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Theatre. Every Planet and
Satellite seems suspended in space, without any support; performing their annual and diurnal revolutions without any apparent cause". Other lecturers promoted their own devices: R E Lloyd advertised his Dioastrodoxon, or Grand Transparent Orrery, and by 1825 William Kitchener was offering his Ouranologia, which was 42 feet (13 m) in diameter. These devices most probably sacrificed astronomical accuracy for crowd-pleasing spectacle and sensational and awe-provoking imagery.
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623:, thus reducing machining expenses in creating a globe. Planets were not mechanized, but could be shifted by hand. Several models followed with various upgraded capabilities, until the A3P, which projected well over a thousand stars, had motorized motions for latitude change, daily motion, and annual motion for Sun, Moon (including phases), and planets. This model was installed in hundreds of high schools, colleges, and even small museums from 1964 to the 1980s.
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1323:. Here the central axis represents the Earth. Each planet light is on a mount which rotates only about the central axis, and is aimed by a guide which is steered by a deferent and an epicycle (or whatever the planetarium maker calls them). Here Ptolemy's number values must be revised to remove the daily rotation, which in a planetarium is catered for otherwise. (In one planetarium, this needed Ptolemaic-type orbital constants for
1242:), the hole must be so big to let enough light through that there must be a small lens in the hole to focus the light to a sharp point on the dome. In later and modern planetarium star balls, the individual bright stars often have individual projectors, shaped like small hand-held torches, with focusing lenses for individual bright stars. Contact breakers prevent the projectors from projecting below the "horizon".
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1348:. This means that a planet image projected on top of a star field (for example) will still show the stars shining through the planet image, degrading the quality of the viewing experience. For related reasons, some planetariums show stars below the horizon projecting on the walls below the dome or on the floor, or (with a bright star or a planet) shining in the eyes of someone in the audience.
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degrees to provide greater comfort. Tilted domes tend to create a favoured "sweet spot" for optimum viewing, centrally about a third of the way up the dome from the lowest point. Tilted domes generally have seating arranged stadium-style in straight, tiered rows; horizontal domes usually have seats in circular rows, arranged in concentric (facing center) or epicentric (facing front) arrays.
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665:. About thirty canned programs were created for various grade levels and the public, while operators could create their own or run the planetarium live. Purchasers of the Apollo were given their choice of two canned shows, and could purchase more. A few hundred were sold, but in the late 1970s Viewlex went bankrupt for reasons unrelated to the planetarium business.
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1430:. Generally speaking, the more pixels a system can display, the better the viewing experience. While the first generation of digital projectors were unable to generate enough pixels to match the image quality of the best traditional "star ball" projectors, high-end systems now offer a resolution that approaches the limit of human
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technology to replace the entire system of interlinked projectors traditionally employed around a star ball to address some of their limitations. Digital planetarium manufacturers claim reduced maintenance costs and increased reliability from such systems compared with traditional "star balls" on the
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there and so making the whole image look less realistic. Since traditional planetarium shows consisted mainly of small points of light (i.e., stars) on a black background, this was not a significant issue, but it became an issue as digital projection systems started to fill large portions of the dome
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sections with ribs providing a supporting structure behind. The use of aluminium makes it easy to perforate the dome with thousands of tiny holes. This reduces the reflectivity of sound back to the audience (providing better acoustic characteristics), lets a sound system project through the dome from
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was the heart of his public lectures or theatrical presentations. Walker's son describes this "Elaborate
Machine" as "twenty feet high, and twenty-seven in diameter: it stands vertically before the spectators, and its globes are so large, that they are distinctly seen in the most distant parts of the
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Traditionally, planetarium domes were mounted horizontally, matching the natural horizon of the real night sky. However, because that configuration requires highly inclined chairs for comfortable viewing "straight up", increasingly domes are being built tilted from the horizontal by between 5 and 30
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while also eliminating the "screen door" effect of small gaps between LCD pixels. "Dark chip" DLP projectors improve on the standard DLP design and can offer relatively inexpensive solution with bright images, but the black level requires physical baffling of the projectors. As the technology
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motion. This was displayed at the
Deutsches Museum in 1924, construction work having been interrupted by the war. The planets travelled along overhead rails, powered by electric motors: the orbit of Saturn was 11.25 m in diameter. 180 stars were projected onto the wall by electric bulbs.
