Tipping points in the climate system

2257: 250:. At that time the IPCC concluded they would only be likely in the event of global warming of 4 °C (7.2 °F) or more above preindustrial times, and another early assessment placed most tipping point thresholds at 3–5 °C (5.4–9.0 °F) above 1980–1999 average warming. Since then estimates for global warming thresholds have generally fallen, with some thought to be possible in the Paris Agreement range (1.5–2 °C (2.7–3.6 °F)) by 2016. As of 2021 tipping points are considered to have significant probability at today's warming level of just over 1 °C (1.8 °F), with high probability above 2 °C (3.6 °F) of global warming. Some tipping points may be close to being crossed or have already been crossed, like those of the ice sheets in West Antarctic and Greenland, 1545: 1162: 1345:. It is driven by differences in the density of water; colder and more salty water is heavier than warmer fresh water. The AMOC acts as a conveyor belt, sending warm surface water from the tropics north, and carrying cold fresh water back south. As warm water flows northwards, some evaporates which increases salinity. It also cools when it is exposed to cooler air. Cold, salty water is more dense and slowly begins to sink. Several kilometres below the surface, cold, dense water begins to move south. Increased rainfall and the melting of ice due to global warming dilutes the salty surface water, and warming further decreases its density. The lighter water is less able to sink, slowing down the circulation. 931: 957:. Surface melting reduces the height of the ice sheet, and air at a lower altitude is warmer. The ice sheet is then exposed to warmer temperatures, accelerating its melt. A 2021 analysis of sub-glacial sediment at the bottom of a 1.4 kilometres (0.87 mi) Greenland ice core finds that the Greenland ice sheet melted away at least once during the last million years, and therefore strongly suggests that its tipping point is below the 2.5 °C (4.5 °F) maximum temperature increase over the preindustrial conditions observed over that period. There is some evidence that the Greenland ice sheet is losing stability, and getting close to a tipping point. 1098: 1086: 1182:, where The Argentière and Mer de Glace glaciers are expected to disappear completely by end of the 21st century if current climate trends persist. Altogether, it was estimated in 2023 that 49% of the world's glaciers would be lost by 2100 at 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) of global warming, and 83% of glaciers would be lost at 4 °C (7.2 °F). This would amount to one quarter and nearly half of mountain glacier *mass* loss, respectively, as only the largest, most resilient glaciers would survive the century. This ice loss would also contribute ~9 cm ( 1420:. It is considered unlikely to recover even if the temperature is returned to a lower level, making it an example of a climate tipping point. This would result in rapid cooling, with implications for economic sectors, agriculture industry, water resources and energy management in Western Europe and the East Coast of the United States. Frajka-Williams et al. 2017 pointed out that recent changes in cooling of the subpolar gyre, warm temperatures in the subtropics and cool anomalies over the tropics, increased the spatial distribution of meridional gradient in 1790:(a country with longer experience of managing its own tropical peatlands) aiming to promote better management and conservation of this region. However, 2022 research by the same team which had originally discovered this peatland not only revised its area (from the original estimate of 145,500 square kilometres (56,200 sq mi) to 167,600 square kilometres (64,700 sq mi)) and depth (from 2 m (6.6 ft) to (1.7 m (5.6 ft)) but also noted that only 8% of this peat carbon is currently covered by the existing 1260: 197: 1982: 1633: 13351: 2130: 1389: 1745: 2027: 40: 1239:(RCP) 4.5 and 8.5) are likely to lead to the losses of 50% and >67% of the region's glaciers over the same timeframe. Glacier melt is projected to accelerate regional river flows until the amount of meltwater peaks around 2060, going into an irreversible decline afterwards. Since regional precipitation will continue to increase even as the glacier meltwater contribution declines, annual river flows are only expected to diminish in the western basins where contribution from the 1685: 2343: 2330:) scenario. Research has indicated that a threshold of around 2 °C above pre-industrial levels might be critical. Decisions taken over the next decade could influence the climate of the planet for tens to hundreds of thousands of years and potentially even lead to conditions which are inhospitable to current human societies. The report also states that there is a possibility of a cascade of tipping points being triggered even if the goal outlined in the 13363: 11871: 11859: 1297:– and can be up to a kilometre thick. Subsea permafrost up to 100 metres thick also occurs on the sea floor under part of the Arctic Ocean. This frozen ground holds vast amounts of carbon from plants and animals that have died and decomposed over thousands of years. Scientists believe there is nearly twice as much carbon in permafrost than is present in Earth's atmosphere. As the climate warms and the permafrost begins to thaw, carbon dioxide and 1449: 11895: 11883: 966: 1842: 1126:. As such, the loss of Arctic ice during the summer is not a tipping point for as long as the Arctic winter remains cool enough to enable the formation of new Arctic sea ice. However, if the higher levels of warming prevent the formation of new Arctic ice even during winter, then this change may become irreversible. Consequently, Arctic Winter Sea Ice is included as a potential tipping point in a 2022 assessment. 2098:, but the layout of the ocean was significantly different from now. So far, there is no definitive evidence indicating changes in ENSO behaviour, and the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report concluded that it is "virtually certain that the ENSO will remain the dominant mode of interannual variability in a warmer world." Consequently, the 2022 assessment no longer includes it in the list of likely tipping elements. 1330: 1821:. A 2022 study suggests that the geologically recent conditions between 7,500 years ago and 2,000 years ago were already dry enough to cause substantial peat release from this area, and that these conditions are likely to recur in the near future under continued climate change. In this case, Cuvette Centrale would act as one of the tipping points in the climate system at some yet unknown time. 238:, a major systems reorganisation into a new stable state. Such regime shifts need not be harmful. In the context of the climate crisis, the tipping point metaphor is sometimes used in a positive sense, such as to refer to shifts in public opinion in favor of action to mitigate climate change, or the potential for minor policy changes to rapidly accelerate the transition to a green economy. 1764:. This amounts to 28% of all tropical peat carbon, equivalent to the carbon contained in all the forests of the Congo Basin. In other words, while this peatland only covers 4% of the Congo Basin area, its carbon content is equal to that of all trees in the other 96%. It was then estimated that if all of that peat burned, the atmosphere would absorb the equivalent of 20 years of current 1670:

which currently dominate the southern margins of the boreal forests fare the worst in response to even 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) or 3.1 °C (5.6 °F) of warming and the associated reductions in precipitation. While the temperate species which would benefit from such conditions are also present in the southern boreal forests, they are both rare and have slower growth rates.

946:. The water which it holds would, if completely melted, raise sea levels globally by 7.2 metres (24 ft). Due to global warming, the ice sheet is melting at an accelerating rate, adding almost 1 mm to global sea levels every year. Around half of the ice loss occurs via surface melting, and the remainder occurs at the base of the ice sheet where it touches the sea, by 2005:. Thawing permafrost is a threat multiplier because it holds roughly twice as much carbon as the amount currently circulating in the atmosphere. Loss of ice in Greenland likely destabilises the West Antarctic ice sheet via sea level rise, and vice-versa, especially if Greenland were to melt first as West Antarctica is particularly vulnerable to contact with warm sea water. 2300: ft) of sea level rise in the North Atlantic. These impacts could happen simultaneously in the case of cascading tipping points. A review of abrupt changes over the last 30,000 years showed that tipping points can lead to a large set of cascading impacts in climate, ecological and social systems. For instance, the abrupt termination of the 1926:(almost three times higher than the current levels, and over 4 times greater than the preindustrial levels). The study estimated that this would cause a surface warming of about 8 °C (14 °F) globally and 10 °C (18 °F) in the subtropics, which would be in addition to at least 4 °C (7.2 °F) already caused by such CO 1960:, this finding is currently considered speculative. Other scientists say that the model used in that study unrealistically extrapolates the behavior of small cloud areas onto all cloud decks, and that it is incapable of simulating anything other than a rapid transition, with some comparing it to "a knob with two settings". Additionally, CO 1654:

forests found that while 2 °C (3.6 °F) warming alone increases their growth by around 13% on average, water availability is much more important than temperature. Also, further warming of up to 4 °C (7.2 °F) would result in substantial declines unless matched by increases in precipitation.

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These EWSs are often developed and tested using time series from the paleo record, like sediments, ice caps, and tree rings, where past examples of tipping can be observed. It is not always possible to say whether increased variance and autocorrelation is a precursor to tipping, or caused by internal

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models out of 35 analyzed. However, only 11 models out of 35 can simulate North Atlantic Current with a high degree of accuracy, and this includes all four models which simulate collapse of the subpolar gyre. As the result, the study estimated the risk of an abrupt cooling event over Europe caused by

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mostly below sea level, having formed a deep subglacial basin due to the weight of the ice sheet over millions of years. As such, it is in contact with the heat from the ocean which makes it vulnerable to fast and irreversible ice loss. A tipping point could be reached once the WAIS's grounding lines

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The paper clarifies that this represents a 50% increase of gradual permafrost thaw: it also provides the same estimate in terms of emissions per each degree of warming: 10 billion tonnes of carbon and 14 billion tonnes of carbon equivalent by 2100, and 25/35 billion tonnes of carbon/carbon equivalent

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analysis of 100,000 undisturbed sites found that the areas with low tree cover became greener in response to warming, but tree mortality (browning) became the dominant response as the proportion of existing tree cover increased. A 2018 study of the seven tree species dominant in the Eastern Canadian

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finite-difference ocean model estimated that AMOC collapse could be invoked by a sufficiently fast increase in ice melt even if it never reached the common thresholds for tipping obtained from slower change. Thus, it implied that the AMOC collapse is more likely than what is usually estimated by the

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Christ, Andrew J.; Bierman, Paul R.; Schaefer, Joerg M.; Dahl-Jensen, Dorthe; Steffensen, Jørgen P.; Corbett, Lee B.; Peteet, Dorothy M.; Thomas, Elizabeth K.; Steig, Eric J.; Rittenour, Tammy M.; Tison, Jean-Louis; Blard, Pierre-Henri; Perdrial, Nicolas; Dethier, David P.; Lini, Andrea; Hidy, Alan

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Illustration of three types of tipping point; (a), (b) noise-, (c), (d) bifurcation- and (e), (f) rate-induced. (a), (c), (e) example time-series (coloured lines) through the tipping point with black solid lines indicating stable climate states (e.g. low or high rainfall) and dashed lines represent

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in 2015. The authors of the study said that the science of tipping points is so complex that there is great uncertainty as to how they might unfold, but nevertheless, argued that the possibility of cascading tipping points represents "an existential threat to civilisation". A network model analysis

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with ~20% and ~45% tree cover. Thus, continued climate change would be able to force at least some of the presently existing taiga forests into one of the two woodland states or even into a treeless steppe - but it could also shift tundra areas into woodland or forest states as they warm and become

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are the largest repository of land-bound ice after the Greenland and the Antarctica ice sheets, and they are also undergoing melting as the result of climate change. A glacier tipping point is when it enters a disequilibrium state with the climate and will melt away unless the temperatures go down.

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is the largest and thickest ice sheet on Earth, with the maximum thickness of 4,800 metres (3.0 mi). A complete disintegration would raise the global sea levels by 53.3 metres (175 ft), but this may not occur until global warming of 10 °C (18 °F), while the loss of two-thirds of

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defines a tipping point as: "A level of change in system properties beyond which a system reorganises, often in a non-linear manner, and does not return to the initial state even if the drivers of the change are abated. For the climate system, the term refers to a critical threshold at which global

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Garcin, Yannick; Schefuß, Enno; Dargie, Greta C.; Hawthorne, Donna; Lawson, Ian T.; Sebag, David; Biddulph, George E.; Crezee, Bart; Bocko, Yannick E.; Ifo, Suspense A.; Wenina, Emmanuel Mampouya; Mbemba, Mackline; Corneille, E. N. Ewango; Ovide, Emba B.; Bola, Pierre; Kanyama T., Joseph; Tyrrell,

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Scholars have described a threshold which, if crossed, could trigger multiple tipping points and self-reinforcing feedback loops that would prevent stabilization of the climate, causing much greater warming and sea-level rises and leading to severe disruption to ecosystems, society, and economies.

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tipping elements have been identified. Out of those, one regional and three global climate elements are estimated to likely pass a tipping point if global warming reaches 1.5 °C (2.7 °F), namely Greenland ice sheet collapse, West Antarctic ice sheet collapse, tropical coral reef die off,

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Steffen, Will; Rockström, Johan; Richardson, Katherine; Lenton, Timothy M.; Folke, Carl; Liverman, Diana; Summerhayes, Colin P.; Barnosky, Anthony D.; Cornell, Sarah E.; Crucifix, Michel; Donges, Jonathan F.; Fetzer, Ingo; Lade, Steven J.; Scheffer, Marten; Winkelmann, Ricarda; Schellnhuber, Hans

2094:. The threshold for tipping was estimated to be between 3.5 °C (6.3 °F) and 7 °C (13 °F) of global warming in 2016. After tipping, the system would be in a more permanent El Niño state, rather than oscillating between different states. This has happened in Earth's past, in the 7556:

Crezee, Bart; Dargie, Greta C.; Corneille, E. N. Ewango; Mitchard, Edward T.A.; Ovide, Emba B.; Kanyama T., Joseph; Bola, Pierre; Ndjango, Jean-Bosco N.; Girkin, Nicholas T.; Bocko, Yannick E.; Ifo, Suspense A.; Hubau, Wannes; Seidensticker, Dirk; Batumike, Rodrigue; Imani, Gérard; Cuní-Sanchez,

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scenario, boreal forests would experience a 15% worldwide increase in biomass by the end of the century, but this would be more than offset by the 41% biomass decline in the tropics. In 2022, the results of a 5-year warming experiment in North America had shown that the juveniles of tree species

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experienced some of the greatest temperature increases on Earth. Winter temperatures have increased more than summer temperatures. In summer, the daily low temperature has increased more than the daily high temperature. It has been hypothesised that the boreal environments have only a few states

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evidence shows that the entire circulation had strongly weakened or outright collapsed before: some preliminary research suggests that such a collapse may become likely once global warming reaches levels between 1.7 °C (3.1 °F) and 3 °C (5.4 °F). However, there is far less

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during summer exposes the (dark) ocean, which would warm. Arctic sea ice cover is likely to melt entirely under even relatively low levels of warming, and it was hypothesised that this could eventually transfer enough heat to the ocean to prevent sea ice recovery even if the global warming is

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These trends were first detected in the Canadian boreal forests in the early 2010s, and summer warming had also been shown to increase water stress and reduce tree growth in dry areas of the southern boreal forest in central Alaska and portions of far eastern Russia. In Siberia, the taiga is

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tipping elements are known. Out of those, one regional and three global climate elements will likely pass a tipping point if global warming reaches 1.5 °C (2.7 °F). They are the Greenland ice sheet collapse, West Antarctic ice sheet collapse, tropical coral reef die off, and boreal

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from peatlands into the atmosphere" – sometimes known as "compost bomb instability". The AMOC may also show rate-induced tipping: if the rate of ice melt increases too fast, it may collapse, even before the ice melt reaches the critical value where the system would undergo a bifurcation.

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in West Antarctica, among other systems. Using early warning signals (increased autocorrelation and variance of the melt rate time series), it has been suggested that the Greenland ice sheet is currently losing resilience, consistent with modelled early warning signals of the ice sheet.

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indicate that global warming will likely result in increased precipitation across most of East Africa, parts of Central Africa and the principal wet season of West Africa. However, there is significant uncertainty related to these projections especially for West Africa.Currently, the

1712:) and Sahel remains uncertain as does its sign but given multiple past abrupt shifts, known weaknesses in current models, and huge regional impacts but modest global climate feedback, we retain the Sahel/WAM as a potential regional impact tipping element (low confidence)." 1889:

estimates that by the time temperatures have risen to 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) above pre-industrial times, Coral reefs... are projected to decline by a further 70–90% at 1.5 °C; and that if the world warms by 2 °C (3.6 °F), they will become extremely rare.

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complex and large-scale climate models. Another 2021 study found early-warning signals in a set of AMOC indices, suggesting that the AMOC may be close to tipping. However, it was contradicted by another study published in the same journal the following year, which found a

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defines a tipping point as a "critical threshold beyond which a system reorganizes, often abruptly and/or irreversibly". It can be brought about by a small disturbance causing a disproportionately large change in the system. It can also be associated with self-reinforcing

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Ribeiro, N.; Herraiz-Borreguero, L.; Rintoul, S. R.; McMahon, C. R.; Hindell, M.; Harcourt, R.; Williams, G. (15 July 2021). "Warm Modified Circumpolar Deep Water Intrusions Drive Ice Shelf Melt and Inhibit Dense Shelf Water Formation in Vincennes Bay, East Antarctica".

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is another part of the climate system which was considered suspectible to irreversible collapse in the earlier research. However, more recent research has demonstrated that warming tends to strengthen the Indian monsoon, and it is projected to strengthen in the future.

2409:. A runaway greenhouse effect has virtually no chance of being caused by people. Venus-like conditions on the Earth require a large long-term forcing that is unlikely to occur until the sun brightens by a ten of percents, which will take 600 - 700 million years. 1138:

has already been nearly four times faster than the global average since 1979, Barents Sea warmed up to seven times faster than the global average. This tipping point matters because of the decade-long history of research into the connections between the state of

2195:. Depending on the nature of the tipping system, there may be other types of early warning signals. Abrupt change is not an early warning signal (EWS) for tipping points, as abrupt change can also occur if the changes are reversible to the control parameter. 1370:

AMOC which had so far not been affected by climate change beyond its own natural variability. Two more studies published in 2022 have also suggested that the modelling approaches commonly used to evaluate AMOC appear to overestimate the risk of its collapse.

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are very high. A weakening of 24% to 39% is expected depending on greenhouse emissions, even without tipping behaviour. If the AMOC does shut down, a new stable state could emerge that lasts for thousands of years, possibly triggering other tipping points.

8830:; Xiao, C.; Aðalgeirsdóttir, G.; Drijfhout, S.S.; Edwards, T.L.; Golledge, N.R.; Hemer, M.; Kopp, R.E.; Krinner, G.; Mix, A. (2021). Masson-Delmotte, V.; Zhai, P.; Pirani, A.; Connors, S.L.; Péan, C.; Berger, S.; Caud, N.; Chen, Y.; Goldfarb, L. (eds.). 4311:; Xiao, C.; Aðalgeirsdóttir, G.; Drijfhout, S.S.; Edwards, T.L.; Golledge, N.R.; Hemer, M.; Kopp, R.E.; Krinner, G.; Mix, A. (2021). Masson-Delmotte, V.; Zhai, P.; Pirani, A.; Connors, S.L.; Péan, C.; Berger, S.; Caud, N.; Chen, Y.; Goldfarb, L. (eds.). 2286:. The 10 metres (33 ft) of sea level rise from the combined melt of Greenland and West Antarctica would require moving many cities inland. A collapse of the Atlantic Overturning Circulation would alter Europe radically, and lead to about 1 metre ( 1657:

A 2021 paper had confirmed that the boreal forests are much more strongly affected by climate change than the other forest types in Canada and projected that most of the eastern Canadian boreal forests would reach a tipping point around 2080 under the

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variability, for instance in the case of the collapse of the AMOC. Quality limitations of paleodata further complicate the development of EWSs. They have been developed for detecting tipping due to drought in forests in California, and melting of the

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the boundary between stable states. (b), (d), (f) stability landscapes provide an understanding for the different types of tipping point. The valleys represent different climate states the system can occupy with hill tops separating the stable states.

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A 2021 study with three million computer simulations of a climate model showed that nearly one-third of those simulations resulted in domino effects, even when temperature increases were limited to 2 °C (3.6 °F) – the upper limit set by the

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Extra forest growth here would absorb around 6 billion tons of carbon, but because this area receives a lot of sunlight, this is very minor when compared to reduced albedo, as this vegetation absorbs more heat than the snow-covered ground it moves

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For tipping points that occur because of a bifurcation, it may be possible to detect whether a system is getting closer to a tipping point, as it becomes less resilient to perturbations on approach of the tipping threshold. These systems display

1477:. The strength of both halves had undergone substantial changes in the recent decades: the flow of the upper cell has increased by 50-60% since 1970s, while the lower cell has weakened by 10-20%. Some of this has been due to the natural cycle of 1511:

certainty than with the estimates for most other tipping points in the climate system. Even if initiated in the near future, the circulation's collapse is unlikely to be complete until close to 2300, Similarly, impacts such as the reduction in

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Genevieve; Young, Dylan M.; Gassier, Ghislain; Girkin, Nicholas T.; Vane, Christopher H.; Adatte, Thierry; Baird, Andy J.; Boom, Arnoud; Gulliver, Pauline; Morris, Paul J.; Page, Susan E.; Sjögersten, Sofie; Lewis, Simon L. (2 November 2022).

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reaches a certain threshold, it could collapse into a state of reduced flow. Even after melting stops, the AMOC may not return to its current state. It is unlikely that the AMOC will tip in the 21st century, but it may do so before 2300 if

2174:, which is the dependence of the state of a system on its history. For instance, depending on how warm it was in the past, there can be differing amounts of ice on the poles at the same concentration of greenhouse gases or temperature. 1054:

its volume may require at least 6 °C (11 °F) of warming to trigger. Its melt would also occur over a longer timescale than the loss of any other ice on the planet, taking no less than 10,000 years to finish. However, the

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Even in the absence of local disturbance from these activities, this area is the most vulnerable store of tropical peat carbon in the world, as its climate is already much drier than that of the other tropical peatlands in the

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Lenton, T. M.; Armstrong McKay, D.I.; Loriani, S.; Abrams, J.F.; Lade, S.J.; Donges, J.F.; Milkoreit, M.; Powell, T.; Smith, S.R.; Zimm, C.; Buxton, J.E.; Daube, Bruce C.; Krummel, Paul B.; Loh, Zoë; Luijkx, Ingrid T. (2023).

