Justus von Liebig - Knowledge

4448: 1175:(organic decomposition), describing the rearrangement of atoms as a result of unstable "affinities" reacting to external causes such as air or already decaying substances. Liebig identified the blood as the site of the body's "chemical factory", where he believed processes of synthesis and degradation took place. He presented a view of disease in terms of chemical process, in which healthy blood could be attacked by external contagia; secreting organs sought to transform and excrete such substances; and failure to do so could lead to their elimination through the skin, lungs, and other organs, potentially spreading contagion. Again, although the world was much more complicated than his theory, and many of his individual ideas were later proved wrong, Liebig managed to synthesize existing knowledge in a way that had significant implications for doctors, sanitarians, and social reformers. The English medical journal 1650:. He also became the Royal scientific advisor to King Maxilimian II, who hoped to transform the University of Munich into a center for scientific research and development. In part, Liebig accepted the post because, at age 50, he was finding supervision of large numbers of laboratory students increasingly difficult. His new accommodations in Munich reflected this shift in focus. They included a comfortable house suitable for extensive entertaining, a small laboratory, and a newly built lecture theatre capable of holding 300 people with a demonstration laboratory at the front. There, he gave lectures to the university and fortnightly to the public. In his position as a promoter of science, Liebig was appointed president of the 899: 1238: 820:

oxygen. A charcoal furnace (a sheet steel tray in which the combustion tube was laid) was used for the combustion. Weighing carbon and hydrogen directly, rather than estimating them volumetrically, significantly increased the method's accuracy of measurement. Liebig's assistant, Carl Ettling, perfected glass-blowing techniques for producing the Kaliapparat and demonstrated them to visitors. Liebig's kaliapparat simplified the method of quantitative organic analysis and rendered it routine. Brock suggests that the availability of a superior technical apparatus was one reason why Liebig was able to attract so many students to his laboratory. His method of

707: 756: 1144:, presenting a chemical theory of metabolism. The experimental techniques used by Liebig and others often involved controlling and measuring diet, and monitoring and analyzing the products of animal metabolism, as indicators of internal metabolic processes. Liebig saw similarities between plant and animal metabolism, and suggested that nitrogenous animal matter was similar to, and derived from, plant matter. He categorized foodstuffs into two groups, nitrogenous materials which he believed were used to build animal tissue, and non-nitrogenous materials which he believed were involved in separate processes of respiration and generation of heat. 1088:), stating that plant growth is not determined by the total resources available, but by the scarcest available resource. A plant's development is limited by the one essential mineral that is in the relatively shortest supply. This concept of limitation can be visualized as "Liebig's barrel", a metaphorical barrel in which each stave represents a different element. A nutrient stave that is shorter than the others will cause the liquid contained in the barrel to spill out at that level. This is a qualitative version of the principles used for determining the application of fertilizer in modern agriculture. 891: 882:. Liebig developed blemish-free mirrors by adding copper to ammoniated silver nitrate and sugar. An attempt to commercialize the process and "drive out mercury mirror-making and its injurious influence on workers' health" was unsuccessful. Liebig's mirrors struggled commercially due to poor glass, which produced an off-color, greenish-yellow reflection. Rudely, Liebig commented that Frenchwomen especially hated his mirrors because Frenchwomen already looked yellow and sickly, and the mirrors just reminded them how ugly they were. 649: 699: 1715: 719:

of 17 December 1825, they ruled that any such institution would have to be a private venture. This decision worked to Liebig's advantage. As an independent venture, he could ignore university rules and accept matriculated and unmatriculated students. Liebig's institute was widely advertised in pharmaceutical journals and opened in 1826. Its classes in practical chemistry and laboratory procedures for chemical analysis were taught in addition to Liebig's formal courses at the university.

784: 1055:(1804), suggested that carbon was obtained from atmospheric rather than soil-based sources. It also indicated that water was a likely source of hydrogen. He also studied the absorption of minerals by plants, and observed that mineral concentrations in plants tended to reflect their presence in the soil in which the plants were grown. However, the implications of De Saussure's results for theories of plant nutrition were neither clearly discussed nor easily understood. 40: 772: 1707: 527: 4516: 1249: 1210:(1847) Liebig argued that eating not only meat fibre, but also meat juices, which contained various inorganic chemicals, was important. These vital ingredients would be lost during conventional boiling or roasting in which cooking liquids were discarded. For optimum nutritional quality, Liebig advised that cooks should either sear the meat initially to retain fluids, or retain and use cooking liquids (as in soups or stews). 1077: 4467: 982:"The production of all organic substances no longer belongs just to living organisms. It must be seen as not only probable, but as certain, that we shall be able to produce them in our laboratories. Sugar, salicin, and morphine will be artificially produced. Of course, we do not yet know how to do this, because we do not yet know the precursors from which these compounds arise, but we shall come to know them." 954:

isolated individual substances, but also studied their interrelationships and the ways in which they degraded and metamorphosed into other substances, looking for clues to the understanding of both chemical composition and physiological function. Other significant contributions by Liebig during this time include his examination of the nitrogen content of bases; the study of chlorination and the isolation of

1160:

within a healthy body and result in pathological imbalances in cases of illness or inappropriate nutrition. This proposed model was justifiably criticized. Berzelius stingingly stated that "this facile kind of physiological chemistry is created at the writing table". Some of the ideas that Liebig had enthusiastically incorporated were not supported by further research. The third and last edition of

620:(a nationalist student organization), but also because of his hopes for more advanced chemical studies. The circumstances are clouded by possible scandal. Some scholars argue that he fled to Paris because of his involvement in radical student groups. In late October 1822, Liebig went to Paris to study on a grant obtained for him by Kastner from the 676:

in which pharmacy was taught by Liebig and became the responsibility of the faculty of arts, rather than the faculty of medicine. Zimmermann found himself competing unsuccessfully with Liebig for students and their lecture fees. He refused to allow Liebig to use existing space and equipment and finally committed

1914:

at Munich and members of the Liebig family. They were empowered to award gold and silver Liebig Medals to deserving German scientists "for the purpose of encouraging research in agricultural science". Silver medals could be awarded to scientists from other countries. Some of those who received medals

718:

Liebig and several associates proposed to create an institute for pharmacy and manufacturing within the university. The Senate, however, uncompromisingly rejected their idea, stating that training "apothecaries, soapmakers, beer-brewers, dyers and vinegar-distillers" was not the university's task. As

1155:

believed that animals assimilated sugars, proteins, and fats from plant materials and that animals could not synthesize complex molecules. Liebig's work suggested a common ability of plants and animals to synthesize complex molecules from simpler ones. His experiments on fat metabolism convinced him

1094:

was not intended as a guide to practical agriculture. Liebig's lack of experience in practical applications, and differences between editions of the book, fueled considerable criticism. Nonetheless, Liebig's writings had a profound impact on agriculture, spurring experiment and theoretical debate in

1058:

Liebig reaffirmed the importance of De Saussures' findings, and used them to critique humus theories, while regretting the limitations of De Saussure's experimental techniques. Using more precise methods of measurement as a basis for estimation, he pointed out contradictions such as the inability of

1298:

before the creation of any particular company. The judge asserted that "Purchasers must use their eyes", and considered the presentation of the products to be sufficiently different to enable the discriminating consumer to determine which of the products bore Liebig's signature and was supported by

1113:

He later became convinced that nitrogen was sufficiently supplied by precipitation of ammonia from the atmosphere, and argued vehemently against the use of nitrogen-based fertilizers for many years. An early commercial attempt to produce his own fertilizers was unsuccessful, due to lack of nitrogen

675:

His situation was complicated by the presence of existing faculty: Professor Wilhelm Zimmermann (1780–1825) taught general chemistry as part of the philosophy faculty, leaving medical chemistry and pharmacy to Professor Philipp Vogt in the medical faculty. Vogt was happy to support a reorganization

1386:

substitute for babies who could not breast-feed. However, the product proved controversial, even though Liebig did not make any royalties off it. Liebig first came up with the idea based on the struggles of his favorite daughter, Johanna, who struggled to breastfeed her daughter, Carolina, who was

1159:

Liebig also studied respiration, at one point measuring the "ingesta and excreta" of 855 soldiers, a bodyguard of the Grand Duke of Hessen-Darmstadt, for an entire month. He outlined an extremely speculative model of equations in which he attempted to explain how protein degradation might balance

1063:

were using Liebig's methods of combustion analysis to assess manures, concluding that their value could be attributed to their constituent minerals. Liebig synthesized ideas about the mineral theory of plant nutrition and added his own conviction that inorganic materials could provide nutrients as

953:

The 1830s were a period of intense investigation of organic compounds by Liebig and his students, and of vigorous debate about the theoretical implications of their results. Liebig published on a wide variety of topics, personally averaging 30 papers per year between 1830 and 1840. Liebig not only

1672:. Liebig had previously scorned philologists like Thiersch in articles. (Liebig promoted science over supposedly impractical fields like the classics.) But Liebig's most beloved daughter, Johanna, fell in love with Thiersch's second son, Karl, who had studied medicine in several cities, including 1046:

Early studies of photosynthesis had identified carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen as important, but disagreed over their sources and mechanisms of action. Carbon dioxide was known to be taken in and oxygen released during photosynthesis, but researchers suggested that oxygen was obtained from

1266:

Building on his theories of the nutritional value of meat fluids, and seeking an inexpensive nutrition source for Europe's poor, Liebig developed a formula for producing beef extract. The details were published in 1847 so that "the benefit of it should ... be placed at the command of as large a

1026:

Liebig's book discussed chemical transformations within living systems, both plant and animal, outlining a theoretical approach to agricultural chemistry. The book's first part focused on plant nutrition; the second was on chemical mechanisms of putrefaction and decay. Liebig's awareness of both

722:

From 1825 to 1835, the laboratory was housed in the guardroom of a disused barracks on the edge of town. The main laboratory space was about 38 m (410 sq ft) in size and included a small lecture room, a storage closet, and a main room with ovens and work tables. An open colonnade

1906:

Some organizations have granted medals in honor of Liebig. In 1871, the Versammlung deutscher Land- und Forstwirte (Assembly of German Farmers and Foresters) was first awarded a Liebig Gold Medal, given to Theodor Reuning. The image was struck from a portrait commissioned in 1869 from Friedrich

1042:

in plant nutrition, which held that decayed plant matter was the primary source of carbon for plant nutrition. Fertilizers were believed to act by breaking down humus, making it easier for plants to absorb. Associated with such ideas was the belief that some sort of "vital force" distinguished

819:

solution in the three lower bulbs and used to measure the weight of carbon in the sample. For any substance consisting only of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, the percentage of oxygen was found by subtracting the carbon and hydrogen percentages from 100%; the remainder must be the percentage of

726:

Liebig was one of the first chemists to organize a laboratory in its present form, engaging with students in empirical research on a large scale through a combination of research and teaching. His methods of organic analysis enabled him to direct the analytical work of many graduate students.