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The West German firm resumed making large planetariums in 1954, and the East German firm started making small planetariums a few years later. Meanwhile, the lack of planetarium manufacturers had led to several attempts at construction of unique models, such as one built by the
509:. The result was a planetarium design which would generate all the necessary movements of the stars and planets inside the optical projector, and would be mounted centrally in a room, projecting images onto the white surface of a hemisphere. In August 1923, the first (Model I)
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Planetaria range in size from the 37 meter dome in St. Petersburg, Russia (called "Planetarium No 1") to three-meter inflatable portable domes where attendees sit on the floor. The largest planetarium in the
Western Hemisphere is the Jennifer Chalsty Planetarium at
657:, had the idea of creating a small planetarium which could be programmed. His Apollo model was introduced in 1967 with a plastic program board, recorded lecture, and film strip. Unable to pay for this himself, Stern became the head of the planetarium division of
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grounds that they employ few moving parts and do not generally require synchronisation of movement across the dome between several separate systems. Some planetariums mix both traditional opto-mechanical projection and digital technologies on the same dome.
1296:. The axis represents the Sun. The rotating piece that represents each planet carries a light that must be arranged and guided to swivel so it always faces towards the rotating piece that represents the Earth. This presents mechanical problems including:
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with bright objects (e.g., large images of the sun in context). For this reason, modern planetarium domes are often not painted white but rather a mid grey colour, reducing reflection to perhaps 35-50%. This increases the perceived level of contrast.
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of the image, i.e., the contrast between dark and light. This can be a challenge in any domed projection environment, because a bright image projected on one side of the dome will tend to reflect light across to the opposite side, "lifting" the
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both successfully marketing a number of different models. Goto was particularly successful when the
Japanese Ministry of Education put one of their smallest models, the E-3 or E-5 (the numbers refer to the metric diameter of the dome) in every
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its eyesight. "Star ball" projection is limited in education terms by its inability to move beyond an Earth-bound view of the night sky. Finally, in most traditional projectors the various overlaid projection systems are incapable of proper
1001:(GRP) segments bolted together and mounted on a frame are possible. As they may take some hours to construct, they are more suitable for applications such as exhibition stands, where a dome will stay up for a period of at least several days.
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to the Earth, its light is liable to be blocked by the mechanism's central axle. (If the planet mechanism is set 180° rotated from reality, the lights are carried by the Earth and shine towards each planet, and the blocking risk happens at
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Worldwide, most planetariums provide shows to the general public. Traditionally, shows for these audiences with themes such as "What's in the sky tonight?", or shows which pick up on topical issues such as a religious festival (often the
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projected images of the night sky onto the white plaster lining of a 16 m hemispherical concrete dome, erected on the roof of the Zeiss works. The first official public showing was at the
Deutsches Museum in Munich on October 21, 1923.
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digital planetariums have added an extra degree of freedom to a presenter giving a show because they allow simulation of the view from any point in space, not only the Earth-bound view which we are most familiar with. This new
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The star ball is usually mounted so it can rotate as a whole to simulate the Earth's daily rotation, and to change the simulated latitude on Earth. There is also usually a means of rotating to produce the effect of
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Despite offering a good viewer experience, traditional star ball projectors suffer several inherent limitations. From a practical point of view, the low light levels require several minutes for the audience to
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of the 1950s and 60s when fears that the United States might miss out on the opportunities of the new frontier in space stimulated a massive program to install over 1,200 planetariums in U.S. high schools.
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pole. In that case, the view cannot go so far south that any of the resulting blank area at the south is projected on the dome. Some star projectors have two balls at opposite ends of the projector like a
1114:. It is 22 feet in diameter and weighs two tons. The globe is made of wood and is driven with a variable speed motor controller. This is the largest mechanical planetarium in the world, larger than the
1503:, revealing that the stars which appear to make up a co-ordinated shape from an Earth-bound viewpoint are at vastly different distances from Earth and so not connected, except in human imagination and
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A major challenge in dome construction is to make seams as invisible as possible. Painting a dome after installation is a major task, and if done properly, the seams can be made almost to disappear.
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inside this type of dome can detract from its utility. Such a solid dome also presents issues connected with heating and ventilation in a large-audience planetarium, as air cannot pass through it.
1259:. In that case all stars can be shown and the view can go to either pole or anywhere between. But care must be taken that the projection fields of the two balls match where they meet or overlap.
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refers to a software application that renders a three-dimensional image of the sky onto a two-dimensional computer screen, or in a virtual reality headset for a 3D representation. The term
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projector systems, and lasers. Typical systems can be set to simulate the sky at any point in time, past or present, and often to depict the night sky as it would appear from any point of
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The small size of typical 18th century orreries limited their impact, and towards the end of that century a number of educators attempted to create a larger sized version. The efforts of
153:, its dome measuring 27 meters in diameter. The Birla Planetarium in Kolkata, India is the largest by seating capacity, having 630 seats. In North America, the Hayden Planetarium at the
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that makes a spot of light on the dome. Planet projectors must have gearing to move their positioning and thereby simulate the planets' movements. These can be of these types:-
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and a far greater selection of stars. Additional projectors can be added to show twilight around the outside of the screen (complete with city or country scenes) as well as the
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lighting has become available that significantly decreases power consumption and reduces the maintenance requirement as lamps no longer have to be changed on a regular basis.