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is an example of a tipping element that can show bifurcation-induced tipping. Slow changes to the bifurcation parameters in this system – the salinity and temperature of the water – may push the circulation towards collapse.

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Subsequent research in Canada found that even in the forests where biomass trends did not change, there was a substantial shift towards the deciduous broad-leaved trees with higher drought tolerance over the past 65 years. A

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The paper also provides the same estimate in terms of equivalent emissions: partial dieback would be equivalent to the emissions of 30 billion tonnes of carbon, while total dieback would be equivalent to 75 billion tonnes of

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into the atmosphere. With higher temperatures, microbes become active and decompose the biological material in the permafrost. This could happen rapidly, or over longer timespans, and the loss would be irreversible. Because

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may not reform during the winter even below 2 °C (3.6 °F) of warming. This is because the Barents Sea is already the fastest-warming part of the Arctic: in 2021-2022 it was found that while the warming within the

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Hughes, Terry P.; Kerry, James T.; Álvarez-Noriega, Mariana; Álvarez-Romero, Jorge G.; Anderson, Kristen D.; Baird, Andrew H.; Babcock, Russell C.; Beger, Maria; Bellwood, David R.; Berkelmans, Ray; Bridge, Tom C. (2017).

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Aida; Kiahtipes, Christopher A.; Lebamba, Judicaël; Wotzka, Hans-Peter; Bean, Hollie T.; Baker, Timothy R.; Baird, Andy J.; Boom, Arnoud; Morris, Paul J.; Lawson, Ian T.; Page, Susan E.; Lewis, Simon L. (21 July 2022).

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Smith, Adam B.; Revilla, Eloy; Mindell, David P.; Matzke, Nicholas; Marshall, Charles; Kitzes, Justin; Gillespie, Rosemary; Williams, John W.; Vermeij, Geerat (2012). "Approaching a state shift in Earth's biosphere".

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Silyakova, Anna; Jansson, Pär; Serov, Pavel; Ferré, Benedicte; Pavlov, Alexey K.; Hattermann, Tore; Graves, Carolyn A.; Platt, Stephen M.; Lund Myhre, Cathrine; Gründger, Friederike; Niemann, Helge (1 February 2020).

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Alley, Richard B.; Anandakrishnan, Sridhar; Christianson, Knut; Horgan, Huw J.; Muto, Atsu; Parizek, Byron R.; Pollard, David; Walker, Ryan T. (2015). "Oceanic Forcing of Ice-Sheet Retreat: West Antarctica and More".

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the collapse of the current at 36.4%, which is lower than the 45.5% chance estimated by the previous generation of models In 2022, a paper suggested that previous disruption of subpolar gyre was connected to the

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Heinze, Christoph; Blenckner, Thorsten; Martins, Helena; Rusiecka, Dagmara; Döscher, Ralf; Gehlen, Marion; Gruber, Nicolas; Holland, Elisabeth; Hov, Øystein; Joos, Fortunat; Matthews, John Brian Robin (2021).

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states "It is very unlikely that gas clathrates (mostly methane) in deeper terrestrial permafrost and subsea clathrates will lead to a detectable departure from the emissions trajectory during this century".

219:, which could lead to changes in the climate system irreversible on a human timescale. For any particular climate component, the shift from one state to a new stable state may take many decades or centuries. 5051:

Bolch, Tobias; Shea, Joseph M.; Liu, Shiyin; Azam, Farooq M.; Gao, Yang; Gruber, Stephan; Immerzeel, Walter W.; Kulkarni, Anil; Li, Huilin; Tahir, Adnan A.; Zhang, Guoqing; Zhang, Yinsheng (5 January 2019).

2066:. Every two to seven years, the winds weaken due to pressure changes and the air and water in the middle of the Pacific warms up, causing changes in wind movement patterns around the globe. This is known as 141:, impacts. Crossing a threshold in one part of the climate system may trigger another tipping element to tip into a new state. For example, ice loss in West Antarctica and Greenland will significantly alter 3822: 246:

Scientists have identified many elements in the climate system which may have tipping points. In the early 2000s the IPCC began considering the possibility of tipping points, originally referred to as

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and boreal permafrost abrupt thaw. Two further tipping points are forecast as likely if warming continues to approach 2 °C (3.6 °F): Barents sea ice abrupt loss, and the Labrador sea

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Shepherd, Andrew; Ivins, Erik; Rignot, Eric; Smith, Ben; van den Broeke, Michiel; Velicogna, Isabella; Whitehouse, Pippa; Briggs, Kate; Joughin, Ian; Krinner, Gerhard; Nowicki, Sophie (2018).

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Armstrong McKay, David; Abrams, Jesse; Winkelmann, Ricarda; Sakschewski, Boris; Loriani, Sina; Fetzer, Ingo; Cornell, Sarah; Rockström, Johan; Staal, Arie; Lenton, Timothy (9 September 2022).

2116:. Later research found that it takes millennia for methane hydrates to respond to warming, while methane emissions from the seafloor rarely transfer from the water column into the atmosphere. 8654:

Sparrow, Katy J.; Kessler, John D.; Southon, John R.; Garcia-Tigreros, Fenix; Schreiner, Kathryn M.; Ruppel, Carolyn D.; Miller, John B.; Lehman, Scott J.; Xu, Xiaomei (17 January 2018).

118:, and highly probable above 2 °C (3.6 °F) of global warming. It is possible that some tipping points are close to being crossed or have already been crossed, like those of the 9418: 3316:

Lenton, Timothy M.; Benson, Scarlett; Smith, Talia; Ewer, Theodora; Lanel, Victor; Petykowski, Elizabeth; Powell, Thomas W. R.; Abrams, Jesse F.; Blomsma, Fenna; Sharpe, Simon (2022).

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Fretwell, P.; Pritchard, H. D.; Vaughan, D. G.; Bamber, J. L.; Barrand, N. E.; Bell, R.; Bianchi, C.; Bingham, R. G.; Blankenship, D. D.; Casassa, G.; Catania, G. (28 February 2013).

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Stewart, K. D.; Hogg, A. McC.; England, M. H.; Waugh, D. W. (2 November 2020). "Response of the Southern Ocean Overturning Circulation to Extreme Southern Annular Mode Conditions".

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passes a tipping point and is doomed, but its melt would take place over millennia. Tipping points are possible at today's global warming of just over 1 °C (1.8 °F) above

103:, which would warm the planet faster. Thawing permafrost is a threat multiplier because it holds roughly twice as much carbon as the amount currently circulating in the atmosphere. 7508: 223: 6236:

Silvano, Alessandro; Rintoul, Stephen Rich; Peña-Molino, Beatriz; Hobbs, William Richard; van Wijk, Esmee; Aoki, Shigeru; Tamura, Takeshi; Williams, Guy Darvall (18 April 2018).

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Todd, Joe; Christoffersen, Poul; Zwinger, Thomas; Råback, Peter; Chauché, Nolwenn; Benn, Doug; Luckman, Adrian; Ryan, Johnny; Toberg, Nick; Slater, Donald; Hubbard, Alun (2018).

188:. Lastly, the tipping points in terrestrial systems include Amazon rainforest dieback, boreal forest biome shift, Sahel greening, and vulnerable stores of tropical peat carbon. 8226:

Wunderling, Nico; Winkelmann, Ricarda; Rockström, Johan; Loriani, Sina; Armstrong McKay, David I.; Ritchie, Paul D. L.; Sakschewski, Boris; Donges, Jonathan F. (January 2023).

1001:

is helping to accelerate this grounding line retreat. If completely melted, the WAIS would contribute around 3.3 metres (11 ft) of sea level rise over thousands of years.

168:, within ocean currents, and in terrestrial systems. The tipping points in the cryosphere include: Greenland ice sheet disintegration, West Antarctic ice sheet disintegration, 6074:

Zhou, Shenjie; Meijers, Andrew J. S.; Meredith, Michael P.; Abrahamsen, E. Povl; Holland, Paul R.; Silvano, Alessandro; Sallée, Jean-Baptiste; Østerhus, Svein (12 June 2023).

1579:

in the world. It is twice as big as India and spans nine countries in South America. It produces around half of its own rainfall by recycling moisture through evaporation and

1196: in) and ~15 cm (6 in) to sea level rise, while the current likely trajectory of 2.7 °C (4.9 °F) would result in the SLR contribution of ~11 cm ( 1038:, it was suggested that this effect could potentially overpower increased ice loss under the higher levels of warming and result in small net ice gain, but by the time of the 2219:

of the system. Noise-induced transitions do not show any of the early warning signals which occur with bifurcations. This means they are unpredictable because the underlying

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could lead to an expansion of vegetation into present-day desert, although it might be accompanied by a northward shift of the desert, i.e. a drying of northernmost Africa.

6012:

Lee, Sang-Ki; Lumpkin, Rick; Gomez, Fabian; Yeager, Stephen; Lopez, Hosmay; Takglis, Filippos; Dong, Shenfu; Aguiar, Wilton; Kim, Dongmin; Baringer, Molly (13 March 2023).

2112:

deposits in the Arctic were once thought to be vulnerable to a rapid dissociation which would have a large impact on global temperatures, in a dramatic scenario known as a

2001:. Sustained warming of the northern high latitudes as a result of this process could activate tipping elements in that region, such as permafrost degradation, and boreal 618:

The paper also provides the same estimate in terms of emissions: between 125 and 250 billion tonnes of carbon and between 175 and 350 billion tonnes of carbon equivalent.

145:. Sustained warming of the northern high latitudes as a result of this process could activate tipping elements in that region, such as permafrost degradation, and boreal 1129:

Additionally, the same assessment argued that while the rest of the ice in the Arctic Ocean may recover from a total summertime loss during the winter, ice cover in the

6418: 1877:

relationship with coral such that without them, the corals slowly die. After these zooxanthellae have disappeared, the corals are vulnerable to a transition towards a

6426:

Graphic 2: Current State of the Amazon by country, by percentage / Source: RAISG (Red Amazónica de Información Socioambiental Georreferenciada) Elaborated by authors.

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were all listed as tipping points. Labrador-Irminger circulation, mountain glaciers and East Antarctic ice however were not included. This 2008 list also includes

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landscape. In 2022, a study reported that the rainforest has been losing resilience since the early 2000s. Resiliency is measured by recovery-time from short-term

1004:

Ice loss from the WAIS is accelerating, and some outlet glaciers are estimated to be close to or possibly already beyond the point of self-sustaining retreat. The

6345:

Liu, Y.; Moore, J. K.; Primeau, F.; Wang, W. L. (22 December 2022). "Reduced CO2 uptake and growing nutrient sequestration from slowing overturning circulation".

7538: 1865:. A sustained ocean temperature spike of 1 °C (1.8 °F) above average is enough to cause bleaching. Under heat stress, corals expel the small colourful 8839:

Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

7794: 4320:

Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

1636:

The response of six tree species common in Quebec's forests to 2 °C (3.6 °F) and 4 °C (7.2 °F) warming under different precipitation levels.

6705:

Peng, Changhui; Ma, Zhihai; Lei, Xiangdong; Zhu, Qiuan; Chen, Huai; Wang, Weifeng; Liu, Shirong; Li, Weizhong; Fang, Xiuqin; Zhou, Xiaolu (20 November 2011).

1946:

emissions continue for a long time but are offset with extensive solar radiation modification, the break-up of stratocumulus clouds is simply delayed until CO

12803: 12142: 12099: 11612: 8711:

Mau, S.; Römer, M.; Torres, M. E.; Bussmann, I.; Pape, T.; Damm, E.; Geprägs, P.; Wintersteller, P.; Hsu, C.-W.; Loher, M.; Bohrmann, G. (23 February 2017).

3140: 3071: 8581:

Schellnhuber, Hans Joachim; Winkelmann, Ricarda; Scheffer, Marten; Lade, Steven J.; Fetzer, Ingo; Donges, Jonathan F.; Crucifix, Michel; Cornell, Sarah E.;

5389: 5001: 2018:

goals temporarily as often projected – can substantially increase risks of climate tipping cascades ("by up to 72% compared with non-overshoot scenarios").

1989:

Crossing a threshold in one part of the climate system may trigger another tipping element to tip into a new state. Such sequences of thresholds are called

12068: 5314: 4436:

Rantanen, Mika; Karpechko, Alexey Yu; Lipponen, Antti; Nordling, Kalle; Hyvärinen, Otto; Ruosteenoja, Kimmo; Vihma, Timo; Laaksonen, Ari (11 August 2022).

7911:

Schneider, Tapio; Kaul, Colleen M.; Pressel, Kyle G. (2019). "Possible climate transitions from breakup of stratocumulus decks under greenhouse warming".

6053: 5937: 11933: 11048: 10874: 7088:"Boreal forests will be more severely affected by projected anthropogenic climate forcing than mixedwood and northern hardwood forests in eastern Canada" 6860:"Canadian boreal forest greening and browning trends: an analysis of biogeographic patterns and the relative roles of disturbance versus climate drivers" 11043: 6907: 2365:

were periods of abrupt warming (within decades) in Greenland and Europe, that may have involved the abrupt changes in major ocean currents. During the

1465:

Southern ocean overturning circulation itself consists of two parts, the upper and the lower cell. The smaller upper cell is most strongly affected by

10911: 9317: 7669: 5880:

Arellano-Nava, Beatriz; Halloran, Paul R.; Boulton, Chris A.; Scourse, James; Butler, Paul G.; Reynolds, David J.; Lenton, Timothy (25 August 2022).

1224:

as the result. It is believed that one third of that ice will be lost by 2100 even if the warming is limited to 1.5 °C (2.7 °F), while the

1178:, where even in 2005 67% of the glaciers observed were in disequilibrium and will not survive the continuation of the present climate, or the French 7392: 3384:

Lenton, Timothy M.; Held, Hermann; Kriegler, Elmar; Hall, Jim W; Lucht, Wolfgang; Rahmstorf, Stefan; Schellnhuber, Hans Joachim (12 February 2008).

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Theory, simplified models, and reconstructions of abrupt changes in the past suggest the AMOC has a tipping point. If freshwater input from melting

934:

Changes in extent (colored lines) and thickness (black lines) of the Greenland ice sheet over time, showing its rapid, sustained melting since 2000.

13196: 9490: 4579: 2162:), passes a critical level – at which point a bifurcation takes place – and what was a stable state loses its stability or simply disappears. The 1934:

concentrations drop to a much lower level. It was suggested that this finding could help explain past episodes of unusually rapid warming such as

10848: 9955: 9651: 8591: 7391:

Dargie, Greta C.; Lewis, Simon L.; Lawson, Ian T.; Mitchard, Edward T.A.; Page, Susan E.; Bocko, Yannick E.; Ifo, Suspense A. (11 January 2017).

6642: 3758: 3198: 7192:

Reich, Peter B.; Bermudez, Raimundo; Montgomery, Rebecca A.; Rich, Roy L.; Rice, Karen E.; Hobbie, Sarah E.; Stefanski, Artur (10 August 2022).

5024: 3296: 13094: 7352:

Pausata, Francesco S.R.; Gaetani, Marco; Messori, Gabriele; Berg, Alexis; Maia de Souza, Danielle; Sage, Rowan F.; deMenocal, Peter B. (2020).

8178: 8048: 899:

The loss of these forests would be equivalent to the emissions of 52 billion tons of carbon, but this would be more than offset by the area's

12013: 10557: 9408: 8203: 6908:"Boreal Forests and Climate Change - Changes in Climate Parameters and Some Responses, Effects of Warming on Tree Growth on Productive Sites" 2466: 2207:

Human-induced changes in the climate system may be too fast for early warning signals to become evident, especially in systems with inertia.

6744:

Ma, Zhihai; Peng, Changhui; Zhu, Qiuan; Chen, Huai; Yu, Guirui; Li, Weizhong; Zhou, Xiaolu; Wang, Weifeng; Zhang, Wenhua (30 January 2012).

1693: 10790: 3617: 3493: 1019: 12147: 10674: 7516: 2184: 2163: 1338: 567: 177: 17: 3843:"A multimillion-year-old record of Greenland vegetation and glacial history preserved in sediment beneath 1.4 km of ice at Camp Century" 993:) retreat behind the edge of the subglacial basin, resulting in self-sustaining retreat in to the deeper basin - a process known as the 12250: 10933: 10891: 9443:

Rosier, Sebastian H. R.; Reese, Ronja; Donges, Jonathan F.; De Rydt, Jan; Gudmundsson, G. Hilmar; Winkelmann, Ricarda (25 March 2021).

4652:"Teleconnection between sea ice in the Barents Sea in June and the Silk Road, Pacific–Japan and East Asian rainfall patterns in August" 3105: 2239:

Rate-induced tipping occurs when a change in the environment is faster than the force that restores the system to its stable state. In

1752:. Three graphs portray the evolution of its peatland carbon content over the past 20,000 years, as reconstructed from three peat cores. 137:

A danger is that if the tipping point in one system is crossed, this could cause a cascade of other tipping points, leading to severe,

6805:"Net aboveground biomass declines of four major forest types with forest ageing and climate change in western Canada's boreal forests" 5815:

Swingedouw, Didier; Bily, Adrien; Esquerdo, Claire; Borchert, Leonard F.; Sgubin, Giovanni; Mignot, Juliette; Menary, Matthew (2021).

1662:

8.5 scenario, which represents the largest potential increase in anthropogenic emissions. Another 2021 study projected that under the

11812: 10928: 10513: 6495: 2158:

Bifurcation-induced tipping happens when a particular parameter in the climate (for instance a change in environmental conditions or

2058:(ENSO) is a tipping element had attracted attention in the past. Normally strong winds blow west across the South Pacific Ocean from 1886: 10324: 4290: 2223:

does not change. Because they are unpredictable, such occurrences are often described as a "one-in-x-year" event. An example is the

2216: 2030:

Earlier (2008) list of tipping elements in the climate system. When compared to later lists, the major differences are that in 2008

1938:

In 2020, further work from the same authors revealed that in their large eddy simulation, this tipping point cannot be stopped with

1900: 1251:

generation would still have to adjust to greater interannual variability and lower pre-monsoon flows in all of the region's rivers.

1008:

suggests that during the past few hundred thousand years, the WAIS largely disappeared in response to similar levels of warming and

13253: 13191: 11143: 10864: 10582: 10359: 8081: 2442: 1393: 6389: 2138:

Tipping point behaviour in the climate can be described in mathematical terms. Three types of tipping points have been identified—

1679: 1587:, there will be less rain and more trees will die. Eventually, large parts of the rainforest may die off and transform into a dry 11926: 11499: 11288: 10456: 9556: 5252: 1548:

As of 2022, 20% of the Amazon rainforest has been "transformed" (deforested) and another 6% has been "highly degraded", causing

11148: 11111: 10965: 10950: 10869: 10518: 10462: 9623: 8938:

Rietkerk, Max; Bastiaansen, Robbin; Banerjee, Swarnendu; van de Koppel, Johan; Baudena, Mara; Doelman, Arjen (8 October 2021).

5226: 3517:; Palomo, Ignacio; Eikelboom, Jasper A. J.; Law, Beverly E.; Huq, Saleemul; Duffy, Philip B.; Rockström, Johan (28 July 2021). 2807:; Palomo, Ignacio; Eikelboom, Jasper A. J.; Law, Beverly E.; Huq, Saleemul; Duffy, Philip B.; Rockström, Johan (28 July 2021). 2579:; Rockström, Johan; Gaffney, Owen; Rahmstorf, Stefan; Richardson, Katherine; Steffen, Will; Schellnhuber, Hans Joachim (2019). 2047: 1562: 1458: 185: 7029:

D'Orangeville, Loïc; Houle, Daniel; Duchesne, Louis; Phillips, Richard P.; Bergeron, Yves; Kneeshaw, Daniel (10 August 2018).

5251:

Fewster, Richard E.; Morris, Paul J.; Ivanovic, Ruza F.; Swindles, Graeme T.; Peregon, Anna M.; Smith, Christopher J. (2022).

2975: 2778: 12332: 11807: 10945: 9898:

Luke, C. M.; Cox, P. M. (2011). "Soil carbon and climate change: from the Jenkinson effect to the compost-bomb instability".

6407: 5118: 3279: 2260:

Schematic of some possible interactions and cascading effects between the Earth's climate system and humanity's social system

10207: 7955: 7266:

Brooks, Nick; Chiapello, Isabelle; Lernia, Savino Di; Drake, Nick; Legrand, Michel; Moulin, Cyril; Prospero, Joseph (2005).

11829: 10785: 10088:; Barton, Michael; DeConto, Robert M.; Donges, Jonathan F.; Ganopolski, Andrey; McManus, Jerry; Praetorius, Summer (2021). 1965: 1723:

concentrations have shown a substantial increase in precipitation in the Sahel/Sahara. This and the increased plant growth

1659: 1544: 1236: 138: 2734: 13422: 12825: 12265: 12164: 11310: 11088: 10906: 10838: 10828: 10811: 10718: 10525: 7890: 6238:"Freshening by glacial meltwater enhances the melting of ice shelves and reduces the formation of Antarctic Bottom Water" 6109:"Slowing deep Southern Ocean current may be linked to natural climate cycle—but melting Antarctic ice is still a concern" 5097:

Scott, Christopher A.; Zhang, Fan; Mukherji, Aditi; Immerzeel, Walter; Mustafa, Daanish; Bharati, Luna (5 January 2019).