1181:

reviewed Liebig's work and translated his chemical lectures as part of its mission to establish a new era of medicine. Liebig's ideas stimulated significant medical research, led to the development of better techniques for testing experimental models of metabolism, and pointed to chemistry as

689:

Liebig married Henriette "Jettchen" Moldenhauer (1807–1881), the daughter of a state official, in May 1826. They had five children: Georg (1827–1903), Agnes (1828–1862), Hermann (1831–1894), Johanna (1836–1925), and Marie (1845–1920). Although Liebig was Lutheran and Jettchen Catholic, their

1391:, a common but controversial practice at the time.) Carolina, according to Liebig, thrived on the formula. But other scientists were skeptical. One of them, a French doctor in Paris named Jean-Anne-Henri Depaul, decided to test his formula on four infants whose mothers could not suckle. 937:

In 1832, Liebig and Friedrich Wöhler published an investigation of the oil of bitter almonds. They transformed pure oil into several halogenated compounds, which were further transformed in other reactions. Throughout these transformations, "a single compound" (which they named

1106:. In the first two editions of his book (1840, 1842), Liebig reported that the atmosphere contained insufficient nitrogen, and argued that nitrogen-based fertilizer was needed to grow the healthiest possible crops. Liebig believed that nitrogen could be supplied in the form of 1441:

has written, "He worried that the substance would either spoil in liquid form or lose its nutritive quality and convenience in solid form." Upon hearing Guibourt speak, Depaul felt it incumbent upon him to speak as well, and mentioned his experiments with Liebig's formula.

942:) "preserves its nature and composition unchanged in nearly all its associations with other bodies." Their experiments proved that a group of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms could behave like an element, take the place of an element, and can be exchanged for elements in 1841:, "for his numerous valuable researches and writings, which have contributed most importantly to the development of food-economy and agriculture, to the advancement of chemical science, and to the benefits derived from that science by Arts, Manufactures, and Commerce." 1072:

O). In addition to emphasizing the importance of minerals in the soil, he argued that plants feed on nitrogen compounds derived from the air. This assertion was a source of contention for many years, and turned out to be true for legumes, but not for other plants.

1614:

in part because it promoted science as a means to social and political progress, but also because Mill featured several examples of Liebig's research as an ideal for the scientific method. In this way, he sought to reform politics in the German states.

636:(1769–1832). Liebig's doctorate from Erlangen was conferred on 23 June 1823, a considerable time after he left, as a result of Kastner's intervention on his behalf. Kastner pleaded that the requirement of a dissertation be waived and the degree granted 1067:

In his theory of mineral nutrients, Liebig identified the chemical elements of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) as essential to plant growth. He reported that plants acquire carbon (C) and hydrogen (H) from the atmosphere and from water

731:

His laboratory became renowned as a model institution for the teaching of practical chemistry. It was also significant for its emphasis on applying discoveries in fundamental research to the development of specific chemical processes and products.

573:

was among the hardest-hit nations in the global famine that ensued, and the experience is said to have shaped Liebig's later work. Due in part to Liebig's innovations in fertilizers and agriculture, the 1816 famine became known as "the last great

1293:

Other companies also attempted to market meat extracts under the name "Liebig's Extract of Meat". In Britain, a competitor's right to use the name was successfully defended on the grounds that the name had fallen into general use and become a

973:

Writing about the analysis of urine, a complex organic product, he made a declaration that reveals both the changes that were occurring in chemistry over a short time and the impact of his own work. At a time when many chemists such as

1307:

ran an experiment involving feeding the extract to a number of dogs. Every one of the dogs died. After claims of its nutritional value were questioned, the company emphasized its convenience and flavor, marketing it as a comfort food.

1302:

Liebig's company initially promoted their "meat tea" for its curative powers and nutritional value as a cheap, nutritious alternative to real meat. But such claims did not hold up to scrutiny. In 1868 the German physiologist

1545:

and elsewhere, in newspapers and journals. Most of his books were published concurrently in both German and English, and many were translated into other languages, as well. Some of his most influential titles include:

478:, he devised the modern laboratory-oriented teaching method, and for such innovations, he is regarded as one of the most outstanding chemistry teachers of all time. He has been described as the "father of the 1878:

In 1953, the third General Assembly of the International Scientific Centre of Fertilizers (CIEC), founded in 1932, was organized in Darmstadt to honor Justus von Liebig on the 150th anniversary of his birth.

2966: 5180: 1978:

At the third World Congress of CIEC, held at Heidelberg in 1957, the "Sprengel-Liebig Medal" was awarded to Dr. E. Feisst, president of CIEC, for outstanding contributions in agricultural chemistry.

1117:

Liebig's difficulties in reconciling theory and practice reflected that the real world of agriculture was more complex than was at first realized. By the publication of the seventh German edition of

991:

Liebig's arguments against any chemical distinction between living (physiological) and dead chemical processes proved a great inspiration to several of his students and others who were interested in

1683:

Liebig enjoyed a personal friendship with Maximilian II, who died on 10 March 1864. After Maximilian's death, Liebig and other liberal Protestant scientists in Bavaria were increasingly opposed by

1023:) (1840) promoted the idea that chemistry could revolutionize agricultural practice, increasing yields and lowering costs. It was widely translated, vociferously critiqued, and highly influential. 1125:

for nitrogen. In 1863 he published the book "Es ist ja die Spitze meines lebens" in which he revised his early perceptions, now appreciating soil life and in particular the biological N fixation.

803:, before Liebig developed his version of an apparatus for determining the carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen content of organic substances in 1830. It involved an array of five glass bulbs, called a 807:, to trap the oxidation product of the carbon in the sample following its combustion. Before reaching the Kaliapparat, the combustion gases were conducted through a tube containing hygroscopic 672:. Liebig's appointment was part of an attempt to modernize the University of Giessen and attract more students. He received a small stipend, without laboratory funding or access to facilities. 1680:. Johanna and Karl reportedly had a happy marriage, producing six children: four daughters and two sons. It was fairly common for the sons and daughters of academics to marry in Germany then. 581:

Liebig attended grammar school at the Ludwig-Georgs-Gymnasium in Darmstadt, from the ages of 8 to 14. Leaving without a certificate of completion, he was apprenticed for several months to the

5160: 1047:

carbon dioxide, rather than from water. Hydrogen was believed to come primarily from water. Researchers disagreed about whether sources of carbon and nitrogen were atmospheric or soil-based.

1121:

he had moderated some of his views, admitting some mistakes and returning to the position that nitrogen-based fertilizers were beneficial or even necessary.He was instrumental in the use of

795:

was the lack of instruments and methods of analysis to support accurate, replicable analyses of organic materials. Many chemists worked on the problem of organic analysis, including French

723:

outside could be used for dangerous reactions. Liebig could work there with eight or nine students at a time. He lived in a cramped apartment with his wife and children on the floor above.

5145: 680:

on 19 July 1825. The deaths of Zimmermann and Professor Blumhof, who taught technology and mining, opened the way for Liebig to apply for a full professorship. Liebig was appointed to the

3727: 1624: 4643: 4555: 1156:

that animals must be able to synthesize fats from sugars and starches. Other researchers built upon his work, confirming the abilities of animals to synthesize sugar and build fat.

498:, which states that plant growth is limited by the scarcest nutrient resource, rather than the total amount of resources available. He also developed a manufacturing process for 5175: 3771:

Biographical dictionary of medallists : coin-, gem-, and seal-engravers, mint-masters, &c., ancient and modern, with references to their works : B.C. 500-A.D. 1900

4628: 1410:) and 2.64 kg (5.82 lbs.). Both died within two days. Depaul tried it on a third baby, born full-term at 3.37 kg (7.43 lbs.); it soon began passing green " 1126: 2740: 1414:" and died within three days. A fourth child, weighing 2.76 kg, also developed green stools and died within four days. At this point, Depaul stopped the experiment. 4570: 4540: 1279: 740: 5155: 3859:

History of the University of Michigan, by the late Burke A. Hinsdale, with biographical sketches of the regents and members of the university Senate from 1837 to 1906

1206:

Liebig drew upon his work in plant nutrition and plant and animal metabolism to develop a theory of nutrition, which had significant implications for cookery. In his

5165: 4680: 4157:

Kirschke, Martin (2003), "Liebig, his university professor Karl Wilhelm Gottlob Kastner (1783–1857) and his problematic relation with romantic natural philosophy.",

739:

to include the institute within the university. In 1839, he obtained government funds to build a lecture theatre and two separate laboratories designed by architect

463:(12 May 1803 – 20 April 1873) was a German scientist who made major contributions to the theory, practice, and pedagogy of chemistry, as well as to agricultural and 2981: 3831:

Agricultural investigations at Rothamsted, England, during a period of fifty years: Six lectures delivered under the provisions of the Lawes agricultural trust

4600: 2808: 926:

found by Wöhler, was not. After reviewing the disputed analyses together, they agreed that both were valid. The discovery of these and other substances led

5190: 5140: 3278: 727:

Liebig's students were from many of the German states, as well as Britain and the United States. They helped create an international reputation for their

1350:" trademark. Oxo was trademarked worldwide in 1899 and in the United Kingdom in 1900. Originally a liquid, Oxo was released in cubed solid form in 1911. 2247: 840: 664:

Liebig left Paris to return to Darmstadt in April 1824. On 26 May 1824, at the age of 21 and with Humboldt's recommendation, Liebig became a professor

1972: 1328: 5135: 2203: 2588:

Jackson, Catherine M. (September 2014). "Synthetical Experiments and Alkaloid Analogues: Liebig, Hofmann, and the Origins of Organic Synthesis".