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to spread the light over the whole dome surface, while in other configurations several projectors around the horizon of the dome are arranged to blend together seamlessly.
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Smaller permanent domes are frequently constructed from glass reinforced plastic. This is inexpensive but, as the projection surface reflects sound as well as light, the
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benefits because it vividly conveys that space has depth, helping audiences to leave behind the ancient misconception that the stars are stuck on the inside of a giant
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behind (offering sound that seems to come from appropriate directions related to a show), and allows air circulation through the projection surface for climate control.
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The planet lights must be powered by wires, which have to bend about as the planets rotate, and repeatedly bending copper wire tends to cause wire breakage through
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1475:) linked to the night sky, have been popular. Live format is preferred by many venues as a live speaker or presenter can answer questions raised by the audience.
573:, also migrated to West Germany with the other members of the Zeiss management team. There he remained on the Zeiss West management team until his death in 1959.
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However, the new breed of
Optical-Mechanical projectors using fiber-optic technology to display the stars show a much more realistic view of the sky.
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Negative-pressure inflated domes are suitable in some semi-permanent situations. They use a fan to extract air from behind the dome surface, allowing
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When
Germany was divided into East and West Germany after the war, the Zeiss firm was also split. Part remained in its traditional headquarters at
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matures and reduces in price, laser projection looks promising for dome projection as it offers bright images, large dynamic range and a very wide
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LCD projectors have fundamental limits on their ability to project true black as well as light, which has tended to limit their use in planetaria.
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system (now known as IMAX Dome) was conceived to operate on planetarium screens. More recently, some planetariums have re-branded themselves as
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commissioned updated versions of a geared orrery and planetarium from M Sendtner, and later worked with Franz Meyer, chief engineer at the Carl
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recognized that there was a viable market for small inexpensive planetaria. His first model, the Spitz A, was designed to project stars from a
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domes can be inflated in minutes. Such domes are often used for touring planetariums visiting, for example, schools and community centres.
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King, Henry C. "Geared to the Stars; the evolution of planetariums, orreries, and astronomical clocks" University of
Toronto Press, 1978
701:, celestial coordinate systems, and much else, from removable cylinders (Viewlex and others followed with their own portable versions).
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use a hollow ball with a light inside, and a pinhole for each star, hence the name "star ball". With some of the brightest stars (e.g.
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features such an installation, with special projectors for images below the feet of the audience, as well as above their heads.
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uses
Astrotec perforated aluminum curtain, GSS-Helios Space Simulator, Astrovision-70 and many other special effects projectors
427:(1744–1828) in the living room of his house. It took Eisinga seven years to build his planetarium, which was completed in 1781.
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can be made to appear and move realistically to simulate their motion. The projection can be created in various ways, such as a
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763:, but as visible from points far distant in space and time. The newest generations of planetarium projectors, beginning with
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Computer-controlled. Here all the planet lights are on mounts which rotate only about the central axis, and are aimed by a
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offered the first easily portable planetarium in 1977. Philip Sadler designed this patented system which projected stars,
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Zeiss Planetarium became popular, and attracted a lot of attention. Next Zeiss planetariums were opened in Rome (1928, in
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and beyond. For example, a planetarium can now 'fly' the audience towards one of the familiar constellations such as
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1951:"ESOblog: How to Install a Planetarium A conversation with engineer Max Rößner about his work on the ESO Supernova"
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403:(1730–1821) and his sons are noteworthy in their attempts to fuse theatrical illusions with education. Walker's
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built around 1650 had constellations painted on the inside. These devices would today usually be referred to as
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in 1989, the two Zeiss firms did likewise, and expanded their offerings to cover many different size domes.
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While this was being constructed, von Miller was also working at the Zeiss factory with German astronomer
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986:, accommodating from 1 to 500 people. They can be permanent or portable, depending on the application.
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is attributed with creating a primitive planetarium device that could predict the movements of the
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Smaller planetarium projectors include a set of fixed stars, Sun, Moon, and planets, and various
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For specific dates and events in the historical influences on and development of planetaria, see
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projectors. Sometimes a single projector mounted near the centre of the dome is employed with a
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Digital projection systems all work by creating the image of the night sky as a large array of
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Older planetarium domes were built using traditional construction materials and surfaced with
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1834:"A Fifty Year Anniversary of a Two Thousand Year Dream (The History of the Planetarium)"
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people, this experience can be more educationally beneficial than other demonstrations.