4691:"Diverse Eurasian Winter Temperature Responses to Barents-Kara Sea Ice Anomalies of Different Magnitudes and Seasonality" 3169: 1950:

concentrations hit 1,700 ppm, at which point it would still cause around 5 °C (9.0 °F) of unavoidable warming.

152:

Scientists have identified many elements in the climate system which may have tipping points. As of September 2022, nine

10843: 2055: 2031: 110:. For example, with average global warming somewhere between 0.8 °C (1.4 °F) and 3 °C (5.4 °F), the 13225: 11919: 11739: 11600: 11557: 11053: 4903: 1396:(top). The potential collapse of the subpolar gyre in this scenario (middle). The collapse of the entire AMOC (bottom). 5662:"Slow and soft passage through tipping point of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation in a changing climate" 4493: 13412: 12245: 11666: 11542: 11359: 10562: 7482: 7453: 5073: 4975: 2357:

shows many abrupt changes that suggest tipping points may have been crossed in pre-historic times. For instance, the

1161: 1469:

due to its proximity to the surface, while the behaviour of the larger lower cell is defined by the temperature and

12810: 12506: 11899: 11537: 11517: 11464: 11416: 10478: 8831: 2282:

for hundreds of millions. Other impacts would likely take place over longer timescales, such as the melting of the

2274:, or give rise to new impacts. Some potential tipping points would take place abruptly, such as disruptions to the 1935: 1478: 9715: 5421: 4388: 3133: 3068: 1018:

Like with the other ice sheets, there is a counteracting negative feedback - greater warming also intensifies the

12857: 12354: 12327: 11958: 11656: 11607: 11033: 10995: 10940: 10410: 8198: 7250: 4312: 44: 9064:"Early warning signals of Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation collapse in a fully coupled climate model" 1968:

8.5, which represents the highest possible greenhouse gas emission scenario and involves a massive expansion of

1325:

Atlantic meridional overturning circulation § Slowdown or possible shutdown of the thermohaline circulation

12215: 11724: 11008: 10765: 10143: 1853:

for food, income, tourism and coastal protection. Since the 1980s, this is being threatened by the increase in

1156: 758: 173: 63:

is a critical threshold that, when crossed, leads to large, accelerating and often irreversible changes in the

8862:"Tipping points in open systems: bifurcation, noise-induced and rate-dependent examples in the climate system" 8153:"Dramatic climate domino effects could be unleashed after less than 2 degrees of warming, a new study reveals" 1381: 12605: 12511: 11963: 11834: 11369: 10901: 9344:"Early warning of climate tipping points from critical slowing down: comparing methods to improve robustness" 9127:

Bathiany, Sebastian; Dijkstra, Henk; Crucifix, Michel; Dakos, Vasilis; Brovkin, Victor; Williamson, Mark S.;

6014:"Human-induced changes in the global meridional overturning circulation are emerging from the Southern Ocean" 2430: 2378: 1666: 6911: 984:(WAIS) is a large ice sheet in Antarctica; in places more than 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) thick. It sits on 930: 67:. If tipping points are crossed, they are likely to have severe impacts on human society and may accelerate 13258: 12655: 12555: 11817: 11489: 11018: 11013: 10918: 10795: 10352: 9724: 5511:"Observation-based early-warning signals for a collapse of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation" 2401:

is a tipping point so extreme that oceans evaporate and the water vapour escapes to space, an irreversible

2358: 2224: 2117: 1939: 1779: 1697: 1039: 1035: 211: 8557: 8429: 8373:"Tipping the ENSO into a permanent El Niño can trigger state transitions in global terrestrial ecosystems" 4415: 3567: 1066:

is of particular concern, as it holds enough ice to raise sea levels by about 3–4 metres (10–13 ft).

13389: 13138: 12337: 12287: 11028: 10881: 5955:

Pellichero, Violaine; Sallée, Jean-Baptiste; Chapman, Christopher C.; Downes, Stephanie M. (3 May 2018).

5390:"Risk management of climate thresholds and feedbacks: Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC)" 2640: 2143: 1756:

In 2017, it was discovered that 40% of the Cuvette Centrale wetlands are underlain with a dense layer of

1705:

is becoming greener but precipitation has not fully recovered to levels reached in the mid-20th century.

1042:, improved modelling had proven that the glacier breakup would consistently accelerate at a faster rate. 2159: 12798: 12650: 12625: 12035: 11887: 11651: 11454: 11411: 11184: 11106: 10960: 9444: 7799: 6112: 5362: 3823:"La calotte glaciaire du Groenland a déjà fondu au moins une fois au cours du dernier million d'années" 2349:

was a period of abrupt sea level rise around 14,000 years ago. It may be an example of a tipping point.

8770: 8713:"Widespread methane seepage along the continental margin off Svalbard - from Bjørnøya to Kongsfjorden" 8509:"Robust increase of Indian monsoon rainfall and its variability under future warming in CMIP-6 models" 4739: 4333:

Garbe, Julius; Albrecht, Torsten; Levermann, Anders; Donges, Jonathan F.; Winkelmann, Ricarda (2020).

1091:

Average decadal extent and area of the Arctic Ocean sea ice since the start of satellite observations.

13268: 13201: 13044: 12776: 12771: 12645: 12475: 12317: 12104: 11756: 11431: 11406: 11379: 11341: 11258: 11076: 10923: 10886: 10636: 10405: 10400: 10395: 9281: 6181:"Stratification constrains future heat and carbon uptake in the Southern Ocean between 30°S and 55°S" 5144:"Statistics and characteristics of permafrost and ground-ice distribution in the Northern Hemisphere" 2398: 2271: 2265: 1953: 31: 11271: 9519:

Brovkin, Victor; Brook, Edward; Williams, John W.; Bathiany, Sebastian; et al. (29 July 2021).

9242:

Pollard, David; DeConto, Robert M. (2005). "Hysteresis in Cenozoic Antarctic ice-sheet variations".

6054:"NOAA Scientists Detect a Reshaping of the Meridional Overturning Circulation in the Southern Ocean" 5938:"NOAA Scientists Detect a Reshaping of the Meridional Overturning Circulation in the Southern Ocean" 13374: 13263: 13158: 13084: 12911: 12540: 12240: 11942: 11766: 11761: 11751: 11692: 11532: 11038: 11003: 10896: 10823: 10664: 10493: 10429: 10390: 9769: 7306: 5420:

Fox-Kemper, Baylor; Hewitt, Helene T.; Xiao, Cunde; Aðalgeirsdóttir, Guðfinna; et al. (2021).

2113: 1724: 1566: 1452:

Since the 1970s, the upper cell of the circulation has strengthened, while the lower cell weakened.

1354: 1165:

Projected loss of mountain glaciers over the 21st century, for different amounts of global warming.

1059: 1050: 981: 942:

is the second largest ice sheet in the world, and is three times the size of the American state of

470: 351: 169: 119: 10238:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences

9348:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences

8866:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences

5816: 4837:

Rounce, David R.; Hock, Regine; Maussion, Fabien; Hugonnet, Romain; et al. (5 January 2023).

1737: 13369: 12938: 12793: 12089: 11875: 11797: 11707: 11449: 11421: 11101: 10760: 10738: 10345: 9647:"Critical slowing down suggests that the western Greenland Ice Sheet is close to a tipping point" 7353: 7267: 5332: 4188:"Marine Ice Sheet Collapse Potentially Under Way for the Thwaites Glacier Basin, West Antarctica" 3754:"Critical slowing down suggests that the western Greenland Ice Sheet is close to a tipping point" 2462: 2418: 1957: 1854: 1421: 1272: 1232: 1114: 954: 535: 88: 8861: 8152: 5957:"The southern ocean meridional overturning in the sea-ice sector is driven by freshwater fluxes" 5098: 5053: 2779:"Exceeding 1.5°C global warming could trigger multiple climate tipping points – paper explainer" 2215:

Noise-induced tipping is the transition from one state to another due to random fluctuations or

1778:

This threat prompted the signing of Brazzaville Declaration in March 2018: an agreement between

47:

past a certain point (color-coded for temperature thresholds), this particular element would be

13384: 13218: 13165: 13059: 12882: 12727: 12085: 11474: 11294: 11236: 11153: 11138: 11023: 10669: 10615: 10610: 10605: 10600: 10595: 10590: 9764: 9282:"Using natural archives to detect climate and environmental tipping points in the Earth System" 8582: 7795:"'Bright white skeletons': some Western Australian reefs have the lowest coral cover on record" 7268:"The climate-environment-society nexus in the Sahara from prehistoric times to the present day" 7087: 4608:"A link between reduced Barents-Kara sea ice and cold winter extremes over northern continents" 3958: 2090:

affecting over 60 million people. El Niño-induced droughts may increase the likelihood of

2043: 1708:

A study from 2022 concluded: "Clearly the existence of a future tipping threshold for the WAM (

1583:

as air moves across the forest. When forest is lost via climate change (droughts and fires) or

1474: 1075: 4893: 4651: 2389:. This period, spanning from 15,000 to 5,000 years ago, also ended suddenly in a drier state. 12788: 12600: 12062: 12023: 11863: 11509: 11386: 11194: 10654: 10577: 10196: 6585: 5308: 2382: 2014:

suggested that temporary overshoots of climate change – increasing global temperature beyond

1908: 1599:. The observed loss of resilience reinforces the theory that the rainforest is approaching a 1486: 205: 115: 107: 8771:"Physical controls of dynamics of methane venting from a shallow seep area west of Svalbard" 5200: 4186:

Joughin, Ian; Smith, Benjamin E.; Medley, Brooke; Seroussi, H.; Scheuchl, B. (16 May 2014).

4129:"Collapse of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet after local destabilization of the Amundsen Basin" 13417: 13153: 12950: 12852: 12717: 12679: 12429: 12233: 12127: 11702: 11580: 11241: 10816: 10743: 10309: 10255: 10101: 10035: 9964: 9907: 9862: 9813: 9756: 9660: 9591: 9532: 9456: 9355: 9293: 9251: 9182: 9075: 8883: 8782: 8724: 8667: 8600: 8556:

Arias, Paola A.; Bellouin, Nicolas; Coppola, Erika; Jones, Richard G.; et al. (2021).

8520: 8463: 8428:

Arias, Paola A.; Bellouin, Nicolas; Coppola, Erika; Jones, Richard G.; et al. (2021).

8384: 8299: 8288:"Interacting tipping elements increase risk of climate domino effects under global warming" 8241: 8115: 8104:"Interacting tipping elements increase risk of climate domino effects under global warming" 7999: 7920: 7834: 7705: 7407: 7365: 7318: 7205: 7146: 7099: 7042: 6871: 6816: 6757: 6718: 6651: 6597: 6540: 6451: 6393: 6295: 6192: 6179:

Bourgeois, Timothée; Goris, Nadine; Schwinger, Jörg; Tjiputra, Jerry F. (17 January 2022).

6135: 6025: 5968: 5893: 5828: 5771: 5673: 5626: 5577: 5522: 5455: 5264: 5155: 4939: 4850: 4798: 4751: 4702: 4622: 4534: 4449: 4414:

Arias, Paola A.; Bellouin, Nicolas; Coppola, Erika; Jones, Richard G.; et al. (2021).

4346: 4256: 4199: 4140: 4069: 4022: 3970: 3913: 3854: 3767: 3715: 3658: 3622: 3459: 3397: 3329: 3207: 3013: 2941: 2930:"Interacting tipping elements increase risk of climate domino effects under global warming" 2870: 2739: 2687: 2594: 2436: 2386: 2301: 2244: 1709: 1031: 974: 9445:"The tipping points and early warning indicators for Pine Island Glacier, West Antarctica" 9133:"Beyond bifurcation: using complex models to understand and predict abrupt climate change" 8656:"Limited contribution of ancient methane to surface waters of the U.S. Beaufort Sea shelf" 8286:

Wunderling, Nico; Donges, Jonathan F.; Kurths, Jürgen; Winkelmann, Ricarda (3 June 2021).

8102:

Wunderling, Nico; Donges, Jonathan F.; Kurths, Jürgen; Winkelmann, Ricarda (3 June 2021).

6746:"Regional drought-induced reduction in the biomass carbon sink of Canada's boreal forests" 6100: 5566:"Natural variability has dominated Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation since 1900" 4787:"Influence and prediction value of Arctic sea ice for spring Eurasian extreme heat events" 8: 13294: 13074: 12945: 12867: 12465: 12411: 12359: 12322: 12312: 12018: 11719: 11494: 10728: 10723: 8229:"Global warming overshoots increase risks of climate tipping cascades in a network model" 7898:

Global warming of 1.5°C: An IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5°C

7664: 6408:"Amazon Against the Clock: A Regional Assessment on Where and How to Protect 80% by 2025" 3592: 3266: 2635: 2424: 2362: 2200: 1912: 1600: 1592: 1576: 1520: 1516: 1498: 939: 319: 181: 123: 111: 10259: 10105: 10039: 9968: 9911: 9866: 9817: 9760: 9723:

Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the

9664: 9595: 9536: 9460: 9359: 9297: 9255: 9186: 9079: 9003:"Tipping Phenomena and Points of No Return in Ecosystems: Beyond Classical Bifurcations" 8887: 8786: 8728: 8671: 8604: 8524: 8467: 8388: 8303: 8245: 8119: 8003: 7924: 7838: 7709: 7411: 7369: 7322: 7209: 7150: 7103: 7046: 6934: 6875: 6820: 6804: 6761: 6722: 6655: 6601: 6544: 6455: 6299: 6196: 6139: 6029: 5972: 5897: 5832: 5775: 5677: 5630: 5581: 5526: 5459: 5268: 5159: 5103:

The Hindu Kush Himalaya Assessment: Mountains, Climate Change, Sustainability and People

5058:

The Hindu Kush Himalaya Assessment: Mountains, Climate Change, Sustainability and People

4943: 4854: 4802: 4755: 4706: 4626: 4607: 4538: 4453: 4350: 4260: 4203: 4144: 4073: 4034: 4026: 3974: 3917: 3858: 3771: 3719: 3662: 3463: 3401: 3333: 3211: 3017: 2945: 2874: 2691: 2598: 2243:, for instance, after years of relative stability, rate-induced tipping can lead to an " 1956:

used for climate projections, with limited representation of atmospheric processes like

12997: 12992: 12970: 12955: 12847: 12635: 12615: 12565: 12528: 12518: 12369: 12206: 11547: 11479: 11396: 11246: 11211: 11168: 11163: 11158: 10733: 10276: 10245: 10233: 10125: 10058: 10023: 9995: 9950: 9931: 9691: 9646: 9615: 9548: 9482: 9384: 9343: 9224: 9104: 9063: 9040: 9014: 8983: 8915: 8873: 8808: 8745: 8712: 8688: 8631: 8586: 8538: 8489: 8410: 8325: 8265: 8022: 7983: 7936: 7863: 7822: 7747: 7635: 7610: 7590: 7431: 7229: 7169: 7135:"Impact of rising temperatures on the biomass of humid old-growth forests of the world" 7134: 7115: 7063: 7030: 7006: 6981: 6962: 6889: 6840: 6780: 6745: 6707:"A drought-induced pervasive increase in tree mortality across Canada's boreal forests" 6682: 6637: 6566: 6477: 6370: 6262: 6237: 6213: 6180: 6161: 6076:"Slowdown of Antarctic Bottom Water export driven by climatic wind and sea-ice changes" 5989: 5956: 5914: 5881: 5862: 5792: 5760:"Emerging negative Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation index in spite of warm subtropics" 5759: 5735: 5710: 5691: 5642: 5595: 5546: 5486: 5443: 5288: 5253:"Imminent loss of climate space for permafrost peatlands in Europe and Western Siberia" 5179: 5124: 5079: 4874: 4816: 4767: 4720: 4671: 4555: 4522: 4475: 4370: 4225: 4163: 4128: 4109: 4038: 3994: 3939: 3877: 3842: 3798: 3753: 3731: 3684: 3420: 3385: 3363: 3238: 3193: 3047: 2967: 2925: 2901: 2858: 2713: 2549: 2346: 2147: 2139: 1730: 1528: 1490: 1310:

are both greenhouse gases, they act as a self-reinforcing feedback on permafrost melt.

10332: 8939: 7559:"Mapping peat thickness and carbon stocks of the central Congo Basin using field data" 4838: 2503: 13230: 13131: 12926: 12734: 12699: 12660: 12610: 12501: 12485: 12228: 12191: 12169: 12154: 12137: 12055: 11781: 11444: 11189: 10955: 10748: 10711: 10498: 10452: 10281: 10129: 10117: 10089: 10063: 10000: 9982: 9923: 9919: 9880: 9831: 9782: 9696: 9678: 9619: 9607: 9552: 9520: 9486: 9474: 9389: 9371: 9309: 9216: 9208: 9154: 9109: 9091: 9044: 8987: 8975: 8967: 8907: 8899: 8812: 8750: 8693: 8655: 8636: 8618: 8542: 8414: 8402: 8329: 8317: 8269: 8257: 8228: 8199:"Overshooting climate targets could significantly increase risk for tipping cascades" 8133: 8027: 7940: 7868: 7850: 7751: 7739: 7731: 7640: 7594: 7558: 7435: 7423: 7334: 7287: 7233: 7221: 7193: 7174: 7119: 7068: 7011: 6966: 6954: 6893: 6832: 6785: 6687: 6669: 6570: 6558: 6481: 6469: 6374: 6362: 6311: 6267: 6218: 6165: 5994: 5948: 5919: 5866: 5854: 5797: 5757: 5740: 5695: 5646: 5614: 5599: 5550: 5538: 5510: 5491: 5473: 5292: 5280: 5183: 5171: 5128: 5114: 5083: 5069: 4899: 4878: 4866: 4820: 4771: 4724: 4675: 4650:

He, Shengping; Gao, Yongqi; Furevik, Tore; Wang, Huijun; Li, Fei (16 December 2017).

4560: 4479: 4467: 4374: 4362: 4272: 4229: 4217: 4168: 4113: 4101: 4093: 4042: 3998: 3986: 3931: 3882: 3803: 3785: 3688: 3676: 3548: 3475: 3425: 3367: 3355: 3275: 3243: 3225: 3039: 3031: 2971: 2959: 2906: 2888: 2838: 2717: 2705: 2612: 2553: 2541: 2533: 1952:

However, because large eddy simulation models are simpler and smaller-scale than the

1923: 1818: 1783: 1572: 1298: 502: 127: 80: 9935: 9579: 9578:

Liu, Yanlan; Kumar, Mukesh; Katul, Gabriel G.; Porporato, Amilcare (November 2019).

9409:"Guest post: Identifying three "tipping points" in Antarctica's Pine Island glacier" 9305: 9263: 8493: 7821:

Holbrook, Sally J.; Schmitt, Russell J.; Adam, Thomas C.; Brooks, Andrew J. (2016).

6982:"Satellite observations document trends consistent with a boreal forest biome shift" 6844: 6172: 4334: 4057: 3943: 3735: 3051: 1259: 196: 13379: 13314: 13143: 13121: 12965: 12933: 12921: 12897: 12523: 12470: 12460: 12419: 12349: 12344: 12073: 11981: 11824: 11391: 11374: 11315: 11206: 10970: 10694: 10567: 10503: 10328: 10305: 10271: 10263: 10109: 10053: 10043: 9990: 9972: 9915: 9870: 9855:

Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences

9821: 9774: 9686: 9668: 9599: 9540: 9464: 9379: 9363: 9301: 9259: 9228: 9198: 9190: 9144: 9099: 9083: 9032: 9024: 8959: 8951: 8919: 8891: 8842: 8798: 8790: 8740: 8732: 8683: 8675: 8626: 8608: 8528: 8508: 8479: 8471: 8392: 8372: 8307: 8287: 8249: 8123: 8103: 8017: 8007: 7928: 7858: 7842: 7721: 7713: 7630: 7622: 7580: 7570: 7483:"Guest post: Discovering a potential 'tipping point' for Congo's tropical peatland" 7415: 7373: 7326: 7279: 7213: 7164: 7154: 7133:

Larjavaara, Markku; Lu, Xiancheng; Chen, Xia; Vastaranta, Mikko (12 October 2021).

7107: 7058: 7050: 7001: 6993: 6946: 6879: 6824: 6775: 6765: 6726: 6677: 6659: 6605: 6548: 6459: 6354: 6331: 6303: 6257: 6249: 6208: 6200: 6151: 6143: 6087: 6033: 5984: 5976: 5909: 5901: 5844: 5836: 5817:"On the risk of abrupt changes in the North Atlantic subpolar gyre in CMIP6 models" 5787: 5779: 5730: 5722: 5681: 5634: 5585: 5530: 5481: 5463: 5272: 5163: 5106: 5061: 4947: 4928:"Forecasting temperate alpine glacier survival from accumulation zone observations" 4858: 4806: 4759: 4710: 4663: 4630: 4550: 4542: 4498: 4457: 4354: 4264: 4207: 4158: 4148: 4085: 4077: 4030: 3978: 3921: 3872: 3862: 3793: 3775: 3723: 3666: 3538: 3530: 3467: 3415: 3405: 3345: 3337: 3233: 3215: 3021: 2949: 2929: 2896: 2878: 2828: 2820: 2695: 2602: 2585: 2523: 2515: 2270:

Tipping points can have very severe impacts. They can exacerbate current dangerous

2220: 2091: 2071: 1611:

During the last quarter of the twentieth century, the zone of latitude occupied by

1532: 1055: 1005: 76: 6229: 6119: 6069: 6067: 5660:

Kim, Soong-Ki; Kim, Hyo-Jeong; Dijkstra, Henk A.; An, Soon-Il (11 February 2022).

