2529:genus 2066:from 1892:femur 1729:Italy 1543:herds 1427:Necks 1388:Teeth 1356:clubs 1352:armor 1333:Armor 1229:manus 1220:manus 1112:with 1042:(now 1006:crack 791:clade 287:Marsh 273:Clade 257:Clade 241:Clade 228:Clade 215:Clade 11543:Igai 8047:Issi 7669:see 7523:ISBN 7275:ISSN 7244:ISSN 7046:ISSN 6912:ISSN 6870:ISBN 6843:ISBN 6820:PMID 6758:PMID 6740:ISSN 6701:PMID 6683:ISSN 6476:PMID 6385:PMID 6339:PMID 6282:PMID 6241:PMID 6159:ISBN 6133:PMID 6043:GAIA 5897:PMID 5839:PMID 5780:PMID 5762:ISSN 5707:PMID 5623:PMID 5533:ISBN 5510:PMID 5459:311A 5425:PMID 5290:Gaia 5191:2021 5162:ISBN 5157:2013 5134:ISBN 5101:PMID 4953:ISSN 4898:ISSN 4857:2024 4788:help 4547:ISSN 4437:PMID 4339:ISBN 4312:ISBN 4269:ISBN 4172:PMID 4115:PMID 4013:PMID 2872:and 2840:and 2824:and 2793:and 2782:and 2762:and 2726:The 2718:and 2590:and 2559:and 2508:and 2474:and 2321:and 2243:and 2177:and 2159:and 2129:and 2050:and 2038:and 2019:and 2000:and 1966:and 1888:ilia 1884:ulna 1878:and 1696:and 1493:punt 1479:and 1374:and 1237:and 1010:whip 969:Size 895:and 861:and 842:and 782:-pod 54:PreꞒ 11964:EoL 9205:Zby 7425:doi 7413:107 7355:doi 7306:doi 7302:175 7236:doi 7170:doi 7158:113 7090:doi 7078:118 7038:doi 7026:118 6991:doi 6963:CNN 6904:doi 6810:PMC 6800:doi 6748:PMC 6732:doi 6691:PMC 6675:doi 6642:doi 6603:doi 6591:310 6565:doi 6466:PMC 6456:doi 6405:". 6377:doi 6365:284 6329:PMC 6321:doi 6317:267 6272:doi 6268:340 6231:PMC 6223:doi 6125:doi 6078:doi 6024:doi 6012:274 5924:doi 5887:PMC 5879:doi 5875:271 5829:PMC 5819:doi 5770:PMC 5754:doi 5697:PMC 5687:doi 5613:PMC 5603:doi 5500:PMC 5490:doi 5415:doi 5411:290 5368:doi 5263:doi 5093:doi 5081:441 5045:doi 5003:doi 4991:122 4945:doi 4890:doi 4838:doi 4722:doi 4602:". 4539:doi 4427:PMC 4417:doi 4376:hdl 4368:doi 4242:doi 4203:doi 4199:171 4162:PMC 4154:doi 4150:270 4107:doi 4095:407 4070:hdl 4060:doi 4003:PMC 3993:doi 2705:". 2687:of 2396:by 1749:at 1604:by 1549:of 1515:'s 1262:). 1036:of 793:of 785:, ' 751:ɔːr 12001:: 11979:: 11966:: 11951:: 11936:: 7638:: 7629:: 7521:. 7509:; 7497:. 7462:30 7460:, 7445:^ 7431:. 7423:. 7411:. 7394:30 7392:. 7388:. 7361:. 7353:. 7343:19 7341:. 7314:. 7300:. 7296:. 7271:34 7269:. 7265:. 7242:. 7232:30 7230:. 7226:. 7168:. 7156:. 7137:. 7119:. 7096:. 7088:. 7076:. 7052:. 7044:. 7036:. 7024:. 7020:. 6997:. 