224:, typically located at or near the center of a hemispherical projection surface. A single projector has the benefit of avoiding edge blends (see below) between multiple projectors. The main disadvantage of single fisheye systems is that they are limited to the resolution of one projector, and in the smallest dimension of the video image to cover a full dome. Another disadvantage of central projectors is the loss of the center of the dome for optimal viewing of the reconstructed perspective view provided by true hemispheric projection, a problem shared with traditional
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viewing area underneath the dome. A disadvantage of multiple projection is the need to frequently adjust the alignment of projectors and the uneven aging of separate projectors leading to brightness and color differences between segments. Even minor performance differences between projectors can be obvious when projecting a solid color across the entire scene. Edge blended areas where projectors overlap often have some smearing, double images, and can have very obvious additive black level areas if poorly designed or configured.
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and all around the circumference of the lens. The biggest advantage is how this type of lens maintains focus over the full 180 x 180 field of view. A single standard flat field or curved field lens would have major focus and distortion issue. Several lens developers offer DOME lenses with each designed to a specific projector class and a display device. These lenses can cover a variety of pixel sizes and display resolutions.
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271:(i.e., project little or no light when no signal is sent to them) to allow for reasonable edge-blending between the different projector footprints. Otherwise, overlapping video images will have an additive effect, causing a complex pattern of grey to appear even when no image is being projected. This becomes particularly important for users in the
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DOME lenses and standard lens are similar in some ways. They both depend on the type of display device: LCD, DLP, LCOS, D-ILA, etc.; and the size chip or panel that is part of this device. The unique feature of the DOME lens is the actual shape of the glass, the projected image spill out from the top
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June 28 – July 2: Sky-Skan premieres SkyVision at the
International Planetarium Society Conference in London, UK. First astronomical digital fulldome animation shown to audiences there, "Pillars of Creation" by Don Davis, and a solar system tour and International Space Station animation by Tom Casey
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Multiple-projector fulldome video systems rely on two or more video projectors edge-blended to create a seamless image that covers a hemispherical projection surface; splitting the entire image up into segments allows for higher-resolution imagery and projector placement that does not intrude on the
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July: Digitalis
Education Solutions, Inc releases the lightest all-in-one digital planetarium projection system, the Digitarium Iota. Weighing only 20.6lbs and 33.5lbs respectively, the Digitarium Iota and Digitarium Delta 3 systems represent a portable-first design philosophy to complement its new
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June: Vortex
Immersion Media installs a 50-foot immersive cinema digital dome theater on the studio lot at Los Angeles Center Studios in downtown Los Angeles as an arts and entertainment R&D studio managed and run by Ed Lantz, MEE. Together, he and Kate McCallum, Producer, create an AIR: Artist
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July: Carl Zeiss demonstrates prototype "Velvet" projectors at IPS 2008 at Adler
Planetarium in Chicago. Zeiss designed the Velvet Series from the ground up for the planetarium environment, and achieves an unparalleled black background to preserve the quality of the fulldome/planetarium experience.
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April: First permanent installation of Spitz
ElectricSky at Northern Lights Center in Yukon Territory, Canada using three Electrohome 9500 CRT projectors, line-quadrupled video playback, and real-time edge-blends for 200x60-degree field-of-view virtual desktop. Bowen Technovation produces the first
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can use a variety of technologies in two typical formats: single- and multiple-projector systems. The individual projector(s) can be driven by a variety of video sources, typically feeding material rendered in either real-time or pre-rendered modes. The result is a video image that covers an entire
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The first digital planetarium systems designed for the portable market are introduced independently by
Digitalis Education Solutions and by Sky-Skan (in partnership with Rice University and the Houston Museum of Natural Science). HMNS/Rice version subsequently diverges to become Discovery Dome, in
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BMW Group EarthLounge
Premiere of the ADLIP (All-Dome Laser Image Projection) System from Carl Zeiss with SkyVision Full Dome Video System and DigitalSky from Sky-Skan and fulldome film by LivinGlobe (ag4, Exponent3) in the world's largest fulldome projection dome (24m) at the UN World Summit on
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Single-projector mirror systems, initially pioneered by
Mirrordome at Swinburne University, are now offered by various manufacturers. These systems are positioned along the edge of the dome to enhance seating capacity, reduce costs, and facilitate the transition of analog planetariums to digital
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while also eliminating the "screen door" effect of small gaps between LCD pixels. "Dark chip" DLP projectors improve on the standard DLP design and can offer a relatively inexpensive solution with bright images, but the black level requires physical baffling of the projectors. As the technology
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formats without sacrificing their star projectors. It is also possible to build such a system at relatively low cost. The main disadvantage is noticeably lower projection quality compared to purpose-built lenses, despite being able to project a higher proportion of the projector resolution.
