Timeline of crystallography

14602: 14995: 15007: 102:(often termed the "Father of Modern Crystallography") discovered that crystals always cleave along crystallographic planes. Based on this observation, and the fact that the inter-facial angles in each crystal species always have the same value, Haüy concluded that crystals must be periodic and composed of regularly arranged rows of tiny polyhedra ( 11360:

Rasmussen, Søren G. F.; Choi, Hee-Jung; Rosenbaum, Daniel M.; Kobilka, Tong Sun; Thian, Foon Sun; Edwards, Patricia C.; Burghammer, Manfred; Ratnala, Venkata R. P.; Sanishvili, Ruslan; Fischetti, Robert F.; Schertler, Gebhard F. X.; Weis, William I.; Kobilka, Brian K. (2007). "Crystal structure of

10203:

Brünger, A. T.; Adams, P. D.; Clore, G. M.; Delano, W. L.; Gros, P.; Grosse-Kunstleve, R. W.; Jiang, J. S.; Kuszewski, J.; Nilges, M.; Pannu, N. S.; Read, R. J.; Rice, L. M.; Simonson, T.; Warren, G. L. (1998). "Crystallography & NMR System: A New Software Suite for Macromolecular Structure

123:

1795 - René Just Haüy lectured on his law of symmetry: "the manner in which Nature creates crystals is always obeying ... the law of the greatest possible symmetry, in the sense that oppositely situated but corresponding parts are always equal in number, arrangement, and form of their

12352:

Dubrovinsky, Leonid; Khandarkhaeva, Saiana; Fedotenko, Timofey; Laniel, Dominique; Bykov, Maxim; Giacobbe, Carlotta; Lawrence Bright, Eleanor; Sedmak, Pavel; Chariton, Stella; Prakapenka, Vitali; Ponomareva, Alena V.; Smirnova, Ekaterina A.; Belov, Maxim P.; Tasnádi, Ferenc; Shulumba, Nina

12240:

Nakane, Takanori; Kotecha, Abhay; Sente, Andrija; McMullan, Greg; Masiulis, Simonas; Brown, Patricia M. G. E.; Grigoras, Ioana T.; Malinauskaite, Lina; Malinauskas, Tomas; Miehling, Jonas; Uchański, Tomasz; Yu, Lingbo; Karia, Dimple; Pechnikova, Evgeniya V.; de Jong, Erwin (2020-11-05).

2442:. The structure allowed both transcription initiation and elongation mechanisms to be deduced. Simultaneously, this group reported the structure of free RNA polymerase II, which contributed towards the eventual visualisation of the interaction between DNA, RNA, and the ribosome. 42:

asserted that, although the number and size of crystal faces may vary from one crystal to another, the angles between corresponding faces are always the same. This was the original statement of the first law of crystallography (Steno's

2482:, the human β2 adrenergic receptor, were published. Because many drugs elicit their biological effect(s) by binding to a GPCR, the structures of these and other GPCRs may be used to develop efficacious drugs with few side effects. 9023:

Kim, S. H.; Quigley, G. J.; Suddath, F. L.; McPherson, A.; Sneden, D.; Kim, J. J.; Weinzierl, J.; Rich, Alexander (1973). "Three-Dimensional Structure of Yeast Phenylalanine Transfer RNA: Folding of the Polynucleotide Chain".

7844:

Perutz, M. F.; Rossmann, M. G.; Cullis, ANN F.; Muirhead, Hilary; Will, Georg; North, A. C. T. (1960). "Structure of Hæmoglobin: A Three-Dimensional Fourier Synthesis at 5.5-Å. Resolution, Obtained by X-Ray Analysis".

2223:

and Clifford Shull shared the Nobel Prize in Physics "for pioneering contributions to the development of neutron scattering techniques for studies of condensed matter". Specifically, Brockhouse "for the development of

2067:. The physical optics approach used by Cowley and Moodie takes into account many hundreds of scattered beams, and represents a far-reaching extension of the dynamical theory for X-rays, first developed by P.P. Ewald". 1058:

1936 - Peter Debye won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry "for his contributions to our knowledge of molecular structure through his investigations on dipole moments and on the diffraction of X-rays and electrons in

11396:

Cherezov, Vadim; Rosenbaum, Daniel M.; Hanson, Michael A.; Rasmussen, Søren G. F.; Thian, Foon Sun; Kobilka, Tong Sun; Choi, Hee-Jung; Kuhn, Peter; Weis, William I.; Kobilka, Brian K.; Stevens, Raymond C. (2007).

171:, founder of the dynamist school of crystallography, developed a geometric treatment of crystals in which crystallographic axes are the basis for classification of crystals rather than Haüy's polyhedral molecules. 11187:

Ayvazyan, V.; Baboi, N.; Bähr, J.; Balandin, V.; Beutner, B.; Brandt, A.; Bohnet, I.; Bolzmann, A.; Brinkmann, R.; Brovko, O. I.; Carneiro, J. P.; Casalbuoni, S.; Castellano, M.; Castro, P.; Catani, L. (2006).

2001:"for their outstanding achievements in the development of direct methods for the determination of crystal structures". Karle developed the theoretical basis for multiple-wavelength anomalous diffraction (MAD). 1802:

and Ernst Fischer shared the Nobel Prize in Chemistry "for their pioneering work, performed independently, on the chemistry of the organometallic, so called sandwich compounds", specifically the structure of

2163:

1992 - The International Union of Crystallography changed the IUCr's definition of a crystal to "any solid having an essentially discrete diffraction pattern" thus formally recognizing quasicrystals.

2127:

as "the understanding of intermolecular interactions in the context of crystal packing and the utilization of such understanding in the design of new solids with desired physical and chemical properties."

7800:

Kendrew, J. C.; Dickerson, R. E.; Strandberg, B. E.; Hart, R. G.; Davies, D. R.; Phillips, D. C.; Shore, V. C. (1960). "Structure of Myoglobin: A Three-Dimensional Fourier Synthesis at 2 Å. Resolution".

1627:"for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material," specifically for their determination of the structure of DNA. 5987:

Astbury, W. T.; Sisson, Wayne A. (1935). "X-ray studies of the structure of hair, wool, and related fibres - III—The configuration of the keratin molecule and its orientation in the biological cell".

12328: 11481:

Emma, P.; Akre, R.; Arthur, J.; Bionta, R.; Bostedt, C.; Bozek, J.; Brachmann, A.; Bucksbaum, P.; Coffee, R.; Decker, F.-J.; Ding, Y.; Dowell, D.; Edstrom, S.; Fisher, A.; Frisch, J. (2010-08-01).

8226:

Blake, C. C. F.; Koenig, D. F.; Mair, G. A.; North, A. C. T.; Phillips, D. C.; Sarma, V. R. (1965). "Structure of Hen Egg-White Lysozyme: A Three-dimensional Fourier Synthesis at 2 Å Resolution".

11093:

Gnatt, Averell L.; Cramer, Patrick; Fu, Jianhua; Bushnell, David A.; Kornberg, Roger D. (2001). "Structural Basis of Transcription: An RNA Polymerase II Elongation Complex at 3.3 Å Resolution".

10997:

Yusupov, Marat M.; Yusupova, Gulnara Zh.; Baucom, Albion; Lieberman, Kate; Earnest, Thomas N.; Cate, J. H. D.; Noller, Harry F. (2001). "Crystal Structure of the Ribosome at 5.5 Å Resolution".

8510:

Blundell, T. L.; Cutfield, J. F.; Cutfield, S. M.; Dodson, E. J.; Dodson, G. G.; Hodgkin, D. C.; Mercola, D. A.; Vijayan, M. (1971). "Atomic Positions in Rhombohedral 2-Zinc Insulin Crystals".

10652:

Miao, Jianwei; Charalambous, Pambos; Kirz, Janos; Sayre, David (1999). "Extending the methodology of X-ray crystallography to allow imaging of micrometre-sized non-crystalline specimens".

3169:(Memoir on the relationship that can exist between crystalline form and chemical composition, and on the cause of rotary polarization), Comptes rendus de l'Académie des sciences (Paris), 9680:

Deisenhofer, J.; Epp, O.; Miki, K.; Huber, R.; Michel, H. (1985). "Structure of the protein subunits in the photosynthetic reaction centre of Rhodopseudomonas viridis at 3Å resolution".

14611: 10615:"Structure Model for the Phase AlmFe Derived from Three-Dimensional Electron Diffraction Intensity Data Collected by a Precession Technique. Comparison with Convergent-Beam Diffraction" 1983:

in a metallic alloy. These structures have no unit cell and no periodic translational order but have long-range bond orientational order, which generates a defined diffraction pattern.

1926:

won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry "for his development of crystallographic electron microscopy and his structural elucidation of biologically important nucleic acid-protein complexes."

356:, published a memoir on optically "anomalous" crystals (that is, those crystals the morphology of which seems to be of greater symmetry than their optics), in which the importance of 14872: 14867: 2097:

only when firmly bound to the MHC product and presented at the surface of an infected cell. This structure strongly influenced the concept of T cell recognition in future work.

342: 1986:

1984 - Aaron Klug and his colleagues provided an advance in determining the structure of protein–nucleic acid complexes when they solved the structure of the 206-kDa

9839:

Bjorkman, P. J.; Saper, M. A.; Samraoui, B.; Bennett, W. S.; Strominger, J. L.; Wiley, D. C. (1987). "Structure of the human class I histocompatibility antigen, HLA-A2".

1769:

1972 - The first quantitative matching of atomic scale images and dynamical simulations was published by J. G. Allpress, E. A. Hewat, A. F. Moodie and J. V. Sanders.

1490:

won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry "for his research into the nature of the chemical bond and its application to the elucidation of the structure of complex substances"."

14407: 14923: 6236:

Goodman, P.; Lehmpfuhl, G. (1968). "Observation of the breakdown of Friedel's law in electron diffraction and symmetry determination from zero-layer interactions".

10687:

Miao, Jianwei; Ishikawa, Tetsuya; Robinson, Ian K.; Murnane, Margaret M. (2015). "Beyond crystallography: Diffractive imaging using coherent x-ray light sources".

10482:

Niimura, Nobuo; Minezaki, Yoshiaki; Nonaka, Takamasa; Castagna, Jean-Charles; Cipriani, Florent; Høghøj, Peter; Lehmann, Mogens S.; Wilkinson, Clive (1997-11-01).

10409:

Aroyo, Mois Ilia; Perez-Mato, Juan Manuel; Capillas, Cesar; Kroumova, Eli; Ivantchev, Svetoslav; Madariaga, Gotzon; Kirov, Asen; Wondratschek, Hans (2006-01-01).

9948:

Weiss, M. S.; Abele, U.; Weckesser, J.; Welte, W.; Schiltz, E.; Schulz, G. E. (1991). "Molecular Architecture and Electrostatic Properties of a Bacterial Porin".

2359:

and co-workers performed the first experiment to extend crystallography to allow structural determination of non-crystalline specimens which has become known as

964:

which uses diffraction intensities to determine the interatomic distances within a crystal, setting limits to the possible phase values for the reflected x-rays.

576:, a property of Fourier transforms of real functions. Friedel's law is used in X-ray diffraction, crystallography and scattering from real potential within the 10247:

Abrahams, Jan Pieter; Leslie, Andrew G. W.; Lutter, René; Walker, John E. (1994). "Structure at 2.8 Â resolution of F1-ATPase from bovine heart mitochondria".

2280:

was used to facilitate the crystallization of a membrane protein; LCP has since been used to obtain the structures of many unique membrane proteins, including

10954:

Neutze, Richard; Wouts, Remco; Van Der Spoel, David; Weckert, Edgar; Hajdu, Janos (2000). "Potential for biomolecular imaging with femtosecond X-ray pulses".

1652:

won the Nobel Prize for Chemistry "for her determinations by X-ray techniques of the structures of important biochemical substances." The substances included

2646:

2017 - Lukas Palatinus and co-workers used dynamical structure refinement to resolve hydrogen atom positions in nanocrystals using electron diffraction.

2471:

2007 - Ute Kolb and co-workers developed automated diffraction tomography for electron crystallography by combining diffraction and tomography within a

6980:

Bijvoet, J. M.; Peerdeman, A. F.; Van Bommel, A. J. (1951). "Determination of the Absolute Configuration of Optically Active Compounds by Means of X-Rays".

14151: 196:

invented a system of crystal face notation, by using the reciprocals of the intercepts with crystal axes, which becomes the standard for the next 60 years.

8269:

Johnson, Louise N.; Phillips, D. C. (1965). "Structure of Some Crystalline Lysozyme-Inhibitor Complexes Determined by X-Ray Analysis at 6 Å Resolution".

2545:

led a team including Sandra Van Aert, Kees Joost Batenburg et. al. determined the 3D atomic positions of a silver nanoparticle using electron tomography.

2179: 1221: 775:

and Alexander Reid. Alexander Reid, who was Thomson's graduate student, performed the first experiments, but he died soon after in a motorcycle accident.

801: 1919:(MAD) a technique to facilitate the determination of the three-dimensional structure of biological macromolecules via a solution of the phase problem. 3490:(On the geometrical properties of homogeneous rigid structures and their application to crystals), Zeitschrift für Krystallographie und Minerologie, 11040:

Cramer, Patrick; Bushnell, David A.; Kornberg, Roger D. (2001). "Structural Basis of Transcription: RNA Polymerase II at 2.8 Ångstrom Resolution".

7496:

Wilkins, M. H. F.; Stokes, A. R.; Wilson, H. R. (1953). "Molecular Structure of Nucleic Acids: Molecular Structure of Deoxypentose Nucleic Acids".

9591:

Shechtman, D.; Blech, I.; Gratias, D.; Cahn, J. W. (1984). "Metallic Phase with Long-Range Orientational Order and No Translational Symmetry".

2864:

Cristallographie ou description des formes propres à tous les corps du règne minéral dans l'état de combinaison saline, pierreuse ou métallique

2723: 1063: 2386:(MOF) compound. In the ensuing years, the duo and mathematician Olaf Delgado-Friedrichs further developed the periodic net theory proposed by 1620:

shared the Nobel Prize for Chemistry "for their studies of the structures of globular proteins", namely haemoglobin and myoglobin respectively

11756:

Scott, M. C.; Chen, Chien-Chun; Mecklenburg, Matthew; Zhu, Chun; Xu, Rui; Ercius, Peter; Dahmen, Ulrich; Regan, B. C.; Miao, Jianwei (2012).

6118: 3167:

Mémoire sur la relation qui peut exister entre la forme cristalline et la composition chimique, et sur la cause de la polarisation rotatoire

14741: 8141:

Karle, I. L.; Karle, J. (1963). "An application of a new phase determination procedure to the structure of cyclo(hexaglycyl)demihydrate".

9361:

Karle, Jerome (1980). "Some developments in anomalous dispersion for the structural investigation of macromolecular systems in biology".

5960:"X-Ray studies of the structure of hair, wool, and related fibres. II.- the molecular structure and elastic properties of hair keratin". 120:

1784 - René Just Haüy published his law of decrements: a crystal is composed of molecules arranged periodically in three dimensions.

9626:

Richmond, T. J.; Finch, J. T.; Rushton, B.; Rhodes, D.; Klug, A. (1984). "Structure of the nucleosome core particle at 7 Å resolution".

14928: 14653: 9315: 117:

to discover the law of constant interfacial angles: angles are constant and characteristic for crystals of the same chemical substance.

7936: 14819: 14111: 8313: 6864: 4066: 1745: 1141: 10484:"Neutron Laue diffractometry with an imaging plate provides an effective data collection regime for neutron protein crystallography" 9174:

Harrison, S. C.; Olson, A. J.; Schutt, C. E.; Winkler, F. K.; Bricogne, G. (1978). "Tomato bushy stunt virus at 2.9 Å resolution".

2150: 905: 7889: 11936:

Palatinus, L.; Brázda, P.; Boullay, P.; Perez, O.; Klementová, M.; Petit, S.; Eigner, V.; Zaarour, M.; Mintova, S. (2017-01-13).

6143: 5684:

Patterson, A. L. (1934). "A Fourier Series Method for the Determination of the Components of Interatomic Distances in Crystals".

3280:(Memoir on the deduction from a single principle of all the crystal systems with their subdivisions), Acta Soc. Sci. Fennicae., 2959: 2019:

1985 - Kunio Takanayagi led a team which solved the structure of the 7x7 reconstruction of the silicon (111) surface using

14918: 14910: 3137:

De la Structure des Cristaux sur l'Importance de l'etude de la Symétrie dans les différentes Branches de l'Histoire Naturelle

2632: 2049: 1275: 1245: 1228: 1191: 1029: 5962:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical or Physical Character

5431:

Mark, Herman; Wiel, Raymond (1930). "Die ermittlung von molekülstrukturen durch beugung von elektronen an einem dampfstrahl".

3671:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical or Physical Character

2295:

shared one half of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry "for their elucidation of the enzymatic mechanism underlying the synthesis of

1078: 14971: 14949: 13910: 13496: 13292: 13048: 12685: 11906: 7698: 7550: 4560: 2640: 1916: 1624: 634:

1920 - Reginald Oliver Herzog and Willi Jancke published the first systematic analysis of X-ray diffraction patterns of

12852: 10529:

Nogales, Eva; Wolf, Sharon G.; Downing, Kenneth H. (1998). "Structure of the αβ tubulin dimer by electron crystallography".

84: 14964: 14814: 14480: 14345: 14194: 5062: 2490: 1863: 1122: 211: 11803:

Miao, Jianwei; Ercius, Peter; Billinge, Simon J. L. (2016). "Atomic electron tomography: 3D structures without crystals".

2595: 2306:

1997 - Nobuo Niimura led a team that first used a neutron image plate for structure determination of lysozyme at the

1755:(PDB). At PDB, Edgar Meyer develops the first general software tools for handling and visualizing protein structural data. 14954: 14852: 14548: 7410:

Watson, J. D.; Crick, F. H. C. (1953). "Molecular Structure of Nucleic Acids: A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid".

4201: 4101: 2064: 1844:

won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry "for his studies on the structure of boranes illuminating problems of chemical bonding."

10613:

Gjønnes, J.; Hansen, V.; Berg, B. S.; Runde, P.; Cheng, Y. F.; Gjønnes, K.; Dorset, D. L.; Gilmore, C. J. (1998-05-01).