597:. Most planetariums ignore Uranus as being at best marginally visible to the naked eye.
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surrounded by projected images in all directions, giving the impression of floating in
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models of geography or buildings like those in the area round the planetarium building.
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A modern, egg-shaped Zeiss projector (UNIVERSARIUM Mark IX) at the Hamburg planetarium
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The realism of the viewing experience in a planetarium depends significantly on the
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An example of a digital laser projector installed in the Lohman Planetarium at the
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396:. The device was operated internally with a spinnable table that rotated the tent.
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This article is about the theatre for observing the night sky. For other uses, see
589:, which operated 1952–2003. The Korkosz brothers built a large projector for the
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in the arm rests of seats to allow audience feedback that influences the show in
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A great boost to the popularity of the planetarium worldwide was provided by the
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The world's largest mechanical planetarium is located in Monico, Wisconsin. The
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is sometimes used generically to describe other devices which illustrate the
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1797:"Under the Dome: The tragic, untold story of the world's first planetarium"
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and then projected onto the dome using a variety of technologies including
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entered the planetarium manufacturing business in the 1960s, with Goto and
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around the cove of the dome to help audience entry and exit, to simulate
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553:, is the oldest planetarium in Latin America and the southern hemisphere.
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is used to describe a member of the professional staff of a planetarium.
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Theatre that presents educational and entertaining shows about astronomy
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in Chicago (15 feet in diameter) and one third the size of the Hayden.
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231: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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1875:"A Brief History of the World's First Planetarium - IEEE Spectrum"
1666:"Birla Planetarium ready to welcome visitors after 28-month break"
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In a fully digital planetarium, the dome image is generated by a
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1840:. Vol. 2, no. 3. International Planetarium Society.
1989:
Planetarian: Journal of the International Planetarium Society
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capability to travel through the universe provides important
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Planetaria occasionally include controls such as buttons or
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1022:. This method is relatively expensive and suffers the same
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The world's first planetarium projector, Zeiss Mark I, 1923
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Theaters of Time and Space: American Planetaria, 1930-1970
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technology. This allows for the projection of any image.
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brought back a tent with scattered holes representing
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Lighting to simulate the effect of twilight or urban
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A dominant feature of most planetariums is the large
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Often around the edge of the dome (the "cove") are:
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planetarium projector displaying computer graphics (
569:. The designer of the first planetariums for Zeiss,
1982:"Under One Dome: AHHAA Science Centre Planetarium"
1441:and modified LCOS projectors have improved on LCD
982:Planetarium domes range in size from 3 to 35 m in
1714:. Rutgers: Rutgers University Press. p. 10.
1495:and instead to understand the true layout of the
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1395:lens to project an image across the entire dome.
1250:. Often, one such ball is attached at its south
1149:Traditional electromechanical/optical projectors
330:proved that such devices already existed during
1371:An increasing number of planetariums are using
1285:Each planet is projected by a sharply focused
1174:in a Berlin planetarium during a show in 1939.
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910:A small inflatable portable planetarium dome.
721:Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Planetarium
543:Surveyor Germán Barbato Municipal Planetarium
855:The Large Zeiss Planetarium in Berlin, 1987.
334:, though likely after Archimedes' lifetime.
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161:has the greatest number of seats, at 423.
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867:Inside of the Planetarium located in the
489:, on a new and novel design, inspired by
377:In 1229, following the conclusion of the
291:Learn how and when to remove this message
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1378:
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1091:Traditionally, planetariums needed many
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755:system to display starfields as well as
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525:), Chicago (1930), Osaka (1937, in the
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2024:IPS (International Planetarium Society)
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1133:. For example, a small planetarium at
48:Inside the same hall during projection.
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1794:
1707:
1654:Catalog of New York Planetariums, 1982
1478:Since the early 1990s, fully featured
1033:Most modern domes are built from thin
483:Landessternwarte Heidelberg-Königstuhl
326:and the planets. The discovery of the
172:, such as a computer simulation or an
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2029:WPD (Worldwide Planetariums Database)
1813:from the original on 24 February 2014
1354:
649:Phillip Stern, as former lecturer at
532:
527:Osaka City Electricity Science Museum
30:Inside a planetarium projection hall.
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1466:projected during a planetarium show.
1121:Some new planetariums now feature a
229:adding citations to reliable sources
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1979:
1973:
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1795:Engber, Daniel (24 February 2014).
67:
13:
1832:Chartrand, Mark (September 1973).
1769:
1274:. Others add coordinate lines and
1008:to push it into the correct shape.