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May 22 – September 30: The
Oceania pavilion opens at the EXPO 98 in Lisbon, Portugal. Among numerous virtual reality exhibits, it includes The Artefact Room, a 7-meter dome VisionDome theater with interactive 3D animations of a fly-through of Atlantis that are controlled by 40 participants
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November 3: The
Eugenides Planetarium of Athens, Greece, re-opens premiering its first 40-minute production "Cosmic Odyssey" with both a fulldome Sky Skan Skyvision-Digital Sky system and an Evans & Sutherland Digistar 3 system under a 24,5 meter Astrotec dome.
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of Home Run Pictures. This marks the first public demonstration of fulldome video, distinguished by playback of actual video—as opposed to previous efforts based on proprietary image generators using vector or raster graphics—covering a full hemisphere.
881:, allowing zooming to 1 arc-second per pixel anywhere in the sky. UW graduate student Philip Rosenfield presented a paper at the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 2010 Cosmos and EPO symposia describing the design and construction of the system.
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January: Emerald planetariums releases their 3D portable digital theaters, with a stereoscopic fulldome projection system linked to their MV2 planetarium simulation software. As a part of the LITE series of portable planetarium systems.
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uses a vertical five-meter Alternate Realities Corporation VisionDome for its "Shared Spaces" media environment research programme, incorporating computer graphics, virtual landscapes, data graphics, video, composited live action. and
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January: Sky-Skan installs the world's first full dome 3D Stereoscopic Planetarium at Imiloa Astronomy Center of Hawaii in Hilo, Hawaii. Imiloa Planetarium first Stereoscopic show is "Dawn of the Space Age" produced by Mirage IIID.
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July: Sky-Skan demonstrates Definiti 8K: a 60,000 lumen, 8k x 8k fulldome projection system at IPS 2008 at Adler Planetarium in Chicago rivaling image quality of large-format film (system subsequently opens at Beijing Planetarium)
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March: University of Colorado Denver College of Arts and Media (CAM) set up a 25 Mac Octo-core Cinema 4D and After Effects Render Farm to specifically process full dome content alongside Denver Museum of Nature Science and IMERSA
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In Residence Program to promote the creation and presentation of experimental projects in the dome space such as; live music+art concerts, mixed media musicals, a 360 ballet, performance art, theater, and 360 cinema projects.
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videos are becoming more available for dome use as digital video camera resolutions increase. Real Time content can also be displayed, referring to fulldome content that is not pre-rendered and generated using VJ software or
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field, who have a vested interest in projecting a dark night sky. The desire for projectors to "go to black" has resulted in continued use of CRT technology, even as newer and less expensive technologies have emerged.
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LCD projectors have fundamental limits on their ability to project true black as well as light, which has tended to limit their use in planetariums. LCOS and modified LCOS projectors have improved on LCD
466:, U.S.A. Developed at the North Carolina Supercomputing Center, the VisionDome uses a raster scan projector (full-color video) and fisheye lens to project interactive 3D graphics onto a 5-meter dome.
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Although the current technology emerged in the early-to-mid 1990s, fulldome environments have evolved from numerous influences, including immersive art and storytelling, with technological roots in
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August: Full-day SIGGRAPH '95 course entitled "Graphics Design and Production for Hemispheric Projection" introduces spherical perspective, hemispheric projection, and suggests a convergence of
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upgrades their StarRider to the new Evans & Sutherland Digistar 3 system. The mini-dome also opens in their production department running both the Digistar 3 SP and Producer systems.
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of the dome surface, leaving a section of the dome blank (though, due to seating arrangements, that part of the dome was not seen by most viewers). Later approaches to fulldome utilized
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May 7–10: Spitz ElectricSky publicly unveiled at MAPS conference in Chadds Ford, PA.Bowen Technovation introduces show capabilities and production methods for the new technology.