14201: 2580: 893:(Structure Report), which established the systematic classification of crystal structure prototypes, also known as the 14976: 14834: 14804: 14733: 12990: 10373: 9936: 8745:

Meyer, Edgar F. (1971). "Interactive Computer Display for the Three Dimensional Study of Macromolecular Structures".

6461:"Symmetry determination of the room-temperature form of LnNbO 4 (Ln = La,Nd) by convergent-beam electron diffraction" 6083: 5909: 3302: 2606: 2142: 1874: 583:

1914 - Max von Laue won the Nobel Prize in Physics "for his discovery of the diffraction of X-rays by crystals."

106:). This theory explained why all crystal planes are related by small rational numbers (the law of rational indices). 15011: 14686: 6144:"La diffraction des rayons X aux très petits angles : application à l'étude de phénomènes ultramicroscopiques" 2472: 2341: 2266: 2213: 1945: 1815: 1635: 1494: 1309: 594:

and shared the Nobel Prize in Physics "for their services in the analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays."

241: 14959: 14882: 14756: 14355: 9080:"Direct phase determination for quasi-kinematical electron diffraction intensity data from organic microcrystals" 2337: 2209: 2060: 1576: 1092:

shared the Nobel Prize in physics "for their experimental discovery of the diffraction of electrons by crystals."

536: 480:

observed X-ray diffuse broadening through a slit and deduced that the wavelength of X-rays is on the order of an

6035:"Über das primäre und sekundäre Bild im Elektronenmikroskop. II. Strukturuntersuchung mittels Elektronenbeugung" 5752:

Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character

5314:

Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character

5010:

Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character

4612:

Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character

4467:

Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character

3865:

Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character

2037:

shared the Nobel Prize in Physics "for his fundamental work in electron optics, and for the design of the first

1024:

1935 - First publication of the International tables for the determination of crystal structures edited by

14794: 14716: 12672:, Topics in Current Chemistry, vol. 315, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 69–109, 8467:

De Rosier, D. J.; Klug, A. (1968). "Reconstruction of Three Dimensional Structures from Electron Micrographs".

8084:

Rossmann, M. G.; Blow, D. M. (1962). "The detection of sub-units within the crystallographic asymmetric unit".

5941: 5255:

Mauguin, Ch. (1931). "Sur le symbolisme des groupes de repetition on de symetrie des assemblages cristallins".

2262: 2167: 2113: 2013: 1734: 768: 76:, promoted mechanisms of crystallization based on the idea that crystals are composed of polyhedral molecules ( 11146:

Ravelli, Raimond B.G.; Leiros, Hanna-Kirsti Schrøder; Pan, Baocheng; Caffrey, Martin; McSweeney, Sean (2003).

10385: 4434:

Gonell, H. W.; Mark, H. (1923). "Röntgenographische Bestimmung der Strukturformel des Hexamethylentetramins".

2303:, and this structure confirmed a mechanism earlier proposed by Boyer, mainly on the basis of isotopic studies. 14809: 14799: 14104: 4106:, Nachrichten von der Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen, Mathematisch-Physikalische Klasse, 1-15. 2669: 2658: 2371: 1961: 1683: 1264: 1213: 547: 179: 4577: 645:

introduced a spherical construction for explaining the occurrence of diffraction spots, which is now called

15043: 14933: 14581: 14206: 14184: 12571: 3331:"Use of electron backscatter diffraction patterns to determine the crystal lattice. Part 3. Pseudosymmetry" 3278:

Mémoire sur la déduction d'un seul principe de tous les systems cristallographiques avec leurs subdivisions

2877:

Essai d'une théorie sur la structure des cristaux, appliquée à plusieurs genres de substances cristallisées

2694:, summarizing his decade-spanning work on the subject for engineering conditions for designer ice crystals. 2614: 2591: 2360: 2120: 1362: 1107: 831: 621: 327: 226: 255:

invented zonal relations by projecting the faces of a crystal upon the surface of a circumscribed sphere.

150: 14485: 14239: 11625:

Van Aert, Sandra; Batenburg, Kees J.; Rossell, Marta D.; Erni, Rolf; Van Tendeloo, Gustaaf (2011-02-02).

11594:

Dolomanov, Oleg V.; Bourhis, Luc J.; Gildea, Richard J.; Howard, Judith A. K.; Puschmann, Horst (2009). "

10410: 5787:

Beevers, CA; Lipson, H. (1985). "A Brief History of Fourier Methods in Crystal-structure Determination".

5544: 3297:, International Union of Crystallography Texts on Crystallography, Oxford University Press, Oxford, p.83 2383: 912: 894: 13243: 6655:

Kamminga, H. (1989). "The International Union of Crystallography: its formation and early development".

3813: 3506:"Sur la symétrie dans les phénomènes physiques, symétrie d'un champ électrique et d'un champ magnétique" 15038: 14842: 14139: 6277:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences

4647: 2479: 2401: 2307: 2281: 761: 436: 92: 13801:"A brief history of macromolecular crystallography, illustrated by a family tree and its Nobel fruits" 13560: 8354:

Rietveld, H. M. (1967). "Line profiles of neutron powder-diffraction peaks for structure refinement".

6320:"Use of high-symmetry zone axes in electron diffraction in determining crystal point and space groups" 5591: 2738:

Molčanov, Krešimir; Stilinović, Vladimir (2014). "Chemical Crystallography before X-ray Diffraction".

1837:, can be established by postulating the points' congruence within a sphere of a defined finite radius. 461:

on 8 November 1895 produced and detected electromagnetic radiation in a wavelength range now known as

349: 14857: 14786: 14244: 14234: 2453: 2413: 1642: 543: 429: 278: 207: 189:

attempted to bring the molecular approach of Haüy and the geometric approach of Weiss into agreement.

13303: 10326:"Analysis of a metastable electronic excited state of sodium nitroprusside by X-ray crystallography" 6271:

Buxton, B. F.; Eades, J. A.; Steeds, John Wickham; Rackham, G. M.; Frank, Frederick Charles (1976).

3241:

Mémoire sur les systèmes formés par des points distribués regulièrement sur un plan ou dans l'espace

15033: 14999: 14723: 14619: 14492: 14455: 14370: 14249: 14229: 14097: 13287:. Bristol: A. Hilger, published with the assistance of the International Union of Crystallography. 12546: 10284:"Double conical beam-rocking system for measurement of integrated electron diffraction intensities" 2946:

Uebersichtliche Darstellung der versschiedenen naturlichen Abteilungen der Kristallisations-Systeme

2662: 2516: 2364: 2326: 2255: 2236: 2112:

shared the Nobel Prize in Chemistry "for the determination of the three-dimensional structure of a

1852: 1591: 1263:

published the first series of neutron diffraction experiments for crystallography performed at the

1202: 987: 871: 398: 372: 331: 12709: 12472:"Crystallography from Haüy to Laue: Controversies on the molecular and atomistic nature of solids" 9257: 7355:-type with recurrent dislocations of atoms: 'homologous series' of molybdenum and tungsten oxides" 3488:Über die Geometrischen Eigenschaften homogener starrer Strukturen und ihre Anwendung auf Krystalle 2579:. By using very brief x-ray pulses, most radiation damage is mitigated using the technique called 1388:

could be more easily solved by having at least one more intensity measurement beyond those of the

1118: 14847: 14691: 14636: 14385: 14350: 13344: 11275: 11236: 7453:

Franklin, Rosalind E.; Gosling, R. G. (1953). "Molecular Configuration in Sodium Thymonucleate".

7147: 6910:

Shull, C. G.; Smart, J. Samuel (1949). "Detection of Antiferromagnetism by Neutron Diffraction".

4303: 2680: 2083: 1316: 1198: 1126: 1085: 656:

formulated the theory of X-ray diffraction from imperfect crystals and introduced the concept of

338: 274:, represented crystal structure as an array of discrete points generated by defined translations. 252: 203:

conceived of the concept of using an array of discrete (molecular) points to represent a crystal.

13443: 13107: 12909: 10283: 9772:"Structure analysis of Si(111)-7 × 7 reconstructed surface by transmission electron diffraction" 9316:"X-ray total-external-reflection–Bragg diffraction: A structural study of the GaAs-Al interface" 9079: 7633: 7017:"The structure of proteins: Two hydrogen-bonded helical configurations of the polypeptide chain" 2527:

shared the Nobel Prize in Chemistry "for studies of the structure and function of the ribosome."

812: 14601: 14543: 14360: 13066: 12942: 6190: 6034: 5182: 4401: 4342: 4256: 4128: 3744: 3705: 3623: 3544: 3083: 2296: 2198: 2190: 1773: 1664: 1497:

developed the theoretical framework for anisotropic displacement parameters, also known as the

1328: 1240: 1209: 1159: 957: 827: 823: 691: 466: 376: 368: 168: 54: 12898: 9993:"The crystallographic information file (CIF): a new standard archive file for crystallography" 6515: 6366: 5631:"Die Bestimmung der Lage der Wasserstoffionen im NH4Cl-Kristallgitter durch Elektronenbeugung" 3505: 14900: 14696: 14658: 14465: 14417: 13386:"The early development of neutron diffraction: science in the wings of the Manhattan Project" 12997: 12506: 12057: 11314: 5545:"Über Beziehungen der gewässerten Bromphenanthrensulfosäure zu organismischen Parakristallen" 5282:

Pauling, Linus (1929). "The Principles Determining the Structure of Complex Ionic Crystals".

2698: 2146: 2008:

and his colleagues reported the first high-resolution X-ray crystal structure of an integral

1934: 1870: 1763: 1715:

T4, a common virus, thus signalling a breakthrough in macromolecular structure determination.

1606: 972: 968: 653: 495: 301: 69: 12460: 12045: 11687: 11582: 11315:"Automated electron diffraction tomography – a new tool for nano crystal structure analysis" 11190:"First operation of a free-electron laser generating GW power radiation at 32 nm wavelength" 10470: 10312: 9916: 9725:"Structural analysis of Si(111)-7×7 by UHV-transmission electron diffraction and microscopy" 9668: 9387: 9162: 9066: 8664: 8214: 8118: 7680: 7573: 6689: 6021: 1772:

1972 - Michael Glazer established the classification of octahedral tilting patterns in

1704:

to account for the spin ordering of magnetic structures observed in neutron crystallography.

1125:(CBED), It was extended by Peter Goodman and Gunter Lehmpfuhl, then mainly by the groups of 14624: 14497: 14333: 14224: 14054: 14042: 14021: 14009: 13980: 13968: 13863: 13759: 13705: 13693: 13601: 13531: 13455: 13385: 13356: 13315: 13148: 13136: 13115: 13078: 12954: 12864: 12821: 12762: 12750: 12721: 12610: 12598: 12588: 12483: 12366: 12254: 12198: 12143: 12004: 11949: 11769: 11712: 11638: 11541: 11494: 11414: 11326: 11201: 11102: 11049: 11006: 10963: 10912: 10853: 10800: 10788: 10743: 10732:"Design and synthesis of an exceptionally stable and highly porous metal-organic framework" 10696: 10661: 10626: 10614: 10538: 10422: 10213: 10169: 10128: 10082: 10004: 9992: 9957: 9848: 9783: 9736: 9689: 9635: 9600: 9557: 9510: 9463: 9415:

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3756: 3717: 3635: 3556: 3342: 2687: 2542: 2240: 2225: 2056: 2027: 1825:, building on his work in the 1930s, proved that the regularity of a system of points, an ( 1701: 1609:

approach which provides phase information without requiring additional experimental effort.

1508:

published the first electron microscope images showing the lattice structure of a material.

1370: 1336: 1320: 1089: 772: 631:

independently discovered powder diffraction in researching the crystal structure of metals.

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6106: 4652:, VII: Die Gesetze der Krystallochemie, Skrifter Norsk. Vid. Akademie, Oslo, Mat. Nat. Kl. 4089: 4053: 4035: 2427:. This structure revealed that the major functional regions of the ribosome were based on 1415:, for which they won the 1973 Nobel prize in Chemistry. The structure was soon refined by 214:, consistent with Haüy's laws, that only 2, 3, 4 and 6-fold rotational axes are permitted. 8: 14641: 14629: 14504: 14470: 14450: 13384:

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can crystallize in left- and right-handed forms and showed that the two forms can rotate

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9740: 9693: 9639: 9604: 9561: 9514: 9467: 9331: 9273: 9187: 9037: 8993: 8954: 8907: 8852: 8805: 8758: 8680: 8625: 8610:"Neutron Diffraction Analysis of Myoglobin: Structure of the Carbon Monoxide Derivative" 8570: 8523: 8480: 8406: 8367: 8282: 8239: 8193: 8154: 8097: 8054: 7999: 7952: 7905: 7858: 7814: 7770: 7731: 7649: 7638:

Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A. Mathematical and Physical Sciences

7602: 7509: 7466: 7423: 7370: 7327: 7280: 7181: 7091: 7032: 6993: 6958: 6923: 6880: 6833: 6794: 6751: 6668: 6604: 6549: 6476: 6429: 6335: 6288: 6249: 6206: 6159: 6050: 6000: 5800: 5763: 5697: 5646: 5393: 5198: 5134: 5021: 4964: 4897: 4830: 4781: 4726: 4679: 4623: 4478: 4272: 4179: 4144: 3964: 3917: 3876: 3760: 3721: 3639: 3560: 3363: 3346: 3330: 2412:

ideas from the 1950s, to implement a ‘diffraction before destruction' concept, using an

1729:

1969 - Benno P. Schoenborn conducted the first structural study of macromolecules (

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in 1901. X-rays became the major mode of crystallographic research in the 20th century.

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1711:

and David DeRosier used electron microscopy to visualise the structure of the tail of

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published the first non-relativistic explanation of electron diffraction based upon

667:

published a book containing tables with the positional coordinates permitted by the

14862: 14668: 14586: 14576: 14375: 14308: 14279: 14272: 14062: 14029: 13988: 13938: 13922: 13887: 13871: 13828: 13812: 13771: 13729: 13713: 13670: 13654: 13613: 13572: 13539: 13484: 13463: 13413: 13397: 13364: 13323: 13255: 13213: 13197: 13156: 13123: 13086: 13036: 13009: 12962: 12921: 12872: 12829: 12786: 12770: 12729: 12673: 12618: 12547:"Bernard MAITTE René-Just Haüy (1743-1822) et la naissance de la cristallographie*" 12518: 12491: 12390: 12374: 12278: 12262: 12206: 12151: 12094: 12012: 11957: 11869: 11851: 11812: 11777: 11728: 11720: 11674: 11646: 11607: 11549: 11502: 11482: 11430: 11422: 11370: 11334: 11291: 11287: 11252: 11248: 11209: 11159: 11118: 11110: 11065: 11057: 11014: 10971: 10920: 10865: 10816: 10808: 10759: 10751: 10704: 10669: 10634: 10585: 10572:

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released in 1987, and is used for solving structures based on X-ray diffraction or

2009: 1893: 1878: 1841: 1598: 1439: 1332: 1256: 1249: 991: 946: 919:, which perhaps had more influence than any other published work on the science of 882: 800:

introduced reduced cells for simplifying structures using a technique now known as

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waves. This was the start of electron and neutron diffraction and crystallography.

517: 14751: 14746: 14711: 14531: 14430: 14365: 14328: 14323: 14174: 14120: 13969:"The International Union of Crystallography: its formation and early development" 13035:. Structure and Bonding. Vol. 185. Cham: Springer International Publishing. 12733: 12428: 11213: 10459: 10181: 9281: 9045: 8892:"n -Beam lattice images. I. Experimental and computed images from W 4 Nb 26 O 77" 6702: 4037:

Sur les symétries cristallines que peut révéler la diffraction des rayons Röntgen

3314: 2774: 2643:

to commemorate the century of discovery since the invention of X-ray diffraction.

2501: 2420: 2171: 2131: 2130:

1991 - Georg E. Schulz and colleagues reported the structure of a bacterial

2071: 1957: 1719: 1649: 1472: 1461: 1217: 1173: 1162: 1068: 1040: 927: 569: 562: 551: 353: 316: 312: 282: 260: 23: 13201: 12665: 12099: 12082: 11276:"Towards automated diffraction tomography. Part II—Cell parameter determination" 9612: 9522: 9475: 9452:"Direct Determination of the Au(110) Reconstructed Surface by X-Ray Diffraction" 8445: 7778: 1641:

1963 - Jürg Waser introduced restrained least square method, also known as

1531: 1431: 793:

used x-rays to determine that the structure of benzene is a flat hexagonal ring.

782:, working with Goldschmidt, showed that silicon can be replaced by aluminium in 617: 14561: 14526: 14514: 14509: 14475: 14445: 14435: 14394: 14338: 14262: 14216: 12876: 12378: 12155: 10434: 9771: 9130: 7586: 6735: 5560: 5502: 5362: 5268: 5241: 4347:

The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science

4308:

The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science

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1923 - William H. Bragg and Reginald E. Gibbs elucidated the structure of

628: 532: 528: 440: 425: 410: 387: 186: 14066: 14033: 13992: 13875: 13775: 13717: 13617: 13519: 13401: 13368: 13160: 13090: 13040: 12966: 12774: 12622: 12266: 12210: 12083:"A Million Crystal Structures: The Whole Is Greater than the Sum of Its Parts" 11611: 10869: 10812: 10638: 10324:

Pressprich, Mark R.; White, Mark A.; Vekhter, Yanina; Coppens, Philip (1994).