747:, Salt Lake City, Utah)—the
661:, a mid-size audio-visual firm on
155:American Museum of Natural History
14:
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2017:
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1643:International Planetarium Society
1266:. Larger projectors also include
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2553:Southern African Large Telescope
1903:"Forerunners of the Planetarium"
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1462:Artistic representations of the
1327:, which was unknown to Ptolemy.)
1228:planetarium projection apparatus
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869:Science Factory (Vitenfabrikken)
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413:oldest still-working planetarium
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2002:from the original on 2015-10-02
1980:Aru, Margus (March–June 2012).
1943:
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1770:Centre, UNESCO World Heritage.
1639:Directory of Planetariums, 2005
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216:needs additional citations for
82:built primarily for presenting
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1632:
1623:
579:California Academy of Sciences
1:
2832:Glass engineering and science
2063:
1616:
922:GM-II starfield projector at
797:Examples of planetarium domes
786:
1901:Ley, Willy (February 1965).
1776:UNESCO World Heritage Centre
1569:List of observatory software
1282:displays, and other images.
386:Frederick II of Hohenstaufen
84:educational and entertaining
21:Planetarium (disambiguation)
7:
1514:
1507:. For especially visual or
1391:. This Projector employs a
1385:Museum of Arts and Sciences
1248:precession of the equinoxes
997:Temporary structures using
495:Chicago Academy of Sciences
10:
2855:
1772:"Eise Eisinga Planetarium"
1152:
893:Planetarium Science Center
782:home planetarium projector
687:Learning Technologies Inc.
612:Early Spitz star projector
193:
189:
18:
2777:
2569:
2546:Large Binocular Telescope
2511:Extremely Large Telescope
2504:Extremely large telescope
2477:
2360:
2300:
2221:
2183:
2144:
2137:
2071:
1747:"History of Planetariums"
946:Priyadarshini Planetarium
924:Priyadarshini Planetarium
2518:Gran Telescopio Canarias
1921:"- Bhasani Novo Theatre"
1905:. For Your Information.
999:glass-reinforced plastic
791:
591:Boston Museum of Science
487:University of Heidelberg
303:
196:timeline of planetariums
2613:Astrology and astronomy
2323:Gravitational radiation
1708:Marche, Jordan (2005).
1278:, photographic slides,
897:Bibliotheca Alexandrina
712:Computerized planetaria
565:, and part migrated to
2532:Hubble Space Telescope
1907:Galaxy Science Fiction
1467:
1396:
1368:
783:
737:Evans & Sutherland
732:
668:During the 1970s, the
631:
613:
554:
440:
338:described a planetary
147:Liberty Science Center
59:
41:
2636:Astroparticle physics
2371:Australian Aboriginal
1589:Planetarium projector
1539:Antikythera mechanism
1461:
1382:
1362:
1155:Planetarium projector
777:
719:
630:A Goto E-5 projector.
629:
611:
540:
438:
328:Antikythera mechanism
109:onto which scenes of
94:, or for training in
47:
29:
2628:Astronomers Monument
2560:Very Large Telescope
2107:Astronomical symbols
1574:List of planetariums
1306:When a planet is at
1006:atmospheric pressure
739:installed the first
541:Opened in 1955, the
497:and by the ideas of
415:can be found in the
225:improve this article
179:Planetarium software
96:celestial navigation
52:Belgrade Planetarium
34:Belgrade Planetarium
2701:List of astronomers
2114:Astronomical object
1216:Zeiss projector at
1186:Zeiss projector at
842:Hamburg Planetarium
523:Baths of Diocletian
485:observatory of the
447:(1855–1934) of the
370:) in their regular
344:Theorica Planetarum
2687:Physical cosmology
1670:The Times of India
1609:Space-themed music
1559:Astronomical clock
1468:
1397:
1369:
1355:Digital projectors
1093:incandescent lamps
810:Vilnius University
784:
745:Hansen planetarium
733:
697:figures from many
655:Hayden Planetarium
632:
614:
571:Walther Bauersfeld
555:
533:After World War II
499:Walther Bauersfeld
481:, director of the
441:
423:. It was built by
383:Holy Roman Emperor
366:and planets up to
336:Campanus of Novara
60:
42:
2809:
2808:
2694:Quantum cosmology
2680:Planetary geology
2473:
2472:
2184:Celestial subject
1925:www.mosict.gov.bd
1909:. pp. 87–98.
1367:laser projection.