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Rosenfield, Philip; Connolly, Andrew; Fay, Jonathan; Carey, Larry; Sayres, Conor; Tofflemire, Benjamin (2010-11-01). "Affordable Digital Planetariums with WorldWide Telescope".
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October: Fiske Planetarium at University of Colorado opens true hybrid optical-8K digital theater, with a Sky-Skan 8K Definiti projection system linked to a
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October: Obscura Digital and The Elumenati develop a temporary 90' diameter geodesic fulldome experience for Google's Zeitgeist event on the Google campus
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is a source of material for fulldome, that can be live simulator output, such as from planetarium simulation software, or prerecorded fulldome video.
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matures and reduces in price, laser projection looks promising for dome projection as it offers bright images, large dynamic range and a very wide
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December: Beijing Planetarium New Building opens in Beijing, China, with a Silicon Graphics Onyx 300 and the first fulldome laser display (
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First fulldome animation feature film `Kaluoka´hina, the Enchanted Reef´ Kaluoka´hina, the Enchanted Reef by Softmachine Softmachine
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projectors. However, this disadvantage fades as audience size increases (everyone cannot be at the center of the dome anyway).
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Digistar I calligraphic scan (projection of light points and lines – also known as vector scan) planetarium projector at the
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Another notable film able to be displayed in the Fulldome format is The Protectors from Academy Award-winning director
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display environments. The dome, horizontal or tilted, is filled with real-time (interactive) or pre-rendered (linear)
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July 13–19: First Goto Virtuarium demonstrated at the International Planetarium Society Conference in Osaka, Japan
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693:(formerly Hansen Planetarium) reopens in Salt Lake City, Utah, U.S.A., with an Evans & Sutherland Digistar 3
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First full Digital planetarium in the world installed (RSA Cosmos SkyExplorer) inaugurated in Valladolid, Spain.
1350:"Tribeca Talks: Virtual Reality - Kathryn Bigelow & Imraan Ismail - The Protectors | 2017 Tribeca Festival"
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Single-projector fulldome video systems use a single (or mixed) video source displayed through a single
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opens first 6 channel HD full dome digital projection conversion based entirely on Microsoft Research
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November: Institute of American Indian Arts opens the world's first fully articulating digital dome.
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Evans & Sutherland premiers their first linear playback show "We Take You There" at SIGGRAPH '99
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156:, either singly or grouped together to cover the dome surface with full-color images and animations.
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systems employing edge-blended raster video projection, virtual reality systems such as the CAVE (
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domed projection surface, yielding an immersive experience that fills a viewer's field of view.
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December: Vertical dome installation by SGI and Trimension at University of Teesside, UK.
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1326:"Why Alejandro González Iñárritu is the Director Who Finally Got VR Right — Cannes 2017"
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First DomeFest held at the LodeStar Astronomy Center in Albuquerque, New Mexico, U.S.A.
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reopens in Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A., with an Evans & Sutherland StarRider system
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A wide variety of video projection technologies has been employed in domes, including
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Carnegie Museum of Natural history opens the Earth Theater with a SkyVision system
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theaters to create a new medium with an enhanced illusion of presence. Organized by
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1449:. Raleigh, North Carolina. 31 December 1994. Front page of Section D: Business.
1051:"MSG Sphere Unveiled With State-of-the-Art Venues Set For Las Vegas and London"
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GOTO installs the first complete fulldome sphere at EXPO 2005 in Aichi, Japan
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First ASTC Fulldome Showcase held at Tech Museum of Innovation, San Jose, CA
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First dome-based vector/calligraphic scan scientific visualization system at
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For multi-projector systems, in particular, display devices must have a low
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1151:"RED and Facebook Unveil Manifold, a 3D and 360° VR Camera | PetaPixel"
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260:(LCOS), and most recently, two varieties of laser projectors (see the
1501:""The Oceans: A Heritage For Our Future" Metaforia Entertainment Inc"
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1699:"Facebook Partners With RED Digital Cinema for Volumetric VR Camera"
1567:"Burke Baker Planetarium shoots for the sky with $ 1.2 million redo"
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July 27–28: First industry-wide showcase of fulldome programming at
1276:"Google is launching a new line of cameras for 180-degree VR video"
1126:"Watch MSG Sphere take shape as 100-ton roof trusses are installed"
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MSG Sphere at the Venetian is on track to open in 2021 in Las Vegas
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the planetarium features the world's largest all-sky panorama at 1
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Avatar Flight of Passage on-ride 4K POV @60fps WDW Animal Kingdom
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First Immersive Cinema movie R+J(Romeo and Juliet) by LivinGlobe
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including full-day course on fulldome art and science entitled "
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October 26–29: Evans & Sutherland StarRider demonstrated at
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opens with full surround audio and video for multiple users
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using a reprogrammed Digistar I for molecular visualization
1374:"Catch Kathryn Bigelow's VR Debut At Tribeca Film Festival"
1200:"From the Archives: A Filmmaker's Guide to Tackling VR/360"
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opens SkyVision system as a permanent public theater, with
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with presenters Mike Hutton, Steven Savage and Chris Ward.