4839:"Global glacier change in the 21st century: Every increase in temperature matters" 3671: 3646: 2439: – Limits not to be exceeded if humanity wants to survive in a safe ecosystem 1981: 1869:

which live in their tissues, which causes them to turn white. The algae, known as

1632: 1085: 13208: 13049: 12620: 12480: 12396: 12384: 12364: 12260: 12050: 12030: 11953: 11776: 11697: 11661: 11590: 11564: 11552: 11469: 11401: 11276: 11133: 10755: 10706: 10684: 9951:"Risk of tipping the overturning circulation due to increasing rates of ice melt" 8860:

Ashwin, Peter; Wieczorek, Sebastian; Vitolo, Renato; Cox, Peter (13 March 2012).

8450:

Stolbova, Veronika; Surovyatkina, Elena; Bookhagen, Bodo; Kurths, Jürgen (2016).

7960: 7771: 7377: 7307:"Holocene climate instability during the termination of the African Humid Period" 6633: 5615:"Freshwater forcing of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation revisited" 5444:"Risk of tipping the overturning circulation due to increasing rates of ice melt" 5029: 4979: 3901: 3261: 3075: 2354: 2331: 2305: 2188: 2109: 2087: 2015: 2010: 1858: 1836: 1294: 1290: 1264: 1110: 1103:

Annual trend in the Arctic sea ice extent and area for the 2011-2022 time period.

1097: 13350: 9002: 6381: 5110: 5065: 5054:"Status and Change of the Cryosphere in the Extended Hindu Kush Himalaya Region" 4927: 4763: 4740:"Nonlinear changes in cold spell and heat wave arising from Arctic sea-ice loss" 13427: 13186: 13126: 13111: 13064: 12960: 12906: 12766: 12424: 12401: 12374: 12292: 12282: 12184: 12179: 12045: 11996: 11729: 11585: 11527: 11522: 11364: 11253: 10985: 10980: 10975: 10833: 10770: 10508: 10488: 10447: 10368: 10113: 10090:"Past abrupt changes, tipping points and cascading impacts in the Earth system" 9744: 9544: 9521:"Past abrupt changes, tipping points and cascading impacts in the Earth system" 8253: 7626: 7575: 7217: 7159: 7111: 7054: 7031:"Beneficial effects of climate warming on boreal tree growth may be transitory" 6884: 6859: 6706: 6553: 6528: 6464: 6439: 6358: 6322: 6204: 6092: 6075: 6064: 6046: 6038: 6013: 5980: 5905: 5783: 5686: 5661: 5638: 5590: 5565: 5534: 5276: 4811: 4786: 4546: 4462: 4437: 4294: 3447: 2607: 2580: 2374: 2322: 2275: 2102: 2039: 2002: 1930:

concentrations. In addition, stratocumulus clouds would not reform until the CO

1916: 1814: 1791: 1768: 1744: 1720: 1716: 1494: 1482: 1436: 1413: 1388: 1030:

during the winter, which would freeze on the surface, and this increase in the

1009: 146: 96: 68: 64: 9603: 8846: 8794: 8507:

Katzenberger, Anja; Schewe, Jacob; Pongratz, Julia; Levermann, Anders (2021).

7984:"Solar geoengineering may not prevent strong warming from direct effects of CO 7932: 7726: 7693: 7283: 6338: 6005: 5167: 4667: 4358: 4081: 3165: 2504:"Exceeding 1.5°C global warming could trigger multiple climate tipping points" 973:

map of Antarctica without its ice sheets, assuming constant sea levels and no

13406: 13329: 13213: 13170: 13116: 13104: 13089: 13079: 13002: 12916: 12892: 12887: 12761: 12756: 12751: 12667: 12255: 12196: 12159: 12111: 11802: 11734: 11459: 11281: 11266: 11201: 11096: 10121: 9986: 9927: 9884: 9835: 9786: 9682: 9611: 9478: 9375: 9313: 9212: 9158: 9149: 9132: 9095: 8971: 8903: 8827: 8622: 8406: 8321: 8261: 8137: 7854: 7735: 7338: 7291: 6935:"Rapid functional shifts across high latitude forests over the last 65 years" 6673: 6562: 6315: 5542: 5477: 5284: 5175: 4471: 4322:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA: 1270–1272. 4308: 4276: 4097: 3935: 3789: 3680: 3552: 3534: 3513:

Ripple, William J; Wolf, Christopher; Newsome, Thomas M.; Gregg, Jillian W.;

3479: 3359: 3271: 3229: 3166:"Glossary — Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate" 3035: 2963: 2892: 2842: 2824: 2803:

Ripple, William J; Wolf, Christopher; Newsome, Thomas M.; Gregg, Jillian W.;

2709: 2537: 2402: 2313: 2279: 2231:, with 25 occurrences of sudden climate fluctuations over a 500-year period. 2059: 2050:), which was left out of the 2022 list, but included in some subsequent ones. 1998: 1994: 1885:, making it very difficult to shift back to a coral-dominated ecosystem. The 1870: 1765: 1584: 1580: 1512: 1417: 1401: 1342: 1175: 1135: 1123: 1119: 1023: 819: 267: 227:

or regional climate changes from one stable state to another stable state.".

142: 11911: 10314: 10048: 9977: 9673: 9469: 8955: 8613: 8533: 8452:"Tipping elements of the Indian monsoon: Prediction of onset and withdrawal" 8451: 8397: 8371:

Duque-Villegas, Mateo; Salazar, Juan Fernando; Rendón, Angela Maria (2019).

8312: 8128: 8012: 7539:"Historic agreement signed to protect the world's largest tropical peatland" 7393:"Age, extent and carbon storage of the central Congo Basin peatland complex" 7253:

Overseas Development Institute and Climate and Development Knowledge Network

7194:"Even modest climate change may lead to major transitions in boreal forests" 6858:

Sulla-Menashe, Damien; Woodcock, Curtis E; Friedl, Mark A (4 January 2018).

6770: 6664: 5882:"Destabilisation of the Subpolar North Atlantic prior to the Little Ice Age" 5564:

Latif, Mojib; Sun, Jing; Visbeck, Martin; Bordbar, M. Hadi (25 April 2022).

5468: 5143: 5142:

Zhang, T.; Barry, R. G.; Knowles, K.; Heginbottom, J. A.; Brown, J. (2008).

4862: 4212: 4187: 4153: 3982: 3867: 3780: 3703: 3410: 3220: 3106:"Explainer: Nine "tipping points" that could be triggered by climate change" 3026: 3001: 2954: 2883: 2519: 2026: 176:, permafrost thaw. The tipping points for ocean current changes include the 39: 13355: 13289: 13021: 13007: 12862: 12672: 12640: 12630: 12533: 12379: 12277: 12223: 12132: 11991: 11687: 11484: 11128: 11118: 10775: 10659: 10572: 10285: 10267: 10067: 10004: 9875: 9850: 9700: 9413: 9393: 9367: 9220: 9113: 8979: 8911: 8895: 8754: 8697: 8679: 8640: 8183: 8057: 8031: 7872: 7743: 7660:"The world's coral reefs are dying—here's how scientists plan to save them" 7644: 7427: 7225: 7178: 7072: 7015: 6958: 6933:

Hisano, Masumi; Ryo, Masahiro; Chen, Xinli; Chen, Han Y. H. (16 May 2021).

6836: 6789: 6691: 6500: 6473: 6271: 6253: 6222: 5998: 5923: 5858: 5801: 5744: 5495: 4870: 4584: 4564: 4366: 4244: 4221: 4172: 4105: 3990: 3886: 3807: 3498: 3446:

Schellnhuber, Hans Joachim; Rahmstorf, Stefan; Winkelmann, Ricarda (2016).

3429: 3301: 3247: 3110: 3043: 2910: 2616: 2545: 2366: 2129: 1972:

infrastructure. In that case, 1,200 ppm would be passed shortly after 2100.

1684: 1549: 1507: 1409: 1405: 1063: 6107:

Silvano, Alessandro; Meijers, Andrew J. S.; Zhou, Shenjie (17 June 2023).

4438:"The Arctic has warmed nearly four times faster than the globe since 1979" 3926: 3902:"Bedmap2: improved ice bed, surface and thickness datasets for Antarctica" 2631:"Climate change driving entire planet to dangerous "global tipping point"" 2501: 953:

The Greenland ice sheet has a tipping point because of the melt-elevation

13334: 12877: 12872: 12709: 12694: 12570: 12545: 12174: 12094: 12001: 11986: 11714: 11231: 11223: 10483: 9826: 9801: 9778: 8940:"Evasion of tipping in complex systems through spatial pattern formation" 8475: 7330: 6730: 6610: 6307: 6147: 5330: 4952: 4715: 4690: 4635: 4291:"Scientists Warn of Perilous Climate Shift Within Decades, Not Centuries" 3727: 3518: 3494:"Critical measures of global heating reaching tipping point, study finds" 3471: 2808: 2342: 2309: 1807: 1749: 1485:

has also played a substantial role in both trends, as it had altered the

1416:

scenarios, which would then collapse the entire circulation in the North

1130: 947: 56: 13016: 10084:

Brovkin, Victor; Brook, Edward; Williams, John W.; Bathiany, Sebastian;

9194: 8937: 8832:"Chapter 5: Global Carbon and other Biogeochemical Cycles and Feedbacks" 7717: 7690: 7419: 6496:"Climate crisis: Amazon rainforest tipping point is looming, data shows" 5849: 5726: 5002:"Special report: How climate change is melting France's largest glacier" 3704:"A Full-Stokes 3-D Calving Model Applied to a Large Greenlandic Glacier" 3350: 3341: 3318:"Operationalising positive tipping points towards global sustainability" 2528: 13284: 13099: 13069: 13054: 12842: 12830: 12590: 12452: 12078: 11746: 11123: 10085: 9740: 9339: 9203: 9128: 9087: 9059: 9036: 9028: 8963: 8803: 7611:"Hydroclimatic vulnerability of peat carbon in the central Congo Basin" 7585: 6529:"Pronounced loss of Amazon rainforest resilience since the early 2000s" 6524: 6284: 6156: 5840: 5397: 5367: 4089: 3514: 2804: 2671: 2576: 2171: 2035: 1862: 1850: 1278: 1248: 1244: 1214: 970: 251: 165: 131: 10232:

Hansen, James; Sato, Makiko; Russell, Gary; Kharecha, Pushker (2013).

8841:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA: 5. 8736: 7846: 7028: 6997: 6950: 6828: 6390:"Landmark study projects 'dramatic' changes to Southern Ocean by 2050" 6366: 5751: 3618:"New climate models suggest faster melting of the Greenland Ice Sheet" 3543: 2833: 2067: 1122:

does not overcome the cooling and the formation of new ice during the

71:. Tipping behavior is found across the climate system, for example in 13026: 12815: 12744: 12689: 12684: 12550: 12391: 12297: 12040: 10701: 10301: 9019: 8484: 8053:

levels could trigger clouds 'tipping point' and 8C of global warming"

7823:"Coral Reef Resilience, Tipping Points and the Strength of Herbivory" 4268: 4011: 2700: 2675: 2334:

to limit warming to 1.5–2.0 °C (34.7–35.6 °F) is achieved.

2240: 2075: 2063: 1997:. Ice loss in West Antarctica and Greenland will significantly alter 1901:

Cloud feedback § Possible break-up of equatorial stratocumulus clouds

1882: 1874: 1787: 1524: 1502: 1425: 1318: 998: 990: 231: 84: 72: 8653: 8344:"Tipping Points: Why we might not be able to reverse climate change" 8225: 5227:"'Imminent' tipping point threatening Europe's permafrost peatlands" 4738:

Song, Mirong; Wang, Zhao-Yin; Zhu, Zhu; Liu, Ji-Ping (August 2021).

4494:"The Arctic is warming four times faster than the rest of the world" 3847:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States

3000:

Rocha, Juan C.; Peterson, Garry; Bodin, Örjan; Levin, Simon (2018).

1731:

Vulnerable stores of tropical peat carbon: Cuvette Centrale peatland

1552:

to warn that the Amazonia is in the midst of a tipping point crisis.

1448: 1333:

The Northern part of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation

989:(the point at which ice no longer sits on rock and becomes floating 13319: 13304: 12835: 12820: 12722: 12560: 12008: 9580:"Reduced resilience as an early warning signal of forest mortality" 8825: 8506: 8449: 7447: 7445: 5879: 4785:

Sun, Jianqi; Liu, Sichang; Cohen, Judah; Yu, Shui (2 August 2022).

4306: 2370: 2192: 2095: 1803: 1625: 1470: 1341:(AMOC), also known as the Gulf Stream System, is a large system of 1313: 1217: 1140: 965: 216: 10250: 8878: 8580: 7354:"The Greening of the Sahara: Past Changes and Future Implications" 6328: 5758:

Eleanor Frajka-Williams; Claudie Beaulieu; Aurelie Duchez (2017).

3568:"Climate "points of no return" may be much closer than we thought" 2421: – Hypothetical representation of potential future conditions 1841: 1680:

African humid period § Implications for future global warming

13299: 13148: 12985: 12975: 12783: 12595: 12307: 12302: 10679: 10337: 9849:

Wieczorek, S.; Ashwin, P.; Luke, C. M.; Cox, P. M. (8 May 2011).

9714:

Chen, D.; Rojas, M.; Samset, B.H.; Cobb, K.; et al. (2021).

5711:"Abrupt cooling over the North Atlantic in modern climate models" 4435: 2283: 2228: 1878: 1795: 1650: 1595:. This delayed return to equilibrium of the rainforest is termed 1588: 1349: 1307: 1282: 1240: 1170: 1144: 1118:

reversed. Modelling now shows that this heat transfer during the

985: 92: 30:"Runaway climate change" redirects here. Not to be confused with 10020: 8285: 8101: 7442: 3839: 3297:"'Super-tipping points' could trigger cascade of climate action" 2923: 2855: 1113:

was once identified as a potential tipping element. The loss of

224:

Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate

164:

Tipping points exists in a range of systems, for example in the

13309: 13235: 11682: 10234:"Climate sensitivity, sea level and atmospheric carbon dioxide" 9342:; Livina, V.N.; Dakos, V.; Van Nes, E.H.; Scheffer, M. (2012). 7476: 7474: 6178: 3701: 3445: 2575: 2079: 1964:

concentrations would only reach 1,200 ppm if the world follows

1799: 1761: 1621: 1617: 1286: 900: 100: 10197:

Scoping of the IPCC 5th Assessment Report Cross Cutting Issues

9851:"Excitability in ramped systems: the compost-bomb instability" 8343: 8082:"A world without clouds? Hardly clear, climate scientists say" 7454:"Guest post: Vast carbon store found under Congo swamp forest" 6235: 5814: 4245:"Stability of the West Antarctic ice sheet in a warming world" 3899: 3190: 1893: 1794:. For comparison, 26% of its peat is located in areas open to 1645:

trees to evergreen conifers in response to a warming climate.

1329: 12980: 12739: 11596:

Cooperative Mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement

10689: 9126: 7982:

Schneider, Tapio; Kaul, Colleen M.; Pressel, Kyle G. (2020).

7555: 7251:

The IPCC's Fifth Assessment Report - What's in it for Africa?

6631: 6073: 5954: 5250: 4580:"New data reveals extraordinary global heating in the Arctic" 2772: 2770: 2768: 2766: 2764: 2762: 2760: 2758: 2406: 1866: 1702: 1642: 1612: 1431: 1213:

The absolute largest amount of glacier ice is located in the

1062:

may be vulnerable to tipping at lower levels of warming. The

943: 10169: 10083: 9518: 8179:"Climate emergency: world "may have crossed tipping points"" 7607: 7471: 7384: 7304: 6636:; Van Nes, Egbert H.; Chapin, F. Stuart (26 December 2012). 6586:"Coincidence and Contradiction in the Warming Boreal Forest" 5141: 4521:

Isaksen, Ketil; Nordli, Øyvind; et al. (15 June 2022).

4332: 2735:"The irreversible emissions of a permafrost "tipping point"" 13324: 10174: 8370: 7886: 7305:

Renssen, H.; Brovkin, V.; Fichefet, T.; Goosse, H. (2003).

7191: 6857: 6057: 5941: 5096: 4058:"Mass balance of the Antarctic Ice Sheet from 1992 to 2017" 2083: 1969: 1760:, which contains around 30 petagrams (billions of tons) of 1757: 1466: 1179: 1027: 9001:

O'Keeffe, Paul E.; Wieczorek, Sebastian (1 January 2020).

8767: 7766: 7265: 7132: 7086:

Boulanger, Yan; Puigdevall, Jesus Pascual (3 April 2021).

5363:"What is the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation?" 5195: 5193: 4836: 4185: 4127:

Feldmann, Johannes; Levermann, Anders (17 November 2015).

2755: 1430:

A 2021 study found that this collapse occurs in only four

1045: 960: 11772:

Illustrative model of greenhouse effect on climate change

10325:

The tipping points of climate change — and where we stand

10318: 10231: 10204:

Thirty-first Session of the IPCC Bali, 26–29 October 2009

9171: 8555: 8427: 7820: 7390: 7351: 4413: 1443: 1015:

emission scenarios projected for the next few centuries.

87:, and the atmosphere. Examples of tipping points include 43:

Map showing global and regional tipping elements: if the

9442: 9338: 8859: 5333:"Gulf Stream System at its weakest in over a millennium" 4895:

Field Techniques in Glaciology and Glacial Geomorphology

4055: 1539: 1034:(SMB) counteracts some fraction of the ice loss. In the 51:. The result would be a transition to a different state. 10144:"What can Venus tell us about climate change on Earth?" 7694:"Global warming and recurrent mass bleaching of corals" 6125: 5442:

Lohmann, Johannes; Ditlevsen, Peter D. (2 March 2021).

5190: 3959:"Is ice sheet collapse in West Antarctica unstoppable?" 3519:"World Scientists' Warning of a Climate Emergency 2021" 2999: 2924:

Wunderling, Nico; Donges, Jonathan F.; Kurths, Jürgen;

2809:"World Scientists' Warning of a Climate Emergency 2021" 2021: 10024:"Trajectories of the Earth System in the Anthropocene" 9848: 9577: 8710: 8587:"Trajectories of the Earth System in the Anthropocene" 6980:

Berner, Logan T.; Goetz, Scott J. (24 February 2022).

5563: 4891: 3645:

Scambos, Ted; Straneo, Fiamma; Tedesco, Marco (2021).

3512: 3383: 3267:

The New Climate War: The Fight to Take Back Our Planet

2859:"Trajectories of the Earth System in the Anthropocene" 2802: 1985:

A proposed tipping cascade with four tipping elements.

1535:, are also expected to unfold over multiple centuries. 99:, or melting ice sheets and glaciers reducing Earth's 12143:

Self-indication assumption doomsday argument rebuttal

11613:

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

9000: 8043: 8041: 6011: 3644: 3315: 1849:

Around 500 million people around the world depend on

1806:

plantations, and nearly all of this area is open for

925: 631:

Proposed climate tipping element (and tipping point)

279:

Proposed climate tipping element (and tipping point)

234:

and in social systems, a tipping point can trigger a

12069:

Safety of high-energy particle collision experiments

9802:"Tipping points: Early warning and wishful thinking" 9057: 8576: 8574: 7981: 7910: 7793:

Gilmour, James Paton; Green, Rebecca (21 May 2019).

5422:"Chapter 9: Ocean, cryosphere, and sea level change" 3841:

J.; Caffee, Marc W.; Southon, John (30 March 2021).