1112:Kovac Planetarium
751:projector used a
706:Germany reunified
644:elementary school
511:Zeiss planetarium
491:Wallace W. Atwood
461:optical works in
301:
300:
293:
275:
119:celestial objects
107:projection screen
2844:
2802:
2798:
2797:
2790:
2786:
2785:
2770:
2761:
2754:
2747:
2740:
2731:
2724:
2717:
2715:Medieval Islamic
2710:
2703:
2696:
2689:
2682:
2675:
2668:
2659:
2652:
2645:
2638:
2631:
2622:
2615:
2608:
2601:
2599:Astroinformatics
2594:
2587:
2580:
2578:Archaeoastronomy
2562:
2555:
2548:
2541:
2539:Keck Observatory
2534:
2527:
2520:
2513:
2506:
2499:
2492:
2466:
2457:
2450:
2443:
2436:
2434:Medieval Islamic
2429:
2422:
2415:
2408:
2401:
2394:
2387:
2380:
2373:
2353:
2346:
2339:
2332:
2325:
2318:
2311:
2293:
2284:
2277:
2270:
2263:
2261:
2253:
2251:
2239:
2232:
2212:
2205:
2198:
2176:
2169:
2162:
2155:
2142:
2141:
2130:
2123:
2116:
2109:
2102:
2093:
2086:
2079:
2058:
2051:
2044:
2035:
2034:
2011:
2010:
2008:
2007:
2001:
1986:
1977:
1971:
1970:
1968:
1966:
1957:. Archived from
1947:
1941:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1931:on 27 March 2009
1927:. Archived from
1917:
1911:
1910:
1898:
1892:
1891:
1889:
1887:
1873:Marsh, Allison.
1870:
1861:
1860:
1858:
1857:
1848:. Archived from
1829:
1823:
1822:
1820:
1818:
1792:
1786:
1785:
1783:
1782:
1767:
1761:
1760:
1758:
1757:
1743:
1737:
1736:
1734:
1733:
1724:. Archived from
1705:
1699:
1698:
1687:
1681:
1680:
1678:
1677:
1662:
1656:
1651:
1645:
1636:
1630:
1627:
1544:Armillary sphere
1531:
1529:Astronomy portal
1526:
1525:
1524:
1493:celestial sphere
1405:cathode ray tube
1218:Kyiv Planetarium
1213:
1201:
1183:
1167:
964:
942:
919:
907:
888:
864:
852:
837:
824:The dome of the
821:
808:The dome of the
805:
583:Golden Gate Park
450:Deutsches Museum
445:Oskar von Miller
348:Globe of Gottorf
296:
289:
285:
282:
276:
274:
233:
209:
201:
69:
2854:
2853:
2847:
2846:
2845:
2843:
2842:
2841:
2812:
2811:
2810:
2805:
2793:
2781:
2773:
2766:
2757:
2750:
2745:X-ray telescope
2743:
2736:
2727:
2720:
2713:
2706:
2699:
2692:
2685:
2678:
2671:
2664:
2655:
2648:
2641:
2634:
2625:
2618:
2611:
2604:
2597:
2590:
2583:
2576:
2565:
2558:
2551:
2544:
2537:
2530:
2523:
2516:
2509:
2502:
2495:
2488:
2480:
2469:
2462:
2453:
2446:
2439:
2432:
2425:
2418:
2411:
2404:
2397:
2390:
2383:
2376:
2369:
2356:
2351:Multi-messenger
2349:
2342:
2335:
2328:
2321:
2314:
2307:
2296:
2289:
2280:
2273:
2266:
2259:
2256:
2247:
2242:
2235:
2228:
2217:
2208:
2201:
2190:
2179:
2174:Space telescope
2172:
2165:
2158:
2151:
2133:
2126:
2119:
2112:
2105:
2098:
2089:
2082:
2075:
2067:
2062:
2020:
2015:
2014:
2005:
2003:
1999:
1984:
1978:
1974:
1964:
1962:
1949:
1948:
1944:
1934:
1932:
1919:
1918:
1914:
1899:
1895:
1885:
1883:
1871:
1864:
1855:
1853:
1838:The Planetarian
1830:
1826:
1816:
1814:
1807:The Slate Group
1793:
1789:
1780:
1778:
1768:
1764:
1755:
1753:
1751:commons.bcit.ca
1745:
1744:
1740:
1731:
1729:
1722:
1706:
1702:
1691:"PlanetariumVR"
1689:
1688:
1684:
1675:
1673:
1664:
1663:
1659:
1652:
1648:
1637:
1633:
1628:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1613:
1527:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1509:spatially aware
1485:virtual reality
1456:
1443:contrast ratios
1357:
1224:
1223:
1222:
1221:
1220:
1214:
1206:
1205:
1202:
1193:
1192:
1191:
1188:Dow Planetarium
1184:
1176:
1175:
1172:Zeiss projector
1168:
1157:
1151:
1085:light pollution
978:
965:
956:
943:
934:
920:
911:
908:
899:
889:
880:
865:
856:
853:
844:
838:
829:
822:
813:
806:
794:
789:
753:vector graphics
714:
535:
503:Rudolf Straubel
493:'s work at the
433:
362:(including the
354:(named for the
306:
297:
286:
280:
277:
234:
232:
222:
210:
199:
192:
127:slide projector
49:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2852:
2851:
2840:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2807:
2806:
2804:
2803:
2791:
2778:
2775:
2774:
2772:
2771:
2764:
2763:
2762:
2755:
2748:
2734:
2733:
2732:
2725:
2718:
2711:
2697:
2690:
2683:
2676:
2669:
2662:
2661:
2660:
2646:
2639:
2632:
2623:
2616:
2609:
2602:
2595:
2592:Astrochemistry
2588:
2581:
2573:
2571:
2567:
2566:
2564:
2563:
2556:
2549:
2542:
2535:
2528:
2525:Hale Telescope
2521:
2514:
2507:
2500:
2493:
2485:
2483:
2475:
2474:
2471:
2470:
2468:
2467:
2460:
2459:
2458:
2444:
2437:
2430:
2423:
2416:
2409:
2402:
2395:
2388:
2381:
2374:
2366:
2364:
2358:
2357:
2355:
2354:
2347:
2340:
2333:
2326:
2319:
2312:
2304:
2302:
2298:
2297:
2295:
2294:
2287:
2286:
2285:
2271:
2264:
2258:Visible-light
2254:
2240:
2233:
2225:
2223:
2219:
2218:
2216:
2215:
2214:
2213:
2199:
2187:
2185:
2181:
2180:
2178:
2177:
2170:
2163:
2156:
2148:
2146:
2139:
2135:
2134:
2132:
2131:
2124:
2117:
2110:
2103:
2096:
2095:
2094:
2080:
2072:
2069:
2068:
2061:
2060:
2053:
2046:
2038:
2032:
2031:
2026:
2019:
2018:External links
2016:
2013:
2012:
1972:
1942:
1912:
1893:
1862:
1824:
1787:
1762:
1738:
1720:
1700:
1682:
1672:. 18 July 2017
1657:
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1612:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1564:Fulldome video
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1535:
1534:
1533:
1532:
1516:
1513:
1473:Christmas star
1464:constellations
1455:
1452:
1356:
1353:
1336:
1335:
1328:
1318:
1317:
1316:
1304:
1276:constellations
1215:
1208:
1207:
1203:
1196:
1195:
1194:
1185:
1178:
1177:
1169:
1162:
1161:
1160:
1159:
1158:
1153:Main article:
1150:
1147:
1089:
1088:
1081:
1040:
1039:
1031:
1030:issues as GRP.
1016:
1009:
1002:
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921:
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790:
788:
785:
769:fulldome video
713:
710:
681:fulldome video
534:
531:
521:, part of the
432:
429:
356:Earl of Orrery
305:
302:
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211:
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15:
9:
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2684:
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2663:
2658:
2654:
2653:
2651:
2650:Constellation
2647:
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2640:
2637:
2633:
2630:
2629:
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2617:
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2610:
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2334:
2331:
2327:
2324:
2320:
2317:
2313:
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2306:
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2303:
2301:Other methods
2299:
2292:
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2279:
2278:
2276:
2272:
2269:
2265:
2262:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2241:
2238:
2237:Submillimetre
2234:
2231:
2227:
2226:
2224:
2220:
2211:
2207:
2206:
2204:
2200:
2197:
2196:Extragalactic
2193:
2189:
2188:
2186:
2182:
2175:
2171:
2168:
2164:
2161:
2160:Observational
2157:
2154:
2150:
2149:
2147:
2143:
2140:
2136:
2129:
2125:
2122:
2118:
2115:
2111:
2108:
2104:
2101:
2097:
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2088:
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2085:
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2078:
2074:
2073:
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2066:
2059:
2054:
2052:
2047:
2045:
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2036:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2021:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1983:
1976:
1961:on 7 May 2018
1960:
1956:
1952:
1946:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1916:
1908:
1904:
1897:
1882:
1881:
1876:
1869:
1867:
1852:on 2009-04-20
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1828:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1803:
1798:
1791:
1777:
1773:
1766:
1752:
1748:
1742:
1728:on 2016-03-04
1727:
1723:
1721:9780813537665
1717:
1713:
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1696:
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1486:
1481:
1476:
1474:
1465:
1460:
1451:
1449:
1444:
1440:
1435:
1433:
1432:visual acuity
1429:
1424:
1422:
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1410:
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1390:
1386:
1381:
1377:
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1349:
1347:
1342:
1333:
1329:
1326:
1322:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1305:
1302:
1301:metal fatigue
1298:
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1045:
1044:dynamic range
1036:
1032:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
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1007:
1003:
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993:
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742:
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718:
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707:
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695:constellation
692:
691:Massachusetts
688:
684:
682:
678:
677:dome theaters
674:
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664:
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651:New York City
647:
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628:
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587:San Francisco
584:
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2249:Far-infrared
2203:Local system
2138:Astronomy by
2128:... in space
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1594:Prague Orloj
1497:Solar System
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1454:Show content
1436:
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1421:fisheye lens
1398:
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1350:
1341:"dark adapt"
1337:
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281:October 2022
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218:verification
215:
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117:, and other
100:
86:shows about
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72:planetariums
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2827:Observation
2673:Planetarium
2330:High-energy
2316:Cosmic rays
2268:Ultraviolet
1965:21 February
1955:www.eso.org
1817:24 February
1579:Observatory
1489:educational
1448:color space
1346:occultation
1313:conjunction
1190:in Montreal
1131:outer space
1123:glass floor
1049:black level
1028:ventilation
968:Planetarium
699:mythologies
663:Long Island
405:Eidouranion
401:Adam Walker
184:planetarian
166:planetarium
64:planetarium
2822:Planetaria
2816:Categories
2666:Photometry
2643:Binoculars
2620:Astrometry
2481:telescopes
2378:Babylonian
2222:EM methods
2100:Astronomer
2006:2017-06-02
1856:2009-02-26
1781:2022-10-27
1756:2022-10-27
1732:2014-02-24
1676:2019-04-10
1617:References
1604:Star atlas
1308:opposition
1294:Copernican
1078:Silhouette
992:inflatable
972:Copenhagen
950:Trivandrum
928:Trivandrum
787:Technology
765:Digistar 3
749:Digistar I
729:Bangladesh
646:in Japan.
602:Space Race
547:Montevideo
471:geocentric
340:equatorium
316:Archimedes
251:newspapers
151:New Jersey
141:on Earth.
76:planetaria
2738:Telescope
2344:Spherical
2291:Gamma-ray
2260:(optical)
2065:Astronomy
1995:(2): 37.
1846:0090-3213
1599:Torquetum
1554:Astrolabe
1549:Astrarium
1505:mythology
1321:Ptolemaic
1287:spotlight
1272:Milky Way
1068:real time
1064:joysticks
1035:aluminium
1013:acoustics
990:Portable
735:In 1983,
332:antiquity
164:The term
123:star ball
92:night sky
88:astronomy
2837:Theatres
2788:Category
2497:Category
2392:Egyptian
2309:Neutrino
2244:Infrared
2192:Galactic
2167:Sidewalk
2121:Glossary
2091:Timeline
1997:Archived
1811:Archived
1515:See also
1401:computer
1365:fulldome
1332:computer
1257:dumbbell
1252:ecliptic
1024:acoustic
984:diameter
780:Homestar
767:, offer
757:line art
479:Max Wolf
443:In 1905
421:Franeker
419:city of
352:orreries
322:and the
313:polymath
139:latitude
135:fulldome
105:-shaped
90:and the
2800:Commons
2752:history
2722:Russian
2570:Related
2479:Optical
2464:Tibetan
2448:Serbian
2441:Persian
2385:Chinese
2362:Culture
2282:History
2153:Amateur
2084:History
2077:Outline
1393:fisheye
1389:Daytona
1373:digital
1264:nebulae
1236:Canopus
1143:Estonia
1097:sunrise
1020:plaster
976:Denmark
895:of the
873:Sandnes
778:A Sega
741:digital
670:OmniMax
659:Viewlex
639:Minolta
551:Uruguay
417:Frisian
394:planets
374:paths.
372:orbital
342:in his
265:scholar
190:History
115:planets
80:theatre
78:) is a
2768:Zodiac
2708:French
2413:Indian
2406:Hebrew
2145:Manner
1935:6 June
1886:23 May
1844:
1718:
1584:Orrery
1428:pixels
1325:Uranus
1268:comets
1232:Sirius
1127:sphere
1101:sunset
877:Norway
826:Athens
595:Uranus
455:Munich
368:Saturn
267:
260:
253:
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238:
174:orrery
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38:Serbia
2759:lists
2729:Women
2420:Inuit
2399:Greek
2337:Radar
2275:X-ray
2230:Radio
2210:Solar
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1985:(PDF)
1802:Slate
1695:Steam
1501:Orion
1417:laser
1415:, or
1280:laser
1139:Tartu
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932:India
792:Domes
761:Earth
725:Dhaka
704:When
673:movie
635:Japan
561:, in
507:Zeiss
459:Zeiss
390:stars
304:Early
272:JSTOR
258:books
131:video
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2490:List
2455:folk
2427:Maya
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1937:2022
1888:2024
1880:IEEE
1842:ISSN
1819:2014
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