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873:. Done on a hardware and construction budget of 40,000
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Computer Graphics for Large-Scale Immersive Theaters.
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calligraphic scan planetarium projector opens at the
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Sustainable Development, Johannesburg South Africa.
593:. First playback fulldome show: "Cosmic Mysteries".
239:
1421:"What Makes Avatar: Flight of Passage So Immersive"
1250:"The Brave New World Of Virtual-Reality Filmmaking"
902:flagship fixed-dome system, the Digitarium Aethos.
115:Initial approaches to moving fulldome imagery used
1300:"The Scariest Movie of the Year is 6 Minutes Long"
216:Single-projector versus multiple-projector systems
661:premieres the first Earth and Space Weather show
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1485:"Alternate Realities Launches R&D Project".
350:able to be displayed in the Fulldome format are
1102:"Inside the Insane Concert Venue of the Future"
539:conference in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.
665:(updated in 2010 and still in distribution)
939:Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences
385:Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences
173:currently being installed at the fulldome
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537:Association of Science-Technology Centers
62:Learn how and when to remove this message
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16:Dome-based video projection environment
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1445:"A Larger Vision of Virtual Reality".
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640:in New York, New York, U.S.A., with a
464:Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
1565:Darwin, Jennifer (20 December 1998).
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365:and three-time Academy Award-winning
314:are developing more and more refined
149:. Contemporary configurations employ
104:, multi-projector film environments,
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867:University of Washington Planetarium
441:North Carolina Supercomputing Center
18:
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1515:from the original on 19 August 2004
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13:
1622:"museo de la ciencia – valladolid"
1225:"Are 180 Degrees Better Than 360?"
638:American Museum of Natural History
510:Cave Automatic Virtual Environment
397:Other similar fulldome content is
34:tone or style may not reflect the
14:
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655:Houston Museum of Natural Science
619:first Earth Science fulldome show
615:Houston Museum of Natural Science
583:Houston Museum of Natural Science
548:three shows for this new system.
381:Special Achievement Academy Award
240:Common video projector technology
181:. They are working together with
1505:The WAVE Report on Digital Media
44:guide to writing better articles
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1403:from the original on 2021-12-17
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1032:from the original on 2021-12-17
452:Alternate Realities Corporation
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1025:LG at CES 2019 - LG OLED Falls
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728:Reuben H. Fleet Science Center
1:
1626:www.museocienciavalladolid.es
1536:"The Hemispherium Experience"
1324:Thompson, Anne (2017-05-20).
1274:Robertson, Adi (2017-06-22).
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474:First Evans & Sutherland
647:and Trimension video system
7:
1100:Hiatt, Brian (2018-12-01).
979:Immersion (virtual reality)
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363:Alejandro González Iñárritu
189:fulldome content utilizing
185:content creators to create
131:did not cover the full two
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1049:Trakin, Roy (2018-04-26).
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421:Science Museum of Virginia
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179:Industrial Light and Magic
89:, live capture images, or
1729:Film and video technology
1487:Triangle Business Journal
258:liquid crystal on silicon
1697:Lang, Ben (2018-05-01).
1571:Houston Business Journal
1130:Las Vegas Review-Journal
893:optical star projector.
399:Avatar Flight of Passage
326:content every year. And
250:Digital Light Processing
1511:: 10. 3 November 1998.
