356:. The new idea simplified things immensely. The mechanism could be on a small scale and easily controllable. Five years of calculations and trials were needed to bring this idea to fruition. Five years, in which Bauersfeld and a large staff of scientists, engineers, and draftsmen considered the astronomical principles involved and the mechanical devices which would realize them. They constructed star plates of film with images of 4500 stars. They found ways of interconnecting the daily and annual motion drives so the planets would stay in proper relative positions. In short they invented the modern projection planetarium.
243:. Covered with brass and having a wood interior measuring six feet in diameter, with the outer surface divided by circles to show degrees and minutes and stars visible with the naked eye, it was destroyed by fire in 1728. A disadvantage to earlier globes was that they showed the sky in reverse, such that the observer could only view the stars as seen outside the planetsphere.
558:
astronomers at
Harvard College Observatory in the late-1940s. As the enterprise grew, they later moved to an old snuff factory in Yorklyn, Delaware, and are now located in a spacious new factory in Chadds Ford, Pennsylvania, U.S. The company has changed its corporate ownership several times in its brief history and is now owned by Evans & Sutherland.
70:, which analogizes human perceptions of reality with the shadows created by projections of objects against the wall of a cave that is lit by firelight. It is these projected shadows of objects (and not the objects themselves) that become the most important sources of information about the world for most people.
634:
Seizo Goto, a leading
Japanese industrialist, used the expertise of his company in the field of telescopes to produce the first Goto planetarium. After trials in Japan, the first Goto in the United States filled the sky with stars in Bridgeport, Connecticut, on January 20, 1962. The Goto company was
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wrote: "Never before was an instrument created which is so instructive as this; never before one so bewitching; and never before did an instrument speak so directly to the beholder. The machine itself is precious and aristocratic… The planetarium is school, theater, and cinema in one classroom under
307:
is founded. Zeiss produced microscopes in his home workshop. Later collaboration with Ernst Abbe resulted in the first optical instruments produced from theory and plans, rather than from trial and error. Later still, Otto Schott, a glassmaker, introduced a process for producing good quality optical
438:
Five new planetariums, including ones in
Stockholm, Milan, Hamburg, a new one for Vienna, and the first outside of Europe. In 1928, Max Adler, a Chicago philanthropist, heard of the "Wonder of Jena" and took his wife and an architect to Germany to see it. He was so impressed, he donated to his home
316:
The orbitoscope is invented by E. Hindermann in Basel, Switzerland. This instrument is driven by springworks and has two planets revolving about a central Sun. A small light bulb on one of the planets projects shadows of the other two objects in the directions they would be seen from that planet,
333:
The idea of realistically reproducing the sky in detail is attributed to astronomer (and then privy counselor) Max Wolf. He was involved with the
Deutsches Museum. Wolf had suggested to von Miller the idea of a device for his museum which would reproduce not only the stars but also the planetary
557:
opened on the
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill campus; it is the first planetarium on a university campus in the United States. Spitz Laboratories was founded, first in an old factory building and then in an old theater. The first Spitz projector was demonstrated to a meeting of
325:
The Atwood Globe is built in the Museum of the
Chicago Academy of Sciences. With a diameter of almost five meters, the Atwood Globe shows 692 stars, and a moveable light bulb represents the Sun. Apertures along the ecliptic, which can be uncovered as necessary, represent the planets.
101:
and is now at the
National Archaeological Museum in Naples, Italy. The position of the constellations on the sphere's equinox have been used to date the design of the original Greek sphere to 370 BCE. Two other celestial globes believed to date from classical times are the
259:. It was about four meters in diameter, weighed over three tons, and could seat several persons inside on a circular bench. The stars were holes in the surface of the globe. The original was destroyed by fire and almost entirely rebuilt in 1748–52.
814:
New
Digital Planetarium of Athens, Greece, reopens with both a Sky Skan SkyVision and an E & S Digistar-3 system under a completely new dome with a diameter of 25 meters replacing the original Carl Zeiss Mark IV Electromechanical Projector
675:
Phillip Stern, a former lecturer at the Hayden
Planetarium and director of the Bridgeport Planetarium, develops the first programmable planetarium, the Apollo model. Unable to finance this himself, he has a small audio-visual firm on
351:
Walther
Bauersfeld, chief design engineer and later director of Carl Zeiss, hit upon the idea of projection of the celestial objects in a dark room. The original plan had been for some sort of globe similar to that of the 1654
149:
dates from Ptolemaic times, probably the 1st century BCE. The temple contains two well-known but slightly different representations of the heavens. There is a round zodiac ceiling and a square zodiac in the outer
903:
replaced its Zeiss Mark VI star projector with a new fulldome digital projection system and released its first original fulldome planetarium show, "Earth, Moon and Sun," for international distribution.
574:, the first for a U.S. planetarium dome larger than 50 feet across. After four years of design and construction, it was debuted to the public on November 8. It operated through 2003.