2497: 2495: 2493: 2491: 2489: 2487: 2485: 2483: 2385:

saw abrupt changes on decadal timescales during the

1263:

Ground collapse caused by abrupt permafrost thaw in

9713: 7085: 6344: 5326: 5324: 5025:"A third of Himalayan ice cap doomed, finds report" 4832: 4830: 4313:"Chapter 9: Ocean, Cryosphere and Sea Level Change" 2581:"Climate tipping points – too risky to bet against" 1220:region, which is colloquially known as the Earth's 920: 10225: 8819: 8227: 8038: 6522: 6400: 6106: 4606:Petoukhov, Vladimir; Semenov, Vladimir A. 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Archived from the original on 9 September 2022 5050: 4827: 4689:Zhang, Ruonan; Screen, James A. (16 June 2021). 4649: 4605: 3386:"Tipping elements in the Earth's climate system" 1314:Tipping points related to ocean current collapse 383:Labrador-Irminger Seas/SPG Convection (collapse) 10028:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 10016: 10014: 9956:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 9949:Lohmann, Johannes; Ditlevsen, Peter D. 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Glasser (20 May 2005). 4737: 3708:Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface 3647:"How fast is the Greenland ice sheet melting?" 2153: 1641:converting from predominantly needle-shedding 1143:Sea ice and the weather patterns elsewhere in 12100:Existential risk from artificial intelligence 11941: 11927: 10558:History of climate change policy and politics 10353: 9645:Boers, Niklas; Rypdal, Martin (25 May 2021). 9137:Dynamics and Statistics of the Climate System 8204:Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research 6743: 5090: 4784: 4520: 4015:Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 3441: 3439: 3379: 3377: 2467:Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research 1489:weather pattern, while the massive growth of 1281:, covers large fractions of land – mainly in 10011: 9332: 8853: 7792: 6704: 5044: 4571: 4429: 4242: 3194:"The quiet crossing of ocean tipping points" 2666: 2664: 2662: 2660: 2658: 2571: 2569: 2567: 2565: 2563: 2392: 1606: 1556: 1020:effects of climate change on the water cycle 997:(MISI). Thinning and collapse of the WAIS's 12148:Self-referencing doomsday argument rebuttal 10675:Atlantic meridional overturning circulation 9644: 9514: 9512: 9510: 9508: 6979: 6440:"When will the Amazon hit a tipping point?" 4925: 4688: 4523:"Exceptional warming over the Barents area" 4514: 4389:"Does Arctic sea ice have a tipping point?" 4335:"The hysteresis of the Antarctic Ice Sheet" 3751: 2777:Armstrong McKay, David (9 September 2022). 1976: 1894:Break-up of equatorial stratocumulus clouds 1688:Greening of the Sahel between 1982 and 1999 1339:Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation 568:Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation 412:East Antarctic Subglacial Basins (collapse) 178:Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation 12251:Climate change and civilizational collapse 11934: 11920: 11894: 11882: 11339: 10360: 10346: 9716:"Chapter 1: Framing, context, and methods" 9438: 9436: 9275: 9273: 8176: 6803:Chen, Han Y. 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(2011). 2433: – Opposing climate states on Earth 2341: 2337: 2308:and regime shifts led to the retreat of 2255: 2210: 2177: 2128: 2025: 1980: 1840: 1748:Map of Cuvette Centrale location in the 1743: 1683: 1631: 1543: 1447: 1392:Modelled 21st century warming under the 1387: 1328: 1258: 1160: 964: 929: 195: 172:disintegration, arctic sea ice decline, 38: 11500:National Adaptation Programme of Action 11289:Land use, land-use change, and forestry 9897: 9433: 9270: 9058:Boulton, Chris A.; Allison, Lesley C.; 8177:Carrington, Damian (27 November 2019). 7954:Wolchover, Natalie (25 February 2019). 7657: 6802: 6288:Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 5612: 4885: 3814: 2234: 1825: 1527:in the Southern Ocean with a potential 1519:, with a corresponding increase in the 1382:North Atlantic Current § Climate change 1174:Examples include glaciers of the North 1046:East Antarctic ice sheet disintegration 961:West Antarctic ice sheet disintegration 721:0.04 per °C by 2100;0.11 per °C by 2300 14: 13405: 11149:Economics of climate change mitigation 11112:Gold Standard (carbon offset standard) 10635: 10463:Scientific consensus on climate change 10167: 10079: 10077: 9739: 9406: 9279: 8933: 8931: 8929: 8366: 8364: 8281: 8279: 8150: 8097: 8095: 8079: 7261: 7259: 7245: 7243: 6018:Communications Earth & Environment 5708: 4999: 4919: 4791:Communications Earth & Environment 4486: 4442:Communications Earth & Environment 3820: 3752:Boers, Niklas; Rypdal, Martin (2021). 3651:Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research 2995: 2993: 2676:"Tipping points in the climate system" 2670: 2320:This scenario is sometimes called the 2124: 2048:Southern Ocean overturning circulation 1563:Deforestation of the Amazon rainforest 1505:dilutes salty Antarctic bottom water. 1459:Southern Ocean overturning circulation 1444:Southern Ocean overturning circulation 1394:"intermediate" climate change scenario 1374: 790:Sahel and W.African Monsoon (greening) 186:Southern Ocean overturning circulation 11915: 11808:Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 11633: 11338: 11074: 10634: 10546: 10427: 10379: 10341: 9320:from the original on 21 November 2021 7480: 7451: 6437: 6387: 6332:The Global Tipping Points Report 2023 5508: 5357: 5355: 5353: 5023:Damian Carrington (4 February 2019). 3956: 3747: 3745: 3565: 3295:Damian Carrington (20 January 2023). 3146:from the original on 5 September 2021 3063: 3061: 2729: 2727: 2443:World Scientists' Warning to Humanity 1830: 1540:Tipping points in terrestrial systems 1404:indicate that the deep convection in 1237:Representative Concentration Pathways 12271:Tipping points in the climate system 11830:Representative Concentration Pathway 10781:Tipping points in the climate system 10457:Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere 10213:from the original on 9 November 2009 9120: 7885: 7272:The Journal of North African Studies 5225:Viglione, Giuliana (14 March 2022). 3833: 3260: 2251: 2022:Formerly considered tipping elements 1966:Representative Concentration Pathway 12266:Extinction risk from climate change 12165:New World Order (conspiracy theory) 11601:Nationally determined contributions 11311:Individual action on climate change 10526:World energy supply and consumption 10074: 9280:Thomas, Zoë A. 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Archived from 2427: – Concept in climate science 1911:model to estimate that equatorial 1725:directly induced by carbon dioxide 1412:Seas could collapse under certain 1254: 1026:over the ice sheet in the form of 926:Greenland ice sheet disintegration 851:Boreal Forest (northern expansion) 25: 13439: 12246:Cataclysmic pole shift hypothesis 11667:Satellite temperature measurement 11272:forestry for carbon sequestration 10563:History of climate change science 10295: 9559:from the original on 30 July 2021 9421:from the original on 31 July 2021 8080:Voosen, Paul (26 February 2019). 5205:National Snow and Ice Data Center 4393:National Snow and Ice Data Center 3597:National Snow and Ice Data Center 1738:Cuvette Centrale § Climate change 1673: 1497:has increased the melting of the 671:Low-latitude Coral Reefs (dieoff) 626:Regional impact tipping elements 200:Positive tipping point in society 81:circulation patterns in the ocean 13362: 13361: 13349: 12507:Decline in amphibian populations 11893: 11881: 11870: 11869: 11857: 11518:Climate Change Performance Index 10189: 10161: 10136: 9942: 9920:10.1111/j.1365-2389.2010.01312.x 9900:European Journal of Soil Science 9891: 9842: 9793: 9733: 9721:. In Masson-Delmotte, V. 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(9 October 2009). 6516: 6488: 6431: 6334:(Report). University of Exeter. 6278: 5873: 5808: 5702: 5653: 5606: 5557: 5502: 5435: 5413: 5382: 5244: 5218: 5135: 5016: 4993: 4967: 4778: 4731: 4682: 4643: 4615:Journal of Geophysical Research 4599: 4407: 4381: 4326: 4289:Justin Gillis (March 22, 2016) 4283: 4236: 4179: 4120: 4049: 4005: 3950: 3893: 3695: 3638: 3610: 3585: 3506: 3486: 3309: 3288: 3254: 3184: 3158: 3126: 1629:more suitable for tree growth. 1424:, which is not captured by the 1022:, which result in an increased 906: 893: 883: 700:Boreal Permafrost (abrupt thaw) 612: 602: 11725:Climate variability and change 11075: 10766:Retreat of glaciers since 1850 7658:Gibbens, Sarah (4 June 2020). 6864:Environmental Research Letters 6527:; Boers, Niklas (March 2022). 5060:. 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September 2022. p. 8. 6388:Logan, Tyne (29 March 2023). 3672:10.1080/15230430.2021.1946241 2449: 2431:Greenhouse and icehouse Earth 2328:greenhouse and icehouse Earth 729:Barents Sea Ice (abrupt loss) 274:Global core tipping elements 254:, and the Amazon rainforest. 191: 13259:Future of Humanity Institute 12656:Potentially hazardous object 12556:Interplanetary contamination 11818:IPCC Sixth Assessment Report 11044:Middle East and North Africa 10380: 10168:Dunbar, Brian (6 May 2015). 9806:Geophysical Research Letters 8456:Geophysical Research Letters 8151:Turner, Ben (12 June 2021). 7378:10.1016/j.oneear.2020.03.002 7311:Geophysical Research Letters 6590:Geophysical Research Letters 6128:Geophysical Research Letters 5709:Sgubin; et al. (2017). 4695:Geophysical Research Letters 2118:IPCC Sixth Assessment Report 2086:. In 2015/2016, this caused 2082:, and increased flooding in 2056:El Niño–Southern Oscillation 1940:solar radiation modification 1907:In 2019, a study employed a 1780:Democratic Republic of Congo 1698:IPCC Fifth Assessment Report 1151:Retreat of mountain glaciers 1040:IPCC Sixth Assessment Report 1036:IPCC Fifth Assessment Report 995:Marine Ice Sheet Instability 242:Comparison of tipping points 212:IPCC Sixth Assessment Report 174:retreat of mountain glaciers 45:global temperature increases 7: 13139:Nemesis (hypothetical star) 12288:Global terrestrial stilling 10547: 9244:Global and Planetary Change 9131:; Scheffer, Marten (2016). 5111:10.1007/978-3-319-92288-1_8 5066:10.1007/978-3-319-92288-1_3 4898:. Wiley. pp. 179–198. 4764:10.1016/j.accre.2021.08.003 3593:"Quick Facts on Ice Sheets" 2412: 2154:Bifurcation-induced tipping 1115:sunlight-reflecting sea ice 261:tipping elements and seven 257:As of September 2022, nine 248:large-scale discontinuities 156:tipping elements and seven 18:Tipping point (climatology) 10: 13444: 13423:Politics of climate change 12651:Asteroid impact prediction 12626:Heat death of the universe 12036:Mutual assured destruction 11652:Global surface temperature 11543:Popular culture depictions 11455:Ecosystem-based adaptation 11185:Carbon capture and storage 11107:Carbon offsets and credits 10428: 10315:The climate tipping points 10306:research on tipping points 10114:10.1038/s41561-021-00790-5 9545:10.1038/s41561-021-00790-5 9286:Quaternary Science Reviews 8775:Continental Shelf Research 8254:10.1038/s41558-022-01545-9 7891:"Summary for Policymakers" 7627:10.1038/s41586-022-05389-3 7621:(November 2022): 277–282. 7576:10.1038/s41561-022-00966-7 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apocalyptic films 13179: 13045:2011 end times prediction 13037: 12777:Prophecy of Seventy Weeks 12772:Abomination of desolation 12708: 12646:Asteroid impact avoidance 12583: 12494: 12476:List of extinction events 12451: 12444: 12410: 12318:Environmental degradation 12214: 12205: 12120: 12105:Technological singularity 11974: 11949: 11943:Global catastrophic risks 11864:Climate change portal 11851: 11790: 11757:Extreme event attribution 11675: 11644: 11640: 11629: 11573: 11508: 11430: 11380:School Strike for Climate 11352: 11348: 11334: 11303: 11259:Climate-smart agriculture 11220: 11177: 11087: 11083: 11070: 10994: 10857: 10804: 10647: 10643: 10630: 10553: 10542: 10471: 10440: 10436: 10423: 10406:Climate change adaptation 10401:Climate change mitigation 10396:Effects of climate change 10386: 10375: 10148:BBC Sky at Night Magazine 9604:10.1038/s41558-019-0583-9 8847:10.1017/9781009157896.011 8795:10.1016/j.csr.2019.104030 7933:10.1038/s41561-019-0310-1 7284:10.1080/13629380500336680 5201:"Where is Frozen Ground?" 5168:10.1080/10889370802175895 4668:10.1007/s00376-017-7029-y 4359:10.1038/s41586-020-2727-5 4082:10.1038/s41586-018-0179-y 3957:Hulbe, Christina (2017). 2783:climatetippingpoints.info 2399:runaway greenhouse effect 2393:Runaway greenhouse effect 2359:Dansgaard–Oeschger events 2278:, with severe impacts on 2272:impacts of climate change 2266:Effects of climate change 2225:Dansgaard–Oeschger events 2054:The possibility that the 1857:which is triggering mass 1607:Boreal forest biome shift 1557:Amazon rainforest dieback 639: 636: 633: 630: 526:0.1 (partial) 0.2 (total) 287: 284: 281: 278: 32:Runaway greenhouse effect 13413:Climate change feedbacks 13264:Future of Life Institute 13166:Resurrection of the dead 13159:Post-tribulation rapture 12541:Colony collapse disorder 11767:Global warming potential 11574:International agreements 11221:Preserving and enhancing 10665:Arctic methane emissions 10587:Years in climate change 10494:Greenhouse gas emissions 10391:Causes of climate change 7956:"A World Without Clouds" 7569:(August 2022): 639–644. 6885:10.1088/1748-9326/aa9b88 3074:5 September 2021 at the 2114:clathrate gun hypothesis 1991:cascading tipping points 1977:Cascading tipping points 1922:levels rise above 1,200 1855:sea surface temperatures 1567:Climate change in Brazil 1422:sea surface temperatures 1355:greenhouse gas emissions 1233:climate change scenarios 1060:East Antarctic ice sheet 1051:East Antarctic ice sheet 982:West Antarctic Ice Sheet 471:East Antarctic Ice Sheet 352:West Antarctic Ice Sheet 170:East Antarctic ice sheet 161:permafrost abrupt thaw. 139:potentially catastrophic 12090:Artificial intelligence 11798:Climate change scenario 11450:Disaster risk reduction 11102:Carbon emission trading 10912:U.S. insurance industry 10892:Civilizational collapse 10739:sea surface temperature 10049:10.1073/pnas.1810141115 9978:10.1073/pnas.2017989118 9725:Sixth Assessment Report 9674:10.1073/pnas.2024192118 9470:10.5194/tc-15-1501-2021 8956:10.1126/science.abj0359 8614:10.1073/pnas.1810141115 8534:10.5194/esd-12-367-2021 8398:10.5194/esd-10-631-2019 8313:10.5194/esd-12-601-2021 8129:10.5194/esd-12-601-2021 8013:10.1073/pnas.2003730117 6771:10.1073/pnas.1111576109 6665:10.1073/pnas.1219844110 6438:Amigo, Ignacio (2020). 5469:10.1073/pnas.2017989118 4863:10.1126/science.abo1324 4213:10.1126/science.1249055 4154:10.1073/pnas.1512482112 3983:10.1126/science.aam9728 3868:10.1073/pnas.2021442118 3781:10.1073/pnas.2024192118 3411:10.1073/pnas.0705414105 3221:10.1073/pnas.2008478118 3069:IPCC_AR6_WGI_Chapter_04 3027:10.1126/science.aat7850 2955:10.5194/esd-12-601-2021 2884:10.1073/pnas.1810141115 2520:10.1126/science.abn7950 2419:Climate change scenario 2383:monsoon in North Africa 2070:and typically leads to 1273:Permafrost carbon cycle 13219:List of disaster films 13060:Apocalyptic literature 12160:Malthusian catastrophe 12086:Synthetic intelligence 11791:Research and modelling 11475:Nature-based solutions 11295:Nature-based solutions 11237:Carbon dioxide removal 11154:Fossil fuel divestment 11139:Climate risk insurance 11049:Small island countries 10670:Arctic sea ice decline 10268:10.1098/rsta.2012.0294 9876:10.1098/rspa.2010.0485 9368:10.1098/rsta.2011.0304 9150:10.1093/climsys/dzw004 8896:10.1098/rsta.2011.0306 8680:10.1126/sciadv.aao4842 6254:10.1126/sciadv.aap9467 5509:Boers, Niklas (2021). 3535:10.1093/biosci/biab079 2825:10.1093/biosci/biab079 2350: 2261: 2135: 2051: 2044:Antarctic bottom water 1986: 1846: 1753: 1689: 1637: 1553: 1475:Antarctic bottom water 1453: 1397: 1334: 1268: 1166: 1076:Arctic sea ice decline 1070:Arctic sea ice decline 977: 935: 252:warm-water coral reefs 201: 132:warm-water coral reefs 52: 12601:Coronal mass ejection 12063:Electromagnetic pulse 12024:Kinetic energy weapon 11752:Earth's energy budget 11635:Background and theory 11523:Climate crisis (term) 11195:Fossil fuel phase-out 11089:Economics and finance 11054:by individual country 10996:By country and region 10971:Security and conflict 10966:Psychological impacts 10655:Abrupt climate change 10578:Charles David Keeling 10411:By country and region 10302:Global tipping points 9749:Nature Climate Change 9584:Nature Climate Change 9068:Nature Communications 8513:Earth System Dynamics 8377:Earth System Dynamics 8292:Earth System Dynamics 8234:Nature Climate Change 8108:Earth System Dynamics 7406:(Month 2017): 86–90. 