1461:"British Success in VR"
1447:The News & Observer
163:being utilized include
143:vector graphics systems
1739:Planetarium projection
1540:University of Teesside
587:seed funding from NASA
454:premieres their first
417:Evans & Sutherland
254:liquid crystal display
711:distribution through
262:laser video projector
177:with assistance from
161:emerging technologies
657:in conjunction with
589:in partnership with
336:Live-Action FullDome
145:projected through a
77:refers to immersive
1157:. 28 September 2018
871:WorldWide Telescope
439:, installed by the
87:computer animations
1546:on 5 February 2012
999:Red Digital Cinema
634:Hayden Planetarium
480:London Planetarium
425:Richmond, Virginia
195:Red Digital Cinema
191:360 degree cameras
98:domed architecture
1734:Visual arts media
1657:on 7 January 2009
1602:on 7 January 2009
1534:Webster, Janice.
954:360 degree camera
915:
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701:Adler Planetarium
691:Clark Planetarium
621:"Powers of Time"
603:Adler Planetarium
495:spatialized sound
117:wide-angle lenses
106:flight simulation
72:
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38:used on Knowledge
36:encyclopedic tone
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1653:. Archived from
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1598:. Archived from
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969:IMAX Corporation
949:360-degree video
944:180-degree video
929:Flexible display
642:Silicon Graphics
564:simultaneously.
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370:Emmanuel Lubezki
328:computer graphic
297:Types of content
246:cathode ray tube
209:video projection
203:Video technology
154:video projectors
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46:for suggestions.
42:See Knowledge's
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1376:. 22 April 2017
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964:High technology
924:Virtual reality
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659:Rice University
636:reopens at the
591:Rice University
490:British Telecom
407:
392:Kathryn Bigelow
367:cinematographer
324:virtual reality
318:ready fulldome
309:content creator
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282:contrast ratios
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110:virtual reality
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1655:the original
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1600:the original
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1427:. 2018-12-11
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1256:. 2015-06-25
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1231:. 2018-12-29
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1206:. 2019-04-05
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891:Megastar IIA
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713:ePlanetarium
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147:fisheye lens
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102:planetariums
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1661:10 February
1606:13 February
1519:14 November
934:LED display
514:planetarium
476:Digistar II
379:film won a
287:color space
273:planetarium
269:black level
226:planetarium
1723:Categories
1708:2021-08-16
1703:Road to VR
1651:Livinglobe
1596:Livinglobe
1431:2021-08-16
1425:Coaster101
1407:2021-08-16
1380:2021-08-16
1359:2021-08-16
1335:2021-08-16
1310:2021-08-16
1285:2021-08-16
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1235:2021-08-16
1210:2021-08-16
1185:2021-08-16
1161:2021-08-16
1136:2021-08-16
1111:2021-08-16
1087:2021-08-16
1060:2021-08-16
1036:2021-08-16
1010:References
1004:Technology
807:AlloSphere
581:December:
506:simulation
456:VisionDome
312:filmmakers
306:180-degree
302:360-degree
193:including
183:360-degree
175:MSG Sphere
136:steradians
125:70 mm film
91:composited
1683:1011.0342
1330:IndieWire
1280:The Verge
1254:ReadWrite
1176:"Tribeca"
974:IMAX Dome
879:terapixel
865:January:
663:"Force 5"
427:, U.S.A.
377:immersive
207:Fulldome
52:June 2009
1576:10 April
1550:10 April
1513:Archived
1470:10 April
1401:archived
1081:archived
1030:archived
918:See also
724:SIGGRAPH
518:Ed Lantz
462:Inc. in
437:SIGGRAPH
360:director
358:winning
346:Notable
165:flexible
75:Fulldome
1631:28 June
1489:. 1996.
1354:Tribeca
1180:Tribeca
1055:Variety
782:ADLIP)
726:in the
512:), and
405:History
383:by the
332:content
256:(LCD),
252:(DLP),
248:(CRT),
129:Omnimax
119:, both
81:-based
994:Oculus
984:Sphere
415:First
168:curved
159:Newer
151:raster
108:, and
1678:arXiv
1647:"R+J"
1592:"BMW"
805:UCSB
780:Zeiss
645:Onyx2
482:, UK
460:Glaxo
348:films
330:(CG)
320:films
83:video
1663:2008
1633:2018
1608:2008
1578:2018
1552:2018
1521:2006
1472:2018
907:2015
898:2014
886:2013
862:2011
850:2010
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560:1998
544:1997
525:1996
471:1995
448:1994
432:1992
412:1983
375:The
322:and
304:and
123:and
121:35mm
79:dome
1509:907
875:USD
423:in
354:by
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