1015:

By the 1840s, Liebig was attempting to apply theoretical knowledge from organic chemistry to real-world problems of food availability. His book

3734: 690:

differences in religion appear to have been resolved amicably by bringing their sons up in the Lutheran faith and their daughters as Catholics.

4212: 1745: 1607: 1217:

for revealing "the true principles of cookery", and physicians promoted "rational diets" based on his ideas. Well-known British cookery writer

5170: 5120: 4673: 4523: 1759:"for his discoveries in organic chemistry, and particularly for his development of the composition and theory of organic radicals" in 1840. 1358:

Liebig studied other foods, as well. He promoted the use of baking powder to make lighter bread, studied the chemistry of coffee-making and

5185: 747:

and venting chimneys. By 1852, when he left Giessen for Munich, more than 700 students of chemistry and pharmacy had studied with Liebig.

1911: 1651: 1628: 1449:

questions were quickly raised. Publications in France generally supported Depaul, while German publications rallied to Liebig's defense.

4605: 878:

approached Liebig in 1856 to see if he could develop a silvering technique capable of producing high-quality optical mirrors for use in

1128:

Nitrogen fertilizers are now widely used throughout the world, and their production is a substantial segment of the chemical industry.

1589: 1554: 934:, substances that are defined not simply by the number and kind of atoms in the molecule, but also by the arrangement of those atoms. 198: 4585: 1524:

to more accurately reflect its content. It became the leading journal of organic chemistry, and still exists, albeit under the name

4774: 4666: 416: 811:, which absorbed and retained the oxidation product of the hydrogen of the sample, namely water vapor. Next, in the Kaliapparat, 5150: 4614: 3644: 2744: 1311:

The Liebig company worked with popular cookery writers in various countries to popularize their products. German cookery writer

5105: 1647: 1339:

extolled the benefits of Liebig's extract. Colorful calendars and trading cards were also marketed to popularize the product.

5100: 4274: 3495: 3468: 3157: 2878: 2180: 2063: 1763: 1526: 1426: 824:

was used pharmaceutically, and certainly made possible many contributions to organic, agricultural and biological chemistry.

597:

that reflects or covers a debt or purchase obligation). He worked with his father for the next two years, then attended the

4509: 1834: 244: 2520: 995:. Though Liebig distanced himself from the direct political implications of materialism, he tacitly supported the work of 3618: 3181: 1421:. And while didn't want to say anything at first, he felt he had to after another member of the Academy rose to speak, a 1418: 1283: 1261: 1242: 1136:

Liebig's work on applying chemistry to plant and animal physiology was especially influential. By 1842, he had published

1059:

existing soil humus to provide enough carbon to support the plants growing in it. By the late 1830s, researchers such as

711: 4004: 3857: 3588: 2169:(UNIDO), International Fertilizer Development Center (IFDC), United Nations Industrial Development Organization (1998). 2116: 5130: 5115: 4970: 2552:"Ueber einen neuen Apparat zur Analyse organischer Körper, und über die Zusammensetzung einiger organischen Substanzen" 4487: 3080: 4059: 3015: 2901: 2477: 2433: 1723: 854:

Although it was not widely adopted until after Liebig's death, when safety legislation finally prohibited the use of

355: 4982: 3511: 2087: 4618: 832: 827:

Liebig also popularized the use of a counter-current water-cooling system for distillation, still referred to as a

4412: 3733:. International Scientific Centre of Fertilizers Centre International des Engrais Chimiques (CIEC). Archived from 5110: 1960: 1820: 1458: 73: 3059: 1048: 4575: 3918: 3783: 3318: 3254: 2218: 1827: 1085: 503: 1934:, United States, "for meritorious work in the investigation of the physical and chemical properties of soils." 1267:

number of persons as possible by the extension of the manufacture, and consequently a reduction in the cost".

4918: 1738: 1643: 1278:, meat was an inexpensive byproduct of the leather industry. In 1865, Liebig partnered with Belgian engineer 686:

chair in chemistry on 7 December 1825, receiving a considerably increased salary and a laboratory allowance.

2259: 898: 4870: 4095:

Janus; revue internationale de l'histoire des sciences, de la médecine, de la pharmacie, et de la technique

1734: 1186: 1114:

in the mixtures. When tested in a farmer's field, Liebig's manure was found to have no appreciable effect.

1110:, and recognized the possibility of substituting chemical fertilizers for natural ones (animal dung, etc.) 602: 295: 3218: 1857:

from 1935 until 1945. Printing ceased in 1945 but the note remained in circulation until the issue of the

1606:

Liebig had a close friendship with the Vieweg family publishing house. He arranged for his former student

4790: 4505: 2148: 836: 163: 4590: 5085: 4858: 4718: 3485: 3458: 2935: 2450: 1887: 1237: 1152: 436: 426: 350: 4946: 4545: 3375:

Schmidgen, H. (2003). "Wundt as chemist? A fresh look at his practice and theory of experimentation".

1530:

after several mergers with other journals. The volumes from his lifetime are often referenced just as

1501: 1477: 4648: 3559: 2829:"Politics by Other Means: Justus von Liebig and the German Translation of John Stuart Mill's "Logic"" 1635: 910:. They met in 1826 in Frankfurt, after independently reporting on the preparation of two substances, 875: 617: 558: 345: 1864:

In 1946, after the end of World War II, the University of Giessen was officially renamed after him,

1595:

In addition to books and articles, he wrote thousands of letters, most of them to other scientists.

4890: 2092: 2027: 2015: 1744:

In 1838, he became a correspondent of the Royal Institute of the Netherlands; when that became the

4822: 3775: 1491: 4758: 4560: 4093:

Glas, E. (1976), "The Liebig-Mulder controversy. On the methodology of physiological chemistry",

1987: 1931: 1895: 1438: 978:

still insisted on a hard and fast separation between the organic and inorganic, Liebig asserted:

796: 706: 625: 20: 4934: 4910: 3535:"Adjudication of the Medals of the Royal Society for the year 1840 by the President and Council" 975: 927: 800: 755: 5125: 4710: 4633: 3277:

Engberts, Jan B. F. N.; Hafner, Klaus; Hopf, Henning (20 September 1997). Temme, Robert (ed.).

2154: 1910:

For several years, the Liebig Trust Fund, established by Baron Liebig, was administered by the

1171:

was fermentation and putrefaction. Liebig proposed chemical explanations for processes such as

682: 629: 606: 320: 143: 115: 4492: 3941: 3908: 3695: 3669: 3534: 3308: 3147: 3106: 2053: 1808: 1346:

to develop a related product, which it registered some years after Liebig's death, under the "

193: 4950: 4782: 4266: 3882: 3802: 3244: 3035: 2866: 2702:

Esteban, Soledad (September 2008). "Liebig–Wöhler Controversy and the Concept of Isomerism".

2227: 2170: 1838: 879: 669: 475: 330: 275: 3835: 2767: 2624: 890: 5095: 5090: 5062: 4958: 4742: 4536: 4528: 4496: 4481: 4306: 4301: 2711: 2659: 2563: 1924: 1787: 1610:(1813–1889) to translate Mill's important work for German publication. Liebig liked Mill's 1343: 1028: 835:, who had made improvements in 1794 to a design discovered independently by German chemist 542:

family of Johann Georg Liebig and Maria Caroline Möser in early May 1803. His father was a

514:. He popularized an earlier invention for condensing vapors, which came to be known as the 280: 168: 148: 3064: 2609: 1963:(Association of German Chemists) also had a medal struck using Brehmer's portrait. Their 1695: 1411: 8: 5006: 4926: 4898: 3769: 1872: 1813: 1148: 821: 816: 653: 562: 365: 340: 178: 173: 2715: 2663: 2567: 907: 5054: 4327: 3392: 2605: 2497: 2197: 2099: 1942: 1938: 1665: 1574:

Animal chemistry, or, Organic chemistry in its applications to physiology and pathology

1394:

Liebig himself prepared the first batches of formula. Depaul first gave it to a set of

1142:

Animal Chemistry, or, Organic Chemistry in its Applications to Physiology and Pathology

598: 575: 495: 183: 110: 95: 3342: 3081:"The Liebig chromolithographs, origins of bouillon, Marmite, Oxo and Campbell's soups" 1580:

Familiar letters on chemistry and its relation to commerce, physiology and agriculture

5030: 4443: 4399: 4375: 4351: 4319: 4289: 4270: 4257: 4247: 4170: 4146: 4130: 4114: 4098: 4082: 4055: 4039: 3914: 3829: 3809:. Vol. 46, no. 16. California Digital Newspaper Collection. 14 October 1893 3779: 3491: 3464: 3439: 3400: 3314: 3250: 3153: 3011: 2921: 2874: 2840: 2645: 2473: 2429: 2176: 2147: 2059: 1920: 1312: 1270:

Production was not economically feasible in Europe, where meat was expensive, but in

943: 855: 792: 550:, which he developed in his own workshop. From childhood, Justus was fascinated with 471: 421: 380: 158: 4866: 4331: 1551:

Ueber das Studium der Naturwissenschaften und über den Zustand der Chemie in Preußen

1221:

responded to Liebig by modifying the cookery techniques in the third edition of her

1004: 918:, that apparently had the same composition, but very different characteristics. The 866:

that eventually became the basis of modern mirror-making. In 1835, he reported that

5046: 4998: 4842: 4766: 4726: 4452: 4421: 4391: 4367: 4343: 4311: 4237: 4221: 4194: 4162: 4074: 3953: 3431: 3384: 3193: 2787: 2779: 2719: 2667: 2597: 2571: 1992: 1968: 1891: 1883: 1599: 1000: 919: 828: 808: 736: 648: 515: 290: 188: 4069:

Buttner, J. (2000), "Justus von Liebig and his influence on clinical chemistry.",

1654:, becoming perpetual president of the Royal Bavarian Academy of Sciences in 1858. 1417:

At first, Depaul kept the experiment to himself. But he attended a meeting of the

411: 5022: 5014: 4962: 4938: 4906: 4814: 4501: 4263:

The Emergence of Agricultural Science: Justus Liebig and the Americans, 1840-1880

3957: 3710: 3130: 2685: 2021: 1975:

of the Badische Anilin- und Soda-Fabrik. As of 2024, it continues to be awarded.

1767: 1512: 1496: 1472: 1434: 1320: 1275: 950:, which can be seen as an early step in the development of structural chemistry. 698: 566: 375: 360: 218: 213: 4658: 3978: 3419: 831:. Liebig himself attributed the vapor condensation device to German pharmacist 4798: 4439: 4284:

Schmidt, F. (1953), "To Justus von Liebig on his 150th birthday, 12 May 1953",

4166: 4078: 3182:""They Perished in the Cause of Science": Justus von Liebig's Food for Infants" 2905: 2650: 2601: 1790:

ennobled Liebig on 29 December 1845, conferring on him the hereditary title of

1379: 947: 923: 911: 844: 812: 744: 633: 589:

before returning home, possibly because his father could not afford to pay his

4371: 4347: 4034:

Berghoff, E. (1954), "Justus von Liebig, founder of physiological chemistry",

3622: 5079: 5038: 4886: 4834: 4830: 4702: 4425: 4395: 4315: 4307:

Archiv der Pharmazie und Berichte der Deutschen Pharmazeutischen Gesellschaft

4225: 4198: 4109:

Guggenheim, K. Y. (1985), "Johannes Müller and Justus Liebig on nutrition.",

3596: 3443: 2844: 2783: 2575: 1858: 1752: 1714: 1399: 1367: 1172: 1060: 966:(1835); the polybasic theory of organic acids (1838); and the degradation of 959: 915: 848: 511: 370: 335: 325: 228: 4472: 3197: 4750: 4734: 4689: 4476: 4403: 4379: 4355: 4323: 4293: 4251: 4174: 4134: 4118: 4102: 4086: 4043: 3404: 2792: 1964: 1775: 1756: 1730: 1684: 1407: 1336: 1295: 1084:

Liebig also popularized Carl Sprengel's "theorem of minimum" (known as the

871: 539: 499: 208: 153: 4338:

Sonntag, O. (1974), "Liebig on Francis Bacon and the utility of science",

4150: 2096:(in German), vol. 14, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 497–501 783: 4878: 4806: 4236:, vol. 49, no. 10 (published October 2003), pp. 1696–707, 4183:"Zur Hundertsten Wiederkehr: Justus von Liebig nach dem Leben gezeichnet" 1383: 1287: 1218: 992: 804: 203: 4342:, vol. 31, no. 5 (published September 1974), pp. 373–86, 4208:"Nekrolog: Justus von Liebig. Eigenhändige biographische Aufzeichnungen" 1304: 771: 39: 4366:, vol. 24, no. 3 (published November 1977), pp. 159–69, 4242: 4145:, vol. 114, no. 22 (published 3 June 1973), pp. 1312–7, 3396: 2909: 2828: 2723: 1952: 1854: 1850: 1560:

Die organische Chemie in ihrer Anwendung auf Agricultur und Physiologie

1422: 1347: 1177: 1103: 1017:

Die organische Chemie in ihrer Anwendung auf Agricultur und Physiologie

590: 586: 582: 507: 479: 4038:, vol. 66, no. 23 (published 11 June 1954), pp. 401–2, 3728:"80 years dedicated to enhancing soil fertility and crop productivity" 1706: 1570:

Chimie organique appliquée à la physiologie animale et à la pathologie

1229:

meat seals in the juices", though still widely believed, is not true.

1138:

Chimie organique appliquée à la physiologie animale et à la pathologie

526: 4990: 4850: 4362:

Sonntag, O. (1977), "Religion and science in the thought of Liebig",

3435: 2671: 1662: 1388: 996: 867: 863: 551: 546:

and hardware merchant who compounded and sold paints, varnishes, and

543: 535: 530:

The young Liebig: 1843 lithograph after an 1821 painting (Liebighaus)

467: 431: 262: 223: 69: 4207: 4182: 3388: 2551: 1623: 1366:, because of his discovery that yeast could be concentrated to form 1164:(1846) was substantially revised and did not include the equations. 4461: 4457: 4073:, vol. 47, no. 2 (published July 2000), pp. 96–117, 3619:"Civilian or Peace Class Order pour le Merite for Arts and Science" 1792: 1780: 1658: 1403: 1099: 963: 616:

in March 1822, in part because of his involvement with the radical

613: 594: 491: 483: 457: 4515: 4161:, vol. 50, no. 1 (published March 2003), pp. 3–24, 3856:

Hinsdale, B. A. (Burke Aaron) (1906). Demmon, Isaac Newton (ed.).

3487:

Acolytes of Nature: Defining Natural Science in Germany, 1770-1850

3460:

Acolytes of Nature: Defining Natural Science in Germany, 1770-1850

2810:

Jacob Moleschott and the conception of science in the 19th century

1564:

Organic Chemistry in its Application to Agriculture and Physiology

1248: 1021:

Organic Chemistry in its Application to Agriculture and Physiology

743:. The new chemistry laboratory featured innovative glass-fronted 5181:

Corresponding members of the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences

1771: 1363: 1359: 1271: 1226: 1190: 1107: 1098:

One of his most recognized accomplishments is the development of

1027:

synthesis and degradation led him to become an early advocate of

955: 939: 931: 677: 570: 547: 487: 464: 4288:, vol. 8, no. 5 (published May 1953), pp. 445–6, 4232:

Rosenfeld, Louis (2003), "Justus Liebig and animal chemistry.",

1076: 4386:

Thomas, U. (1988), "Philipp Lorenz Geiger and Justus Liebig.",

1819:

He was honored with the Prussian Order of Merit for Science by

1691: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1446: 1253: 1225:, and subtitling the edition accordingly. Liebig's idea that " 1043:

reactions involving organic as opposed to inorganic materials.

1032: 859: 91: 506:, was founded to exploit the concept; it later introduced the 5161:

Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences

4129:, vol. 104 (published 11 August 1963), pp. 1523–4, 4054:(1st ed.). Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press. 2428:(1st ed.). Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press. 1800: 1122: 1039: 621: 605:, his father's business associate. When Kastner moved to the 5146:

Academic staff of the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich

3621:. Gretchen Winkler and Kurt M. von Tiedemann. Archived from 1430: 1395: 967: 1598:

Liebig also directly influenced the German publication of

1534:; following his death the title was officially changed to 1362:. He is considered to have made possible the invention of 3539:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London

2770:[Investigations of the radical of benzoic acid]. 1796: 874:

to metallic silver. After working with other scientists,

787:

Modern Liebig condenser (left) and West condenser (right)

1182:

fundamental to the understanding of health and disease.

3350:

Hyle: International Journal for Philosophy of Chemistry

2114: 1038:

Liebig argued against prevalent theories about role of

5176:

Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences

4484:

from the Encyclopædia Britannica, 10th Edition (1902).

3774:(Reprinted. ed.). London: Spink and Son. p. 3186:

Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences

2743:. Science History Institute. June 2016. Archived from 2470:

The last great subsistence crisis in the Western World

2058:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 124. 1429:. Guibourt had grave doubts about Liebig's artificial 702:

Liebig's laboratory at Giessen, by Wilhelm Trautschold

3246:

Terrors of the table the curious history of nutrition

2967:"Solving the Mystery of Spontaneous Human Combustion" 2175:(3rd ed.). Boston: Kluwer Academic. p. 46. 1241:

Memorial tradecard commemorating Justus Liebig, from

902:

Liebig-Museum, the pharmaceutical laboratory, Giessen

1890:. It was presented to the society's forerunner, the 470:; he is considered one of the principal founders of 3111:. Vol. VI. Philadelphia: s.n. pp. 184–186 2220:

Justus Liebig, Georg Giebert und der Fleischextrakt

1232: 1196: 922:investigated by Liebig, was explosive, whereas the 693: 624:government. He worked in the private laboratory of 3834:. Washington: Government Printing Office. p. 3276: 2110: 2108: 1657:In the 1850s, Liebig moved next door to the noted 1189:, dismissing the simplistic explanations based on 962:(1834); the oxidation of alcohol and formation of 4688: 4488:The National Agricultural Center and Hall of Fame 4300:Schneider, W. (1953), "Justus von Liebig and the 3721: 3719: 3564:Endl. | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science" 3040:. Vol. VI. Philadelphia: s.n. pp. 55–58 2768:"Untersuchungen über das Radikal der Benzoesäure" 5166:Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences 5077: 4304:; in memory of Liebig's birthday, 12 May 1803", 4097:, vol. 63, no. 1–2–3, pp. 27–46, 4052:Justus von Liebig : the chemical gatekeeper 3514:. Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences 3340: 2426:Justus von Liebig : the chemical gatekeeper 2055:Indigo plantations and science in colonial India 4113:, vol. 8, no. 11–12, pp. 66–76, 2922:1493: Uncovering the New World Columbus Created 2864: 2105: 2085: 1799:Liebig. In English, the closest translation is 1516:, which he edited from 1832. Originally titled 946:. This laid the foundation for the doctrine of 761:Manuel pour l'analyse des substances organiques 5156:Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (civil class) 4310:, vol. 286, no. 4, pp. 165–72, 4213:Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 4187:Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft 3797: 3795: 3716: 3029: 3027: 3006:McGee, Harold (2004). "The Searing Question". 2833:The British Journal for the History of Science 2648:(2006), "The Origin of the Liebig Condenser", 1746:Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences 1710:German stamp picturing Justus von Liebig, 1953 1387:born in 1864. (Johanna did not want to seek a 1335:for the Liebig Company. In the United States, 1131: 4674: 3906: 3532: 3313:. New York: Dover Publications. p. 214. 2865:Hill, Jane F.; de Saussure, Theodore (2012). 2695: 2625:"Organic chemistry in the nineteenth century" 2472:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. 1342:The company also worked with British chemist 19:"Liebig" redirects here. For other uses, see 4390:, vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 77–90, 3670:"Announcements by the Council: Albert Medal" 3526: 3417: 3098: 2765: 2202:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 791:A significant challenge facing 19th-century 5191:Members of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences 5141:Academic staff of the University of Giessen 4502:Newspaper clippings about Justus von Liebig 4493:There is literature about Justus von Liebig 3934: 3821: 3792: 3662: 3611: 3024: 3010:(Revised ed.). Scribner. p. 161. 2521:"The First Century of Chemical Engineering" 1849:Liebig's portrait appeared on the 100 1652:Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities 1031:, promoting ideas such as the recycling of 906:One of Liebig's frequent collaborators was 643: 521: 4681: 4667: 4108: 3874: 3420:"The story of Liebig's Annalen der Chemie" 2927: 2806: 2590:Historical Studies in the Natural Sciences 2121:Proceedings of the Royal Society of London 2115:Royal Society of London (1 January 1875). 1948:1899, gold, Albert Schultz-Lupitz, Germany 1378:Liebig produced some of the world's first 38: 4299: 4241: 4231: 3907:Killy, Walther; Vierhaus, Rudolf (2005). 3374: 3368: 3306: 3300: 2999: 2791: 2442: 2241: 2239: 2237: 1941:, professor of agricultural chemistry in 1898:, née Harley, daughter of Emma Muspratt. 710:Liebig's laboratory, Chimistes Celebres, 561:, when the majority of food crops in the 502:, and with his consent a company, called 4156: 4033: 3913:. München: K.G. Saur. pp. 196–197. 3862:. Ann Arbor: Published by the University 3855: 3849: 3483: 3456: 3179: 3104: 3072: 3033: 2958: 2741:"Justus von Liebig and Friedrich Wöhler" 2735: 2733: 2616: 2461: 2419: 2417: 2415: 2413: 2411: 2409: 2407: 2405: 2403: 2401: 2399: 2397: 2395: 2393: 2391: 2389: 2387: 2385: 2383: 2381: 2379: 2377: 2375: 2373: 2371: 2369: 2367: 2365: 2363: 2361: 2359: 2357: 2355: 2353: 2351: 2349: 2347: 2345: 2343: 2341: 2339: 2337: 2335: 2333: 2331: 2329: 2327: 2325: 2323: 2321: 2319: 2317: 2315: 2313: 2311: 2309: 2307: 2305: 2303: 2301: 2299: 2297: 2139: 2026: 1748:in 1851, he joined as a foreign member. 1718:Justus von Liebig grave, Munich, Germany 1713: 1705: 1622: 1247: 1236: 1075: 897: 889: 782: 770: 754: 705: 697: 647: 525: 417:Sir Benjamin Collins Brodie, 2nd Baronet 5136:University of Erlangen-Nuremberg alumni 4482:Justus Liebig, German chemist (1803–73) 4410:"Zur Erinnerung an Justus von Liebig", 4361: 4337: 4283: 4140: 4068: 3971: 3880: 3827: 3343:"Liebig or How to Popularize Chemistry" 3242: 3236: 3145: 3139: 3135:. Munn & Company. 1878. p. 25. 2860: 2858: 2856: 2854: 2701: 2587: 2581: 2295: 2293: 2291: 2289: 2287: 2285: 2283: 2281: 2279: 2277: 2245: 2168: 1590:University and State Library Düsseldorf 1555:University and State Library Düsseldorf 1323:wrote an Austro-Hungarian recipe book, 1282:, and was named scientific director of 557:At the age of 13, Liebig lived through 5078: 4385: 4205: 4124: 3767: 3761: 3310:The historical background of chemistry 2933: 2826: 2644: 2638: 2549: 2518: 2512: 2491: 2489: 2234: 2117:"Obituary Notices of Fellows Deceased" 1729:He became a first-class member of the 1648:Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich 1642:, Liebig accepted an appointment from 1427:Nicholas-Jean-Baptiste-Gaston Guibourt 1325:Die Praktische Verwerthung Kochrecepte 1053:Recherches Chimiques sur la Végétation 4662: 4535: 4180: 4049: 3900: 3005: 2730: 2622: 2448: 2423: 2216: 2145: 2051: 2014: 1764:Stephan Friedrich Ladislaus Endlicher 1588:(1844) Digital edition (1865) by the 1527:European Journal of Organic Chemistry 1331:was commissioned in England to write 1201: 735:In 1833, Liebig convinced chancellor 5171:Foreign members of the Royal Society 5121:People from the Grand Duchy of Hesse 4125:Halmai, J. (1963), "Justus Liebig", 4092: 3581: 3418:Van Klooster, H. S. (January 1957). 3334: 3078: 2964: 2851: 2683: 2495: 2467: 2274: 2162: 2045: 1844: 1701: 885: 4449:Works by or about Justus von Liebig 3985:. Dighton, Kansas. 1 September 1904 3881:Lockyer, Sir Norman (14 May 1896). 3249:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 3219:"Family tree of Johanna von Liebig" 3180:Lieffers, Caroline (12 July 2023). 2486: 1866:"Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen" 1722:Liebig was elected a member of the 1223:Modern Cookery for Private Families 1208:Researches on the Chemistry of Food 759:Drawing of apparatus from Liebig's 13: 3828:Gilbert, Sir Joseph Henry (1895). 3411: 3307:Leicester, Henry Marshall (1971). 3105:Mattison, Richard V., ed. (1883). 3034:Mattison, Richard V., ed. (1883). 2934:Travis, Anthony S. (Spring 2013). 1912:Royal Bavarian Academy of Sciences 1882:A portrait of Liebig hangs in the 1826:He was elected as a member of the 1536:Justus Liebig's Annalen der Chemie 1010: 958:(1832); the identification of the 750: 14: 5202: 4433: 3341:Blondel-Mégrelis, Marika (2007). 2908:series 2, volume 4, page 208 via 2871:Chemical research on plant growth 2149:"Liebig, Justus, Baron von" 2146:Rines, George Edwin, ed. (1920). 1766:(1804–1849) published a genus of 1724:Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences 5186:Burials at the Alter Südfriedhof 4514: 4465: 3725: 3533:Bowyer, W.; Nichols, J. (1840). 