7035:Nature Communications 6986:Global Change Biology 6939:Global Change Biology 6809:Global Change Biology 6711:Nature Climate Change 6533:Nature Climate Change 6347:Nature Climate Change 6185:Nature Communications 6134:(22): e2020GL091103. 6080:Nature Climate Change 5961:Nature Communications 5886:Nature Communications 5715:Nature Communications 5619:Nature Climate Change 5570:Nature Climate Change 5515:Nature Climate Change 5257:Nature Climate Change 3927:10.5194/tc-7-375-2013 3452:Nature Climate Change 3322:Global Sustainability 2934:Earth System Dynamics 2345: 2338:Geological timescales 2259: 2211:Noise-induced tipping 2185:critical slowing down 2178:Early warning signals 2132: 2103:Indian summer monsoon 2029: 1984: 1909:large eddy simulation 1844: 1747: 1687: 1635: 1597:critical slowing down 1547: 1487:Southern Annular Mode 1451: 1391: 1332: 1262: 1164: 968: 933: 634:Threshold ( °C) 282:Threshold ( °C) 206:Abrupt climate change 199: 91:, which will release 42: 13003:War of Gog and Magog 12680:Near-Earth supernova 12430:Human overpopulation 12234:Mass mortality event 12128:Anthropogenic hazard 11581:Glasgow Climate Pact 11242:Carbon sequestration 10817:Mass mortality event 10310:University of Exeter 9827:10.1029/2010GL044486 9779:10.1038/nclimate1143 8583:Barnosky, Anthony D. 8476:10.1002/2016GL068392 7331:10.1029/2002GL016636 7249:ODI and CDKN (2014) 6731:10.1038/nclimate1293 6611:10.1029/2005GL023331 6308:10.1029/2020JC016998 6148:10.1029/2020GL091103 5105:. pp. 257–299. 4953:10.5194/tc-4-67-2010 4926:Pelto, M.S. (2010). 4716:10.1029/2021GL092726 4636:10.1029/2009JD013568 3728:10.1002/2017JF004349 3623:World Economic Forum 3529:(biab079): 894–898. 3472:10.1038/nclimate3013 3274:. pp. 231–238. 2819:(biab079): 894–898. 2740:World Economic Forum 2437:Planetary boundaries 2387:African humid period 2302:African humid period 2235:Rate-induced tipping 2217:internal variability 1913:stratocumulus clouds 1863:sub-tropical regions 1826:Other tipping points 1715:Some simulations of 1710:West African Monsoon 1499:Antarctic ice sheets 1299:methane are released 1032:surface mass balance 975:post-glacial rebound 124:Greenland ice sheets 13075:Blood moon prophecy 12868:Number of the Beast 12466:Holocene extinction 12412:Earth Overshoot Day 12360:Ocean acidification 12323:Habitat destruction 12313:Ecological collapse 12019:Kinetic bombardment 11954:Future of the Earth 11720:Climate sensitivity 11495:The Adaptation Fund 10951:Infectious diseases 10858:Social and economic 10260:2013RSPTA.37120294H 10106:2021NatGe..14..550B 10040:2018PNAS..115.8252S 9969:2021PNAS..11817989L 9912:2011EuJSS..62....5L 9867:2011RSPSA.467.1243W 9861:(2129): 1243–1269. 9818:2010GeoRL..3719703D 9761:2011NatCC...1..201L 9665:2021PNAS..11824192B 9659:(21): e2024192118. 9596:2019NatCC...9..880L 9537:2021NatGe..14..550B 9461:2021TCry...15.1501R 9360:2012RSPTA.370.1185L 9354:(1962): 1185–1204. 9298:2016QSRv..152...60T 9256:2005GPC....45....9P 9195:10.1038/nature11018 9187:2012Natur.486...52B 9080:2014NatCo...5.5752B 8888:2012RSPTA.370.1166A 8872:(1962): 1166–1184. 8787:2020CSR...19404030S 8729:2017NatSR...742997M 8672:2018SciA....4.4842S 8605:2018PNAS..115.8252S 8558:"Technical Summary" 8525:2021ESD....12..367K 8468:2016GeoRL..43.3982S 8430:"Technical Summary" 8389:2019ESD....10..631D 8304:2021ESD....12..601W 8246:2023NatCC..13...75W 8120:2021ESD....12..601W 8004:2020PNAS..11730179S 7998:(48): 30179–30185. 7925:2019NatGe..12..163S 7839:2016NatSR...635817H 7718:10.1038/nature21707 7710:2017Natur.543..373H 7672:on 19 February 2021 7665:National Geographic 7513:National Geographic 7420:10.1038/nature21048 7412:2017Natur.542...86D 7370:2020OEart...2..235P 7323:2003GeoRL..30.1184R 7210:2022Natur.608..540R 7151:2021CarBM..16...31L 7104:2021LaEco..36.1725B 7047:2018NatCo...9.3213D 6876:2018ERL....13a4007S 6821:2015GCBio..21.3675C 6762:2012PNAS..109.2423M 6750:Biological Sciences 6723:2011NatCC...1..467P 6656:2012PNAS..10921384S 6650:(52): 21384–21389. 6602:2005GeoRL..3215715W 6545:2022NatCC..12..271B 6523:Boulton, Chris A.; 6456:2020Natur.578..505A 6300:2021JGRC..12616998R 6197:2022NatCo..13..340B 6140:2020GeoRL..4791103S 6030:2023ComEE...4...69L 5973:2018NatCo...9.1789P 5898:2022NatCo..13.5008A 5833:2021NYASA1504..187S 5776:2017NatSR...711224F 5727:10.1038/ncomms14375 5678:2022npCAS...5...13K 5631:2022NatCC..12..449H 5582:2022NatCC..12..455L 5527:2021NatCC..11..680B 5460:2021PNAS..11817989L 5269:2022NatCC..12..373F 5160:2008PolGe..31...47Z 4944:2010TCry....4...67P 4855:2023Sci...379...78R 4803:2022ComEE...3..172S 4756:2021ACCR...12..553S 4707:2021GeoRL..4892726Z 4627:2010JGRD..11521111P 4539:2022NatSR..12.9371I 4454:2022ComEE...3..168R 4416:"Technical Summary" 4351:2020Natur.585..538G 4261:2011NatGe...4..506J 4204:2014Sci...344..735J 4145:2015PNAS..11214191F 4139:(46): 14191–14196. 4074:2018Natur.558..219I 4027:2015AREPS..43..207A 3975:2017Sci...356..910H 3918:2013TCry....7..375F 3859:2021PNAS..11821442C 3853:(13): e2021442118. 3772:2021PNAS..11824192B 3766:(21): e2024192118. 3720:2018JGRF..123..410T 3663:2021AAAR...53..221S 3464:2016NatCC...6..649S 3402:2008PNAS..105.1786L 3342:10.1017/sus.2021.30 3334:2022GlSus...5E...1L 3212:2021PNAS..11808478H 3018:2018Sci...362.1379R 3012:(6421): 1379–1383. 2946:2021ESD....12..601W 2926:Winkelmann, Ricarda 2875:2018PNAS..115.8252S 2692:2021Wthr...76..325L 2643:on 19 February 2021 2636:National Geographic 2599:2019Natur.575..592L 2425:Climate sensitivity 2201:Pine Island Glacier 2125:Mathematical theory 1601:critical transition 1577:tropical rainforest 1517:Southern Hemisphere 1375:North Subpolar Gyre 1210: in) by 2100. 940:Greenland ice sheet 627: 320:Greenland Ice Sheet 275: 182:North Subpolar Gyre 116:preindustrial times 112:Greenland ice sheet 13390:Doomsday scenarios 12956:Beast of the Earth 12848:Book of Revelation 12636:Virtual black hole 12616:False vacuum decay 12566:Pollinator decline 12529:Biological warfare 12519:Biotechnology risk 12370:Resource depletion 11291:(LULUCF and AFOLU) 11263:Forest management 11247:Direct air capture 11212:Sustainable energy 11169:Net zero emissions 11164:Low-carbon economy 11159:Green Climate Fund 10946:Indigenous peoples 10849:Plant biodiversity 10637:Effects and issues 10244:(2001). 20120294. 9963:(9): e2017989118. 9729:. Section 1.4.4.3. 9088:10.1038/ncomms6752 9029:10.1137/19M1242884 8950:(6564): eabj0359. 8717:Scientific Reports 8061:. 25 February 2019 7827:Scientific Reports 7727:20.500.11937/52828 5841:10.1111/nyas.14659 5764:Scientific Reports 5454:(9): e2017989118. 5431:. Section 9.2.3.1. 4527:Scientific Reports 4502:. 14 December 2021 4395:. 17 December 2021 3626:. 21 December 2020 3206:(9): e2008478118. 3134:"IPCC AR6 WG1 Ch4" 3114:. 10 February 2020 2743:. 18 February 2020 2514:(6611): eabn7950. 2351: 2347:Meltwater pulse 1A 2310:pastoral societies 2262: 2136: 2052: 1993:, an example of a 1987: 1859:bleaching of coral 1847: 1831:Coral reef die-off 1754: 1690: 1638: 1554: 1523:, or a decline of 1491:ocean heat content 1454: 1398: 1335: 1269: 1167: 978: 969:A topographic and 936: 637:Timescale (years) 625: 285:Timescale (years) 273: 202: 89:thawing permafrost 53: 13400: 13399: 13231:Zombie apocalypse 13132:Postmillennialism 12927:Great Tribulation 12700:Stellar collision 12661:Near-Earth object 12611:Geomagnetic storm 12579: 12578: 12502:Biodiversity loss 12486:Genetic pollution 12440: 12439: 12229:Biodiversity loss 12192:Societal collapse 12170:Nuclear holocaust 12155:Economic collapse 12138:Doomsday argument 12056:Antimatter weapon 11909: 11908: 11847: 11846: 11843: 11842: 11782:Radiative forcing 11625: 11624: 11621: 11620: 11445:Adaptive capacity 11330: 11329: 11326: 11325: 11190:Energy transition 11066: 11065: 11062: 11061: 10786:Tropical cyclones 10712:Urban heat island 10626: 10625: 10538: 10537: 10534: 10533: 10499:Carbon accounting 10453:Greenhouse effect 10419: 10418: 10321:radio documentary 10094:Nature Geoscience 10034:(33): 8252–8259. 9525:Nature Geoscience 9062:(December 2014). 8737:10.1038/srep42997 8599:(33): 8252–8259. 7913:Nature Geoscience 7847:10.1038/srep35817 7765:Worland, Justin. 7704:(7645): 373–377. 7563:Nature Geoscience 7519:on 2 October 2019 7204:(7923): 540–545. 7092:Landscape Ecology 6998:10.1111/gcb.16121 6992:(10): 3846–3858. 6951:10.1111/gcb.15710 6945:(16): 3846–3858. 6829:10.1111/gcb.12994 6815:(10): 3675–3684. 6450:(7796): 505–507. 5120:978-3-319-92287-4 4345:(7826): 538–544. 4249:Nature Geoscience 4198:(6185): 735–738. 4068:(7709): 219–222. 3969:(6341): 910–911. 3281:978-1-541-75822-3 2869:(33): 8252–8259. 2593:(7784): 592–595. 2405:that happened on 2355:geological record 2252:Potential impacts 2072:droughts in India 1999:ocean circulation 1819:Amazon Rainforest 1784:Republic of Congo 1573:Amazon rainforest 1533:marine ecosystems 1501:, and this fresh 1243:is low: however, 879: 878: 822:(southern dieoff) 759:Mountain Glaciers 598: 597: 503:Amazon Rainforest 143:ocean circulation 128:Amazon rainforest 77:mountain glaciers 16:(Redirected from 13435: 13365: 13364: 13356:World portal 13354: 13353: 13315:Financial crisis 13144:Nibiru cataclysm 13122:Premillennialism 12966:Dhul-Suwayqatayn 12934:Son of perdition 12922:Olivet Discourse 12898:Whore of Babylon 12524:Biological agent 12471:Human extinction 12461:Extinction event 12449: 12448: 12420:Overexploitation 12350:Land consumption 12345:Land degradation 12212: 12211: 12074:Micro black hole 11982:Chemical warfare 11936: 11929: 11922: 11913: 11912: 11897: 11896: 11885: 11884: 11873: 11872: 11862: 11861: 11860: 11825:Paleoclimatology 11642: 11641: 11631: 11630: 11392:Ecological grief 11375:Climate movement 11350: 11349: 11336: 11335: 11316:Plant-based diet 11207:Renewable energy 11085: 11084: 11072: 11071: 10907:Economic impacts 10839:Invasive species 10695:Coastal flooding 10645: 10644: 10632: 10631: 10568:Svante Arrhenius 10544: 10543: 10514:from agriculture 10504:Carbon footprint 10489:Greenhouse gases 10438: 10437: 10425: 10424: 10377: 10376: 10362: 10355: 10348: 10339: 10338: 10290: 10289: 10279: 10253: 10229: 10223: 10222: 10220: 10218: 10212: 10201: 10193: 10187: 10186: 10184: 10182: 10165: 10159: 10158: 10156: 10154: 10140: 10134: 10133: 10081: 10072: 10071: 10061: 10051: 10018: 10009: 10008: 9998: 9980: 9946: 9940: 9939: 9895: 9889: 9888: 9878: 9846: 9840: 9839: 9829: 9797: 9791: 9790: 9772: 9737: 9731: 9730: 9720: 9711: 9705: 9704: 9694: 9676: 9642: 9636: 9635: 9633: 9631: 9575: 9569: 9568: 9566: 9564: 9516: 9503: 9502: 9500: 9498: 9472: 9455:(3): 1501–1516. 9440: 9431: 9430: 9428: 9426: 9404: 9398: 9397: 9387: 9336: 9330: 9329: 9327: 9325: 9277: 9268: 9267: 9239: 9233: 9232: 9206: 9169: 9163: 9162: 9152: 9124: 9118: 9117: 9107: 9055: 9049: 9048: 9022: 9013:(4): 2371–2402. 8998: 8992: 8991: 8935: 8924: 8923: 8881: 8857: 8851: 8850: 8836: 8826:Fox-Kemper, B.; 8823: 8817: 8816: 8806: 8765: 8759: 8758: 8748: 8708: 8702: 8701: 8691: 8660:Science Advances 8651: 8645: 8644: 8634: 8616: 8578: 8569: 8568: 8562: 8553: 8547: 8546: 8536: 8504: 8498: 8497: 8487: 8462:(8): 3982–3990. 8447: 8441: 8440: 8434: 8425: 8419: 8418: 8400: 8368: 8359: 8358: 8356: 8354: 8340: 8334: 8333: 8315: 8283: 8274: 8273: 8231: 8223: 8217: 8216: 8214: 8212: 8195: 8189: 8188: 8174: 8168: 8167: 8165: 8163: 8148: 8142: 8141: 8131: 8099: 8090: 8089: 8086:Science Magazine 8077: 8071: 8070: 8068: 8066: 8045: 8036: 8035: 8025: 8015: 7979: 7973: 7972: 7970: 7968: 7951: 7945: 7944: 7908: 7902: 7901: 7895: 7883: 7877: 7876: 7866: 7818: 7812: 7811: 7809: 7807: 7800:The Conversation 7790: 7784: 7783: 7781: 7779: 7762: 7756: 7755: 7729: 7688: 7682: 7681: 7679: 7677: 7668:. 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Pelto. 4971: 4965: 4964: 4962: 4960: 4955: 4923: 4917: 4916: 4914: 4912: 4889: 4883: 4882: 4834: 4825: 4824: 4814: 4782: 4776: 4775: 4735: 4729: 4728: 4718: 4686: 4680: 4679: 4647: 4641: 4640: 4638: 4612: 4603: 4597: 4596: 4594: 4592: 4575: 4569: 4568: 4558: 4518: 4512: 4511: 4509: 4507: 4499:Science Magazine 4490: 4484: 4483: 4465: 4433: 4427: 4426: 4420: 4411: 4405: 4404: 4402: 4400: 4385: 4379: 4378: 4330: 4324: 4323: 4317: 4307:Fox-Kemper, B.; 4304: 4298: 4287: 4281: 4280: 4269:10.1038/ngeo1194 4240: 4234: 4233: 4215: 4183: 4177: 4176: 4166: 4156: 4124: 4118: 4117: 4053: 4047: 4046: 4009: 4003: 4002: 3954: 3948: 3947: 3929: 3897: 3891: 3890: 3880: 3870: 3837: 3831: 3830: 3818: 3812: 3811: 3801: 3783: 3749: 3740: 3739: 3699: 3693: 3692: 3674: 3642: 3636: 3635: 3633: 3631: 3614: 3608: 3607: 3605: 3603: 3589: 3583: 3582: 3580: 3578: 3563: 3557: 3556: 3546: 3510: 3504: 3503: 3490: 3484: 3483: 3443: 3434: 3433: 3423: 3413: 3396:(6): 1786–1793. 3381: 3372: 3371: 3353: 3313: 3307: 3306: 3292: 3286: 3285: 3258: 3252: 3251: 3241: 3223: 3188: 3182: 3181: 3179: 3177: 3162: 3156: 3155: 3153: 3151: 3145: 3138: 3130: 3124: 3123: 3121: 3119: 3102: 3079: 3078:, p.95, line 34. 3065: 3056: 3055: 3029: 2997: 2988: 2987: 2985: 2983: 2957: 2921: 2915: 2914: 2904: 2886: 2853: 2847: 2846: 2836: 2800: 2794: 2793: 2791: 2789: 2774: 2753: 2752: 2750: 2748: 2731: 2722: 2721: 2703: 2701:10.1002/wea.4058 2668: 2653: 2652: 2650: 2648: 2627: 2621: 2620: 2610: 2573: 2558: 2557: 2531: 2499: 2478: 2477: 2475: 2473: 2459: 2379:meltwater pulses 2314:dynasty in Egypt 2299: 2298: 2294: 2291: 2227:during the last 1861:, especially in 1209: 1208: 1204: 1201: 1195: 1194: 1190: 1187: 1100: 1088: 1058:portions of the 1056:subglacial basin 914: 910: 904: 897: 891: 887: 628: 624: 619: 616: 610: 606: 276: 272: 21: 13443: 13442: 13438: 13437: 13436: 13434: 13433: 13432: 13403: 13402: 13401: 13396: 13375:Future problems 13348: 13339: 13273: 13242: 13209:Climate fiction 13175: 13050:2012 phenomenon 13033: 12939:Sheep and Goats 12826:2 Thessalonians 12704: 12621:Gamma-ray burst 12575: 12490: 12481:Genetic erosion 12436: 12406: 12397:Water pollution 12365:Ozone depletion 12261:Desertification 12201: 12116: 12051:Doomsday device 12031:Nuclear warfare 11970: 11945: 11940: 11910: 11905: 11858: 11856: 11839: 11786: 11777:Orbital forcing 11671: 11636: 11617: 11591:Paris Agreement 11569: 11565:Warming stripes 11504: 11470:Managed retreat 11465:Loss and damage 11426: 11360:Business action 11344: 11322: 11299: 11222: 11216: 11173: 11134:Climate finance 11079: 11058: 10990: 10853: 10829:Extinction risk 10805:Flora and fauna 10800: 10761:Permafrost thaw 10756:Ozone depletion 10685:Extreme weather 10639: 10622: 10549: 10530: 10467: 10432: 10415: 10382: 10371: 10366: 10333:Johan Rockström 10298: 10293: 10230: 10226: 10216: 10214: 10210: 10199: 10195: 10194: 10190: 10180: 10178: 10166: 10162: 10152: 10150: 10142: 10141: 10137: 10082: 10075: 10019: 10012: 9947: 9943: 9896: 9892: 9847: 9843: 9798: 9794: 9738: 9734: 9718: 9712: 9708: 9643: 9639: 9629: 9627: 9590:(11): 880–885. 9576: 9572: 9562: 9560: 9517: 9506: 9496: 9494: 9441: 9434: 9424: 9422: 9405: 9401: 9337: 9333: 9323: 9321: 9278: 9271: 9240: 9236: 9181:(7401): 52–58. 9170: 9166: 9125: 9121: 9056: 9052: 8999: 8995: 8936: 8927: 8858: 8854: 8834: 8824: 8820: 8766: 8762: 8709: 8705: 8666:(1): eaao4842. 8652: 8648: 8579: 8572: 8560: 8554: 8550: 8505: 8501: 8448: 8444: 8432: 8426: 8422: 8369: 8362: 8352: 8350: 8342: 8341: 8337: 8284: 8277: 8224: 8220: 8210: 8208: 8197: 8196: 8192: 8175: 8171: 8161: 8159: 8157:livescience.com 8149: 8145: 8100: 8093: 8078: 8074: 8064: 8062: 8052: 8047: 8046: 8039: 7987: 7980: 7976: 7966: 7964: 7961:Quanta Magazine 7952: 7948: 7909: 7905: 7893: 7884: 7880: 7819: 7815: 7805: 7803: 7791: 7787: 7777: 7775: 7763: 7759: 7689: 7685: 7675: 7673: 7656: 7652: 7606: 7602: 7554: 7550: 7537: 7536: 7532: 7522: 7520: 7505: 7501: 7491: 7489: 7479: 7472: 7462: 7460: 7450: 7443: 7395: 7389: 7385: 7350: 7346: 7303: 7299: 7264: 7257: 7248: 7241: 7190: 7186: 7131: 7127: 7084: 7080: 7027: 7023: 6978: 6974: 6931: 6927: 6917: 6915: 6914:on 27 July 2011 6906: 6905: 6901: 6856: 6852: 6801: 6797: 6742: 6738: 6703: 6699: 6630: 6626: 6616: 6614: 6582: 6578: 6521: 6517: 6507: 6505: 6494: 6493: 6489: 6436: 6432: 6421: 6410: 6406: 6405: 6401: 6386: 6382: 6343: 6339: 6327: 6323: 6283: 6279: 6248:(4): eaap9467. 6234: 6230: 6177: 6173: 6124: 6120: 6105: 6101: 6072: 6065: 6052: 6051: 6047: 6010: 6006: 5953: 5949: 5936: 5935: 5931: 5878: 5874: 5813: 5809: 5756: 5752: 5707: 5703: 5658: 5654: 5611: 5607: 5562: 5558: 5507: 5503: 5440: 5436: 5424: 5418: 5414: 5404: 5402: 5401:. December 2019 5392: 5388: 5387: 5383: 5373: 5371: 5361: 5360: 5351: 5341: 5339: 5329: 5322: 5306: 5305: 5298: 5296: 5249: 5245: 5235: 5233: 5223: 5219: 5209: 5207: 5199: 5198: 5191: 5148:Polar Geography 5140: 5136: 5121: 5095: 5091: 5076: 5049: 5045: 5035: 5033: 5030:TheGuardian.com 5021: 5017: 5007: 5005: 5004:. New Scientist 4998: 4994: 4984: 4982: 4980:Nichols College 4972: 4968: 4958: 4956: 4924: 4920: 4910: 4908: 4906: 4890: 4886: 4849:(6627): 78–83. 