10225: 10141: 10116: 10016: 9569: 9428: 9001: 8962: 8915: 8860: 8414: 8375: 8201: 8162: 8105: 8062: 7890:"Apparatus for Direct Observation of Low-Energy Electron Diffraction Patterns" 7739: 7610: 7379: 7335: 7189: 6966: 6931: 6802: 6759: 6676: 6484: 6437: 6343: 6257: 5630: 5078: 4663: 4552: 4358: 4319: 4217: 3829: 3568: 3354: 2333: 15027: 14706: 14519: 14318: 14074: 14000: 13934: 13883: 13824: 13783: 13725: 13666: 13625: 13584: 13551: 13409: 13376: 13335: 13267: 13209: 13168: 13098: 13021: 12974: 12933: 12884: 12843: 12782: 12741: 12630: 12530: 12386: 12274: 12218: 12163: 12108: 12024: 11969: 11865: 11658: 11561: 11514: 11506: 11346: 11221: 10932: 10877: 10830: 10773: 10507: 10442: 10349: 10102: 10055: 9803: 9756: 9577: 9530: 9483: 9347: 9289: 9242: 9009: 8923: 8868: 8821: 8696: 8641: 8586: 8453: 8070: 8015: 7968: 7921: 7786: 7665: 7618: 7560: 7388: 7296: 7205:"Cyclopentadien-Metallkomplexe, ein neuer Typ metallorganischer Verbindungen" 6896: 6849: 6767: 6721: 6620: 6565: 6492: 6445: 6390: 6351: 6222: 6214: 6175: 6058: 5887: 5662: 5615: 5568: 5444: 5409: 5335: 5214: 5206: 5167: 5086: 5039: 4982: 4915: 4848: 4799: 4742: 4695: 4519: 4366: 4327: 4288: 4280: 4241: 4218:"Röntgenspektrographische Beobachtungen an Zellulose.: Vorläufige Mitteilung" 4152: 4021: 3980: 3933: 3837: 3768: 3729: 3690: 3655: 3647: 3576: 3529: 3208: 3185:"Pasteur and chirality: A story of how serendipity favors the prepared minds" 3099: 2983: 2676: 2665:

for the high-resolution structure determination of biomolecules in solution."

2654: 2625: 2576: 2549: 2531: 2524: 2424: 2288: 2194: 1972: 1968: 1885: 1792: 1712: 1690: 1568: 1487: 1457: 1385: 1343: 1048: 1010: 846: 838: 757: 746: 664: 602: 477: 473: 293: 289: 39: 12016: 11961: 11938:"Hydrogen positions in single nanocrystals revealed by electron diffraction" 11838:

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could be used as micro-diffraction cameras with an aperture—the birth of

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1783 - Jean-Baptiste L. Romé de l'Isle in the second edition of his

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2020 - Two independent groups led respectively by Holger Stark and

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1927 - Two groups demonstrated electron diffraction, the first the

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and Michiyoshi Tanaka who showed how to use CBED patterns to determine

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The analytical expression of the results of the theory of space-groups

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and the direct imaging of crystal structures and structure defects by

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and postulated some rules for atom substitution in crystal structures.

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to solve an intermetallic, combining this with dynamical refinements.

1897: 1889: 1730: 1572: 1550: 1408: 1152: 949:

and Ilya D. Usyskin determined of the positions of hydrogen atoms in

852:

1929 - William Howard Barnes published the crystal structure of

657: 635: 406: 245: 13909:

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Zeitschrift für Elektrochemie und angewandte physikalische Chemie

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On the crystallographic discoveries and systems of Weiss and Mohs

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1464:

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in opposite directions. This was the first demonstration of

12749:

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1948 - The first congress and general assembly of the

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1553:

for which he shared the 1962 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.