3484:Phillips, Denise (4 June 2012). 3457:Phillips, Denise (4 June 2012). 3152:. Weinheim: Wiley. p. 394. 1901: 1833:In 1869, Liebig was awarded the 1806:In 1850, he received the French 1522:Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie 1437:, "lait factice"). As historian 1284:Liebig's Extract of Meat Company 1262:Liebig's Extract of Meat Company 1243:Liebig's Extract of Meat Company 1233:Liebig's Extract of Meat Company 1197:Liebig and the chemistry of food 1064:effectively as organic sources. 862:, Liebig proposed a process for 833:Johann Friedrich August Gottling 712:Liebig's Extract of Meat Company 694:Transforming chemistry education 585:Gottfried Pirsch (1792–1870) in 494:, and his popularization of the 4009:Gesellschaft Deutscher Chemiker 3997: 3752: 3702: 3688: 3637: 3552: 3504: 3490:. University of Chicago Press. 3477: 3463:. University of Chicago Press. 3450: 3270: 3211: 3173: 3123: 3052: 2914: 2894: 2820: 2800: 2759: 2677: 2543: 1821:Friedrich Wilhelm IV of Prussia 1638:to take over management of the 74:Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt 5151:Recipients of the Copley Medal 4983:Jacques Charles François Sturm 4576:New International Encyclopedia 4549:. Vol. 14 (9th ed.). 3674:Journal of the Society of Arts 3377:American Journal of Psychology 3132:Scientific American, "Oatmeal" 2686:"Justus Liebig: Life and Work" 2210: 2079: 2005: 1828:American Philosophical Society 1694:in 1873, and is buried in the 1553:(1840) Digital edition by the 1452: 1095:Germany, England, and France. 839:in 1771, by French scientist, 504:Liebig Extract of Meat Company 482:industry" for his emphasis on 1: 5106:19th-century German inventors 4919:Giovanni Antonio Amedeo Plana 4620:Biographies of Scientific Men 4413:Journal für Praktische Chemie 3424:Journal of Chemical Education 2704:Journal of Chemical Education 2217:Judel, Günther Klaus (2003). 2088:"Liebig, Justus Freiherr von" 2038: 1967:was first awarded in 1903 to 1875:issued a stamp in his honor. 1816:, the French trade minister. 1644:King Maximilian II of Bavaria 1618: 1433:, calling it "fake milk" (in 1317:Improved and Economic Cookery 1185:In 1850, Liebig investigated 45: 5101:19th-century German chemists 4005:"Liebig commemorative medal" 3958:10.1126/science.28.708.114-a 3279:"What is going to become of 3146:Boulton, Chris, ed. (2012). 2519:Peppas, Nicholas A. (2008). 2498:"Justus Liebig (our Eponym)" 1627:Liebig was president of the 1502:Resources in other libraries 1478:Resources in other libraries 1187:spontaneous human combustion 1167:The third area discussed in 1051:'s experiments, reported in 1049:Nicolas-Théodore de Saussure 603:Karl Wilhelm Gottlob Kastner 296:Karl Wilhelm Gottlob Kastner 7: 4564:. Vol. 40. March 1892. 4506:20th Century Press Archives 4464:(public domain audiobooks) 3942:"Scientific Notes and News" 3512:"J. von Liebig (1803–1873)" 3079:Skye, Nick (25 June 2012). 2902:Liebig's System of Manuring 2900:Matter-of-Fact (July 1847) 2867:"Translator's Introduction" 2449:Evans, Robert (July 2002). 2246:Cansler, Clay (Fall 2013). 2016:[ˈjʊstʊsfɔnˈliːbɪç] 1981: 1629:Bavarian Academy of Science 1541:Liebig published widely in 1510:Liebig founded the journal 1147:French researchers such as 1132:Plant and animal physiology 837:Christian Ehrenfried Weigel 775:Modern reproduction of the 628:and was also befriended by 393:Other notable students 164:Benzilic acid rearrangement 10: 5207: 4649:Collier's New Encyclopedia 4473:Works by Justus von Liebig 4458:Works by Justus von Liebig 4440:Works by Justus von Liebig 4206:Liebig, Georg von (1890), 4167:10.1179/000269803790220066 4079:10.1179/000269800790418385 4050:Brock, William H. (1997). 4027: 3952:(708): 115. 24 July 1908. 3568:Plants of the World Online 3281:Chemische Berichte/Recueil 3068:(in Spanish). 2 July 2018. 2980:(2): 63–72. Archived from 2940:Chemical Heritage Magazine 2807:Meneghello, Laura (2010). 2610:10.1525/hsns.2014.44.4.319 2602:10.1525/hsns.2014.44.4.319 2525:Chemical Heritage Magazine 2500:. Justus Liebig University 2424:Brock, William H. (1997). 2252:Chemical Heritage Magazine 1888:Royal Society of Chemistry 1774:, belonging to the family 1419:French Academy of Medicine 1353: 1259: 1153:Jean-Baptiste Boussingault 1140:, published in English as 894:Liebig laboratory, Giessen 534:Justus Liebig was born in 437:Max Joseph von Pettenkofer 427:Julius Eugen Schlossberger 18: 16:German chemist (1803–1873) 5131:University of Bonn alumni 5116:Scientists from Darmstadt 4697: 4644:Liebig, Justus, Baron von 4629:Liebig, Justus, Baron von 4372:10.1179/amb.1977.24.3.159 4348:10.1080/00033797400200331 3060:"Liebig's in Fray Bentos" 1961:Verein deutscher Chemiker 1871:In 1953, the West German 1788:King Ludwig II of Bavaria 1497:Resources in your library 1473:Resources in your library 1398:, who were born somewhat 876:Carl August von Steinheil 559:the year without a summer 448: 392: 346:Hermann Franz Moritz Kopp 301: 289: 268: 258: 251: 240: 124: 103: 80: 55: 37: 30: 4591:The Nuttall Encyclopædia 4426:10.1002/prac.18740080148 4396:10.1179/amb.1988.35.2.77 4316:10.1002/ardp.19532860402 4226:10.1002/cber.18900230391 4199:10.1002/cber.19030360202 4141:Kempler, K. (1973), "", 3768:Forrer, Leonard (1904). 3243:Gratzer, Walter (2006). 2784:10.1002/jlac.18320030302 2576:10.1002/andp.18310970102 2093:Neue Deutsche Biographie 2086:Priesner, Claus (1985), 1998: 1930:1894, silver, Professor 1280:George Christian Giebert 1213:Liebig was acclaimed in 644:Research and development 522:Early life and education 474:. As a professor at the 199:Liebig's theory of acids 4947:Antoine César Becquerel 4775:Benjamin Collins Brodie 4606:Encyclopædia Britannica 4561:Popular Science Monthly 4546:Encyclopædia Britannica 4036:Wien. Klin. Wochenschr. 3803:"Honors to Californian" 3285:Liebigs Annalen/Recueil 3149:Encyclopedia of brewing 2965:Ford, Brian J. (2012). 2766:Wöhler; Liebig (1832). 2052:Kumar, Prakash (2012). 1988:History of soil science 1932:Eugene Woldemar Hilgard 1894:, by his god-daughter, 1853:banknote issued by the 1812:, presented by chemist 1319:and other cookbooks. 930:to suggest the idea of 797:Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac 626:Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac 609:, Liebig followed him. 578:in the Western world". 21:Liebig (disambiguation) 5111:German soil scientists 4711:William Hyde Wollaston 4634:Encyclopedia Americana 4609:(11th ed.). 1911. 2873:. New York: Springer. 2468:Post, John D. (1977). 2155:Encyclopedia Americana 1937:1896, gold, Professor 1719: 1711: 1634:In 1852, after asking 1631: 1333:Practical Cookery Book 1257: 1252:Justus Liebig statue, 1245: 1119:Agricultural Chemistry 1081: 989: 903: 895: 788: 780: 768: 715: 703: 661: 652:Justus von Liebig, by 630:Alexander von Humboldt 607:University of Erlangen 531: 144:Agricultural chemistry 116:University of Erlangen 4951:John Frederic Daniell 4823:Hans Christian Ørsted 4783:William Thomas Brande 4519:Texts on Wikisource: 4267:Yale University Press 4181:Knapp, G. F. (1903), 3198:10.1093/jhmas/jrad035 3085:nickyskye meanderings 2772:Annalen der Pharmacie 2623:Forrester, Rochelle. 2496:Felschow, Eva-Marie. 2451:"Blast from the Past" 2228:University of Giessen 2012:German pronunciation: 1971:, and in 1904 to Dr. 1839:Royal Society of Arts 1717: 1709: 1626: 1518:Annalen der Pharmacie 1251: 1240: 1079: 980: 901: 893: 880:reflecting telescopes 786: 774: 758: 709: 701: 670:University of Giessen 651: 529: 476:University of Giessen 276:University of Giessen 5063:Peter Andreas Hansen 4959:Carl Friedrich Gauss 4935:Jöns Jacob Berzelius 4911:Siméon Denis Poisson 4743:Thomas Andrew Knight 4497:Hessian Bibliography 4420:(1): 428–458, 1873, 4302:Archiv der Pharmazie 3676:: 491. 