6987:35 6985:. 6981:. 6960:. 6940:. 6918:. 6910:. 6900:59 6898:. 6894:. 6818:. 6808:. 6798:. 6786:. 6782:. 6770:^ 6756:. 6746:. 6738:. 6726:. 6722:. 6699:. 6689:. 6681:. 6669:. 6665:. 6640:. 6630:47 6628:. 6624:. 6601:. 6589:. 6563:. 6553:52 6551:. 6547:. 6532:^ 6474:. 6464:. 6454:. 6442:. 6438:. 6383:. 6375:. 6363:. 6351:^ 6337:. 6327:. 6315:. 6311:. 6288:. 6280:. 6266:. 6262:. 6239:. 6229:. 6217:. 6213:. 6173:^ 6145:^ 6131:. 6123:. 6113:10 6111:. 6107:. 6084:. 6076:. 6066:40 6064:. 6047:10 6045:. 6022:. 6010:. 6006:. 5987:^ 5944:. 5918:. 5895:. 5885:. 5873:. 5869:. 5851:^ 5837:. 5827:. 5817:. 5805:. 5801:. 5778:. 5768:. 5760:. 5750:86 5748:. 5744:. 5719:^ 5705:. 5695:. 5685:. 5673:. 5669:. 5635:^ 5621:. 5611:. 5601:. 5589:. 5585:. 5573:^ 5564:. 5547:^ 5508:. 5498:. 5484:. 5480:. 5466:^ 5457:, 5431:. 5423:. 5409:. 5405:. 5382:. 5374:. 5366:. 5356:30 5354:. 5350:. 5330:14 5328:. 5302:^ 5294:10 5292:. 5269:. 5261:. 5251:23 5249:. 5243:. 5228:^ 5208:. 5107:. 5099:. 5091:. 5079:. 5067:^ 5053:. 5043:. 5041:60 5039:. 5035:. 5009:. 5001:. 4989:. 4985:. 4973:^ 4959:. 4951:. 4943:. 4933:56 4931:. 4904:. 4896:. 4888:. 4878:38 4876:. 4844:. 4836:. 4826:. 4816:16 4814:. 4808:. 4779:: 4777:}} 4773:{{ 4742:^ 4728:. 4718:85 4716:. 4712:. 4689:^ 4653:^ 4643:. 4639:. 4624:^ 4608:36 4606:. 4590:^ 4582:65 4580:. 4553:. 4545:. 4537:. 4527:23 4525:. 4519:. 4471:. 4443:. 4435:. 4425:. 4411:. 4407:. 4384:. 4374:. 4364:16 4362:. 4238:62 4236:. 4232:. 4209:. 4197:. 4170:. 4160:. 4148:. 4144:. 4121:. 4113:. 4105:. 4093:. 4068:. 4056:62 4054:. 4050:. 4036:^ 4011:. 4001:. 3987:. 3983:. 3962:. 3942:. 2876:. 2866:, 2860:, 2851:. 2836:, 2813:. 2776:, 2663:, 2633:, 2627:, 2608:, 2540:. 2488:. 2480:. 2388:, 2364:. 2356:, 2237:, 2231:, 2225:, 2219:, 2213:, 2207:, 2201:, 2195:, 2189:, 2153:, 2147:, 2141:, 2070:. 1994:, 1988:, 1982:, 1926:, 1868:, 1861:, 1857:, 1846:, 1842:, 1753:, 1727:, 1569:. 1559:, 1016:. 997:. 923:. 915:. 855:. 848:. 835:, 829:, 823:, 817:, 811:, 779:+ 706:ɔː 275:: 259:: 243:: 230:: 217:: 154:, 148:, 142:, 136:, 104:Pg 48:Ma 43:, 11814:? 11799:? 11756:? 11686:? 11671:? 11663:? 11642:? 11627:? 11612:? 11604:? 11589:? 11568:? 11553:? 11521:? 11513:? 11419:? 11404:? 11275:? 11236:? 11214:? 11054:? 10997:? 10989:? 10946:? 10896:? 10881:? 10852:? 10823:? 10808:? 10765:? 