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(1994). 9917:"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1988" 9669:"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1985" 9388:"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1982" 9163:"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1976" 9067:"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1973" 8553:Schoenborn, Benno P. (1969-10-11). 8311: 8215:"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1964" 8119:"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1962" 7984:"The Structure of Crystal Surfaces" 7574:"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1954" 7238:Journal of Organometallic Chemistry 6690:"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1946" 6513: 6405: 6318:Steeds, J. W.; Vincent, R. (1983). 6311: 6229: 6022:"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1936" 5738:Beevers, C. A.; Lipson, H. (1934). 5596:Transactions of the Faraday Society 4806: 4757: 4702: 3295:Early days of x-ray crystallography 2935:, 81-101, 206-225, 273-298, 341-352 2282:G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) 2252:Structural Electron Crystallography 2065:high-resolution electron microscopy 1869:1979 - The first award of the 1479:, dedicated to the modern study of 671:. These positions are now known as 13: 13512:History of structure determination 13481:Encyclopedia of Magnetic Resonance 13236:History of neutron crystallography 12461:Lima-de-Faria, José (ed.) (1990), 12450:, University of California Press. 12448:Origins of the science of crystals 12415: 11600:Journal of Applied Crystallography 8130:"The Nobel Prize in Medicine 1962" 6637:, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 590pp. 6324:Journal of Applied Crystallography 5821:Laves, F. and Löhberg, K. (1934). 4873: 4662:Zernike, F.; Prins, J. A. (1927). 4129:"Zur Begründung der Kristalloptik" 4100:Debye, P. and Scherrer P. (1916). 3812:Baumhauer, Heinrich (1912-12-01). 3335:Journal of Applied Crystallography 2779:(in Latin). Lucerne: H.R. Wyssing. 2679:demonstrated that single-particle 2581:serial femtosecond crystallography 2538:crystallographic software package. 2534:and her collaborators created the 2468:for X-ray diffraction experiments. 2149:, and I. David Brown based on the 1452:by three British teams, for which 1331:, in relation to the direction of 1079:selected area electron diffraction 889:published the first volume of the 760:and Jan Albert Prins proposed the 416:1891 - Derivation of the 230 14: 15055: 12130:Herzik Jr, Mark A. (2020-11-05). 11991:McCusker, Lynne B. (2017-01-13). 9817:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1986" 8008:10.1038/scientificamerican0365-32 7545:. Cambridge: Harvard Univ Press. 7203:Fischer, E. O.; Pfab, W. (1952). 6107:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1937" 4947:Thomson, G. P.; Reid, A. (1927). 4463:"The structure of α and β quartz" 4090:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1915" 4054:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1914" 3624:"Die Beugung der Röntgenstrahlen" 2862:Romé de l'Isle, J.-B. L. (1783). 2802:Romé de l'Isle, J.-B. L. (1772). 2607:microcrystal electron diffraction 2485:2009 - The first hard X-ray 2166:1992 - First release of the 2143:crystallographic information file 2061:dynamical scattering of electrons 1875:Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences 1751:1971 - Establishment of the 1733:) by neutron diffraction at the 285:not dependent on molecular shape. 281:derived 15 different theoretical 15005: 14994: 14993: 14600: 14047:Acta Crystallographica Section A 14014:Acta Crystallographica Section A 13973:Acta Crystallographica Section A 13764:Acta Crystallographica Section A 13559:Hauptman, Herbert (1997-10-01). 13489:10.1002/9780470034590.emrstm1007 13390:Acta Crystallographica Section A 13141:Acta Crystallographica Section B 12893:History of X-ray crystallography 12603:Acta Crystallographica Section A 12476:Zeitschrift für Kristallographie 12345: 12320: 12299: 12233: 12178: 12123: 12074: 12050: 12039: 11984: 11929: 11915: 11890: 11831: 11796: 11749: 11692: 11681: 11618: 11587: 11576: 11521: 11474: 11451: 11389: 11353: 11306: 11267: 11228: 11180: 11139: 11086: 11033: 10990: 10947: 10892: 10858:Acta Crystallographica Section A 10845: 10793:Acta Crystallographica Section A 10780: 10723: 10680: 10645: 10619:Acta Crystallographica Section A 10606: 10565: 10522: 10475: 10464: 10449: 10402: 10378: 10356: 10317: 10306: 10275: 10240: 10206:Acta Crystallographica Section D 10196: 10149: 10121:Acta Crystallographica Section A 10109: 10062: 10023: 9997:Acta Crystallographica Section A 9984: 9941: 9921: 9910: 9875: 9832: 9821: 9810: 9763: 9716: 9673: 9662: 9619: 9584: 9537: 9490: 9443: 9417:Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 9408: 9392: 9381: 9354: 9307: 9296: 9249: 9210: 9167: 9156: 9137: 9110: 9071: 9060: 9016: 8982:Acta Crystallographica Section A 8969: 8943:Acta Crystallographica Section B 8930: 8896:Acta Crystallographica Section A 8883: 8841:Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 8828: 8781: 8738: 8711: 8656: 8601: 8546: 8503: 8460: 8434:Le Journal de Physique Colloques 8421: 8395:Acta Crystallographica Section A 8382: 8347: 8323: 8305: 8262: 8219: 8208: 8169: 8134: 8123: 8112: 8077: 8030: 7975: 7941:Review of Scientific Instruments 7928: 7894:Review of Scientific Instruments 7881: 7837: 7793: 7746: 7707: 7672: 7625: 7578: 7567: 7532: 7489: 7446: 7403: 7342: 7303: 7256: 7229: 7209:Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 7196: 7161: 7139: 7126: 7067: 7008: 6973: 6938: 6903: 6856: 6809: 6774: 6728: 6694: 6683: 6657:Acta Crystallographica Section A 6648: 6627: 6580: 6525: 6507: 6465:Acta Crystallographica Section A 6452: 6418:Acta Crystallographica Section A 6358: 6238:Acta Crystallographica Section A 6182: 6135: 6111: 6100: 6026: 6015: 5980: 5953: 5934: 5914: 5894: 5863: 5841:Laves, F. and Witte, H. (1935). 5835: 5815: 5780: 5731: 5712: 5677: 3522:10.1051/jphystap:018940030039300 2605:and his co-workers demonstrated 2596:Atomic Electron Tomography (AET) 2473:transmission electron microscope 2267:University of the Basque Country 2214:transmission electron microscope 1946:surface X-ray Diffraction (SXRD) 1594:to yield icosahedral structures. 1346:determined the structure of the 501:1908 - Bernhard Walter and 401:, after receiving a letter from 13758:Berman, Helen M. (2008-01-01). 13518:Beevers, Ca; Lipson, H (1985). 13475:Harris, Robin K. 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(1980-01-01). 2951: 2938: 2921: 2908: 2895: 2882: 2869: 2806:, Knapen & Delaguete, Paris 2590:and his co-workers applied the 2394: 2338:precession electron diffraction 2210:precession electron diffraction 1590:demonstrated that there exists 1577:low-energy electron diffraction 1009:investigated the structures of 917:The atomic arrangement in glass 679:, which first appeared in 1935. 550:in crystals of carborundum, or 537:Cambridge Philosophical Society 520:from crystals in an x-ray beam. 488: 128: 85:Jean-Baptiste L. Romé de l'Isle 47: 29: 14795:Bilbao Crystallographic Server 13600:Hendrickson, Wayne A. (2013). 13436:History of NMR crystallography 13302:Harrison, R. J. (2006-01-01). 12808:Kopský, Vojtěch (2015-02-02). 12708:Baur, Werner H. 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Libbrecht 2543:Gustaaf Van Tendeloo 2265:was launched at the 2241:sodium nitroprusside 2226:neutron spectroscopy 2170:software package by 2057:electron diffraction 2028:electron diffraction 1933:promoted the use of 1434:introduced the term 1321:anomalous scattering 1252:as its first editor. 1090:George Paget Thomson 988:Beevers–Lipson strip 773:George Paget Thomson 527:, expressed through 518:diffraction patterns 392:cholesteryl benzoate 341:founded the journal 201:Ludwig August Seeber 176:Eilhard Mitscherlich 57:introduced the term 15044:Chemistry timelines 14471:Cottrell atmosphere 14451:Partial dislocation 14195:Restriction theorem 14059:2009AcCrA..65..167A 14026:1998AcCrA..54..687C 13985:1989AcCrA..45..581K 13915:Structural Dynamics 13868:2020IUCrJ...7..148H 13710:2023IUCrJ..10..521H 13536:1985AuJPh..38..263B 13460:1995PNMRS..28...11A 13361:2009CryRv..15..157B 13320:2006RvMG...63..113H 13196:(17): 13883–13914. 13153:1996AcCrB..52..753D 13120:1994SurSc.299..358T 13083:1968ConPh...9....1T 12959:2010CryRv..16..197W 12869:2019CRPhy..20..803G 12826:2015Symm....7..125K 12767:2015IUCrJ...2..137P 12726:2014CryRv..20...64B 12615:2012AcCrA..68...57S 12488:2012ZK....227....1K 12371:2022Natur.605..274D 12259:2020Natur.587..152N 12203:2020Natur.587..157Y 12148:2020Natur.587...39H 12009:2017Sci...355..136M 11954:2017Sci...355..166P 11857:10.7554/eLife.01345 11782:10.1038/nature10934 11774:2012Natur.483..444S 11725:10.1038/nature09750 11717:2011Natur.470...73C 11651:10.1038/nature09741 11643:2011Natur.470..374V 11546:2009Sci...324.1306B 11540:(5932): 1306–1309. 11499:2010NaPho...4..641E 11419:2007Sci...318.1258C 11413:(5854): 1258–1265. 11375:10.1038/nature06325 11331:2011CryRT..46..542K 11206:2006EPJD...37..297A 11107:2001Sci...292.1876G 11101:(5523): 1876–1882. 11054:2001Sci...292.1863C 11048:(5523): 1863–1876. 11011:2001Sci...292..883Y 10968:2000Natur.406..752N 10917:2007PCCP....9.1035D 10805:2003AcCrA..59...22D 10748:1999Natur.402..276L 10701:2015Sci...348..530M 10666:1999Natur.400..342M 10631:1998AcCrA..54..306G 10543:1998Natur.391..199N 10500:10.1038/nsb1197-909 10427:2006ZK....221...15A 10342:10.1021/ja00091a030 10218:1998AcCrD..54..905B 10174:1987Sci...235..458B 10133:1992AcCrA..48..922. 10087:1991Natur.354...56I 10048:10.1021/ci00002a020 10009:1991AcCrA..47..655H 9962:1991Sci...254.1627W 9956:(5038): 1627–1630. 9853:1987Natur.329..506B 9828:"First Ewald Prize" 9788:1985SurSc.164..367T 9741:1985JVSTA...3.1502T 9694:1985Natur.318..618D 9640:1984Natur.311..532R 9605:1984PhRvL..53.1951S 9562:1982PhRvL..49...57B 9515:1983PhRvL..51.1000M 9468:1983PhRvL..50.1145R 9332:1979JAP....50.6927M 9274:2004CryRv..10...17H 9235:10.1021/ci00038a003 9188:1978Natur.276..368H 9038:1973Sci...179..285K 8994:1975AcCrA..31..756G 8955:1972AcCrB..28.3384G 8908:1972AcCrA..28..528A 8853:1998JSynR...5..147H 8806:1971Natur.230..434R 8759:1971Natur.232..255M 8681:1970Sci...168.1338C 8675:(3937): 1338–1340. 8626:1975Sci...190..568N 8571:1969Natur.224..143S 8524:1971Natur.231..506B 8481:1968Natur.217..130D 8407:1968AcCrA..24..217B 8368:1967AcCry..22..151R 8283:1965Natur.206..761J 8240:1965Natur.206..757B 8194:1963AcCry..16.1091W 8155:1963AcCry..16..969K 8098:1962AcCry..15...24R 8055:1962AcCry..15..916M 8000:1965SciAm.212c..32G 7988:Scientific American 7953:1960RScI...31..784G 7906:1960RScI...31..112S 7859:1960Natur.185..416P 7815:1960Natur.185..422K 7771:1968PhRvL..21.1585S 7732:1959AcCry..12..787K 7650:1956RSPSA.236..119M 7603:1956AcCry...9..754C 7510:1953Natur.171..738W 7467:1953Natur.171..740F 7424:1953Natur.171..737W 7371:1953AcCry...6..495M 7328:1956AcCry...9..373D 7281:1953Natur.171..121D 7182:1952AcCry...5..843S 7092:1951PNAS...37..251P 7033:1951PNAS...37..205P 6994:1951Natur.168..271B 6959:1950AcCry...3..181K 6924:1949PhRv...76.1256S 6881:1948JChPh..16..327P 6834:1948PhRv...73..830W 6795:1948AcCry...1....1. 6752:1948AcCry...1..340. 6669:1989AcCrA..45..581K 6605:1945Natur.155..484. 6550:1945Natur.156R.661B 6477:1980AcCrA..36..350T 6430:1983AcCrA..39..357T 6336:1983JApCr..16..317S 6289:1976RSPTA.281..171B 6250:1968AcCrA..24..339G 6207:1939AnP...428..113K 6160:1939AnPh...11..161G 6148:Annales de Physique 6051:1936AnP...419...75B 6001:1935RSPSA.150..533A 5946:, IUCr Newsletter, 5902:Structure of metals 5801:1985AuJPh..38..263B 5764:1934RSPSA.146..570B 5698:1934PhRv...46..372P 5647:1933ZPhy...85..618L 5530:10.1021/ja01349a006 5394:1930NW.....18..778M 5296:10.1021/ja01379a006 5199:1928AnP...392...55B 5135:1928Natur.122..810L 5022:1928RSPSA.119..663R 4965:1927Natur.119Q.890T 4898:1928PNAS...14..619D 4831:1928PNAS...14..317D 4782:1927PhRv...30..705D 4727:1927Natur.119..558D 4680:1927ZPhy...41..184Z 4624:1924RSPSA.106..749B 4479:1925RSPSA.109..405B 4421:10.1021/ja01654a003 4273:1921AnP...369..253E 4180:1917PhRv...10..661H 4145:1916AnP...354..117E 4040:, Comptes Rendus., 4034:Friedel G. (1913). 3965:1913Natur..91..213T 3947:Terada, T. (1913). 3918:1913Natur..91..135T 3900:Terada, T. (1913). 3877:1913RSPSA..89..248B 3761:1909AnP...334..331W 3722:1908AnP...330..715W 3640:1899AnP...304..884H 3561:1982Fer....40..125D 3347:2023JApCr..56..367N 2927:Haüy, R.J. (1815). 2914:Haüy, R.J. (1822). 2905:, Chez Louis, Paris 2901:Haüy, R.J. (1801). 2888:Haüy, R.J. (1795). 2875:Haüy, R.J. (1784). 2845:Haüy, R.J. (1782). 2828:Haüy, R.J. (1782). 2690:published the book 2487:free-electron laser 2325:and her team using 2230:neutron diffraction 2191:proton-motive force 2125:crystal engineering 2039:electron microscope 1999:Herbert A. Hauptman 1849:Stephen C. Harrison 1812:Herbert A. Hauptman 1695:Rietveld refinement 1528:Andrew Richard Lang 1384:suggested that the 1375:magnetic structures 1306:Herbert A. Hauptman 1295:neutron diffraction 1244:was founded by the 1075:electron microscope 947:Vadim E. Lashkaryov 940:amorphous materials 908:for the first time. 708:published his book 660:in crystallography. 503:Robert Wichard Pohl 403:Friedrich Reinitzer 384:Friedrich Reinitzer 302:molecular chirality 270:, independently of 219:Johann F. C. Hessel 194:Franz Ernst Neumann 14891:Carl Hermann Medal 14702:Molecular dynamics 14549:Defects in diamond 14544:Stone–Wales defect 14190:Reciprocal lattice 14152:Biocrystallography 13817:10.1111/febs.12796 13106:Tong, S.Y (1994). 12835:10.3390/sym7010125 12062:www.ccdc.cam.ac.uk 8720:Nature New Biology 8335:www.ccdc.cam.ac.uk 6195:Annalen der Physik 6039:Annalen der Physik 5940:Brock, C. (2014). 5655:10.1007/BF01331003 5602:(140): 1016–1032. 5402:10.1007/bf01497860 5187:Annalen der Physik 5181:Bethe, H. (1928). 4688:10.1007/BF01391926 4261:Annalen der Physik 4234:10.1007/BF01331987 4133:Annalen der Physik 3749:Annalen der Physik 3710:Annalen der Physik 3628:Annalen der Physik 3504:Curie, P. (1894). 3486:Barlow W. 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Brindley 962:Patterson function 878:and Raymond Wierl, 743:Victor Goldschmidt 719:in his PhD thesis 578:Born approximation 544:Heinrich Baumhauer 430:Arthur Schoenflies 279:Moritz Frankenheim 151:Déodat de Dolomieu 15039:Physics timelines 15021: 15020: 14985: 14984: 14592:Thermal ellipsoid 14557: 14556: 14466:Frank–Read source 14426: 14425: 14292:Aperiodic crystal 14258: 14257: 14140:Crystallographers 13927:10.1063/4.0000247 13811:(18): 3985–4009. 13498:978-0-470-03459-0 13294:978-0-85274-587-8 13050:978-3-030-64742-1 13008:(15): 3015–3028. 12687:978-3-642-27406-0 12365:(7909): 274–278. 12253:(7832): 152–156. 12197:(7832): 157–161. 12093:(16): 9427–9477. 11948:(6321): 166–169. 11908:978-0-19-968699-5 11768:(7390): 444–447. 11637:(7334): 374–377. 11369:(7168): 383–387. 11005:(5518): 883–896. 10962:(6797): 752–757. 10742:(6759): 276–279. 10695:(6234): 530–535. 10660:(6742): 342–344. 10537:(6663): 199–203. 10336:(12): 5233–5238. 10255:(6491): 621–628. 10168:(4787): 458–460. 9847:(6139): 506–512. 9688:(6047): 618–624. 9634:(5986): 532–537. 9599:(20): 1951–1953. 9509:(11): 1000–1002. 9462:(15): 1145–1148. 9326:(11): 6927–6933. 9182:(5686): 368–373. 9032:(4070): 285–288. 8949:(11): 3384–3392. 8800:(5294): 434–437. 8753:(5308): 255–257. 8726:(42): 223. 1971. 8620:(4214): 568–570. 8565:(5215): 143–146. 8518:(5304): 506–511. 8475:(5124): 130–134. 8277:(4986): 761–763. 8234:(4986): 757–761. 8188:(11): 1091–1094. 7961:10.1063/1.1717051 7914:10.1063/1.1716903 7853:(4711): 416–422. 7809:(4711): 422–427. 7765:(23): 1585–1589. 7700:978-1-4832-1318-7 7644:(1204): 119–135. 