4835: 4828: 4783: 4779: 4736: 4732: 4687: 4683: 4648: 4644: 4621:(D21): D21111. 4610: 4604: 4600: 4590: 4588: 4576: 4572: 4519: 4515: 4505: 4503: 4492: 4491: 4487: 4434: 4430: 4418: 4412: 4408: 4398: 4396: 4387: 4386: 4382: 4331: 4327: 4315: 4305: 4301: 4288: 4284: 4241: 4237: 4184: 4180: 4125: 4121: 4054: 4050: 4010: 4006: 3955: 3951: 3898: 3894: 3838: 3834: 3819: 3815: 3750: 3743: 3700: 3696: 3643: 3639: 3629: 3627: 3616: 3615: 3611: 3601: 3599: 3591: 3590: 3586: 3576: 3574: 3572:livescience.com 3564: 3560: 3511: 3507: 3502:. 28 July 2021. 3492: 3491: 3487: 3444: 3437: 3382: 3375: 3314: 3310: 3293: 3289: 3282: 3262:Michael E. Mann 3259: 3255: 3189: 3185: 3175: 3173: 3164: 3163: 3159: 3149: 3147: 3143: 3136: 3132: 3131: 3127: 3117: 3115: 3104: 3103: 3082: 3076:Wayback Machine 3066: 3059: 2998: 2991: 2981: 2979: 2928:(3 June 2021). 2922: 2918: 2854: 2850: 2801: 2797: 2787: 2785: 2775: 2756: 2746: 2744: 2733: 2732: 2725: 2686:(10): 325–326. 2669: 2656: 2646: 2644: 2629: 2628: 2624: 2574: 2561: 2500: 2481: 2471: 2469: 2461: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2415: 2395: 2340: 2332:Paris Agreement 2306:desertification 2296: 2292: 2289: 2287: 2268: 2254: 2237: 2213: 2189:autocorrelation 2180: 2156: 2127: 2110:Methane hydrate 2024: 2016:Paris Agreement 2011:Paris Agreement 1979: 1974: 1973: 1963: 1949: 1945: 1933: 1929: 1920: 1904: 1896: 1839: 1837:Coral bleaching 1833: 1828: 1823: 1822: 1792:protected areas 1774: 1741: 1733: 1682: 1676: 1609: 1575:is the largest 1569: 1559: 1542: 1537: 1536: 1462: 1446: 1441: 1440: 1385: 1377: 1327: 1321: 1316: 1305: 1295:Tibetan plateau 1291:northern Canada 1275: 1265:Herschel Island 1257: 1255:Permafrost thaw 1206: 1202: 1199: 1197: 1192: 1188: 1185: 1183: 1159: 1153: 1108: 1107: 1106: 1105: 1104: 1101: 1093: 1092: 1089: 1078: 1072: 1048: 1013: 963: 928: 923: 918: 917: 911: 907: 898: 894: 888: 884: 623: 622: 617: 613: 607: 603: 263:regional impact 244: 208: 194: 158:regional impact 57:climate science 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 13441: 13431: 13430: 13425: 13420: 13415: 13398: 13397: 13395: 13394: 13393: 13392: 13387: 13382: 13377: 13372: 13370:Apocalypticism 13359: 13344: 13341: 13340: 13338: 13337: 13332: 13327: 13322: 13317: 13312: 13307: 13302: 13297: 13292: 13287: 13281: 13279: 13275: 13274: 13272: 13271: 13266: 13261: 13256: 13250: 13248: 13244: 13243: 13241: 13240: 13239: 13238: 13228: 13223: 13222: 13221: 13214:Disaster films 13211: 13206: 13205: 13204: 13199: 13189: 13187:Alien invasion 13183: 13181: 13177: 13176: 13174: 13173: 13168: 13163: 13162: 13161: 13156: 13146: 13141: 13136: 13135: 13134: 13129: 13127:Amillennialism 13124: 13114: 13112:Millenarianism 13109: 13108: 13107: 13097: 13092: 13087: 13082: 13077: 13072: 13067: 13065:Apocalypticism 13062: 13057: 13052: 13047: 13041: 13039: 13035: 13034: 13032: 13031: 13030: 13029: 13019: 13014: 13013: 13012: 13011: 13010: 13005: 13000: 12990: 12989: 12988: 12983: 12978: 12973: 12968: 12963: 12961:Dhu al-Qarnayn 12958: 12953: 12943: 12942: 12941: 12936: 12931: 12930: 12929: 12919: 12914: 12909: 12907:Great Apostasy 12904: 12903: 12902: 12901: 12900: 12895: 12890: 12885: 12880: 12875: 12870: 12865: 12860: 12845: 12840: 12839: 12838: 12833: 12823: 12818: 12813: 12808: 12807: 12806: 12796: 12786: 12781: 12780: 12779: 12774: 12764: 12754: 12752:Last Judgement 12749: 12748: 12747: 12742: 12732: 12731: 12730: 12725: 12714: 12712: 12710:Eschatological 12706: 12705: 12703: 12702: 12697: 12692: 12687: 12682: 12677: 12676: 12675: 12670: 12665: 12664: 12663: 12653: 12648: 12638: 12633: 12628: 12623: 12618: 12613: 12608: 12603: 12598: 12593: 12587: 12585: 12581: 12580: 12577: 12576: 12574: 12573: 12568: 12563: 12558: 12553: 12548: 12543: 12538: 12537: 12536: 12531: 12526: 12516: 12515: 12514: 12509: 12498: 12496: 12492: 12491: 12489: 12488: 12483: 12478: 12473: 12468: 12463: 12457: 12455: 12446: 12442: 12441: 12438: 12437: 12435: 12434: 12433: 12432: 12425:Overpopulation 12422: 12416: 12414: 12408: 12407: 12405: 12404: 12402:Water scarcity 12399: 12394: 12389: 12388: 12387: 12377: 12375:Sea level rise 12372: 12367: 12362: 12357: 12352: 12347: 12342: 12341: 12340: 12338:on marine life 12335: 12325: 12320: 12315: 12310: 12305: 12300: 12295: 12293:Global warming 12290: 12285: 12283:Global dimming 12280: 12275: 12274: 12273: 12263: 12258: 12253: 12248: 12243: 12241:Cascade effect 12238: 12237: 12236: 12226: 12220: 12218: 12216:Climate change 12209: 12203: 12202: 12200: 12199: 12194: 12189: 12188: 12187: 12182: 12177: 12167: 12162: 12157: 12152: 12151: 12150: 12145: 12135: 12130: 12124: 12122: 12118: 12117: 12115: 12114: 12109: 12108: 12107: 12102: 12097: 12083: 12082: 12081: 12076: 12066: 12060: 12059: 12058: 12053: 12048: 12046:Doomsday Clock 12043: 12038: 12028: 12027: 12026: 12016: 12011: 12006: 12005: 12004: 11999: 11997:Cyberterrorism 11994: 11984: 11978: 11976: 11972: 11971: 11969: 11968: 11967: 11966: 11956: 11950: 11947: 11946: 11939: 11938: 11931: 11924: 11916: 11907: 11906: 11904: 11903: 11891: 11879: 11867: 11852: 11849: 11848: 11845: 11844: 11841: 11840: 11838: 11837: 11832: 11827: 11822: 11821: 11820: 11810: 11805: 11800: 11794: 11792: 11788: 11787: 11785: 11784: 11779: 11774: 11769: 11764: 11759: 11754: 11749: 11744: 11743: 11742: 11732: 11730:Cloud feedback 11727: 11722: 11717: 11712: 11711: 11710: 11705: 11700: 11695: 11685: 11679: 11677: 11673: 11672: 11670: 11669: 11664: 11659: 11654: 11648: 11646: 11638: 11637: 11627: 11626: 11623: 11622: 11619: 11618: 11616: 11615: 11610: 11605: 11604: 11603: 11598: 11588: 11586:Kyoto Protocol 11583: 11577: 11575: 11571: 11570: 11568: 11567: 11562: 11561: 11560: 11555: 11550: 11540: 11538:Media coverage 11535: 11530: 11528:Climate spiral 11525: 11520: 11514: 11512: 11506: 11505: 11503: 11502: 11497: 11492: 11487: 11482: 11477: 11472: 11467: 11462: 11457: 11452: 11447: 11442: 11436: 11434: 11428: 11427: 11425: 11424: 11419: 11417:Public opinion 11414: 11409: 11404: 11399: 11394: 11389: 11384: 11383: 11382: 11372: 11367: 11365:Climate action 11362: 11356: 11354: 11346: 11345: 11332: 11331: 11328: 11327: 11324: 11323: 11321: 11320: 11319: 11318: 11307: 11305: 11301: 11300: 11298: 11297: 11292: 11286: 11285: 11284: 11279: 11277:REDD and REDD+ 11274: 11269: 11261: 11256: 11254:Carbon farming 11251: 11250: 11249: 11244: 11234: 11228: 11226: 11218: 11217: 11215: 11214: 11209: 11204: 11199: 11198: 11197: 11187: 11181: 11179: 11175: 11174: 11172: 11171: 11166: 11161: 11156: 11151: 11146: 11141: 11136: 11131: 11126: 11121: 11116: 11115: 11114: 11104: 11099: 11093: 11091: 11081: 11080: 11068: 11067: 11064: 11063: 11060: 11059: 11057: 11056: 11051: 11046: 11041: 11036: 11031: 11026: 11021: 11016: 11011: 11006: 11000: 10998: 10992: 10991: 10989: 10988: 10986:Water security 10983: 10981:Water scarcity 10978: 10976:Urban flooding 10973: 10968: 10963: 10958: 10953: 10948: 10943: 10938: 10937: 10936: 10926: 10921: 10916: 10915: 10914: 10904: 10899: 10894: 10889: 10884: 10879: 10878: 10877: 10872: 10861: 10859: 10855: 10854: 10852: 10851: 10846: 10841: 10836: 10834:Forest dieback 10831: 10826: 10821: 10820: 10819: 10808: 10806: 10802: 10801: 10799: 10798: 10793: 10788: 10783: 10778: 10773: 10771:Sea level rise 10768: 10763: 10758: 10753: 10752: 10751: 10746: 10744:stratification 10741: 10736: 10731: 10726: 10716: 10715: 10714: 10709: 10699: 10698: 10697: 10687: 10682: 10677: 10672: 10667: 10662: 10657: 10651: 10649: 10641: 10640: 10628: 10627: 10624: 10623: 10621: 10620: 10619: 10618: 10613: 10608: 10603: 10598: 10593: 10585: 10580: 10575: 10570: 10565: 10560: 10554: 10551: 10550: 10540: 10539: 10536: 10535: 10532: 10531: 10529: 10528: 10523: 10522: 10521: 10516: 10511: 10509:Carbon leakage 10506: 10501: 10491: 10486: 10481: 10475: 10473: 10469: 10468: 10466: 10465: 10460: 10450: 10448:Climate system 10444: 10442: 10434: 10433: 10421: 10420: 10417: 10416: 10414: 10413: 10408: 10403: 10398: 10393: 10387: 10384: 10383: 10373: 10372: 10369:Climate change 10365: 10364: 10357: 10350: 10342: 10336: 10335: 10322: 10312: 10297: 10296:External links 10294: 10292: 10291: 10224: 10188: 10160: 10135: 10100:(8): 550–558. 10073: 10010: 9941: 9890: 9841: 9792: 9770:10.1.1.666.244 9755:(4): 201–209. 9732: 9706: 9637: 9570: 9531:(8): 550–558. 9504: 9449:The Cryosphere 9432: 9399: 9331: 9269: 9234: 9164: 9119: 9050: 8993: 8925: 8852: 8818: 8760: 8703: 8646: 8570: 8567:. p. 100. 8548: 8519:(2): 367–386. 8499: 8442: 8420: 8383:(4): 631–650. 8360: 8348:ClimateScience 8335: 8298:(2): 601–619. 8275: 8218: 8190: 8169: 8143: 8114:(2): 601–619. 8091: 8072: 8050: 8037: 7985: 7974: 7946: 7919:(3): 163–167. 7903: 7878: 7813: 7785: 7757: 7683: 7650: 7600: 7548: 7530: 7499: 7470: 7441: 7383: 7364:(3): 235–250. 7344: 7297: 7255: 7239: 7184: 7125: 7078: 7021: 6972: 6925: 6899: 6850: 6795: 6736: 6717:(9): 467–471. 6697: 6624: 6596:(15): L15715. 6576: 6539:(3): 271–278. 6515: 6504:. 7 March 2022 6487: 6430: 6399: 6380: 6337: 6321: 6277: 6228: 6171: 6118: 6099: 6063: 6045: 6004: 5947: 5929: 5872: 5827:(1): 187–201. 5807: 5750: 5701: 5652: 5625:(5): 449–454. 5605: 5576:(5): 455–460. 5556: 5521:(8): 680–688. 5501: 5434: 5412: 5381: 5349: 5320: 5263:(4): 373–379. 5243: 5217: 5189: 5154:(1–2): 47–68. 5134: 5119: 5089: 5074: 5043: 5015: 4992: 4966: 4932:The Cryosphere 4918: 4905:978-0470844274 4904: 4884: 4826: 4777: 4750:(4): 553–562. 4730: 4681: 4642: 4598: 4570: 4513: 4485: 4428: 4406: 4380: 4325: 4299: 4295:New York Times 4282: 4255:(8): 506–513. 4235: 4178: 4119: 4048: 4021:(1): 207–231. 4004: 3949: 3912:(1): 375–393. 3906:The Cryosphere 3892: 3832: 3813: 3741: 3714:(3): 410–432. 3694: 3657:(1): 221–222. 3637: 3609: 3584: 3558: 3505: 3485: 3458:(7): 649–653. 3435: 3373: 3308: 3287: 3280: 3253: 3183: 3157: 3139:. p. 95. 3125: 3080: 3057: 2989: 2940:(2): 601–619. 2916: 2848: 2795: 2754: 2723: 2654: 2622: 2559: 2479: 2453: 2451: 2448: 2447: 2446: 2440: 2434: 2428: 2422: 2414: 2411: 2394: 2391: 2375:sea level rise 2339: 2336: 2323:Hothouse Earth 2304:cascaded, and 2276:Indian monsoon 2253: 2250: 2236: 2233: 2212: 2209: 2179: 2176: 2155: 2152: 2126: 2123: 2088:food shortages 2040:Arctic sea ice 2023: 2020: 2003:forest dieback 1978: 1975: 1961: 1947: 1943: 1931: 1927: 1918: 1905: 1897: 1895: 1892: 1835:Main article: 1832: 1829: 1827: 1824: 1815:Southeast Asia 1810:exploration. 1772: 1769:carbon dioxide 1742: 1734: 1732: 1729: 1721:carbon dioxide 1719:and increased 1717:global warming 1675: 1674:Sahel greening 1672: 1608: 1605: 1558: 1555: 1541: 1538: 1495:Southern Ocean 1483:climate change 1463: 1455: 1445: 1442: 1437:Little Ice Age 1414:global warming 1402:climate models 1386: 1378: 1376: 1373: 1368:largely stable 1343:ocean currents 1323:Main article: 1320: 1317: 1315: 1312: 1303: 1267:, Canada, 2013 1256: 1253: 1155:Main article: 1152: 1149: 1111:Arctic sea ice 1102: 1095: 1094: 1090: 1083: 1082: 1081: 1080: 1079: 1074:Main article: 1071: 1068: 1047: 1044: 1011: 962: 959: 927: 924: 922: 919: 916: 915: 905: 892: 881: 880: 877: 876: 873: 870: 867: 864: 861: 858: 855: 852: 848: 847: 844: 841: 838: 835: 832: 829: 826: 823: 816: 815: 812: 809: 806: 803: 800: 797: 794: 791: 787: 786: 783: 780: 777: 774: 771: 768: 765: 762: 755: 754: 751: 748: 745: 742: 739: 736: 733: 730: 726: 725: 722: 719: 716: 713: 710: 707: 704: 701: 697: 696: 693: 690: 687: 684: 681: 678: 675: 672: 668: 667: 664: 661: 658: 655: 652: 649: 646: 642: 641: 638: 635: 632: 621: 620: 611: 600: 599: 596: 595: 592: 589: 586: 583: 580: 577: 574: 571: 564: 563: 560: 557: 554: 551: 548: 545: 542: 539: 531: 530: 527: 524: 521: 518: 515: 512: 509: 506: 499: 498: 495: 492: 489: 486: 483: 480: 477: 474: 467: 466: 463: 460: 457: 454: 451: 448: 445: 442: 438: 437: 434: 431: 428: 425: 422: 419: 416: 413: 409: 408: 405: 402: 399: 396: 393: 390: 387: 384: 380: 379: 376: 373: 370: 367: 364: 361: 358: 355: 348: 347: 344: 341: 338: 335: 332: 329: 326: 323: 316: 315: 312: 309: 306: 303: 300: 297: 294: 290: 289: 286: 283: 280: 243: 240: 222:The 2019 IPCC 193: 190: 147:forest dieback 120:West Antarctic 97:greenhouse gas 69:global warming 65:climate system 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 13440: 13429: 13426: 13424: 13421: 13419: 13416: 13414: 13411: 13410: 13408: 13391: 13388: 13386: 13385:Risk analysis 13383: 13381: 13378: 13376: 13373: 13371: 13368: 13367: 13360: 13358: 13357: 13352: 13346: 13345: 13342: 13336: 13333: 13331: 13330:Social crisis 13328: 13326: 13323: 13321: 13318: 13316: 13313: 13311: 13308: 13306: 13303: 13301: 13298: 13296: 13293: 13291: 13288: 13286: 13283: 13282: 13280: 13276: 13270: 13267: 13265: 13262: 13260: 13257: 13255: 13252: 13251: 13249: 13247:Organizations 13245: 13237: 13234: 13233: 13232: 13229: 13227: 13224: 13220: 13217: 13216: 13215: 13212: 13210: 13207: 13203: 13200: 13198: 13195: 13194: 13193: 13190: 13188: 13185: 13184: 13182: 13178: 13172: 13171:World to come 13169: 13167: 13164: 13160: 13157: 13155: 13152: 13151: 13150: 13147: 13145: 13142: 13140: 13137: 13133: 13130: 13128: 13125: 13123: 13120: 13119: 13118: 13117:Millennialism 13115: 13113: 13110: 13106: 13105:Messianic Age 13103: 13102: 13101: 13098: 13096: 13093: 13091: 13090:Gog and Magog 13088: 13086: 13083: 13081: 13080:Earth Changes 13078: 13076: 13073: 13071: 13068: 13066: 13063: 13061: 13058: 13056: 13053: 13051: 13048: 13046: 13043: 13042: 13040: 13036: 13028: 13025: 13024: 13023: 13020: 13018: 13015: 13009: 13006: 13004: 13001: 12999: 12996: 12995: 12994: 12991: 12987: 12984: 12982: 12979: 12977: 12974: 12972: 12969: 12967: 12964: 12962: 12959: 12957: 12954: 12952: 12949: 12948: 12947: 12944: 12940: 12937: 12935: 12932: 12928: 12925: 12924: 12923: 12920: 12918: 12917:New Jerusalem 12915: 12913: 12910: 12908: 12905: 12899: 12896: 12894: 12893:War in Heaven 12891: 12889: 12888:Two witnesses 12886: 12884: 12881: 12879: 12876: 12874: 12871: 12869: 12866: 12864: 12861: 12859: 12856: 12855: 12854: 12851: 12850: 12849: 12846: 12844: 12841: 12837: 12834: 12832: 12829: 12828: 12827: 12824: 12822: 12819: 12817: 12814: 12812: 12809: 12805: 12802: 12801: 12800: 12797: 12795: 12792: 12791: 12790: 12787: 12785: 12782: 12778: 12775: 12773: 12770: 12769: 12768: 12765: 12763: 12760: 12759: 12758: 12757:Second Coming 12755: 12753: 12750: 12746: 12743: 12741: 12738: 12737: 12736: 12733: 12729: 12726: 12724: 12721: 12720: 12719: 12716: 12715: 12713: 12711: 12707: 12701: 12698: 12696: 12693: 12691: 12688: 12686: 12683: 12681: 12678: 12674: 12671: 12669: 12666: 12662: 12659: 12658: 12657: 12654: 12652: 12649: 12647: 12644: 12643: 12642: 12639: 12637: 12634: 12632: 12629: 12627: 12624: 12622: 12619: 12617: 12614: 12612: 12609: 12607: 12604: 12602: 12599: 12597: 12594: 12592: 12589: 12588: 12586: 12582: 12572: 12569: 12567: 12564: 12562: 12559: 12557: 12554: 12552: 12549: 12547: 12544: 12542: 12539: 12535: 12532: 12530: 12527: 12525: 12522: 12521: 12520: 12517: 12513: 12510: 12508: 12505: 12504: 12503: 12500: 12499: 12497: 12493: 12487: 12484: 12482: 12479: 12477: 12474: 12472: 12469: 12467: 12464: 12462: 12459: 12458: 12456: 12454: 12450: 12447: 12443: 12431: 12428: 12427: 12426: 12423: 12421: 12418: 12417: 12415: 12413: 12409: 12403: 12400: 12398: 12395: 12393: 12390: 12386: 12383: 12382: 12381: 12378: 12376: 12373: 12371: 12368: 12366: 12363: 12361: 12358: 12356: 12353: 12351: 12348: 12346: 12343: 12339: 12336: 12334: 12331: 12330: 12329: 12326: 12324: 12321: 12319: 12316: 12314: 12311: 12309: 12306: 12304: 12301: 12299: 12296: 12294: 12291: 12289: 12286: 12284: 12281: 12279: 12276: 12272: 12269: 12268: 12267: 12264: 12262: 12259: 12257: 12256:Deforestation 12254: 12252: 12249: 12247: 12244: 12242: 12239: 12235: 12232: 12231: 12230: 12227: 12225: 12222: 12221: 12219: 12217: 12213: 12210: 12208: 12204: 12198: 12197:World War III 12195: 12193: 12190: 12186: 12183: 12181: 12178: 12176: 12173: 12172: 12171: 12168: 12166: 12163: 12161: 12158: 12156: 12153: 12149: 12146: 12144: 12141: 12140: 12139: 12136: 12134: 12131: 12129: 12126: 12125: 12123: 12119: 12113: 12112:Transhumanism 12110: 12106: 12103: 12101: 12098: 12096: 12093: 12092: 12091: 12087: 12084: 12080: 12077: 12075: 12072: 12071: 12070: 12067: 12064: 12061: 12057: 12054: 12052: 12049: 12047: 12044: 12042: 12039: 12037: 12034: 12033: 12032: 12029: 12025: 12022: 12021: 12020: 12017: 12015: 12012: 12010: 12007: 12003: 12000: 11998: 11995: 11993: 11990: 11989: 11988: 11985: 11983: 11980: 11979: 11977: 11975:Technological 11973: 11965: 11962: 11961: 11960: 11957: 11955: 11952: 11951: 11948: 11944: 11937: 11932: 11930: 11925: 11923: 11918: 11917: 11914: 11902: 11901: 11892: 11890: 11889: 11880: 11878: 11877: 11868: 11866: 11865: 11854: 11853: 11850: 11836: 11833: 11831: 