10757:? 10707:? 10692:? 10566:? 10464:? 10414:? 10406:? 10322:? 10300:? 10156:? 10107:? 9993:? 9978:? 9963:? 9842:? 9786:? 9771:? 9699:? 9571:? 9499:? 9477:? 9186:? 9178:? 9142:? 9134:? 9126:? 9028:? 8992:? 8977:? 8942:? 8934:? 8926:? 8729:? 8721:? 8692:? 8616:? 8594:? 8586:? 8315:? 8286:? 8261:? 8211:? 7854:? 7846:? 7824:? 7816:? 7584:e 7577:t 7570:v 7531:. 7439:. 7427:: 7419:: 7369:. 7357:: 7349:: 7322:. 7308:: 7281:. 7250:. 7238:: 7176:. 7172:: 7164:: 7141:. 7123:. 7104:. 7092:: 7084:: 7060:. 7040:: 7032:: 7005:. 6993:: 6926:. 6906:: 6878:. 6851:. 6826:. 6802:: 6794:: 6788:8 6764:. 6734:: 6728:8 6707:. 6677:: 6671:7 6650:. 6644:: 6636:: 6609:. 6605:: 6597:: 6573:. 6567:: 6559:: 6526:. 6504:. 6482:. 6458:: 6450:: 6444:8 6391:. 6379:: 6371:: 6345:. 6323:: 6296:. 6274:: 6247:. 6225:: 6219:5 6167:. 6139:. 6127:: 6119:: 6092:. 6080:: 6072:: 6030:. 6026:: 6018:: 5969:. 5955:. 5930:. 5926:: 5920:4 5903:. 5881:: 5845:. 5821:: 5813:: 5807:8 5786:. 5756:: 5713:. 5689:: 5681:: 5675:8 5654:. 5629:. 5605:: 5597:: 5591:8 5568:. 5541:. 5516:. 5492:: 5486:1 5439:. 5417:: 5390:. 5370:: 5362:: 5277:. 5265:: 5257:: 5212:. 5193:. 5170:. 5142:. 5115:. 5095:: 5087:: 5061:. 5047:: 5017:. 5005:: 4997:: 4967:. 4947:: 4939:: 4912:. 4892:: 4884:: 4859:. 4840:: 4822:: 4790:) 4786:( 4769:. 4754:. 4736:. 4724:: 4683:. 4679:: 4645:3 4618:. 4561:. 4541:: 4533:: 4501:. 4473:3 4419:: 4413:1 4392:. 4378:: 4370:: 4347:. 4320:. 4277:. 4250:. 4244:: 4217:. 4205:: 4178:. 4156:: 4129:. 4109:: 4101:: 4078:. 4072:: 4062:: 4019:. 3995:: 3989:3 3727:† 3692:† 3663:† 3633:† 3618:† 3604:† 3589:† 3575:† 3545:† 3530:† 3516:† 3501:† 3446:† 3428:† 3398:† 3383:† 3355:† 3332:† 3317:† 3282:† 3264:† 3249:† 3238:† 3219:† 3204:† 3190:† 3165:† 3115:† 3097:† 3082:† 3047:† 3017:† 2987:† 2972:† 2958:† 2928:† 2903:† 2645:. 2551:( 879:( 840:, 769:/ 766:z 763:d 760:ɒ 757:p 754:ə 748:s 745:ˈ 742:/ 738:( 730:/ 727:ə 724:d 721:ə 718:p 715:ɒ 712:r 709:ˈ 703:s 700:/ 696:( 643:? 636:† 626:† 622:? 615:† 611:? 604:† 594:† 584:† 574:† 564:† 554:† 544:† 534:† 524:† 514:† 504:† 494:† 468:† 458:† 448:† 438:† 428:† 419:† 411:† 403:† 393:† 383:† 373:† 363:† 353:† 343:† 333:† 323:† 313:† 303:† 279:† 263:† 247:† 109:N 99:K 94:J 89:T 84:P 79:C 74:D 69:S 64:O 59:Ꞓ 39:– 23:.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index