7552:978-0-674-18276-9 7504:(4356): 738–740. 7461:(4356): 740–741. 7418:(4356): 737–738. 7275:(4342): 121–122. 6988:(4268): 271–272. 6889:10.1063/1.1746878 6599:(3938): 484–485. 6544:(3970): 661–662. 6514:Messick, Julian. 6283:(1301): 171–194. 5641:(9–10): 618–630. 5524:(10): 3841–3851. 4721:(2998): 558–560. 4562:978-3-642-47158-2 3912:(2267): 135–136. 3004:Mohs, F. 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Zachariasen 874:was developed by 791:Kathleen Lonsdale 780:Felix Machatschki 673:Wyckoff positions 669:symmetry elements 565:in the same year. 559:x-ray diffraction 525:Bragg diffraction 452:Curie's principle 326:, derived the 32 268:Gabriel Delafosse 238:Justus von Liebig 113:used the contact 98:1781 - Abbé 15051: 15009: 15008: 14997: 14996: 14940: 14939: 14863:Kristallografija 14717:Gerchberg–Saxton 14612:Characterisation 14604: 14587:Structure factor 14391: 14390: 14376:Ostwald ripening 14213: 14212: 14158: 14157: 14114: 14107: 14100: 14091: 14090: 14086: 14037: 14004: 13956: 13946: 13905: 13895: 13846: 13836: 13805:The FEBS Journal 13795: 13747: 13737: 13688: 13678: 13659:10.1002/pro.3298 13637: 13596: 13555: 13544:10.1071/PH850263 13507: 13506: 13505: 13471: 13431: 13421: 13380: 13339: 13298: 13279: 13231: 13221: 13190:Chemical Reviews 13180: 13131: 13102: 13054: 13025: 12978: 12937: 12903:, IUCR, Oosthoek 12888: 12863:(7–8): 803–816. 12847: 12837: 12804: 12794: 12745: 12704: 12703: 12702: 12660: 12658: 12657: 12642: 12585: 12583: 12582: 12560: 12558: 12557: 12542: 12501: 12499: 12443: 12433: 12409: 12408: 12398: 12349: 12343: 12342: 12340: 12339: 12324: 12318: 12317: 12315: 12303: 12297: 12296: 12286: 12237: 12231: 12230: 12182: 12176: 12175: 12127: 12121: 12120: 12102: 12087:Chemical Reviews 12078: 12072: 12071: 12069: 12068: 12054: 12048: 12043: 12037: 12036: 11988: 11982: 11981: 11933: 11927: 11926: 11919: 11913: 11912: 11894: 11888: 11887: 11877: 11859: 11835: 11829: 11828: 11800: 11794: 11793: 11753: 11747: 11746: 11736: 11696: 11690: 11685: 11679: 11678: 11622: 11616: 11615: 11591: 11585: 11580: 11574: 11573: 11525: 11519: 11518: 11487:Nature Photonics 11478: 11472: 11471: 11455: 11449: 11448: 11438: 11393: 11387: 11386: 11357: 11351: 11350: 11310: 11304: 11303: 11271: 11265: 11264: 11247:(6–7): 507–513. 11232: 11226: 11225: 11184: 11178: 11177: 11167: 11143: 11137: 11136: 11126: 11090: 11084: 11083: 11073: 11037: 11031: 11030: 10994: 10988: 10987: 10976:10.1038/35021099 10951: 10945: 10944: 10925:10.1039/B615006C 10911:(9): 1035–1043. 10896: 10890: 10889: 10849: 10843: 10842: 10824: 10784: 10778: 10777: 10767: 10727: 10721: 10720: 10684: 10678: 10677: 10649: 10643: 10642: 10610: 10604: 10603: 10593: 10569: 10563: 10562: 10526: 10520: 10519: 10479: 10473: 10468: 10462: 10453: 10447: 10446: 10406: 10400: 10399: 10397: 10396: 10390:www.cryst.ehu.es 10382: 10376: 10360: 10354: 10353: 10321: 10315: 10310: 10304: 10303: 10279: 10273: 10272: 10261:10.1038/370621a0 10244: 10238: 10237: 10204:Determination". 10200: 10194: 10193: 10153: 10147: 10146: 10144: 10113: 10107: 10106: 10095:10.1038/354056a0 10066: 10060: 10059: 10027: 10021: 10020: 9988: 9982: 9981: 9945: 9939: 9925: 9919: 9914: 9908: 9907: 9879: 9873: 9872: 9861:10.1038/329506a0 9836: 9830: 9825: 9819: 9814: 9808: 9807: 9782:(2–3): 367–392. 9767: 9761: 9760: 9749:10.1116/1.573160 9735:(3): 1502–1506. 9720: 9714: 9713: 9702:10.1038/318618a0 9677: 9671: 9666: 9660: 9659: 9648:10.1038/311532a0 9623: 9617: 9616: 9588: 9582: 9581: 9541: 9535: 9534: 9494: 9488: 9487: 9447: 9441: 9440: 9412: 9406: 9396: 9390: 9385: 9379: 9378: 9358: 9352: 9351: 9340:10.1063/1.325845 9311: 9305: 9300: 9294: 9293: 9253: 9247: 9246: 9214: 9208: 9207: 9196:10.1038/276368a0 9171: 9165: 9160: 9154: 9141: 9135: 9134: 9125:(1–6): 109–149. 9114: 9108: 9107: 9090:(3–4): 195–201. 9075: 9069: 9064: 9058: 9057: 9020: 9014: 9013: 8973: 8967: 8966: 8934: 8928: 8927: 8887: 8881: 8880: 8832: 8826: 8825: 8814:10.1038/230434a0 8785: 8779: 8778: 8767:10.1038/232255a0 8742: 8736: 8735: 8715: 8709: 8708: 8660: 8654: 8653: 8605: 8599: 8598: 8579:10.1038/224143a0 8550: 8544: 8543: 8532:10.1038/231506a0 8507: 8501: 8500: 8489:10.1038/217130a0 8464: 8458: 8457: 8425: 8419: 8418: 8386: 8380: 8379: 8351: 8345: 8344: 8342: 8341: 8327: 8321: 8320: 8318: 8309: 8303: 8302: 8291:10.1038/206761a0 8266: 8260: 8259: 8248:10.1038/206757a0 8223: 8217: 8212: 8206: 8205: 8173: 8167: 8166: 8138: 8132: 8127: 8121: 8116: 8110: 8109: 8081: 8075: 8074: 8034: 8028: 8027: 7979: 7973: 7972: 7932: 7926: 7925: 7885: 7879: 7878: 7867:10.1038/185416a0 7841: 7835: 7834: 7823:10.1038/185422a0 7797: 7791: 7790: 7750: 7744: 7743: 7711: 7705: 7704: 7676: 7670: 7669: 7629: 7623: 7622: 7582: 7576: 7571: 7565: 7564: 7536: 7530: 7529: 7518:10.1038/171738a0 7493: 7487: 7486: 7475:10.1038/171740a0 7450: 7444: 7443: 7432:10.1038/171737a0 7407: 7401: 7400: 7382: 7346: 7340: 7339: 7307: 7301: 7300: 7289:10.1038/171121a0 7260: 7254: 7253: 7233: 7227: 7226: 7224: 7200: 7194: 7193: 7165: 7159: 7148:Colored Symmetry 7143: 7137: 7130: 7124: 7123: 7113: 7103: 7071: 7065: 7064: 7054: 7044: 7012: 7006: 7005: 7002:10.1038/168271a0 6977: 6971: 6970: 6942: 6936: 6935: 6918:(8): 1256–1257. 6907: 6901: 6900: 6860: 6854: 6853: 6813: 6807: 6806: 6789:(1): 1–2. 1948. 6778: 6772: 6771: 6732: 6726: 6725: 6707: 6698: 6692: 6687: 6681: 6680: 6652: 6646: 6631: 6625: 6624: 6613:10.1038/155484b0 6584: 6578: 6577: 6558:10.1038/156661b0 6529: 6523: 6522: 6520: 6511: 6505: 6504: 6456: 6450: 6449: 6409: 6403: 6402: 6362: 6356: 6355: 6315: 6309: 6308: 6268: 6262: 6261: 6233: 6227: 6226: 6186: 6180: 6179: 6139: 6133: 6132: 6130: 6129: 6115: 6109: 6104: 6098: 6097: 6069: 6063: 6062: 6030: 6024: 6019: 6013: 6012: 5995:(871): 533–551. 5984: 5978: 5977: 5957: 5951: 5938: 5932: 5918: 5912: 5898: 5892: 5891: 5867: 5861: 5839: 5833: 5819: 5813: 5812: 5809:10.1071/PH850263 5784: 5778: 5777: 5775: 5758:(858): 570–582. 5735: 5729: 5716: 5710: 5709: 5681: 5675: 5674: 5626: 5620: 5619: 5587: 5581: 5580: 5555:(1–6): 379–393. 5540: 5534: 5533: 5513: 5507: 5506: 5497:(1–6): 208–241. 5486: 5480: 5479: 5463: 5457: 5456: 5428: 5422: 5421: 5373: 5367: 5366: 5357:(1–6): 237–305. 5346: 5340: 5339: 5329: 5306: 5300: 5299: 5290:(4): 1010–1026. 5279: 5273: 5272: 5263:(1–6): 542–558. 5252: 5246: 5245: 5236:(1–6): 257–287. 5225: 5219: 5218: 5178: 5172: 5171: 5153: 5147: 5146: 5143:10.1038/122810c0 5118: 5112: 5105: 5099: 5098: 5058: 5052: 5051: 5033: 5016:(783): 663–667. 5001: 4995: 4994: 4976: 4974:10.1038/119890a0 4944: 4938: 4937: 4927: 4909: 4877: 4871: 4870: 4860: 4842: 4810: 4804: 4803: 4793: 4761: 4755: 4754: 4735:10.1038/119558a0 4706: 4700: 4699: 4674:(2–3): 184–194. 4659: 4653: 4644: 4638: 4637: 4635: 4618:(740): 749–773. 4603: 4597: 4596: 4594: 4592: 4582: 4573: 4567: 4566: 4538: 4532: 4531: 4499: 4493: 4492: 4490: 4473:(751): 405–427. 4458: 4452: 4451: 4431: 4425: 4424: 4406: 4397: 4391: 4377: 4371: 4370: 4338: 4332: 4331: 4314:(257): 800–829. 4299: 4293: 4292: 4252: 4246: 4245: 4213: 4207: 4198: 4192: 4191: 4163: 4157: 4156: 4124: 4118: 4117: 4114: 4112: 4110: 4098: 4092: 4087: 4081: 4080: 4078: 4077: 4062: 4056: 4051: 4045: 4032: 4026: 4025: 4015: 3991: 3985: 3984: 3973:10.1038/091213b0 3944: 3938: 3937: 3926:10.1038/091135c0 3897: 3891: 3890: 3888: 3871:(610): 248–277. 3856: 3850: 3849: 3809: 3803: 3792: 3786: 3779: 3773: 3772: 3740: 3734: 3733: 3701: 3695: 3694: 3666: 3660: 3659: 3619: 3613: 3612: 3610: 3608:10.1038/053274b0 3587: 3581: 3580: 3540: 3534: 3533: 3501: 3495: 3484: 3478: 3471: 3465: 3454: 3448: 3447: 3427: 3421: 3420: 3396: 3390: 3383: 3377: 3376: 3366: 3326: 3320: 3311: 3305: 3291: 3285: 3274: 3268: 3254: 3248: 3237: 3231: 3230: 3220: 3180: 3174: 3163: 3157: 3146: 3140: 3133: 3127: 3120: 3114: 3113: 3111: 3079: 3073: 3066: 3060: 3049: 3043: 3032: 3026: 3019: 3013: 3002: 2996: 2995: 2976:10.2307/27757472 2955: 2949: 2942: 2936: 2925: 2919: 2912: 2906: 2899: 2893: 2886: 2880: 2873: 2867: 2860: 2854: 2843: 2837: 2826: 2820: 2813: 2807: 2800: 2794: 2793:, Lacombe, Paris 2787: 2781: 2780: 2770: 2764: 2763: 2735: 2729: 2728:, Star, Florence 2720: 2668:2019 - The 2651:Jacques Dubochet 2631:2014 - The 2594:(CDI) method in 2561:Henry N. Chapman 2521:Thomas A. Steitz 2447:radiation damage 2261:1997 - The 2141:1991 - The 2010:membrane protein 1894:gallium arsenide 1879:Paul Peter Ewald 1842:William Lipscomb 1682:established the 1599:Michael Rossmann 1440:transition metal 1333:optical rotation 1257:Ernest O. Wollan 1140:1941 - The 1072: 958:Arthur Patterson 802:Niggli reduction 717:Louis de Broglie 706:Paul Peter Ewald 684:Roscoe Dickinson 643:Paul Peter Ewald 614:Paul Peter Ewald 407:polarizing light 365:Leonhard Sohncke 358:crystal twinning 292:discovered that 234:Friedrich Wöhler 111:Cristallographie 15059: 15058: 15054: 15053: 15052: 15050: 15049: 15048: 15034:Crystallography 15024: 15023: 15022: 15017: 14981: 14938: 14905: 14877: 14829: 14781: 14752:CrystalExplorer 14728: 14712:Phase retrieval 14675: 14606: 14605: 14596: 14553: 14532:Schottky defect 14431:Perfect crystal 14422: 14418:Abnormal growth 14380: 14366:Supersaturation 14329:Miscibility gap 14310: 14303: 14254: 14211: 14175:Bravais lattice 14156: 14123: 14121:Crystallography 14118: 13963: 13754: 13647:Protein Science 13514: 13503: 13501: 13499: 13438: 13295: 13238: 13112:Surface Science 13061: 13051: 12895: 12700: 12698: 12688: 12655: 12653: 12645: 12580: 12578: 12570: 12567: 12555: 12553: 12545: 12431: 12423: 12418: 12416:Further reading 12413: 12412: 12350: 12346: 12337: 12335: 12325: 12321: 12304: 12300: 12238: 12234: 12183: 12179: 12142:(7832): 39–40. 12128: 12124: 12079: 12075: 12066: 12064: 12056: 12055: 12051: 12044: 12040: 11989: 11985: 11934: 11930: 11921: 11920: 11916: 11909: 11895: 11891: 11836: 11832: 11801: 11797: 11754: 11750: 11711:(7332): 73–77. 11697: 11693: 11686: 11682: 11623: 11619: 11592: 11588: 11581: 11577: 11526: 11522: 11479: 11475: 11456: 11452: 11402: 11394: 11390: 11358: 11354: 11311: 11307: 11280:Ultramicroscopy 11272: 11268: 11241:Ultramicroscopy 11233: 11229: 11185: 11181: 11144: 11140: 11091: 11087: 11038: 11034: 10995: 10991: 10952: 10948: 10897: 10893: 10850: 10846: 10785: 10781: 10728: 10724: 10685: 10681: 10650: 10646: 10611: 10607: 10570: 10566: 10527: 10523: 10494:(11): 909–914. 10480: 10476: 10469: 10465: 10454: 10450: 10407: 10403: 10394: 10392: 10384: 10383: 10379: 10361: 10357: 10322: 10318: 10311: 10307: 10288:Ultramicroscopy 10280: 10276: 10245: 10241: 10201: 10197: 10154: 10150: 10115: 10114: 10110: 10081:(6348): 56–58. 10067: 10063: 10028: 10024: 9989: 9985: 9946: 9942: 9926: 9922: 9915: 9911: 9896:10.1038/415492a 9880: 9876: 9837: 9833: 9826: 9822: 9815: 9811: 9776:Surface Science 9768: 9764: 9721: 9717: 9678: 9674: 9667: 9663: 9624: 9620: 9589: 9585: 9542: 9538: 9495: 9491: 9448: 9444: 9413: 9409: 9397: 9393: 9386: 9382: 9359: 9355: 9312: 9308: 9301: 9297: 9254: 9250: 9215: 9211: 9172: 9168: 9161: 9157: 9142: 9138: 9115: 9111: 9084:Ultramicroscopy 9076: 9072: 9065: 9061: 9021: 9017: 8974: 8970: 8935: 8931: 8888: 8884: 8833: 8829: 8786: 8782: 8743: 8739: 8717: 8716: 8712: 8661: 8657: 8606: 8602: 8551: 8547: 8508: 8504: 8465: 8461: 8426: 8422: 8387: 8383: 8352: 8348: 8339: 8337: 8329: 8328: 8324: 8316: 8312:Kennard, Olga. 8310: 8306: 8267: 8263: 8224: 8220: 8213: 8209: 8174: 8170: 8149:(10): 969–975. 8139: 8135: 8128: 8124: 8117: 8113: 8082: 8078: 8035: 8031: 7980: 7976: 7933: 7929: 7886: 7882: 7842: 7838: 7798: 7794: 7751: 7747: 7726:(10): 787–794. 7712: 7708: 7701: 7677: 7673: 7630: 7626: 7583: 7579: 7572: 7568: 7553: 7537: 7533: 7494: 7490: 7451: 7447: 7408: 7404: 7354: 7347: 7343: 7308: 7304: 7261: 7257: 7234: 7230: 7201: 7197: 7166: 7162: 7144: 7140: 7131: 7127: 7072: 7068: 7013: 7009: 6978: 6974: 6943: 6939: 6912:Physical Review 6908: 6904: 6861: 6857: 6822:Physical Review 6814: 6810: 6780: 6779: 6775: 6734: 6733: 6729: 6705: 6699: 6695: 6688: 6684: 6653: 6649: 6632: 6628: 6585: 6581: 6530: 6526: 6518: 6512: 6508: 6457: 6453: 6410: 6406: 6363: 6359: 6316: 6312: 6269: 6265: 6234: 6230: 6187: 6183: 6154:(12): 161–237. 6140: 6136: 6127: 6125: 6117: 6116: 6112: 6105: 6101: 6086: 6070: 6066: 6031: 6027: 6020: 6016: 5985: 5981: 5959: 5958: 5954: 5939: 5935: 5919: 5915: 5899: 5895: 5882:(12): 849–865. 5873: 5868: 5864: 5854: 5850: 5846: 5840: 5836: 5826: 5820: 5816: 5785: 5781: 5747: 5743: 5736: 5732: 5717: 5713: 5686:Physical Review 5682: 5678: 5627: 5623: 5588: 5584: 5541: 5537: 5514: 5510: 5487: 5483: 5464: 5460: 5429: 5425: 5388:(36): 778–786. 5374: 5370: 5347: 5343: 5308: 5307: 5303: 5280: 5276: 5253: 5249: 5226: 5222: 5179: 5175: 5154: 5150: 5119: 5115: 5106: 5102: 5059: 5055: 5002: 4998: 4945: 4941: 4878: 4874: 4811: 4807: 4770:Physical Review 4762: 4758: 4707: 4703: 4660: 4656: 4645: 4641: 4604: 4600: 4590: 4588: 4580: 4574: 4570: 4563: 4539: 4535: 4514:(88): 613–629. 4500: 4496: 4459: 4455: 4432: 4428: 4404: 4398: 4394: 4378: 4374: 4339: 4335: 4300: 4296: 4253: 4249: 4214: 4210: 4199: 4195: 4168:Physical Review 4164: 4160: 4125: 4121: 4107: 4099: 4095: 4088: 4084: 4075: 4073: 4063: 4059: 4052: 4048: 4033: 4029: 3992: 3988: 3945: 3941: 3898: 3894: 3857: 3853: 3810: 3806: 3793: 3789: 3780: 3776: 3741: 3737: 3702: 3698: 3667: 3663: 3620: 3616: 3589: 3588: 3584: 3541: 3537: 3502: 3498: 3485: 3481: 3472: 3468: 3455: 3451: 3428: 3424: 3397: 3393: 3384: 3380: 3327: 3323: 3312: 3308: 3292: 3288: 3275: 3271: 3255: 3251: 3238: 3234: 3195:(10): 597–601. 3181: 3177: 3164: 3160: 3147: 3143: 3134: 3130: 3121: 3117: 3109:2027/hvd.hxdg3f 3080: 3076: 3067: 3063: 3055:, Isis (Jena), 3050: 3046: 3033: 3029: 3020: 3016: 3003: 2999: 2956: 2952: 2943: 2939: 2926: 2922: 2913: 2909: 2900: 2896: 2887: 2883: 2874: 2870: 2861: 2857: 2844: 2840: 2827: 2823: 2814: 2810: 2801: 2797: 2788: 2784: 2771: 2767: 2736: 2732: 2721: 2717: 2712: 2639:named 2014 the 2626:phasing methods 2504:, Nan Yao, and 2502:Paul Steinhardt 2421:Harry F. Noller 2397: 2372:Michael O'Keefe 2189:which uses the 2172:Axel T. Brunger 2072:Don Craig Wiley 1958:Heinrich Rohrer 1720:Dorothy Hodgkin 1650:Dorothy Hodgkin 1517:Pearson symbols 1483:, is published. 1473:Ukichiro Nakaya 1462:Maurice Wilkins 1337:polarized light 1218:silicon carbide 1174:barium titanate 1166: 1066: 1049:Linus Pauling's 1041:William Astbury 1016: 1001: 997: 992:Fourier methods 960:introduced the 936:liquid crystals 928:Friedrich Rinne 904:enumerated the 891:Strukturbericht 866: 843:Pauling's rules 824:Charles Mauguin 822:introduced and 771:, the other by 570:Georges Friedel 563:Torahiko Terada 552:silicon carbide 505:observed X-ray 491: 411:liquid crystals 388:liquid crystals 375:in addition to 354:Auguste Bravais 328:crystal classes 315:derived the 14 313:Auguste Bravais 298:polarized light 227:crystal classes 131: 59:crystallography 50: 32: 24:crystallography 12: 11: 5: 15057: 15047: 15046: 15041: 15036: 15019: 15018: 15016: 15015: 15003: 14990: 14987: 14986: 14983: 14982: 14980: 14979: 14974: 14969: 14968: 14967: 14962: 14957: 14946: 14944: 14937: 14936: 14931: 14926: 14921: 14915: 14913: 14907: 14906: 14904: 14903: 14898: 14893: 14887: 14885: 14879: 14878: 14876: 14875: 14870: 14865: 14860: 14855: 14850: 14845: 14839: 14837: 14831: 14830: 14828: 14827: 14822: 14817: 14812: 14807: 14802: 14797: 14791: 14789: 14783: 14782: 14780: 14779: 14774: 14769: 14764: 14759: 14754: 14749: 14744: 14738: 14736: 14730: 14729: 14727: 14726: 14721: 14720: 14719: 14709: 14704: 14699: 14694: 14689: 14687:Direct methods 14683: 14681: 14677: 14676: 14674: 14673: 14672: 14671: 14666: 14656: 14651: 14650: 14649: 14644: 14634: 14633: 14632: 14627: 14616: 14614: 14608: 14607: 14599: 14597: 14595: 14594: 14589: 14584: 14579: 14574: 14572:Ewald's sphere 14569: 14564: 14558: 14555: 14554: 14552: 14551: 14546: 14541: 14540: 14539: 14534: 14524: 14523: 14522: 14517: 14515:Frenkel defect 14512: 14510:Bjerrum defect 14502: 14501: 14500: 14490: 14489: 14488: 14483: 14478: 14476:Peierls stress 14473: 14468: 14463: 14458: 14453: 14448: 14446:Burgers vector 14438: 14436:Stacking fault 14433: 14427: 14424: 14423: 14421: 14420: 14415: 14410: 14405: 14399: 14397: 14395:Grain boundary 14388: 14382: 14381: 14379: 14378: 14373: 14368: 14363: 14358: 14353: 14348: 14343: 14342: 14341: 14339:Liquid crystal 14336: 14331: 14326: 14315: 14313: 14305: 14304: 14302: 14301: 14300: 14299: 14289: 14288: 14287: 14277: 14276: 14275: 14270: 14259: 14256: 14255: 14253: 14252: 14247: 14242: 14237: 14232: 14227: 14221: 14219: 14210: 14209: 14204: 14202:Periodic table 14199: 14198: 14197: 14192: 14187: 14182: 14177: 14166: 14164: 14155: 14154: 14149: 14144: 14143: 14142: 14131: 14129: 14125: 14124: 14117: 14116: 14109: 14102: 14094: 14088: 14087: 14053:(3): 167–182. 