121:
is the first to demonstrate a cast-metal globe showing the motions of the planets. After he was killed by invading Romans, the device was taken to Rome, where it was described by
635:
actually the first to produce a small projector which included planetary motions. Many Goto instruments have since been installed all over the world, a large number in the U.S.
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upgrades their StarRider to the new Evans & Sutherland Digistar 3 system; a mini-dome opens in their production department running both Digistar 3 SP and Producer systems.
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in Boston, featuring another large American-built projector by the Korkosz brothers. While all earlier planetariums (and nearly all subsequent) show only the planets from
364:
October 21, 1923: The "Wonder of Jena" had its first unofficial showings in the 16-meter dome which was set up on the roof of the Zeiss factory in Jena, using the first
891:
Fidelity Bright solution with Global Immersion Media Server, SCISS' Uniview and Sky-Skan DigitalSky2 cluster inputs are featured in a 90-foot, 290-seat planetarium.
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on October 2. During these years, other instruments began to show the sky in Sweden, Belgium, and the Netherlands. Except for the latter, all were Zeiss Mark IIs.
663:
Minolta Company of Japan, known for high-quality cameras and optics, makes some tentative entries into the field in the mid-1960s. Their first planetarium was at
880:
571:
864:
680:, Viewlex, manufacture and market the planetarium, mostly to schools. Later this is joined by the first model to be portable, with an inflatable dome.
201:, near modern Baghdad, Iraq, whose massive 85-foot-high brick arch was said to be painted with stars against a blue background, indicating the zodiac.
598:
and the first in the southern hemisphere. With a dome of 18.3 m (60 ft) in diameter and a renovation in 2019 it remains in use to this day.
317:
reproducing accurately the retrograde loops and speed changes. This ingenious device is useful for instruction, but of course had many shortcomings.
545:
designs a small, less expensive projector with a dodecahedron design. Within ten years the number of US planetariums rises from five to almost 200.
295:) in Franeker, province of Friesland, The Netherlands. Today it is the oldest working planetarium in the world. It was built between 1774 and 1781.
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June 28 – July 2: Sky-Skan premieres SkyVision at the International Planetarium Society Conference in London, UK, demonstrating the first digital
583:
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After the war neither of Zeiss's two main factories in Oberkochen and Jena were capable of building a planetarium projector. Because of this, the
855:, opens in Birmingham and almost immediately supplements daytime astronomy education shows with evening fulldome art and entertainment content.
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campus. It was the first planetarium in the nation to feature a 360-degree projector capable of providing horizon-to-horizon images and through
792:
The first mirror-projector combination is demonstrated at the Western Alliance of Planetariums conference in Eugene, Oregon, United States.
40:
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The only large planetarium installation by the Carl Zeiss Company was in Goteborg, Sweden. The Mark II projector was removed to the
490:. It is the fifth built in the United States, and one of the first to have a star projector built in the US, constructed by hand by
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The Fels Planetarium opens January 1, 1934 at Philadelphia's Franklin Institute Science Museum, using a Zeiss Mark II projector.
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motions. Von Miller approached the well-known optical firm of Carl Zeiss in Jena, and they agreed to look into the problem.
189:'s designs for a Celestial Globe are recorded. No actual globe has been found, but detailed notes on its construction have.
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First Evans & Sutherland Digistar II calligraphic scan planetarium projector opens at the London Planetarium, UK.
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in Mumbai, has Digistar-3 Planetarium equipment installed, replacing the earlier Carl Zeiss Universal Projector.
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hall. The round zodiac ceiling shows the whole sky as it was understood by both Greek and Egyptian cultures.
97:. The Farnese Atlas, a Roman copy which dates to AD 150, is the oldest surviving pictorial record of Western
451:
Frank & John Korkosz begin work on the first optical projection planetarium built in the United States
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glass reliably, and the company established its reputation as a maker of high-quality optical goods.
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in California. By the late 1960s, Minolta had decided to officially enter the planetarium business.
626:, usually not counted as being of naked eye visibility, and so left out of planetarium projections.
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701:(projection of light points and lines – also known as a vector scan) planetarium projector at the
987:"Review Black Latte – pret, pareri, compozitie, prospect, forum, farmacii | Tinact Magazine"
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Fidelity Bright is an immersive theatre experience which can be geared towards key stages 2–5.
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reopens in Chicago, Illinois, United States, with an Evans & Sutherland StarRider system.
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Navajo 'Star Ceilings' painted by hand and with 'paint arrows' on overhanging cliff faces in
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at INTECH hands-on science centre, in Winchester, is the UK's largest digital planetarium.
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reopens in Salt Lake City, Utah, United States, with an Evans & Sutherland Digistar 3.
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constructed a device which indicated the movement of the planets and stars in the Universe
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in Munich, Germany, where it was installed in a 10-meter dome, becoming the first true
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First planetarium built outside Germany, a temporary installation in Vienna, Austria.
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in San Francisco commissioned a comparable, one-of-a-kind projector for the
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Egyptian tomb of Senenmut features the earliest known depiction of the sky.