26 April 1872 3649:search.amphilsoc.org 3645:"APS Member History" 2920:Charles Mann (2011) 2827:Munday, Pat (1998). 2455:Smithsonian Magazine 1925:Joseph Henry Gilbert 1886:headquarters of the 1486:By Justus von Liebig 1344:Henry Enfield Roscoe 976:Jöns Jakob Berzelius 928:Jöns Jacob Berzelius 801:Jöns Jacob Berzelius 565:were destroyed by a 281:University of Munich 169:Barking dog reaction 149:Analytical chemistry 98:, German Empire 5007:Jean-Baptiste Dumas 4927:William Snow Harris 4899:George Biddell Airy 3979:"Medal for Chemist" 3807:Pacific Rural Press 3740:on 12 November 2014 3589:"Justus von Liebig" 3008:On Food and Cooking 2716:2008JChEd..85.1201E 2664:2006JChEd..83...23J 2568:1831AnP....97....1L 2550:Liebig, J. (1831), 2262:on 20 November 2018 2258:(3). Archived from 2248:"Where's the Beef?" 1814:Jean-Baptiste Dumas 1666:Friederich Thiersch 1193:due to alcoholism. 1149:Jean-Baptiste Dumas 822:combustion analysis 817:potassium hydroxide 654:Wilhelm Trautschold 563:Northern Hemisphere 490:as essential plant 366:Heinrich Ritthausen 341:Hermann von Fehling 179:Fermentation theory 174:Combustion analysis 5055:Roderick Murchison 4601:Liebig, Justus von 4571:Liebig, Justus von 4258:Rossiter, Margaret 4243:10.1373/49.10.1696 3983:The Dighton Herald 3599:on 6 November 2014 2724:10.1021/ed085p1201 2684:Gebelein, Helmut. 2646:Jensen, William B. 2556:Annalen der Physik 2028:[-ˈliːbɪk] 1943:Leipzig University 1939:Friedrich Stohmann 1851:ℛ︁ℳ︁ 1762:In 1841, botanist 1720: 1712: 1640:Annalen der Chemie 1632: 1513:Annalen der Chemie 1315:wrote recipes for 1258: 1246: 1202:Methods of cookery 1086:law of the minimum 1082: 944:chemical compounds 904: 896: 815:was absorbed in a 789: 781: 769: 716: 714:Trading Card, 1929 704: 662: 599:University of Bonn 576:subsistence crisis 532: 496:law of the minimum 351:August von Hofmann 184:Law of the Minimum 111:University of Bonn 96:Kingdom of Bavaria 5086:Justus von Liebig 5073: 5072: 5031:Urbain Le Verrier 4979:Justus von Liebig 4690:Copley Medallists 4586:Liebig, Baron von 4556:Justus von Liebig 4529:The Chemical News 4444:Project Gutenberg 4340:Annals of Science 4276:978-0-300-01721-2 3708:Germany No. 695, 3497:978-0-226-66737-9 3470:978-0-226-66737-9 3159:978-1-4051-6744-4 2880:978-1-4614-4136-6 2182:978-0-7923-5011-8 2172:Fertilizer manual 2065:978-1-107-02325-3 1861:on 21 June 1948. 1845:Posthumous honors 1741:on 24 July 1837. 1737:, and awarded by 1702:Awards and honors 1696:Alter Südfriedhof 1464:Justus von Liebig 1459:Library resources 1439:Caroline Lieffers 1412:starvation stools 1402:and weighed 2.24 1313:Henriette Davidis 1092:Organic Chemistry 1003:(1822–1893), and 948:compound radicals 886:Organic chemistry 601:, studying under 472:organic chemistry 452: 451: 422:Augustus Voelcker 381:Wilhelm Henneberg 302:Doctoral students 253:Scientific career 159:Organic chemistry 32:Justus von Liebig 5198: 5066: 5058: 5050: 5047:John Couch Adams 5042: 5034: 5026: 5018: 5010: 5002: 4999:James MacCullagh 4994: 4986: 4974: 4966: 4954: 4942: 4930: 4922: 4914: 4902: 4894: 4882: 4874: 4862: 4854: 4846: 4843:William Buckland 4838: 4826: 4818: 4810: 4802: 4794: 4786: 4778: 4770: 4767:Edward Troughton 4762: 4754: 4746: 4738: 4730: 4727:Smithson Tennant 4722: 4719:Richard Chenevix 4714: 4706: 4683: 4676: 4669: 4660: 4659: 4653: 4638: 4610: 4595: 4580: 4565: 4550: 4518: 4469: 4468: 4453:Internet Archive 4429: 4406: 4382: 4358: 4334: 4296: 4280: 4254: 4245: 4228: 4202: 4193:(2): 1315–1330, 4177: 4153: 4137: 4121: 4105: 4089: 4065: 4046: 4021: 4020: 4018: 4016: 4001: 3995: 3994: 3992: 3990: 3975: 3969: 3968: 3966: 3964: 3938: 3932: 3931: 3929: 3927: 3904: 3898: 3897: 3895: 3893: 3878: 3872: 3871: 3869: 3867: 3853: 3847: 3846: 3844: 3842: 3825: 3819: 3818: 3816: 3814: 3799: 3790: 3789: 3765: 3759: 3756: 3750: 3749: 3747: 3745: 3739: 3732: 3726:Hera, Cristian. 3723: 3714: 3706: 3700: 3699: 3692: 3686: 3685: 3683: 3681: 3666: 3660: 3659: 3657: 3655: 3641: 3635: 3634: 3632: 3630: 3615: 3609: 3608: 3606: 3604: 3595:. Archived from 3585: 3579: 3578: 3576: 3574: 3556: 3550: 3549: 3547: 3545: 3530: 3524: 3523: 3521: 3519: 3508: 3502: 3501: 3481: 3475: 3474: 3454: 3448: 3447: 3436:10.1021/ed034p27 3415: 3409: 3408: 3372: 3366: 3365: 3363: 3361: 3347: 3338: 3332: 3331: 3329: 3327: 3304: 3298: 3297: 3291: 3274: 3268: 3267: 3265: 3263: 3240: 3234: 3233: 3231: 3229: 3215: 3209: 3208: 3206: 3204: 3177: 3171: 3170: 3168: 3166: 3143: 3137: 3136: 3127: 3121: 3120: 3118: 3116: 3102: 3096: 3095: 3093: 3091: 3076: 3070: 3069: 3056: 3050: 3049: 3047: 3045: 3031: 3022: 3021: 3003: 2997: 2996: 2994: 2992: 2986: 2971: 2962: 2956: 2955: 2953: 2951: 2936:"Dirty Business" 2931: 2925: 2918: 2912: 2898: 2892: 2891: 2889: 2887: 2862: 2849: 2848: 2824: 2818: 2817: 2815: 2804: 2798: 2797: 2795: 2763: 2757: 2756: 2754: 2752: 2737: 2728: 2727: 2699: 2693: 2692: 2690: 2681: 2675: 2674: 2672:10.1021/ed083p23 2642: 2636: 2635: 2633: 2631: 2620: 2614: 2613: 2585: 2579: 2578: 2547: 2541: 2540: 2538: 2536: 2516: 2510: 2509: 2507: 2505: 2493: 2484: 2483: 2465: 2459: 2458: 2446: 2440: 2439: 2421: 2272: 2271: 2269: 2267: 2243: 2232: 2231: 2225: 2214: 2208: 2207: 2201: 2193: 2191: 2189: 2166: 2160: 2159: 2151: 2143: 2137: 2136: 2134: 2132: 2112: 2103: 2100:full text online 2097: 2083: 2077: 2076: 2074: 2072: 2049: 2032: 2030: 2025: 2018: 2013: 2009: 1993:List of chemists 1969:Adolf von Baeyer 1896:Mrs Alex Tweedie 1892:Chemical Society 1884:Burlington House 1809:Légion d'honneur 1768:flowering plants 1755:awarded him the 1600:John Stuart Mill 1586:Chemische Briefe 1305:Edward Kemmerich 1299:Liebig himself. 1169:Animal Chemistry 1162:Animal Chemistry 1001:Jacob Moleschott 987: 920:silver fulminate 908:Friedrich Wöhler 843:in 1779, and by 841:P. J. Poisonnier 829:Liebig condenser 809:calcium chloride 793:organic chemists 737:Justin von Linde 516:Liebig condenser 403: 312: 291:Doctoral advisor 189:Liebig condenser 135: 87: 65: 63: 50: 47: 42: 28: 27: 5206: 5205: 5201: 5200: 5199: 5197: 5196: 5195: 5076: 5075: 5074: 5069: 5061: 5053: 5045: 5037: 5029: 5023:Theodor Schwann 5021: 5015:Carlo Matteucci 5013: 5005: 4997: 4989: 4977: 4969: 4963:Michael Faraday 4957: 4945: 4939:Francis Kiernan 4933: 4925: 4917: 4907:Michael Faraday 4905: 4897: 4885: 4877: 4865: 4857: 4849: 4841: 4829: 4821: 4815:Robert Seppings 4813: 4805: 4797: 4789: 4781: 4773: 4765: 4757: 4749: 4741: 4733: 4725: 4717: 4709: 4701: 4693: 4687: 4641: 4626: 4598: 4583: 4568: 4553: 4466: 4436: 4409: 4277: 4261: 4062: 4030: 4025: 4024: 4014: 4012: 4003: 4002: 3998: 3988: 3986: 3977: 3976: 3972: 3962: 3960: 3940: 3939: 3935: 3925: 3923: 3921: 3905: 3901: 3891: 3889: 3879: 3875: 3865: 3863: 3854: 3850: 3840: 3838: 3826: 3822: 3812: 3810: 3801: 3800: 3793: 3786: 3766: 3762: 3757: 3753: 3743: 3741: 3737: 3730: 3724: 3717: 3711:Scott catalogue 3707: 3703: 3694: 3693: 3689: 3679: 3677: 3668: 3667: 3663: 3653: 3651: 3643: 3642: 3638: 3628: 3626: 3625:on 16 July 2012 3617: 3616: 3612: 3602: 3600: 3587: 3586: 3582: 3572: 3570: 3558: 3557: 3553: 3543: 3541: 3531: 3527: 3517: 3515: 3510: 3509: 3505: 3498: 3482: 3478: 3471: 3455: 3451: 3416: 3412: 3389:10.2307/1423504 3373: 3369: 3359: 3357: 3345: 3339: 3335: 3325: 3323: 3321: 3305: 3301: 3289: 3275: 3271: 3261: 3259: 3257: 3241: 3237: 3227: 3225: 3217: 3216: 3212: 3202: 3200: 3178: 3174: 3164: 3162: 3160: 3144: 3140: 3129: 3128: 3124: 3114: 3112: 3108:The Quinologist 3103: 3099: 3089: 3087: 3077: 3073: 3058: 3057: 3053: 3043: 3041: 3037:The Quinologist 3032: 3025: 3018: 3004: 3000: 2990: 2988: 2984: 2969: 2963: 2959: 2949: 2947: 2932: 2928: 2924:, p. 214, Knopf 2919: 2915: 2899: 2895: 2885: 2883: 2881: 2863: 2852: 2825: 2821: 2813: 2805: 2801: 2793:2027/hvd.hxdg3f 2764: 2760: 2750: 2748: 2747:on 20 June 2018 2739: 2738: 2731: 2700: 2696: 2688: 2682: 2678: 2643: 2639: 2629: 2627: 2621: 2617: 2586: 2582: 2548: 2544: 2534: 2532: 2517: 2513: 2503: 2501: 2494: 2487: 2480: 2466: 2462: 2447: 2443: 2436: 2422: 2275: 2265: 2263: 2244: 2235: 2223: 2215: 2211: 2195: 2194: 2187: 2185: 2183: 2167: 2163: 2144: 2140: 2130: 2128: 2113: 2106: 2084: 2080: 2070: 2068: 2066: 2050: 2046: 2041: 2036: 2035: 2022:southern German 2020: 2011: 2010: 2006: 2001: 1984: 1973:Rudolf Knietsch 1904: 1847: 1784:in his honour. 