14038: 14020:(6): 687–696. 14005: 13979:(9): 581–601. 13962: 13959: 13958: 13957: 13906: 13862:(2): 148–157. 13847: 13796: 13753: 13750: 13749: 13748: 13704:(5): 521–543. 13689: 13653:(1): 202–206. 13638: 13597: 13571:(5): 672–680. 13556: 13513: 13510: 13509: 13508: 13497: 13472: 13437: 13434: 13433: 13432: 13381: 13355:(3): 157–218. 13340: 13314:(1): 113–143. 13299: 13293: 13280: 13254:(1): 529–552. 13237: 13234: 13233: 13232: 13181: 13147:(5): 753–769. 13132: 13103: 13060: 13057: 13056: 13055: 13049: 13026: 12993: 12979: 12953:(3): 197–230. 12938: 12920:(3): 457–472. 12905: 12894: 12891: 12890: 12889: 12848: 12820:(1): 125–145. 12805: 12761:(1): 137–154. 12746: 12705: 12686: 12661: 12643: 12594: 12586: 12566: 12563: 12562: 12561: 12543: 12517:(3): 638–652. 12502: 12467: 12458: 12444: 12422: 12419: 12417: 12414: 12411: 12410: 12353:(2022-05-12). 12344: 12333:Community News 12319: 12298: 12232: 12177: 12122: 12073: 12049: 12038: 11983: 11928: 11914: 11907: 11889: 11830: 11795: 11748: 11691: 11680: 11617: 11606:(2): 339–341. 11586: 11575: 11520: 11493:(9): 641–647. 11473: 11450: 11400: 11388: 11352: 11325:(6): 542–554. 11305: 11286:(8): 763–772. 11266: 11227: 11200:(2): 297–303. 11179: 11158:(2): 217–224. 11138: 11085: 11032: 10989: 10946: 10891: 10864:(4): 351–360. 10844: 10822:2027.42/115935 10779: 10722: 10679: 10644: 10625:(3): 306–319. 10605: 10564: 10521: 10474: 10463: 10448: 10401: 10377: 10355: 10316: 10305: 10294:(3): 271–282. 10274: 10239: 10212:(5): 905–921. 10195: 10148: 10108: 10061: 10042:(2): 326–333. 10022: 10003:(6): 655–685. 9983: 9940: 9920: 9909: 9874: 9831: 9820: 9809: 9762: 9715: 9672: 9661: 9618: 9583: 9536: 9489: 9442: 9407: 9391: 9380: 9353: 9306: 9295: 9248: 9209: 9166: 9155: 9136: 9109: 9070: 9059: 9015: 8988:(6): 756–762. 8968: 8929: 8902:(6): 528–536. 8882: 8847:(3): 147–153. 8827: 8780: 8737: 8710: 8655: 8600: 8545: 8502: 8459: 8420: 8401:(1): 217–231. 8381: 8362:(1): 151–152. 8346: 8322: 8304: 8261: 8218: 8207: 8168: 8133: 8122: 8111: 8076: 8049:(9): 916–918. 8029: 7974: 7927: 7900:(2): 112–114. 7880: 7836: 7792: 7745: 7706: 7699: 7671: 7624: 7597:(9): 754–756. 7577: 7566: 7551: 7531: 7488: 7445: 7402: 7365:(6): 495–500. 7352: 7341: 7322:(4): 373–375. 7302: 7255: 7228: 7215:(7): 377–379. 7195: 7160: 7138: 7125: 7086:(5): 251–256. 7066: 7027:(4): 205–211. 7007: 6972: 6953:(3): 181–187. 6937: 6902: 6875:(4): 327–336. 6855: 6828:(8): 830–841. 6808: 6773: 6727: 6716:(1–2): 64–82. 6693: 6682: 6663:(9): 581–601. 6647: 6626: 6579: 6524: 6506: 6471:(3): 350–352. 6451: 6424:(3): 357–368. 6404: 6357: 6330:(3): 317–324. 6310: 6263: 6244:(3): 339–347. 6228: 6201:(2): 113–140. 6181: 6134: 6110: 6099: 6084: 6064: 6025: 6014: 5979: 5952: 5933: 5913: 5893: 5871: 5862: 5852: 5848: 5844: 5834: 5824: 5814: 5779: 5745: 5741: 5730: 5711: 5692:(5): 372–376. 5676: 5621: 5582: 5535: 5508: 5481: 5458: 5439:(9): 675–676. 5423: 5368: 5341: 5301: 5274: 5247: 5220: 5193:(17): 55–129. 5173: 5148: 5113: 5100: 5073:(2): 245–275. 5053: 4996: 4939: 4892:(8): 619–627. 4872: 4825:(4): 317–322. 4805: 4776:(6): 705–740. 4756: 4701: 4654: 4639: 4598: 4568: 4561: 4533: 4494: 4453: 4426: 4392: 4372: 4353:(5): 897–922. 4333: 4294: 4267:(3): 253–287. 4247: 4228:(3): 196–198. 4208: 4193: 4174:(6): 661–696. 4158: 4139:(2): 117–143. 4119: 4093: 4082: 4057: 4046: 4027: 3986: 3939: 3892: 3851: 3824:(1–6): 33–39. 3804: 3787: 3774: 3755:(7): 331–354. 3735: 3716:(4): 715–724. 3696: 3661: 3634:(8): 884–895. 3614: 3582: 3555:(1): 125–129. 3549:Ferroelectrics 3535: 3516:(1): 393–415. 3496: 3479: 3466: 3449: 3422: 3391: 3378: 3341:(2): 367–380. 3321: 3306: 3286: 3269: 3249: 3232: 3175: 3158: 3156:, (2), 469-660 3141: 3128: 3115: 3094:(3): 249–282. 3074: 3061: 3044: 3038:, Ann. Phys., 3027: 3014: 2997: 2950: 2937: 2920: 2907: 2894: 2881: 2868: 2855: 2838: 2821: 2808: 2795: 2782: 2765: 2746:(3): 638–652. 2730: 2714: 2713: 2711: 2708: 2707: 2706: 2695: 2684: 2673: 2666: 2647: 2644: 2629: 2618: 2609:(microED) for 2599: 2584: 2557: 2546: 2539: 2528: 2513: 2494: 2483: 2476: 2469: 2450: 2443: 2440:RNA polymerase 2436:Roger Kornberg 2432: 2417: 2406:Richard Neutze 2396: 2393: 2392: 2391: 2368: 2345: 2342:direct methods 2330: 2311: 2304: 2293:John E. Walker 2285: 2270: 2259: 2244: 2237:Philip Coppens 2233: 2217: 2202: 2183: 2164: 2161: 2154: 2147:Frank H. Allen 2139: 2128: 2117: 2110:Hartmut Michel 2098: 2068: 2046:John M. Cowley 2042: 2031: 2017: 2006:Hartmut Michel 2002: 1991: 1990:core particle. 1984: 1965: 1942: 1927: 1920: 1905: 1888:and others at 1882: 1867: 1860: 1845: 1838: 1823:Boris Delaunay 1819: 1816:direct methods 1804: 1796: 1785:polynucleotide 1777: 1770: 1767: 1760:Kenneth Holmes 1756: 1749: 1738: 1727: 1716: 1705: 1698: 1687: 1676: 1669:Louise Johnson 1661: 1646: 1639: 1636:direct methods 1632:Isabella Karle 1628: 1621: 1610: 1595: 1584: 1565: 1554: 1543: 1540:Clifford Shull 1520: 1509: 1502: 1491: 1484: 1469: 1446: 1428: 1425:Alexander Rich 1397: 1378: 1359: 1340: 1313: 1310:direct methods 1298: 1291:Clifford Shull 1287: 1280:single crystal 1268: 1261:Clifford Shull 1253: 1236: 1225: 1206: 1195: 1188: 1177: 1164: 1156: 1145: 1138: 1115:Walther Kossel 1111: 1100: 1093: 1082: 1060: 1056: 1037: 1022: 1014: 1003: 999: 995: 976: 965: 954: 943: 924: 909: 898: 879: 868: 864: 857: 850: 847:ionic crystals 835: 816: 805: 794: 787: 776: 765: 754: 739: 728: 713: 702: 695: 680: 661: 650: 647:Ewald's sphere 639: 632: 629:Albert W. Hull 625: 616:predicted the 610: 595: 584: 581: 566: 555: 540: 533:Lawrence Bragg 521: 510: 499: 490: 487: 486: 485: 470: 455: 444: 441:sphere packing 437:William Barlow 433: 426:Evgraf Fedorov 414: 395: 380: 361: 346: 335: 320: 317:space lattices 309: 286: 275: 264: 257:Miller indices 249: 230: 215: 204: 197: 190: 187:Friedrich Mohs 183: 172: 165: 162:René Just Haüy 158: 153:published his 147: 136:René Just Haüy 130: 127: 126: 125: 121: 118: 107: 100:René Just Haüy 96: 81: 66: 49: 46: 45: 44: 31: 28: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 15056: 15045: 15042: 15040: 15037: 15035: 15032: 15031: 15029: 15014: 15013: 15004: 15002: 15001: 14992: 14991: 14988: 14978: 14975: 14973: 14970: 14966: 14963: 14961: 14958: 14956: 14953: 14952: 14951: 14948: 14947: 14945: 14941: 14935: 14932: 14930: 14927: 14925: 14922: 14920: 14917: 14916: 14914: 14912: 14908: 14902: 14899: 14897: 14894: 14892: 14889: 14888: 14886: 14884: 14880: 14874: 14871: 14869: 14866: 14864: 14861: 14859: 14856: 14854: 14851: 14849: 14846: 14844: 14841: 14840: 14838: 14836: 14832: 14826: 14823: 14821: 14818: 14816: 14813: 14811: 14808: 14806: 14803: 14801: 14798: 14796: 14793: 14792: 14790: 14788: 14784: 14778: 14775: 14773: 14770: 14768: 14765: 14763: 14760: 14758: 14755: 14753: 14750: 14748: 14745: 14743: 14740: 14739: 14737: 14735: 14731: 14725: 14722: 14718: 14715: 14714: 14713: 14710: 14708: 14707:Patterson map 14705: 14703: 14700: 14698: 14695: 14693: 14690: 14688: 14685: 14684: 14682: 14678: 14670: 14667: 14665: 14662: 14661: 14660: 14657: 14655: 14652: 14648: 14645: 14643: 14640: 14639: 14638: 14635: 14631: 14628: 14626: 14623: 14622: 14621: 14618: 14617: 14615: 14613: 14609: 14603: 14593: 14590: 14588: 14585: 14583: 14580: 14578: 14577:Friedel's law 14575: 14573: 14570: 14568: 14565: 14563: 14560: 14559: 14550: 14547: 14545: 14542: 14538: 14535: 14533: 14530: 14529: 14528: 14525: 14521: 14520:Wigner effect 14518: 14516: 14513: 14511: 14508: 14507: 14506: 14505:Interstitials 14503: 14499: 14496: 14495: 14494: 14491: 14487: 14484: 14482: 14479: 14477: 14474: 14472: 14469: 14467: 14464: 14462: 14459: 14457: 14454: 14452: 14449: 14447: 14444: 14443: 14442: 14439: 14437: 14434: 14432: 14429: 14428: 14419: 14416: 14414: 14411: 14409: 14406: 14404: 14401: 14400: 14398: 14396: 14392: 14389: 14387: 14383: 14377: 14374: 14372: 14369: 14367: 14364: 14362: 14359: 14357: 14354: 14352: 14351:Precipitation 14349: 14347: 14344: 14340: 14337: 14335: 14332: 14330: 14327: 14325: 14322: 14321: 14320: 14319:Phase diagram 14317: 14316: 14314: 14312: 14306: 14298: 14295: 14294: 14293: 14290: 14286: 14283: 14282: 14281: 14278: 14274: 14271: 14269: 14266: 14265: 14264: 14261: 14260: 14251: 14248: 14246: 14243: 14241: 14238: 14236: 14233: 14231: 14228: 14226: 14223: 14222: 14220: 14218: 14214: 14208: 14205: 14203: 14200: 14196: 14193: 14191: 14188: 14186: 14183: 14181: 14178: 14176: 14173: 14172: 14171: 14168: 14167: 14165: 14163: 14159: 14153: 14150: 14148: 14145: 14141: 14138: 14137: 14136: 14133: 14132: 14130: 14126: 14122: 14115: 14110: 14108: 14103: 14101: 14096: 14095: 14092: 14084: 14080: 14076: 14072: 14068: 14064: 14060: 14056: 14052: 14048: 14044: 14039: 14035: 14031: 14027: 14023: 14019: 14015: 14011: 14006: 14002: 13998: 13994: 13990: 13986: 13982: 13978: 13974: 13970: 13965: 13964: 13954: 13950: 13945: 13940: 13936: 13932: 13928: 13924: 13921:(2): 020901. 13920: 13916: 13912: 13907: 13903: 13899: 13894: 13889: 13885: 13881: 13877: 13873: 13869: 13865: 13861: 13857: 13853: 13848: 13844: 13840: 13835: 13830: 13826: 13822: 13818: 13814: 13810: 13806: 13802: 13797: 13793: 13789: 13785: 13781: 13777: 13773: 13769: 13765: 13761: 13756: 13755: 13745: 13741: 13736: 13731: 13727: 13723: 13719: 13715: 13711: 13707: 13703: 13699: 13695: 13690: 13686: 13682: 13677: 13672: 13668: 13664: 13660: 13656: 13652: 13648: 13644: 13639: 13635: 13631: 13627: 13623: 13619: 13615: 13611: 13607: 13603: 13598: 13594: 13590: 13586: 13582: 13578: 13574: 13570: 13566: 13562: 13557: 13553: 13549: 13545: 13541: 13537: 13533: 13529: 13525: 13521: 13516: 13515: 13500: 13494: 13490: 13486: 13482: 13478: 13473: 13469: 13465: 13461: 13457: 13453: 13449: 13445: 13440: 13439: 13429: 13425: 13420: 13415: 13411: 13407: 13403: 13399: 13395: 13391: 13387: 13382: 13378: 13374: 13370: 13366: 13362: 13358: 13354: 13350: 13346: 13341: 13337: 13333: 13329: 13325: 13321: 13317: 13313: 13309: 13305: 13300: 13296: 13290: 13286: 13281: 13277: 13273: 13269: 13265: 13261: 13257: 13253: 13249: 13245: 13240: 13239: 13229: 13225: 13220: 13215: 13211: 13207: 13203: 13199: 13195: 13191: 13187: 13182: 13178: 13174: 13170: 13166: 13162: 13158: 13154: 13150: 13146: 13142: 13138: 13133: 13129: 13125: 13121: 13117: 13113: 13109: 13104: 13100: 13096: 13092: 13088: 13084: 13080: 13076: 13072: 13068: 13063: 13062: 13052: 13046: 13042: 13038: 13034: 13033: 13027: 13023: 13019: 13015: 13011: 13007: 13003: 12999: 12994: 12992: 12991:9780198754053 12988: 12984: 12980: 12976: 12972: 12968: 12964: 12960: 12956: 12952: 12948: 12944: 12939: 12935: 12931: 12927: 12923: 12919: 12915: 12911: 12906: 12904: 12902: 12897: 12896: 12886: 12882: 12878: 12874: 12870: 12866: 12862: 12858: 12854: 12849: 12845: 12841: 12836: 12831: 12827: 12823: 12819: 12815: 12811: 12806: 12802: 12798: 12793: 12788: 12784: 12780: 12776: 12772: 12768: 12764: 12760: 12756: 12752: 12747: 12743: 12739: 12735: 12731: 12727: 12723: 12720:(2): 64–116. 12719: 12715: 12711: 12706: 12697: 12693: 12689: 12683: 12679: 12675: 12671: 12667: 12662: 12652: 12648: 12644: 12640: 12636: 12632: 12628: 12624: 12620: 12616: 12612: 12608: 12604: 12600: 12595: 12592: 12591: 12587: 12577: 12573: 12569: 12568: 12552: 12548: 12544: 12540: 12536: 12532: 12528: 12524: 12520: 12516: 12512: 12508: 12503: 12498: 12493: 12489: 12485: 12481: 12477: 12473: 12468: 12465: 12464: 12459: 12457: 12453: 12449: 12445: 12441: 12437: 12430: 12425: 12424: 12406: 12402: 12397: 12392: 12388: 12384: 12380: 12376: 12372: 12368: 12364: 12360: 12356: 12348: 12334: 12330: 12323: 12314: 12309: 12302: 12294: 12290: 12285: 12280: 12276: 12272: 12268: 12264: 12260: 12256: 12252: 12248: 12244: 12236: 12228: 12224: 12220: 12216: 12212: 12208: 12204: 12200: 12196: 12192: 12188: 12181: 12173: 12169: 12165: 12161: 12157: 12153: 12149: 12145: 12141: 12137: 12133: 12126: 12118: 12114: 12110: 12106: 12101: 12096: 12092: 12088: 12084: 12077: 12063: 12059: 12053: 12047: 12042: 12034: 12030: 12026: 12022: 12018: 12014: 12010: 12006: 12003:(6321): 136. 12002: 11998: 11994: 11987: 11979: 11975: 11971: 11967: 11963: 11959: 11955: 11951: 11947: 11943: 11939: 11932: 11924: 11918: 11910: 11904: 11900: 11893: 11885: 11881: 11876: 11871: 11867: 11863: 11858: 11853: 11849: 11845: 11841: 11834: 11826: 11822: 11818: 11814: 11810: 11806: 11799: 11791: 11787: 11783: 11779: 11775: 11771: 11767: 11763: 11759: 11752: 11744: 11740: 11735: 11730: 11726: 11722: 11718: 11714: 11710: 11706: 11702: 11695: 11689: 11684: 11676: 11672: 11668: 11664: 11660: 11656: 11652: 11648: 11644: 11640: 11636: 11632: 11628: 11621: 11613: 11609: 11605: 11601: 11597: 11590: 11584: 11579: 11571: 11567: 11563: 11559: 11555: 11551: 11547: 11543: 11539: 11535: 11531: 11524: 11516: 11512: 11508: 11504: 11500: 11496: 11492: 11488: 11484: 11477: 11469: 11465: 11461: 11454: 11446: 11442: 11437: 11432: 11428: 11424: 11420: 11416: 11412: 11408: 11404: 11392: 11384: 11380: 11376: 11372: 11368: 11364: 11356: 11348: 11344: 11340: 11336: 11332: 11328: 11324: 11320: 11316: 11309: 11301: 11297: 11293: 11289: 11285: 11281: 11277: 11270: 11262: 11258: 11254: 11250: 11246: 11242: 11238: 11231: 11223: 11219: 11215: 11211: 11207: 11203: 11199: 11195: 11191: 11183: 11175: 11171: 11166: 11161: 11157: 11153: 11149: 11142: 11134: 11130: 11125: 11120: 11116: 11112: 11108: 11104: 11100: 11096: 11089: 11081: 11077: 11072: 11067: 11063: 11059: 11055: 11051: 11047: 11043: 11036: 11028: 11024: 11020: 11016: 11012: 11008: 11004: 11000: 10993: 10985: 10981: 10977: 10973: 10969: 10965: 10961: 10957: 10950: 10942: 10938: 10934: 10930: 10926: 10922: 10918: 10914: 10910: 10906: 10902: 10895: 10887: 10883: 10879: 10875: 10871: 10867: 10863: 10859: 10855: 10848: 10840: 10836: 10832: 10828: 10823: 10818: 10814: 10810: 10806: 10802: 10798: 10794: 10790: 10783: 10775: 10771: 10766: 10765:2027.42/62847 10761: 10757: 10756:10.1038/46248 10753: 10749: 10745: 10741: 10737: 10733: 10726: 10718: 10714: 10710: 10706: 10702: 10698: 10694: 10690: 10683: 10675: 10674:10.1038/22498 10671: 10667: 10663: 10659: 10655: 10648: 10640: 10636: 10632: 10628: 10624: 10620: 10616: 10609: 10601: 10597: 10592: 10587: 10583: 10579: 10575: 10568: 10560: 10556: 10552: 10551:10.1038/34465 10548: 10544: 10540: 10536: 10532: 10525: 10517: 10513: 10509: 10505: 10501: 10497: 10493: 10489: 10485: 10478: 10472: 10467: 10461: 10457: 10452: 10444: 10440: 10436: 10432: 10428: 10424: 10420: 10416: 10412: 10405: 10391: 10387: 10381: 10375: 10374:9781475766219 10371: 10367: 10366: 10359: 10351: 10347: 10343: 10339: 10335: 10331: 10327: 10320: 10314: 10309: 10301: 10297: 10293: 10289: 10285: 10278: 10270: 10266: 10262: 10258: 10254: 10250: 10243: 10235: 10231: 10227: 10223: 10219: 10215: 10211: 10207: 10199: 10191: 10187: 10183: 10179: 10175: 10171: 10167: 10163: 10159: 10152: 10143: 10138: 10134: 10130: 10126: 10122: 10118: 10112: 10104: 10100: 10096: 10092: 10088: 10084: 10080: 10076: 10072: 10065: 10057: 10053: 10049: 10045: 10041: 10037: 10033: 10026: 10018: 10014: 10010: 10006: 10002: 9998: 9994: 9987: 9979: 9975: 9971: 9967: 9963: 9959: 9955: 9951: 9944: 9938: 9937:9780444874573 9934: 9930: 9924: 9918: 9913: 9905: 9901: 9897: 9893: 9890:(6871): 492. 