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city the first planetarium in the Americas. On May 12, 1930, the
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October 26–29: Evans & Sutherland StarRider demonstrated at
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July 13–19: First Goto Virtuarium is demonstrated at the
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in Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States, in 1949.
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The Buhl Planetarium opens in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
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Osaka planetarium opens, Seymour Planetarium dedicated.
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Morrison Planetarium at California Academy of Sciences
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622:, this one-of-a-kind projector also shows the planet
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375:The Zeiss Mark I was taken down and shipped to the
655:showing an entire day's weather in a few minutes.
129:'s globe is alleged to have even demonstrated the
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780:in New York, New York, United States, with a
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584:Surveyor Germán Barbato Municipal Planetarium
887:, San Francisco, California, United States.
740:in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States.
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223:brings to Italy a tent captured during the
78:The original sculpture copied by the later
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697:First Evans & Sutherland Digistar I
901:Morehead Planetarium and Science Center
166:includes a dome rotating with the sky.
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973:"Charles Hayden Planetarium: 60 Years"
705:in Richmond, Virginia, United States.
90:rather than the Earth), is created in
54:, is the oldest known domed building.
29:
949:Stephen Pielock (October 20, 1937).
784:Onyx 2 and Trimension video system.
645:Fleischmann Atmospherium Planetarium
86:-like object (though it depicts the
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50:"The Dome of Heaven", built by the
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778:American Museum of Natural History
594:, the first planetarium in all of
341:Development of modern planetariums
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723:International Planetarium Society
929:"Forerunners of the Planetarium"
221:Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor
851:, the UK's first purpose-built
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568:California Academy of Sciences
394:the eternal dome of the sky."
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927:Ley, Willy (February 1965).
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514:Tokyo planetarium opens.
470:opened on May 14 and the
931:. For Your Information.
496:Rosicrucian Order, AMORC
422:Rome planetarium opens.
178:is constructed in Rome.
283:Construction begins on
197:"Palace of Chosros" at
933:Galaxy Science Fiction
653:time-lapse photography
366:Model I star projector
951:"Korkosz Planetarium"
849:Thinktank Planetarium
494:, then leader of the
486:planetarium opens in
1017:Technology timelines
812:Eugenides Foundation
752:playback animation.
572:Morrison Planetarium
555:Morehead Planetarium
532:Morehead Planetarium
488:San Jose, California
468:Griffith Observatory
164:Golden House of Nero
68:Allegory of the Cave
853:digital planetarium
466:The planetarium at
239:Celestial Globe of
59:428/427–348/347 BCE
30:Historic influences
865:INTECH Planetarium
774:Hayden Planetarium
472:Hayden Planetarium
305:Carl Zeiss Company
255:is constructed in
62:Greek philosopher
22:of the history of
1012:Science timelines
935:. pp. 87–98.
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837:Adler Planetarium
826:Nehru Planetarium
802:Clark Planetarium
762:Adler Planetarium
699:calligraphic scan
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647:is built on the
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484:Rosicrucian Park
404:Deutsches Museum
377:Deutsches Museum
354:Globe of Gottorf
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271:, in modern-day
269:Canyon De Chelly
253:Globe of Gottorf
210:Abbas Ibn Firnas
88:celestial sphere
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955:. Retrieved
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285:Eise Eisinga
264:18th century
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24:planetariums
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15:
883:reopens in
678:Long Island
406:in Munich.
381:planetarium
289:planetarium
241:Tycho Brahe
108:Mainz globe
104:Kugel globe
92:Hellenistic
1007:Planetaria
1001:Categories
911:References
588:Montevideo
119:Archimedes
18:This is a
729:, Japan.
586:opens in
199:Ctesiphon
152:hypostyle
125:. Later,
52:Etruscans
37:1473 BCE
750:fulldome
618:through
553:In May,
106:and the
20:timeline
616:Mercury
592:Uruguay
273:Arizona
187:Ptolemy
147:Dendera
127:Ptolemy
115:250 BCE
75:370 BCE
47:500 BCE
624:Uranus
620:Saturn
293:orrery
229:cupola
206:840 CE
194:531 CE
183:150 CE
171:124 CE
138:50 BCE
123:Cicero
95:Greece
727:Osaka
159:62 CE
84:globe
64:Plato
959:2012
899:The
896:2010
879:The
876:2008
863:The
860:2008
847:The
844:2005
835:The
824:The
800:The
797:2003
789:2001
772:The
769:2000
760:The
757:1999
745:1998
738:ASTC
718:1996
710:1995
694:1983
672:1966
660:1965
643:The
640:1963
631:1959
606:The
603:1958
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579:1955
563:1952
550:1949
539:1947
527:1944
519:1939
511:1938
503:1937
482:The
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427:1929
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411:1927
399:1925
361:1923
348:1919
322:1913
313:1912
303:The
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280:1774
251:The
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236:1584
217:1229
174:The
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141:The
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