11828: 11826: 11823: 11819: 11816: 11815: 11814: 11811: 11809: 11806: 11804: 11803:Climate model 11801: 11799: 11796: 11795: 11793: 11789: 11783: 11780: 11778: 11775: 11773: 11770: 11768: 11765: 11763: 11760: 11758: 11755: 11753: 11750: 11748: 11745: 11741: 11738: 11737: 11736: 11735:Cloud forcing 11733: 11731: 11728: 11726: 11723: 11721: 11718: 11716: 11713: 11709: 11706: 11704: 11701: 11699: 11696: 11694: 11691: 11690: 11689: 11686: 11684: 11681: 11680: 11678: 11674: 11668: 11665: 11663: 11660: 11658: 11655: 11653: 11650: 11649: 11647: 11643: 11639: 11632: 11628: 11614: 11611: 11609: 11606: 11602: 11599: 11597: 11594: 11593: 11592: 11589: 11587: 11584: 11582: 11579: 11578: 11576: 11572: 11566: 11563: 11559: 11556: 11554: 11551: 11549: 11546: 11545: 11544: 11541: 11539: 11536: 11534: 11531: 11529: 11526: 11524: 11521: 11519: 11516: 11515: 11513: 11511: 11510:Communication 11507: 11501: 11498: 11496: 11493: 11491: 11490:Vulnerability 11488: 11486: 11483: 11481: 11478: 11476: 11473: 11471: 11468: 11466: 11463: 11461: 11460:Flood control 11458: 11456: 11453: 11451: 11448: 11446: 11443: 11441: 11438: 11437: 11435: 11433: 11429: 11423: 11420: 11418: 11415: 11413: 11410: 11408: 11405: 11403: 11400: 11398: 11395: 11393: 11390: 11388: 11385: 11381: 11378: 11377: 11376: 11373: 11371: 11368: 11366: 11363: 11361: 11358: 11357: 11355: 11351: 11347: 11343: 11337: 11333: 11317: 11314: 11313: 11312: 11309: 11308: 11306: 11302: 11296: 11293: 11290: 11287: 11283: 11282:reforestation 11280: 11278: 11275: 11273: 11270: 11268: 11267:afforestation 11265: 11264: 11262: 11260: 11257: 11255: 11252: 11248: 11245: 11243: 11240: 11239: 11238: 11235: 11233: 11230: 11229: 11227: 11225: 11219: 11213: 11210: 11208: 11205: 11203: 11202:Nuclear power 11200: 11196: 11193: 11192: 11191: 11188: 11186: 11183: 11182: 11180: 11176: 11170: 11167: 11165: 11162: 11160: 11157: 11155: 11152: 11150: 11147: 11145: 11142: 11140: 11137: 11135: 11132: 11130: 11127: 11125: 11122: 11120: 11117: 11113: 11110: 11109: 11108: 11105: 11103: 11100: 11098: 11097:Carbon budget 11095: 11094: 11092: 11090: 11086: 11082: 11078: 11073: 11069: 11055: 11052: 11050: 11047: 11045: 11042: 11040: 11037: 11035: 11032: 11030: 11027: 11025: 11022: 11020: 11017: 11015: 11012: 11010: 11007: 11005: 11002: 11001: 10999: 10997: 10993: 10987: 10984: 10982: 10979: 10977: 10974: 10972: 10969: 10967: 10964: 10962: 10959: 10957: 10954: 10952: 10949: 10947: 10944: 10942: 10939: 10935: 10934:Mental health 10932: 10931: 10930: 10927: 10925: 10922: 10920: 10917: 10913: 10910: 10909: 10908: 10905: 10903: 10900: 10898: 10895: 10893: 10890: 10888: 10885: 10883: 10880: 10876: 10875:United States 10873: 10871: 10868: 10867: 10866: 10863: 10862: 10860: 10856: 10850: 10847: 10845: 10842: 10840: 10837: 10835: 10832: 10830: 10827: 10825: 10822: 10818: 10815: 10814: 10813: 10810: 10809: 10807: 10803: 10797: 10794: 10792: 10789: 10787: 10784: 10782: 10779: 10777: 10774: 10772: 10769: 10767: 10764: 10762: 10759: 10757: 10754: 10750: 10747: 10745: 10742: 10740: 10737: 10735: 10732: 10730: 10729:deoxygenation 10727: 10725: 10724:acidification 10722: 10721: 10720: 10717: 10713: 10710: 10708: 10705: 10704: 10703: 10700: 10696: 10693: 10692: 10691: 10688: 10686: 10683: 10681: 10678: 10676: 10673: 10671: 10668: 10666: 10663: 10661: 10658: 10656: 10653: 10652: 10650: 10646: 10642: 10638: 10633: 10629: 10617: 10614: 10612: 10609: 10607: 10604: 10602: 10599: 10597: 10594: 10592: 10589: 10588: 10586: 10584: 10581: 10579: 10576: 10574: 10571: 10569: 10566: 10564: 10561: 10559: 10556: 10555: 10552: 10545: 10541: 10527: 10524: 10520: 10519:from wetlands 10517: 10515: 10512: 10510: 10507: 10505: 10502: 10500: 10497: 10496: 10495: 10492: 10490: 10487: 10485: 10482: 10480: 10479:Deforestation 10477: 10476: 10474: 10470: 10464: 10461: 10458: 10454: 10451: 10449: 10446: 10445: 10443: 10439: 10435: 10431: 10426: 10422: 10412: 10409: 10407: 10404: 10402: 10399: 10397: 10394: 10392: 10389: 10388: 10385: 10378: 10374: 10370: 10363: 10358: 10356: 10351: 10349: 10344: 10343: 10340: 10334: 10330: 10326: 10323: 10320: 10316: 10313: 10311: 10307: 10303: 10300: 10299: 10287: 10283: 10278: 10273: 10269: 10265: 10261: 10257: 10252: 10247: 10243: 10239: 10235: 10228: 10209: 10205: 10198: 10192: 10177: 10176: 10171: 10164: 10149: 10145: 10139: 10131: 10127: 10123: 10119: 10115: 10111: 10107: 10103: 10099: 10095: 10091: 10087: 10080: 10078: 10069: 10065: 10060: 10055: 10050: 10045: 10041: 10037: 10033: 10029: 10025: 10017: 10015: 10006: 10002: 9997: 9992: 9988: 9984: 9979: 9974: 9970: 9966: 9962: 9958: 9957: 9952: 9945: 9937: 9933: 9929: 9925: 9921: 9917: 9913: 9909: 9905: 9901: 9894: 9886: 9882: 9877: 9872: 9868: 9864: 9860: 9856: 9852: 9845: 9837: 9833: 9828: 9823: 9819: 9815: 9811: 9807: 9803: 9796: 9788: 9784: 9780: 9776: 9771: 9766: 9762: 9758: 9754: 9750: 9746: 9742: 9736: 9728: 9726: 9717: 9710: 9702: 9698: 9693: 9688: 9684: 9680: 9675: 9670: 9666: 9662: 9658: 9654: 9653: 9648: 9641: 9625: 9621: 9617: 9613: 9609: 9605: 9601: 9597: 9593: 9589: 9585: 9581: 9574: 9558: 9554: 9550: 9546: 9542: 9538: 9534: 9530: 9526: 9522: 9515: 9513: 9511: 9509: 9492: 9488: 9484: 9480: 9476: 9471: 9466: 9462: 9458: 9454: 9450: 9446: 9439: 9437: 9420: 9416: 9415: 9410: 9403: 9395: 9391: 9386: 9381: 9377: 9373: 9369: 9365: 9361: 9357: 9353: 9349: 9345: 9341: 9335: 9319: 9315: 9311: 9307: 9303: 9299: 9295: 9291: 9287: 9283: 9276: 9274: 9265: 9261: 9257: 9253: 9250:(1–3): 9–12. 9249: 9245: 9238: 9230: 9226: 9222: 9218: 9214: 9210: 9205: 9200: 9196: 9192: 9188: 9184: 9180: 9176: 9168: 9160: 9156: 9151: 9146: 9143:(1): dzw004. 9142: 9138: 9134: 9130: 9123: 9115: 9111: 9106: 9101: 9097: 9093: 9089: 9085: 9081: 9077: 9073: 9069: 9065: 9061: 9054: 9046: 9042: 9038: 9034: 9030: 9026: 9021: 9016: 9012: 9008: 9004: 8997: 8989: 8985: 8981: 8977: 8973: 8969: 8965: 8961: 8957: 8953: 8949: 8945: 8941: 8934: 8932: 8930: 8921: 8917: 8913: 8909: 8905: 8901: 8897: 8893: 8889: 8885: 8880: 8875: 8871: 8867: 8863: 8856: 8848: 8844: 8840: 8833: 8829: 8822: 8814: 8810: 8805: 8800: 8796: 8792: 8788: 8784: 8780: 8776: 8772: 8764: 8756: 8752: 8747: 8742: 8738: 8734: 8730: 8726: 8722: 8718: 8714: 8707: 8699: 8695: 8690: 8685: 8681: 8677: 8673: 8669: 8665: 8661: 8657: 8650: 8642: 8638: 8633: 8628: 8624: 8620: 8615: 8610: 8606: 8602: 8598: 8594: 8593: 8588: 8584: 8577: 8575: 8566: 8559: 8552: 8544: 8540: 8535: 8530: 8526: 8522: 8518: 8514: 8510: 8503: 8495: 8491: 8486: 8481: 8477: 8473: 8469: 8465: 8461: 8457: 8453: 8446: 8439:. p. 88. 8438: 8431: 8424: 8416: 8412: 8408: 8404: 8399: 8394: 8390: 8386: 8382: 8378: 8374: 8367: 8365: 8349: 8345: 8339: 8331: 8327: 8323: 8319: 8314: 8309: 8305: 8301: 8297: 8293: 8289: 8282: 8280: 8271: 8267: 8263: 8259: 8255: 8251: 8247: 8243: 8239: 8235: 8230: 8222: 8207: 8205: 8200: 8194: 8186: 8185: 8180: 8173: 8158: 8154: 8147: 8139: 8135: 8130: 8125: 8121: 8117: 8113: 8109: 8105: 8098: 8096: 8087: 8083: 8076: 8060: 8059: 8054: 8044: 8042: 8033: 8029: 8024: 8019: 8014: 8009: 8005: 8001: 7997: 7993: 7989: 7978: 7963: 7962: 7957: 7950: 7942: 7938: 7934: 7930: 7926: 7922: 7918: 7914: 7907: 7899: 7892: 7888: 7882: 7874: 7870: 7865: 7860: 7856: 7852: 7848: 7844: 7840: 7836: 7832: 7828: 7824: 7817: 7802: 7801: 7796: 7789: 7774: 7773: 7768: 7761: 7753: 7749: 7745: 7741: 7737: 7733: 7728: 7723: 7719: 7715: 7711: 7707: 7703: 7699: 7695: 7687: 7671: 7667: 7666: 7661: 7654: 7646: 7642: 7637: 7632: 7628: 7624: 7620: 7616: 7612: 7604: 7596: 7592: 7587: 7582: 7577: 7572: 7568: 7564: 7560: 7552: 7544: 7540: 7534: 7518: 7514: 7510: 7503: 7488: 7484: 7477: 7475: 7459: 7455: 7448: 7446: 7437: 7433: 7429: 7425: 7421: 7417: 7413: 7409: 7405: 7401: 7394: 7387: 7379: 7375: 7371: 7367: 7363: 7359: 7355: 7348: 7340: 7336: 7332: 7328: 7324: 7320: 7316: 7312: 7308: 7301: 7293: 7289: 7285: 7281: 7277: 7273: 7269: 7262: 7260: 7252: 7246: 7244: 7235: 7231: 7227: 7223: 7219: 7215: 7211: 7207: 7203: 7199: 7195: 7188: 7180: 7176: 7171: 7166: 7161: 7156: 7152: 7148: 7144: 7140: 7136: 7129: 7121: 7117: 7113: 7109: 7105: 7101: 7097: 7093: 7089: 7082: 7074: 7070: 7065: 7060: 7056: 7052: 7048: 7044: 7040: 7036: 7032: 7025: 7017: 7013: 7008: 7003: 6999: 6995: 6991: 6987: 6983: 6976: 6968: 6964: 6960: 6956: 6952: 6948: 6944: 6940: 6936: 6929: 6913: 6909: 6903: 6895: 6891: 6886: 6881: 6877: 6873: 6870:(1): 014007. 6869: 6865: 6861: 6854: 6846: 6842: 6838: 6834: 6830: 6826: 6822: 6818: 6814: 6810: 6806: 6799: 6791: 6787: 6782: 6777: 6772: 6767: 6763: 6759: 6755: 6751: 6747: 6740: 6732: 6728: 6724: 6720: 6716: 6712: 6708: 6701: 6693: 6689: 6684: 6679: 6675: 6671: 6666: 6661: 6657: 6653: 6649: 6645: 6644: 6639: 6635: 6628: 6612: 6607: 6603: 6599: 6595: 6591: 6587: 6580: 6572: 6568: 6564: 6560: 6555: 6550: 6546: 6542: 6538: 6534: 6530: 6526: 6519: 6503: 6502: 6497: 6491: 6483: 6479: 6475: 6471: 6466: 6461: 6457: 6453: 6449: 6445: 6441: 6434: 6427: 6420: 6416: 6409: 6403: 6395: 6391: 6384: 6376: 6372: 6368: 6364: 6360: 6356: 6352: 6348: 6341: 6333: 6325: 6317: 6313: 6309: 6305: 6301: 6297: 6293: 6289: 6281: 6273: 6269: 6264: 6259: 6255: 6251: 6247: 6243: 6239: 6232: 6224: 6220: 6215: 6210: 6206: 6202: 6198: 6194: 6190: 6186: 6182: 6175: 6167: 6163: 6158: 6153: 6149: 6145: 6141: 6137: 6133: 6129: 6122: 6114: 6110: 6103: 6094: 6089: 6085: 6081: 6077: 6070: 6068: 6059: 6055: 6049: 6040: 6035: 6031: 6027: 6023: 6019: 6015: 6008: 6000: 5996: 5991: 5986: 5982: 5978: 5974: 5970: 5966: 5962: 5958: 5951: 5943: 5939: 5933: 5925: 5921: 5916: 5911: 5907: 5903: 5899: 5895: 5891: 5887: 5883: 5876: 5868: 5864: 5860: 5856: 5851: 5846: 5842: 5838: 5834: 5830: 5826: 5822: 5818: 5811: 5803: 5799: 5794: 5789: 5785: 5781: 5777: 5773: 5769: 5765: 5761: 5754: 5746: 5742: 5737: 5732: 5728: 5724: 5720: 5716: 5712: 5705: 5697: 5693: 5688: 5683: 5679: 5675: 5671: 5667: 5663: 5656: 5648: 5644: 5640: 5636: 5632: 5628: 5624: 5620: 5616: 5609: 5601: 5597: 5592: 5587: 5583: 5579: 5575: 5571: 5567: 5560: 5552: 5548: 5544: 5540: 5536: 5532: 5528: 5524: 5520: 5516: 5512: 5505: 5497: 5493: 5488: 5483: 5479: 5475: 5470: 5465: 5461: 5457: 5453: 5449: 5445: 5438: 5430: 5423: 5416: 5400: 5399: 5391: 5385: 5370: 5369: 5364: 5358: 5356: 5354: 5338: 5334: 5327: 5325: 5316: 5310: 5294: 5290: 5286: 5282: 5278: 5274: 5270: 5266: 5262: 5258: 5254: 5247: 5232: 5228: 5221: 5206: 5202: 5196: 5194: 5185: 5181: 5177: 5173: 5169: 5165: 5161: 5157: 5153: 5149: 5145: 5138: 5130: 5126: 5122: 5116: 5112: 5108: 5104: 5100: 5093: 5085: 5081: 5077: 5075:9783319922881 5071: 5067: 5063: 5059: 5055: 5047: 5032: 5031: 5026: 5019: 5003: 4996: 4981: 4977: 4970: 4954: 4949: 4945: 4941: 4937: 4933: 4929: 4922: 4907: 4901: 4897: 4896: 4888: 4880: 4876: 4872: 4868: 4864: 4860: 4856: 4852: 4848: 4844: 4840: 4833: 4831: 4822: 4818: 4813: 4808: 4804: 4800: 4796: 4792: 4788: 4781: 4773: 4769: 4765: 4761: 4757: 4753: 4749: 4745: 4741: 4734: 4726: 4722: 4717: 4712: 4708: 4704: 4700: 4696: 4692: 4685: 4677: 4673: 4669: 4665: 4661: 4657: 4653: 4646: 4637: 4632: 4628: 4624: 4620: 4616: 4609: 4602: 4587: 4586: 4581: 4574: 4566: 4562: 4557: 4552: 4548: 4544: 4540: 4536: 4532: 4528: 4524: 4517: 4501: 4500: 4495: 4489: 4481: 4477: 4473: 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13347: 13290:Cyberwarfare 13008:Third Temple 12863:Lake of fire 12673:Rogue planet 12641:Impact event 12631:Proton decay 12584:Astronomical 12534:Bioterrorism 12380:Supervolcano 12278:Flood basalt 12270: 12224:Anoxic event 12133:Collapsology 12121:Sociological 11992:Cyberwarfare 11898: 11886: 11874: 11855: 11688:Carbon cycle 11645:Measurements 11340:Society and 11224:carbon sinks 11129:Climate debt 11119:Carbon price 10941:Human rights 10780: 10776:Season creep 10734:heat content 10660:Anoxic event 10573:James Hansen 10241: 10237: 10227: 10215:. 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Retrieved 8058:Carbon Brief 8056: 7995: 7991: 7977: 7965:. Retrieved 7959: 7949: 7916: 7912: 7906: 7900:. p. 8. 7897: 7881: 7833:(1): 35817. 7830: 7826: 7816: 7804:. Retrieved 7798: 7788: 7776:. Retrieved 7770: 7760: 7701: 7697: 7686: 7674:. Retrieved 7670:the original 7663: 7653: 7618: 7614: 7603: 7566: 7562: 7551: 7542: 7533: 7521:. Retrieved 7517:the original 7512: 7502: 7490:. Retrieved 7487:Carbon Brief 7486: 7461:. Retrieved 7458:Carbon Brief 7457: 7403: 7399: 7386: 7361: 7357: 7347: 7314: 7310: 7300: 7275: 7271: 7201: 7197: 7187: 7142: 7138: 7128: 7095: 7091: 7081: 7038: 7034: 7024: 6989: 6985: 6975: 6942: 6938: 6928: 6916:. Retrieved 6912:the original 6902: 6867: 6863: 6853: 6812: 6808: 6798: 6753: 6749: 6739: 6714: 6710: 6700: 6647: 6641: 6627: 6615:. Retrieved 6593: 6589: 6579: 6536: 6532: 6518: 6506:. 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Retrieved 2457: 2396: 2367:deglaciation 2363:last ice age 2352: 2327: 2321: 2318: 2269: 2238: 2214: 2206: 2197: 2181: 2169: 2157: 2150:-dependent. 2137: 2108: 2100: 2053: 2007: 1990: 1988: 1906: 1848: 1777: 1775:emissions. 1755: 1714: 1707: 1691: 1663: 1656: 1647: 1639: 1610: 1596: 1570: 1550:Amazon Watch 1508:Paleoclimate 1464: 1399: 1367: 1362: 1360: 1347: 1336: 1276: 1229: 1226:intermediate 1225: 1221: 1212: 1168: 1128: 1109: 1064:Wilkes Basin 1049: 1017: 1006:paleo record 1003: 994: 979: 952: 937: 908: 895: 885: 614: 604: 262: 258: 256: 247: 245: 236:regime shift 235: 229: 221: 209: 180:(AMOC), the 163: 157: 153: 151: 136: 105: 60: 54: 48: 36: 13418:Climatology 13366:Categories 13335:Survivalism 13022:Zoroastrian 12878:Seven seals 12873:Seven bowls 12799:Historicism 12695:Solar flare 12571:Overfishing 12546:Defaunation 12333:coral reefs 12095:AI takeover 12014:Nanoweapons 12002:Cybergeddon 11987:Cyberattack 11715:Carbon sink 11693:atmospheric 11558:video games 11232:Blue carbon 10865:Agriculture 10844:Marine life 10791:Water cycle 10749:temperature 10484:Fossil fuel 10086:Lenton, Tim 9906:(1): 5–12. 9812:(19): n/a. 9741:Lenton, Tim 9340:Lenton, Tim 9204:10261/55208 9129:Lenton, Tim 9074:(1): 5752. 9060:Lenton, Tim 9037:10468/10788 8964:1874/413153 8804:10037/16975 8049:"Extreme CO 7586:10023/26809 7317:(4): 1184. 7041:(1): 3213. 6525:Lenton, Tim 6157:1885/274441 6086:: 701–709. 5967:(1): 1789. 5892:(1): 5008. 5405:25 November 5374:26 November 4959:23 November 4911:23 November 4533:(1): 9371. 4090:2268/225208 3515:Lenton, Tim 3150:14 November 3067:Defined in 2805:Lenton, Tim 2672:Lenton, Tim 2577:Lenton, Tim 2361:during the 2140:bifurcation 2038:and all of 1881:-dominated 1851:coral reefs 1808:fossil fuel 1750:Congo Basin 1531:of certain 1131:Barents Sea 999:ice shelves 991:ice shelves 971:bathymetric 846:-0.5 to -2 529:0.4 to 2.0 465:0.6 to 1.2 346:0.5 to 3.0 259:global core 154:global core 13407:Categories 13295:Depression 13285:Ransomware 13100:Messianism 13070:Armageddon 13055:Apocalypse 12843:Antichrist 12831:Man of sin 12728:Three Ages 12591:Big Crunch 12453:Extinction 12445:Biological 12207:Ecological 12079:Strangelet 11747:Cryosphere 11708:permafrost 11480:Resilience 11432:Adaptation 11407:Litigation 11397:Governance 11342:adaptation 11124:Carbon tax 11077:Mitigation 11014:Antarctica 10902:Disability 10206:(Report). 8781:: 104030. 8211:17 January 7523:11 October 7492:15 January 7463:15 January 6617:14 January 6191:(1): 340. 5398:Met Office 5368:Met Office 5036:20 October 5008:3 February 4797:(1): 172. 4448:(1): 168. 3544:1808/30278 3523:BioScience 2834:1808/30278 2813:BioScience 2472:31 January 2450:References 2264:See also: 2172:hysteresis 2036:ozone hole 1958:subsidence 1678:See also: 1561:See also: 1279:permafrost 1271:See also: 1249:hydropower 1245:irrigation 1222:Third Pole 1215:Hindu Kush 654:Estimated 645:Estimated 594:-4 to -10 570:(collapse) 538:(collapse) 536:Permafrost 473:(collapse) 354:(collapse) 322:(collapse) 302:Estimated 293:Estimated 270:collapse. 232:ecosystems 204:See also: 192:Definition 166:cryosphere 85:ecosystems 73:ice sheets 13180:Fictional 13027:Saoshyant 12912:New Earth 12883:The Beast 12816:Preterism 12789:Christian 12745:Kali Yuga 12690:Micronova 12685:Hypernova 12551:Dysgenics 12392:Verneshot 12298:Hypercane 12041:Dead Hand 11762:Feedbacks 11533:Education 11034:Caribbean 11029:Australia 10956:Migration 10919:Fisheries 10870:Livestock 10796:Wildfires 10702:Heat wave 10251:1211.4846 10130:236504982 10122:1752-0908 9987:0027-8424 9928:1365-2389 9885:1364-5021 9836:1944-8007 9787:1758-6798 9765:CiteSeerX 9683:0027-8424 9620:203848411 9612:1758-6798 9553:236504982 9487:233738686 9479:1994-0416 9376:1364-503X 9314:0277-3791 9292:: 60–71. 9213:1476-4687 9159:2059-6987 9096:2041-1723 9045:119316104 8988:238476226 8972:0036-8075 8904:1364-503X 8879:1103.0169 8813:214097236 8723:: 42997. 8623:0027-8424 8543:235080216 8485:2164/9132 8415:210348791 8407:2190-4979 8330:236247596 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