9889: 9885: 9878: 9870: 9866: 9862: 9858: 9854: 9850: 9846: 9842: 9835: 9829: 9824: 9818: 9813: 9805: 9801: 9797: 9793: 9789: 9785: 9781: 9777: 9773: 9766: 9758: 9754: 9750: 9746: 9742: 9738: 9734: 9730: 9726: 9719: 9711: 9707: 9703: 9699: 9695: 9691: 9687: 9683: 9676: 9670: 9665: 9657: 9653: 9649: 9645: 9641: 9637: 9633: 9629: 9622: 9614: 9610: 9606: 9602: 9598: 9594: 9587: 9579: 9575: 9571: 9567: 9563: 9559: 9555: 9551: 9547: 9540: 9532: 9528: 9524: 9520: 9516: 9512: 9508: 9504: 9500: 9493: 9485: 9481: 9477: 9473: 9469: 9465: 9461: 9457: 9453: 9446: 9438: 9434: 9430: 9426: 9423:(Pt 1): 1–8. 9422: 9418: 9411: 9404: 9400: 9395: 9389: 9384: 9376: 9372: 9368: 9364: 9357: 9349: 9345: 9341: 9337: 9333: 9329: 9325: 9321: 9317: 9310: 9304: 9299: 9291: 9287: 9283: 9279: 9275: 9271: 9267: 9263: 9259: 9252: 9244: 9240: 9236: 9232: 9228: 9224: 9220: 9213: 9205: 9201: 9197: 9193: 9189: 9185: 9181: 9177: 9170: 9164: 9159: 9152: 9148: 9147: 9140: 9132: 9128: 9124: 9120: 9113: 9105: 9101: 9097: 9093: 9089: 9085: 9081: 9074: 9068: 9063: 9055: 9051: 9047: 9043: 9039: 9035: 9031: 9027: 9019: 9011: 9007: 9003: 8999: 8995: 8991: 8987: 8983: 8979: 8972: 8964: 8960: 8956: 8952: 8948: 8944: 8940: 8933: 8925: 8921: 8917: 8913: 8909: 8905: 8901: 8897: 8893: 8886: 8878: 8874: 8870: 8866: 8862: 8858: 8854: 8850: 8846: 8842: 8838: 8831: 8823: 8819: 8815: 8811: 8807: 8803: 8799: 8795: 8791: 8784: 8776: 8772: 8768: 8764: 8760: 8756: 8752: 8748: 8741: 8733: 8729: 8725: 8721: 8714: 8706: 8702: 8698: 8694: 8690: 8686: 8682: 8678: 8674: 8670: 8666: 8659: 8651: 8647: 8643: 8639: 8635: 8631: 8627: 8623: 8619: 8615: 8611: 8604: 8596: 8592: 8588: 8584: 8580: 8576: 8572: 8568: 8564: 8560: 8556: 8549: 8541: 8537: 8533: 8529: 8525: 8521: 8517: 8513: 8506: 8498: 8494: 8490: 8486: 8482: 8478: 8474: 8470: 8463: 8455: 8451: 8447: 8443: 8439: 8435: 8431: 8424: 8416: 8412: 8408: 8404: 8400: 8396: 8392: 8385: 8377: 8373: 8369: 8365: 8361: 8357: 8350: 8336: 8332: 8326: 8315: 8308: 8300: 8296: 8292: 8288: 8284: 8280: 8276: 8272: 8265: 8257: 8253: 8249: 8245: 8241: 8237: 8233: 8229: 8222: 8216: 8211: 8203: 8199: 8195: 8191: 8187: 8183: 8179: 8172: 8164: 8160: 8156: 8152: 8148: 8144: 8137: 8131: 8126: 8120: 8115: 8107: 8103: 8099: 8095: 8091: 8087: 8080: 8072: 8068: 8064: 8060: 8056: 8052: 8048: 8044: 8040: 8033: 8025: 8021: 8017: 8013: 8009: 8005: 8001: 7997: 7993: 7989: 7985: 7978: 7970: 7966: 7962: 7958: 7954: 7950: 7946: 7942: 7938: 7931: 7923: 7919: 7915: 7911: 7907: 7903: 7899: 7895: 7891: 7884: 7876: 7872: 7868: 7864: 7860: 7856: 7852: 7848: 7840: 7832: 7828: 7824: 7820: 7816: 7812: 7808: 7804: 7796: 7788: 7784: 7780: 7776: 7772: 7768: 7764: 7760: 7756: 7749: 7741: 7737: 7733: 7729: 7725: 7721: 7717: 7710: 7702: 7696: 7692: 7688: 7684: 7683: 7675: 7667: 7663: 7659: 7655: 7651: 7647: 7643: 7639: 7635: 7628: 7620: 7616: 7612: 7608: 7604: 7600: 7596: 7592: 7588: 7581: 7575: 7570: 7562: 7558: 7554: 7548: 7544: 7543: 7542:Snow crystals 7535: 7527: 7523: 7519: 7515: 7511: 7507: 7503: 7499: 7492: 7484: 7480: 7476: 7472: 7468: 7464: 7460: 7456: 7449: 7441: 7437: 7433: 7429: 7425: 7421: 7417: 7413: 7406: 7398: 7394: 7390: 7386: 7381: 7376: 7372: 7368: 7364: 7360: 7356: 7345: 7337: 7333: 7329: 7325: 7321: 7317: 7313: 7306: 7298: 7294: 7290: 7286: 7282: 7278: 7274: 7270: 7266: 7259: 7251: 7247: 7243: 7239: 7232: 7223: 7218: 7214: 7210: 7206: 7199: 7191: 7187: 7183: 7179: 7175: 7171: 7164: 7158: 7154: 7150: 7149: 7142: 7135: 7129: 7121: 7117: 7112: 7107: 7102: 7097: 7093: 7089: 7085: 7081: 7077: 7070: 7062: 7058: 7053: 7048: 7043: 7038: 7034: 7030: 7026: 7022: 7018: 7011: 7003: 6999: 6995: 6991: 6987: 6983: 6976: 6968: 6964: 6960: 6956: 6952: 6948: 6941: 6933: 6929: 6925: 6921: 6917: 6913: 6906: 6898: 6894: 6890: 6886: 6882: 6878: 6874: 6870: 6866: 6859: 6851: 6847: 6843: 6839: 6835: 6831: 6827: 6823: 6819: 6812: 6804: 6800: 6796: 6792: 6788: 6784: 6777: 6769: 6765: 6761: 6757: 6753: 6749: 6745: 6741: 6737: 6731: 6723: 6719: 6715: 6711: 6704: 6697: 6691: 6686: 6678: 6674: 6670: 6666: 6662: 6658: 6651: 6644: 6640: 6636: 6630: 6622: 6618: 6614: 6610: 6606: 6602: 6598: 6594: 6590: 6583: 6575: 6571: 6567: 6563: 6559: 6555: 6551: 6547: 6543: 6539: 6535: 6528: 6517: 6510: 6502: 6498: 6494: 6490: 6486: 6482: 6478: 6474: 6470: 6466: 6462: 6455: 6447: 6443: 6439: 6435: 6431: 6427: 6423: 6419: 6415: 6408: 6400: 6396: 6392: 6388: 6384: 6380: 6376: 6372: 6368: 6361: 6353: 6349: 6345: 6341: 6337: 6333: 6329: 6325: 6321: 6314: 6306: 6302: 6298: 6294: 6290: 6286: 6282: 6278: 6274: 6267: 6259: 6255: 6251: 6247: 6243: 6239: 6232: 6224: 6220: 6216: 6212: 6208: 6204: 6200: 6196: 6192: 6185: 6177: 6173: 6169: 6165: 6161: 6157: 6153: 6150:(in French). 6149: 6145: 6138: 6124: 6120: 6114: 6108: 6103: 6095: 6091: 6087: 6085:0-408-18550-3 6081: 6077: 6076: 6068: 6060: 6056: 6052: 6048: 6044: 6041:(in German). 6040: 6036: 6029: 6023: 6018: 6010: 6006: 6002: 5998: 5994: 5990: 5983: 5975: 5971: 5967: 5963: 5956: 5949: 5945: 5944: 5937: 5931: 5927: 5923: 5917: 5911: 5910:9780080261713 5907: 5903: 5897: 5889: 5885: 5881: 5877: 5866: 5859: 5855: 5838: 5831: 5827: 5818: 5810: 5806: 5802: 5798: 5794: 5790: 5783: 5774: 5769: 5765: 5761: 5757: 5753: 5749: 5734: 5727: 5723: 5722: 5715: 5707: 5703: 5699: 5695: 5691: 5687: 5680: 5672: 5668: 5664: 5660: 5656: 5652: 5648: 5644: 5640: 5637:(in German). 5636: 5632: 5625: 5617: 5613: 5609: 5605: 5601: 5597: 5593: 5586: 5578: 5574: 5570: 5566: 5562: 5558: 5554: 5550: 5546: 5539: 5531: 5527: 5523: 5519: 5512: 5504: 5500: 5496: 5492: 5485: 5477: 5473: 5469: 5462: 5454: 5450: 5446: 5442: 5438: 5434: 5427: 5419: 5415: 5411: 5407: 5403: 5399: 5395: 5391: 5387: 5383: 5379: 5372: 5364: 5360: 5356: 5352: 5345: 5337: 5333: 5328: 5323: 5319: 5315: 5311: 5305: 5297: 5293: 5289: 5285: 5278: 5270: 5266: 5262: 5258: 5251: 5243: 5239: 5235: 5231: 5224: 5216: 5212: 5208: 5204: 5200: 5196: 5192: 5188: 5184: 5177: 5169: 5165: 5161: 5160: 5152: 5144: 5140: 5136: 5132: 5129:(3082): 810. 5128: 5124: 5117: 5110: 5104: 5096: 5092: 5088: 5084: 5080: 5076: 5072: 5068: 5064: 5057: 5049: 5045: 5041: 5037: 5032: 5027: 5023: 5019: 5015: 5011: 5007: 5000: 4992: 4988: 4984: 4980: 4975: 4970: 4966: 4962: 4959:(3007): 890. 4958: 4954: 4950: 4943: 4935: 4931: 4926: 4921: 4917: 4913: 4908: 4903: 4899: 4895: 4891: 4887: 4883: 4876: 4868: 4864: 4859: 4854: 4850: 4846: 4841: 4836: 4832: 4828: 4824: 4820: 4816: 4809: 4801: 4797: 4792: 4787: 4783: 4779: 4775: 4771: 4767: 4760: 4752: 4748: 4744: 4740: 4736: 4732: 4728: 4724: 4720: 4716: 4712: 4705: 4697: 4693: 4689: 4685: 4681: 4677: 4673: 4670:(in German). 4669: 4665: 4658: 4651: 4650: 4643: 4634: 4629: 4625: 4621: 4617: 4613: 4609: 4602: 4586: 4579: 4572: 4564: 4558: 4554: 4550: 4546: 4545: 4537: 4529: 4525: 4521: 4517: 4513: 4509: 4505: 4498: 4489: 4484: 4480: 4476: 4472: 4468: 4464: 4457: 4449: 4445: 4441: 4437: 4430: 4422: 4418: 4414: 4410: 4403: 4396: 4390: 4386: 4382: 4376: 4368: 4364: 4360: 4356: 4352: 4348: 4344: 4337: 4329: 4325: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4309: 4305: 4298: 4290: 4286: 4282: 4278: 4274: 4270: 4266: 4262: 4258: 4251: 4243: 4239: 4235: 4231: 4227: 4224:(in German). 4223: 4219: 4212: 4205: 4204: 4197: 4189: 4185: 4181: 4177: 4173: 4169: 4162: 4154: 4150: 4146: 4142: 4138: 4135:(in German). 4134: 4130: 4123: 4116: 4105: 4104: 4097: 4091: 4086: 4072: 4068: 4061: 4055: 4050: 4043: 4039: 4038: 4031: 4023: 4019: 4014: 4009: 4005: 4001: 3997: 3990: 3982: 3978: 3974: 3970: 3966: 3962: 3959:(2270): 213. 3958: 3954: 3950: 3943: 3935: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3919: 3915: 3911: 3907: 3903: 3896: 3887: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3866: 3862: 3855: 3847: 3843: 3839: 3835: 3831: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3815: 3808: 3801: 3797: 3791: 3784: 3778: 3770: 3766: 3762: 3758: 3754: 3751:(in German). 3750: 3746: 3739: 3731: 3727: 3723: 3719: 3715: 3712:(in German). 3711: 3707: 3700: 3692: 3688: 3684: 3680: 3676: 3672: 3665: 3657: 3653: 3649: 3645: 3641: 3637: 3633: 3629: 3625: 3618: 3609: 3604: 3600: 3596: 3592: 3586: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3566: 3562: 3558: 3554: 3550: 3546: 3539: 3531: 3527: 3523: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3507: 3500: 3493: 3489: 3483: 3476: 3470: 3463: 3459: 3453: 3445: 3441: 3437: 3433: 3426: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3406: 3402: 3395: 3388: 3382: 3374: 3370: 3365: 3360: 3356: 3352: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3325: 3318: 3317: 3310: 3304: 3303:9780198754053 3300: 3296: 3290: 3283: 3279: 3273: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3253: 3246: 3242: 3236: 3228: 3224: 3219: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3179: 3172: 3168: 3162: 3155: 3151: 3145: 3138: 3132: 3125: 3119: 3110: 3105: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3090:(in German). 3089: 3085: 3078: 3071: 3065: 3058: 3054: 3048: 3041: 3037: 3031: 3024: 3018: 3011: 3007: 3001: 2993: 2989: 2985: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2970:(1): 87–123. 2969: 2965: 2961: 2954: 2947: 2941: 2934: 2930: 2924: 2917: 2911: 2904: 2898: 2891: 2885: 2878: 2872: 2865: 2859: 2852: 2848: 2842: 2835: 2831: 2825: 2818: 2812: 2805: 2799: 2792: 2786: 2778: 2777: 2769: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2734: 2727: 2726: 2719: 2715: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2682: 2678: 2677:Sjors Scheres 2674: 2671: 2667: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2655:Joachim Frank 2652: 2648: 2645: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2582: 2578: 2577:Photosystem I 2574: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2555: 2554:quasicrystals 2551: 2550:Dan Shechtman 2547: 2544: 2540: 2537: 2533: 2532:Judith Howard 2529: 2526: 2525:Ada E. Yonath 2522: 2518: 2514: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2481: 2477: 2474: 2470: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2448: 2444: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2398: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2309: 2305: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2289:Paul D. Boyer 2286: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2231: 2227: 2222: 2218: 2215: 2211: 2208:invented the 2207: 2203: 2200: 2196: 2195:mitochondrial 2192: 2188: 2184: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2162: 2159: 2155: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2096: 2092: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2029: 2026: 2023:methods with 2022: 2018: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2003: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1989: 1985: 1982: 1981:quasicrystals 1978: 1974: 1973:Denis Gratias 1970: 1969:Dan Shechtman 1966: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1925: 1921: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1886:Alfred Y. Cho 1883: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1865: 1861: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1843: 1839: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1794: 1793:phenylalanine 1790: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1775: 1771: 1768: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1754: 1750: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1714: 1713:bacteriophage 1710: 1706: 1703: 1699: 1696: 1693:invented the 1692: 1691:Hugo Rietveld 1688: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1644: 1640: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1626: 1622: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1569:Lester Germer 1566: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1507: 1503: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1489: 1488:Linus Pauling 1485: 1482: 1481:snow crystals 1478: 1474: 1470: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1458:Francis Crick 1455: 1451: 1447: 1444: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1386:phase problem 1383: 1379: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1344:Linus Pauling 1341: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1242: 1237: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1193: 1189: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1161: 1157: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1143: 1139: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1109: 1105: 1104:André Guinier 1101: 1098: 1094: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1080: 1076: 1070: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1020: 1012: 1011:intermetallic 1008: 1004: 993: 989: 986:invented the 985: 981: 977: 974: 970: 966: 963: 959: 955: 952: 948: 944: 941: 937: 933: 929: 925: 922: 918: 914: 910: 907: 906:Laves tilings 903: 899: 896: 892: 888: 884: 880: 877: 873: 869: 862: 858: 855: 851: 848: 844: 840: 839:Linus Pauling 836: 833: 829: 825: 821: 817: 814: 810: 806: 803: 799: 795: 792: 788: 785: 781: 777: 774: 770: 766: 763: 759: 758:Frits Zernike 755: 752: 748: 744: 740: 737: 733: 729: 726: 722: 718: 714: 711: 707: 703: 700: 696: 693: 689: 685: 681: 678: 674: 670: 666: 665:Ralph Wyckoff 662: 659: 655: 651: 648: 644: 640: 637: 633: 630: 626: 623: 619: 615: 611: 608: 604: 603:Paul Scherrer 600: 596: 593: 589: 585: 582: 579: 575: 574:Friedel's law 571: 567: 564: 560: 556: 553: 549: 545: 541: 538: 534: 530: 526: 522: 519: 515: 511: 508: 504: 500: 497: 493: 492: 483: 479: 478:Cornelis Wind 475: 474:Hermanus Haga 471: 468: 464: 460: 456: 453: 449: 445: 442: 438: 434: 431: 427: 423: 419: 415: 412: 408: 404: 400: 396: 393: 389: 385: 381: 378: 374: 370: 366: 362: 359: 355: 351: 347: 344: 340: 336: 333: 329: 325: 321: 318: 314: 310: 307: 303: 299: 295: 291: 290:Louis Pasteur 287: 284: 280: 276: 273: 269: 265: 262: 258: 254: 250: 247: 243: 239: 235: 231: 228: 224: 220: 216: 213: 209: 205: 202: 198: 195: 191: 188: 184: 181: 177: 173: 170: 166: 163: 159: 156: 152: 148: 145: 141: 137: 133: 132: 122: 119: 116: 112: 108: 105: 101: 97: 94: 90: 86: 82: 79: 75: 71: 67: 64: 60: 56: 52: 51: 41: 40:Nicolas Steno 38: 34: 33: 27: 25: 21: 16: 15010: 14998: 14943:Associations 14911:Organisation 14403:Disclination 14334:Polymorphism 14297:Quasicrystal 14240:Orthorhombic 14180:Miller index 14134: 14128:Key concepts 14050: 14046: 14017: 14013: 13976: 13972: 13918: 13914: 13859: 13855: 13808: 13804: 13770:(1): 88–95. 13767: 13763: 13701: 13697: 13650: 13646: 13612:(1): 51–59. 13609: 13605: 13568: 13564: 13527: 13523: 13502:, retrieved 13480: 13454:(1): 11–36. 13451: 13447: 13396:(1): 37–44. 13393: 13389: 13352: 13348: 13311: 13307: 13284: 13251: 13247: 13193: 13189: 13144: 13140: 13111: 13074: 13070: 13031: 13005: 13001: 12982: 12950: 12946: 12917: 12913: 12900: 12860: 12856: 12817: 12813: 12758: 12754: 12717: 12713: 12699:, retrieved 12669: 12654:. Retrieved 12651:iycr2014.org 12650: 12609:(1): 57–67. 12606: 12602: 12589: 12579:. Retrieved 12575: 12554:. Retrieved 12550: 12514: 12510: 12479: 12475: 12462: 12447: 12439: 12435: 12362: 12358: 12347: 12336:. Retrieved 12332: 12322: 12301: 12250: 12246: 12235: 12194: 12190: 12180: 12139: 12135: 12125: 12090: 12086: 12076: 12065:. Retrieved 12061: 12052: 12041: 12000: 11996: 11986: 11945: 11941: 11931: 11917: 11898: 11892: 11847: 11843: 11833: 11808: 11804: 11798: 11765: 11761: 11751: 11708: 11704: 11694: 11683: 11634: 11630: 11620: 11603: 11599: 11595: 11589: 11578: 11537: 11533: 11523: 11490: 11486: 11476: 11459: 11453: 11410: 11406: 11391: 11366: 11362: 11355: 11322: 11318: 11308: 11283: 11279: 11269: 11244: 11240: 11230: 11197: 11193: 11182: 11155: 11151: 11141: 11098: 11094: 11088: 11045: 11041: 11035: 11002: 10998: 10992: 10959: 10955: 10949: 10908: 10904: 10894: 10861: 10857: 10847: 10799:(1): 22–27. 10796: 10792: 10782: 10739: 10735: 10725: 10692: 10688: 10682: 10657: 10653: 10647: 10622: 10618: 10608: 10584:(1): 79–88. 10581: 10577: 10567: 10534: 10530: 10524: 10491: 10487: 10477: 10466: 10451: 10421:(1): 15–27. 10418: 10414: 10404: 10393:. Retrieved 10389: 10380: 10364: 10358: 10333: 10329: 10319: 10308: 10291: 10287: 10277: 10252: 10248: 10242: 10209: 10205: 10198: 10165: 10161: 10157: 10151: 10124: 10120: 10111: 10078: 10074: 10064: 10039: 10035: 10025: 10000: 9996: 9986: 9953: 9949: 9943: 9928: 9923: 9912: 9887: 9883: 9877: 9844: 9840: 9834: 9823: 9812: 9779: 9775: 9765: 9732: 9728: 9718: 9685: 9681: 9675: 9664: 9631: 9627: 9621: 9596: 9592: 9586: 9556:(1): 57–61. 9553: 9549: 9539: 9506: 9502: 9492: 9459: 9455: 9445: 9420: 9416: 9410: 9394: 9383: 9366: 9362: 9356: 9323: 9319: 9309: 9298: 9268:(1): 17–22. 9265: 9261: 9251: 9229:(2): 66–69. 9226: 9222: 9212: 9179: 9175: 9169: 9158: 9150: 9145: 9139: 9122: 9118: 9112: 9087: 9083: 9073: 9062: 9029: 9025: 9018: 8985: 8981: 8971: 8946: 8942: 8932: 8899: 8895: 8885: 8844: 8840: 8830: 8797: 8793: 8783: 8750: 8746: 8740: 8723: 8719: 8713: 8672: 8668: 8658: 8617: 8613: 8603: 8562: 8558: 8548: 8515: 8511: 8505: 8472: 8468: 8462: 8437: 8433: 8423: 8398: 8394: 8384: 8359: 8355: 8349: 8338:. Retrieved 8334: 8325: 8307: 8274: 8270: 8264: 8231: 8227: 8221: 8210: 8185: 8181: 8171: 8146: 8142: 8136: 8125: 8114: 8092:(1): 24–31. 8089: 8085: 8079: 8046: 8042: 8032: 7994:(3): 32–41. 7991: 7987: 7977: 7944: 7940: 7930: 7897: 7893: 7883: 7850: 7846: 7839: 7806: 7802: 7795: 7762: 7758: 7748: 7723: 7719: 7709: 7685:. 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Retrieved 6122: 6113: 6102: 6074: 6067: 6045:(1): 75–80. 6042: 6038: 6028: 6017: 5992: 5988: 5982: 5965: 5961: 5955: 5947: 5942: 5936: 5921: 5916: 5901: 5896: 5879: 5875: 5865: 5857: 5842: 5837: 5829: 5822: 5817: 5792: 5788: 5782: 5755: 5751: 5733: 5725: 5720: 5714: 5689: 5685: 5679: 5638: 5634: 5624: 5599: 5595: 5585: 5552: 5548: 5538: 5521: 5517: 5511: 5494: 5490: 5484: 5467: 5461: 5436: 5432: 5426: 5385: 5381: 5371: 5354: 5350: 5344: 5317: 5313: 5304: 5287: 5283: 5277: 5260: 5256: 5250: 5233: 5229: 5223: 5190: 5186: 5176: 5158: 5151: 5126: 5122: 5116: 5108: 5103: 5070: 5066: 5056: 5013: 5009: 4999: 4956: 4952: 4942: 4889: 4885: 4875: 4822: 4818: 4808: 4773: 4769: 4759: 4718: 4714: 4704: 4671: 4667: 4657: 4648: 4642: 4615: 4611: 4601: 4589:. 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Cahn 1929:1983 - 1922:1982 - 1909:Jerome Karle 1907:1980 - 1847:1978 - 1840:1976 - 1833:) system or 1830: 1826: 1821:1976 - 1806:1976 - 1798:1973 - 1789:transfer RNA 1779:1973 - 1742:Albert Crewe 1740:1970 - 1718:1968 - 1707:1968 - 1689:1967 - 1680:Olga Kennard 1678:1965 - 1663:1965 - 1648:1964 - 1630:1963 - 1618:John Kendrew 1612:1962 - 1597:1962 - 1586:1962 - 1567:1960 - 1547:John Kendrew 1545:1960 - 1532:Pendellösung 1522:1959 - 1512: 1506:James Menter 1504:1956 - 1493:1956 - 1486:1954 - 1476: 1471:1954 - 1454:James Watson 1432:Arne Magnéli 1430:1953 - 1421:Leslie Orgel 1411:, the first 1399:1952 - 1394:oversampling 1380:1952 - 1371:antisymmetry 1366: 1361:1951 - 1342:1951 - 1325:Emil Fischer 1323:, confirmed 1315:1951 - 1302:Jerome Karle 1300:1950 - 1289:1949 - 1270:1948 - 1255:1948 - 1239: 1238:1948 - 1231:was held at 1208:1947 - 1197:1946 - 1184: 1179:1945 - 1147:1945 - 1144:was founded. 1135:space groups 1131:point groups 1113:1939 - 1102:1939 - 1096: 1084:1937 - 1073:showed that 1064:Hans Boersch 1062:1936 - 1039:1935 - 1033: 1026:Carl Hermann 1019:Laves phases 1005:1934 - 984:Henry Lipson 978:1934 - 967:1934 - 956:1934 - 945:1932 - 926:1932 - 916: 911:1932 - 900:1931 - 890: 887:Carl Hermann 881:1931 - 870:1930 - 837:1929 - 820:Carl Hermann 818:1928 - 807:1928 - 796:1928 - 789:1928 - 778:1928 - 756:1927 - 741:1926 - 730:1924 - 720: 715:1924 - 709: 704:1923 - 688:Hermann Mark 682:1923 - 676: 663:1922 - 652:1922 - 641:1921 - 627:1917 - 618:Pendellösung 612:1916 - 597:1916 - 591: 586:1915 - 568:1913 - 542:1912 - 523:1912 - 514:Max von Laue 512:1912 - 509:from a slit. 494:1905 - 489:20th century 472:1899 - 457:1895 - 448:Pierre Curie 446:1894 - 435:1894 - 418:space groups 399:Otto Lehmann 397:1889 - 382:1888 - 377:translations 363:1879 - 348:1877 - 337:1877 - 311:1850 - 288:1848 - 277:1842 - 266:1840 - 251:1839 - 242:polymorphism 232:1832 - 223:point groups 217:1830 - 206:1826 - 199:1824 - 192:1823 - 185:1822 - 174:1819 - 167:1815 - 160:1815 - 154: 149:1801 - 143: 139: 134:1801 - 129:19th century 110: 103: 88: 83:1772 - 77: 73: 68:1766 - 62: 61:in his book 58: 53:1723 - 48:18th century 36: 30:17th century 17: 15: 14896:Ewald Prize 14664:Diffraction 14642:Diffraction 14625:Diffraction 14567:Bragg plane 14562:Bragg's law 14441:Dislocation 14356:Segregation 14268:Crystallite 14185:Point group 13077:(1): 1–15. 12551:annales.org 12482:(1): 1–26. 9369:: 357–367. 7244:: 273–278. 4591:25 February 4442:: 181–218. 4044:, 1533–1536 3438:: 462–472. 3411:: 421–441. 2603:Tamir Gonen 2402:Janos Hajdu 2357:David Sayre 2334:Jon Gjønnes 2323:Eva Nogales 2232:technique." 2080:class I MHC 2053:Ewald Prize 2035:Ernst Ruska 1979:discovered 1954:Gerd Binnig 1857:icosahedral 1791:(tRNA) for 1781:Alex Rich's 1658:vitamin B12 1588:Alan Mackay 1562:haemoglobin 1417:Jack Dunitz 1390:Bragg peaks 1382:David Sayre 1272:George Pake 1201:shared the 1170:Helen Megaw 1127:John Steeds 1106:discovered 1067: [ 1007:Fritz Laves 902:Fritz Laves 876:Herman Mark 867:tetrahedra. 798:Paul Niggli 786:structures. 751:ionic radii 732:J.D. Bernal 605:discovered 599:Peter Debye 529:Bragg's law 516:discovered 507:diffraction 420:(by adding 373:reflections 240:discovered 178:discovered 15028:Categories 14680:Algorithms 14669:Scattering 14647:Scattering 14630:Scattering 14498:Slip bands 14461:Cross slip 14311:transition 14245:Tetragonal 14235:Monoclinic 14147:Metallurgy 13530:(3): 263. 13504:2024-05-17 12701:2024-05-22 12656:2024-08-19 12581:2024-05-14 12556:2024-05-15 12338:2024-03-26 12313:1910.06389 12067:2024-03-27 11850:: e01345. 10395:2024-05-06 8340:2024-05-11 7947:(7): 784. 7176:(6): 843. 6128:2024-06-03 5860:, 645-649. 5795:(3): 263. 4076:2024-05-14 3266:1123365404 2710:References 2703:terapascal 2498:Luca Bindi 2458:soft X-ray 2376:Omar Yaghi 2353:Janos Kirz 2250:published 1988:nucleosome 1924:Aaron Klug 1915:developed 1835:Delone set 1803:ferrocene. 1709:Aaron Klug 1654:penicillin 1614:Max Perutz 1603:David Blow 1558:Max Perutz 1524:Norio Kato 1466:Franklin's 1365:published 1250:P.P. Ewald 1181:A.F. Wells 1160:perovskite 883:Paul Ewald 809:Hans Bethe 624:of X rays. 548:polytypism 439:, using a 115:goniometer 18:This is a 14787:Databases 14250:Triclinic 14230:Hexagonal 14170:Unit cell 14162:Structure 14075:0108-7673 14001:0108-7673 13935:2329-7778 13884:2052-2525 13825:1742-464X 13784:0108-7673 13726:2052-2525 13667:0961-8368 13626:0108-7673 13585:0959-440X 13552:0004-9506 13410:0108-7673 13377:0889-311X 13336:1529-6466 13268:0084-6589 13210:0009-2665 13169:0108-7681 13099:0010-7514 13022:0044-2313 12975:0889-311X 12934:0035-9149 12885:1878-1535 12844:2073-8994 12783:2052-2525 12742:0889-311X 12631:0108-7673 12531:1433-7851 12456:66--13584 12442:: 93–100. 12387:0028-0836 12275:0028-0836 12219:0028-0836 12164:0028-0836 12109:0009-2665 12025:0036-8075 11970:0036-8075 11866:2050-084X 11659:0028-0836 11562:0036-8075 11515:1749-4885 11347:0232-1300 11222:1434-6060 11152:Structure 10933:1463-9076 10878:0108-7673 10831:0108-7673 10774:0028-0836 10508:1545-9993 10443:2196-7105 10350:0002-7863 10103:0028-0836 10056:0095-2338 9804:0039-6028 9757:0734-2101 9578:0031-9007 9531:0031-9007 9484:0031-9007 9348:0021-8979 9290:0889-311X 9243:0095-2338 9153:, 319-322 9010:0567-7394 8924:0567-7394 8869:0909-0495 8822:0028-0836 8697:0036-8075 8642:0036-8075 8587:0028-0836 8454:0449-1947 8071:0365-110X 8016:0036-8733 7969:0034-6748 7922:0034-6748 7787:0031-9007 7666:0080-4630 7619:0365-110X 7561:900567451 7389:0365-110X 7297:0028-0836 6897:0021-9606 6850:0031-899X 6768:0365-110X 6722:0003-004X 6621:0028-0836 6566:1476-4687 6493:0567-7394 6446:0108-7673 6391:0741-0581 6352:0021-8898 6305:122890943 6223:0003-3804 6176:0003-4169 5671:123199621 5663:1434-6001 5616:0014-7672 5577:100926260 5569:2196-7105 5453:178706417 5410:0028-1042 5336:0950-1207 5215:0003-3804 5168:180664864 5095:171025814 5087:0007-0874 5040:0950-1207 4983:0028-0836 4916:0027-8424 4849:0027-8424 4800:0031-899X 4743:0028-0836 4696:0939-7922 4520:2059-4941 4415:: 22–29. 4367:1941-5982 4328:1941-5982 4289:0003-3804 4242:1434-6001 4022:1481-4374 3981:0028-0836 3934:0028-0836 3846:102105832 3838:2196-7105 3691:0264-3952 3656:0003-3804 3577:0015-0193 3530:0368-3893 3209:0899-0042 3189:Chirality 3173:, 535–538 3012:, 275-290 2984:0073-2672 2836:, 366-370 2088:antigenic 1898:aluminium 1890:Bell Labs 1855:which is 1731:myoglobin 1573:Bell Labs 1551:myoglobin 1530:observed 1409:ferrocene 1214:polytypes 1172:based on 1153:kaolinite 861:silicates 658:mosaicity 636:cellulose 369:rotations 306:isomerism 246:benzamide 157:in Paris. 72:, in his 15000:Category 14835:Journals 14767:OctaDist 14762:JANA2020 14734:Software 14620:Electron 14537:F-center 14324:Eutectic 14285:Fiveling 14280:Twinning 14273:Equiaxed 14083:19349661 13953:38616866 13944:11015943 13902:32148843 13843:24698025 13792:18156675 13744:37668214 13735:10478523 13685:28901632 13634:23250061 13428:23250059 13228:35970513 12814:Symmetry 12801:25610634 12696:21567312 12639:22186283 12539:24065378 12405:35546194 12293:33087931 12227:33087927 12172:33087866 12117:31244003 12033:28082549 11978:28082587 11884:24252878 11825:27708010 11811:(6306). 11790:22437612 11743:21293373 11667:21289625 11570:19498165 11468:14531844 11445:17962520 11383:17952055 11300:18282662 11261:17234347 11174:12575941 11133:11313499 11080:11313498 11027:11283358 10984:10963603 10941:17311144 10886:12832814 10839:12496458 10717:25931551 10190:17810339 9904:11823846 9710:22439175 9437:11779939 9204:19711552 8877:15263469 8705:17731040 8497:23610788 8024:24931809 7875:18990801 7831:18990802 7526:13054693 7483:13054694 7440:13054692 7397:98622295 7120:14834147 7061:14816373 6501:98184340 5851:und MgZn 5832:, 59-66. 5476:29150452 5048:98311959 4934:16587378 4867:16587341 4528:43428597 4504:"Quartz" 3373:37032972 3364:10077860 3227:34363261 2992:27757472 2760:24065378 2611:lysozyme 2506:Peter Lu 2460:regime, 2136:β-barrel 2123:defined 1859:in form. 1673:Lysozyme 1542:in 1968. 1475:'s book 1350:and the 784:feldspar 736:graphite 725:electron 482:Angstrom 93:twinning 20:timeline 15012:Commons 14960:Germany 14637:Neutron 14527:Vacancy 14386:Defects 14371:GP-zone 14217:Systems 14055:Bibcode 14022:Bibcode 13981:Bibcode 13893:7055388 13864:Bibcode 13834:6309182 13706:Bibcode 13676:5734308 13593:9345626 13532:Bibcode 13456:Bibcode 13419:3526866 13357:Bibcode 13316:Bibcode 13276:4567759 13219:9479085 13177:8900031 13149:Bibcode 13116:Bibcode 13079:Bibcode 12955:Bibcode 12865:Bibcode 12822:Bibcode 12792:4285887 12763:Bibcode 12722:Bibcode 12611:Bibcode 12484:Bibcode 12396:9095484 12367:Bibcode 12284:7611073 12255:Bibcode 12199:Bibcode 12144:Bibcode 12005:Bibcode 11997:Science 11950:Bibcode 11942:Science 11875:3831942 11805:Science 11770:Bibcode 11734:3429598 11713:Bibcode 11675:4310850 11639:Bibcode 11542:Bibcode 11534:Science 11495:Bibcode 11436:2583103 11415:Bibcode 11407:Science 11327:Bibcode 11202:Bibcode 11103:Bibcode 11095:Science 11050:Bibcode 11042:Science 11007:Bibcode 10999:Science 10964:Bibcode 10913:Bibcode 10801:Bibcode 10744:Bibcode 10697:Bibcode 10689:Science 10662:Bibcode 10627:Bibcode 10600:9989499 10559:9428769 10539:Bibcode 10516:9360606 10423:Bibcode 10269:8065448 10234:9757107 10214:Bibcode 10170:Bibcode 10162:Science 10129:Bibcode 10083:Bibcode 10005:Bibcode 9978:1721242 9958:Bibcode 9950:Science 9869:3309677 9849:Bibcode 9784:Bibcode 9737:Bibcode 9690:Bibcode 9656:6482966 9636:Bibcode 9601:Bibcode 9558:Bibcode 9511:Bibcode 9464:Bibcode 9328:Bibcode 9270:Bibcode 9184:Bibcode 9104:1028188 9054:4566654 9034:Bibcode 9026:Science 8990:Bibcode 8951:Bibcode 8904:Bibcode 8849:Bibcode 8802:Bibcode 8775:4937078 8755:Bibcode 8677:Bibcode 8669:Science 8650:1188354 8622:Bibcode 8614:Science 8595:5343513 8567:Bibcode 8540:4932997 8520:Bibcode 8477:Bibcode 8403:Bibcode 8364:Bibcode 8299:5840126 8279:Bibcode 8256:5891407 8236:Bibcode 8190:Bibcode 8151:Bibcode 8094:Bibcode 8051:Bibcode 7996:Bibcode 7949:Bibcode 7902:Bibcode 7855:Bibcode 7811:Bibcode 7767:Bibcode 7728:Bibcode 7646:Bibcode 7599:Bibcode 7506:Bibcode 7463:Bibcode 7420:Bibcode 7367:Bibcode 7324:Bibcode 7277:Bibcode 7178:Bibcode 7111:1063350 7088:Bibcode 7052:1063337 7029:Bibcode 6990:Bibcode 6955:Bibcode 6920:Bibcode 6877:Bibcode 6830:Bibcode 6791:Bibcode 6748:Bibcode 6665:Bibcode 6643:1319058 6601:Bibcode 6574:4054610 6546:Bibcode 6473:Bibcode 6426:Bibcode 6399:2681572 6332:Bibcode 6285:Bibcode 6246:Bibcode 6203:Bibcode 6156:Bibcode 6094:2365578 6047:Bibcode 5997:Bibcode 5930:2131165 5797:Bibcode 5760:Bibcode 5694:Bibcode 5643:Bibcode 5418:9815364 5390:Bibcode 5195:Bibcode 5131:Bibcode 5018:Bibcode 4991:4122313 4961:Bibcode 4925:1085652 4894:Bibcode 4858:1085484 4827:Bibcode 4778:Bibcode 4751:4104602 4723:Bibcode 4676:Bibcode 4620:Bibcode 4475:Bibcode 4389:3557642 4269:Bibcode 4176:Bibcode 4141:Bibcode 3961:Bibcode 3914:Bibcode 3873:Bibcode 3802:, 43-57 3757:Bibcode 3718:Bibcode 3636:Bibcode 3557:Bibcode 3494:, 1–63. 3464:, 1-146 3343:Bibcode 3247:, 1-128 3218:9291139 2866:, Paris 2853:, 33-39 2705:regime. 2456:in the 2416:(XFEL). 2410:Sayre's 2315:tubulin 2095:T cells 2091:peptide 1724:insulin 1352:β-sheet 1348:α-helix 1059:gases." 1053:α-helix 1045:keratin 1032:as the 830:called 588:William 572:stated 405:, used 124:faces". 14955:France 14950:Europe 14883:Awards 14413:Growth 14263:Growth 14081: 14073: 13999: 13951: 13941: 13933: 13900: 13890: 13882: 13841: 13831: 13823: 13790: 13782: 13742: 13732: 13724: 13683: 13673: 13665: 13632: 13624: 13591: 13583: 13550: 13495: 13426: 13416: 13408: 13375: 13334: 13291: 13274: 13266: 13226: 13216: 13208: 13175: 13167: 13097: 13047: 13020: 12989: 12973: 12932: 12883: 12842: 12799: 12789: 12781: 12740: 12694: 12684: 12637: 12629: 12537: 12529: 12454: 12403: 12393: 12385: 12359:Nature 12291: 12281: 12273: 12247:Nature 12225: 12217: 12191:Nature 12170: 12162: 12136:Nature 12115: 12107: 12031: 12023: 11976: 11968: 11905: 11882: 11872: 11864: 11823: 11788: 11762:Nature 11741: 11731: 11705:Nature 11673: 11665: 11657: 11631:Nature 11568: 11560: 11513: 11466: 11443: 11433: 11381: 11363:Nature 11345: 11298: 11259: 11220: 11172: 11131: 11078: 11025: 10982: 10956:Nature 10939: 10931: 10884: 10876: 10837: 10829: 10772: 10736:Nature 10715: 10654:Nature 10598: 10557: 10531:Nature 10514: 10506: 10441: 10372: 10348: 10267: 10249:Nature 10232: 10188: 10101: 10075:Nature 10054: 9976: 9935: 9902: 9884:Nature 9867: 9841:Nature 9802: 9755: 9708: 9682:Nature 9654: 9628:Nature 9576: 9529: 9482: 9435: 9346: 9288: 9241: 9202: 9176:Nature 9102: 9052: 9008: 8922: 8875: 8867: 8820: 8794:Nature 8773: 8747:Nature 8703: 8695: 8648: 8640: 8593: 8585: 8559:Nature 8538: 8512:Nature 8495: 8469:Nature 8452: 8297: 8271:Nature 8254: 8228:Nature 8069: 8022: 8014: 7967: 7920: 7873: 7847:Nature 7829: 7803:Nature 7785: 7697: 7664: 7617: 7559: 7549: 7524: 7498:Nature 7481: 7455:Nature 7438: 7412:Nature 7395: 7387: 7295: 7269:Nature 7157:530340 7155: 7118: 7108: 7059: 7049: 6982:Nature 6895: 6848: 6766: 6720: 6641: 6619: 6593:Nature 6572: 6564: 6538:Nature 6499: 6491: 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