1704: 1690:Liebig died in 1668:in the city of 1621: 1543:Liebigs Annalen 1532:Liebigs Annalen 1508: 1507: 1506: 1483: 1482: 1467: 1466: 1462: 1455: 1356: 1329:Hannah M. Young 1321:Katharina Prato 1276:New South Wales 1264: 1235: 1204: 1199: 1134: 1080:Liebig's barrel 1071: 1013: 1011:Plant nutrition 988: 986: 888: 753: 751:Instrumentation 696: 666:extraordinarius 646: 567:volcanic winter 524: 444: 441: 405: 404: 399: 388: 385: 376:Adolph Strecker 361:Emil Erlenmeyer 331:Victor Regnault 314: 313: 308: 285: 236: 233: 219:Plant nutrition 214:Organocatalysis 137: 136: 131: 120: 104:Alma mater 99: 89: 85: 76: 67: 61: 59: 51: 48: 33: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5204: 5194: 5193: 5188: 5183: 5178: 5173: 5168: 5163: 5158: 5153: 5148: 5143: 5138: 5133: 5128: 5123: 5118: 5113: 5108: 5103: 5098: 5093: 5088: 5071: 5070: 5068: 5067: 5059: 5051: 5043: 5035: 5027: 5019: 5011: 5003: 4995: 4987: 4975: 4967: 4955: 4943: 4931: 4923: 4915: 4903: 4895: 4883: 4875: 4867:François Arago 4863: 4855: 4847: 4839: 4827: 4819: 4811: 4803: 4799:David Brewster 4795: 4787: 4779: 4771: 4763: 4755: 4747: 4739: 4731: 4723: 4715: 4707: 4698: 4695: 4694: 4686: 4685: 4678: 4671: 4663: 4657: 4656: 4655: 4654: 4639: 4624: 4611: 4596: 4581: 4566: 4551: 4541:Liebig, Justus 4537:Brown, A. Crum 4533: 4512: 4499: 4490: 4485: 4479: 4470: 4455: 4446: 4435: 4434:External links 4432: 4431: 4430: 4407: 4383: 4359: 4335: 4297: 4281: 4275: 4255: 4229: 4220:(3): 817–828, 4203: 4178: 4154: 4143:Orvosi Hetilap 4138: 4127:Orvosi Hetilap 4122: 4106: 4090: 4066: 4060: 4047: 4029: 4026: 4023: 4022: 3996: 3970: 3933: 3919: 3910:Schmidt-Theyer 3899: 3873: 3848: 3820: 3791: 3784: 3760: 3758:Label on frame 3751: 3715: 3701: 3687: 3661: 3636: 3610: 3593:Tous Les Faits 3580: 3551: 3525: 3503: 3496: 3476: 3469: 3449: 3410: 3383:(3): 469–476. 3367: 3333: 3319: 3299: 3269: 3255: 3235: 3210: 3172: 3158: 3138: 3122: 3097: 3071: 3051: 3023: 3016: 2998: 2987:on 10 May 2013 2974:The Microscope 2957: 2926: 2913: 2906:The Cultivator 2893: 2879: 2850: 2839:(4): 403–418. 2819: 2799: 2778:(3): 249–282. 2758: 2729: 2694: 2676: 2651:J. Chem. Educ. 2637: 2615: 2596:(4): 319–363. 2580: 2542: 2511: 2485: 2478: 2460: 2441: 2434: 2273: 2233: 2209: 2181: 2161: 2138: 2127:: xxvii–xxxvii 2104: 2078: 2064: 2043: 2042: 2040: 2037: 2034: 2033: 2003: 2002: 2000: 1997: 1996: 1995: 1990: 1983: 1980: 1957: 1956: 1949: 1946: 1935: 1928: 1921:Sir John Lawes 1919:1893, silver, 1903: 1900: 1846: 1843: 1703: 1700: 1620: 1617: 1593: 1592: 1583: 1577: 1572:; in English, 1567: 1562:; in English, 1557: 1505: 1504: 1499: 1494: 1488: 1484: 1481: 1480: 1475: 1469: 1468: 1457: 1456: 1454: 1451: 1380:infant formula 1374:Infant Formula 1355: 1352: 1260:Main article: 1234: 1231: 1203: 1200: 1198: 1195: 1133: 1130: 1069: 1012: 1009: 1005:Ludwig Büchner 984: 924:silver cyanate 887: 884: 813:carbon dioxide 767:in lower right 752: 749: 745:fume cupboards 695: 692: 645: 642: 634:Georges Cuvier 618:Korps Rhenania 523: 520: 450: 449: 446: 445: 443: 442: 440: 439: 434: 429: 424: 419: 414: 408: 398: 397: 396: 394: 390: 389: 387: 386: 384: 383: 378: 373: 368: 363: 358: 353: 348: 343: 338: 333: 328: 323: 317: 307: 306: 305: 303: 299: 298: 293: 287: 286: 284: 283: 278: 272: 270: 266: 265: 260: 256: 255: 249: 248: 242: 238: 237: 235: 234: 232: 231: 226: 221: 216: 211: 206: 201: 196: 194:Liebig process 191: 186: 181: 176: 171: 166: 161: 156: 151: 146: 140: 130: 129: 128: 126: 125:Known for 122: 121: 119: 118: 113: 107: 105: 101: 100: 90: 88:(aged 69) 82: 78: 77: 68: 57: 53: 52: 43: 35: 34: 31: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5203: 5192: 5189: 5187: 5184: 5182: 5179: 5177: 5174: 5172: 5169: 5167: 5164: 5162: 5159: 5157: 5154: 5152: 5149: 5147: 5144: 5142: 5139: 5137: 5134: 5132: 5129: 5127: 5126:German barons 5124: 5122: 5119: 5117: 5114: 5112: 5109: 5107: 5104: 5102: 5099: 5097: 5094: 5092: 5089: 5087: 5084: 5083: 5081: 5064: 5060: 5056: 5052: 5048: 5044: 5040: 5039:John Herschel 5036: 5032: 5028: 5024: 5020: 5016: 5012: 5008: 5004: 5000: 4996: 4992: 4988: 4984: 4980: 4976: 4972: 4968: 4964: 4960: 4956: 4952: 4948: 4944: 4940: 4936: 4932: 4928: 4924: 4920: 4916: 4912: 4908: 4904: 4900: 4896: 4892: 4888: 4887:William Prout 4884: 4880: 4876: 4872: 4868: 4864: 4860: 4859:John Brinkley 4856: 4852: 4848: 4844: 4840: 4836: 4835:John Herschel 4832: 4831:Edward Sabine 4828: 4824: 4820: 4816: 4812: 4808: 4804: 4800: 4796: 4792: 4788: 4784: 4780: 4776: 4772: 4768: 4764: 4760: 4759:William Henry 4756: 4752: 4748: 4744: 4740: 4736: 4732: 4728: 4724: 4720: 4716: 4712: 4708: 4704: 4703:Astley Cooper 4700: 4699: 4696: 4691: 4684: 4679: 4677: 4672: 4670: 4665: 4664: 4661: 4651: 4650: 4645: 4640: 4636: 4635: 4630: 4625: 4622: 4621: 4616: 4612: 4608: 4607: 4602: 4597: 4593: 4592: 4587: 4582: 4578: 4577: 4572: 4567: 4563: 4562: 4557: 4552: 4548: 4547: 4542: 4538: 4534: 4531: 4530: 4525: 4524:Justus Liebig 4521: 4520: 4517: 4513: 4511: 4507: 4503: 4500: 4498: 4494: 4491: 4489: 4486: 4483: 4480: 4478: 4474: 4471: 4463: 4459: 4456: 4454: 4450: 4447: 4445: 4441: 4438: 4437: 4427: 4423: 4419: 4415: 4414: 4408: 4405: 4401: 4397: 4393: 4389: 4384: 4381: 4377: 4373: 4369: 4365: 4360: 4357: 4353: 4349: 4345: 4341: 4336: 4333: 4329: 4325: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4309: 4308: 4303: 4298: 4295: 4291: 4287: 4282: 4278: 4272: 4268: 4265:. New Haven: 4264: 4259: 4256: 4253: 4249: 4244: 4239: 4235: 4230: 4227: 4223: 4219: 4215: 4214: 4209: 4204: 4200: 4196: 4192: 4188: 4184: 4179: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4164: 4160: 4155: 4152: 4148: 4144: 4139: 4136: 4132: 4128: 4123: 4120: 4116: 4112: 4107: 4104: 4100: 4096: 4091: 4088: 4084: 4080: 4076: 4072: 4067: 4063: 4061:9780521562249 4057: 4053: 4048: 4045: 4041: 4037: 4032: 4031: 4011:. 15 May 2024 4010: 4006: 4000: 3984: 3980: 3974: 3959: 3955: 3951: 3947: 3943: 3937: 3922: 3916: 3912: 3911: 3903: 3888: 3884: 3877: 3861: 3860: 3852: 3837: 3833: 3832: 3824: 3808: 3804: 3798: 3796: 3787: 3781: 3777: 3773: 3772: 3764: 3755: 3736: 3729: 3722: 3720: 3713: 3712: 3705: 3697: 3691: 3675: 3671: 3665: 3650: 3646: 3640: 3624: 3620: 3614: 3598: 3594: 3590: 3584: 3569: 3565: 3563: 3555: 3540: 3536: 3529: 3513: 3507: 3499: 3493: 3489: 3488: 3480: 3472: 3466: 3462: 3461: 3453: 3445: 3441: 3437: 3433: 3429: 3425: 3421: 3414: 3406: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3378: 3371: 3355: 3351: 3344: 3337: 3322: 3316: 3312: 3311: 3303: 3295: 3288: 3286: 3282: 3273: 3258: 3252: 3248: 3247: 3239: 3224: 3220: 3214: 3199: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3176: 3161: 3155: 3151: 3150: 3142: 3134: 3133: 3126: 3110: 3109: 3101: 3086: 3082: 3075: 3067: 3066: 3061: 3055: 3039: 3038: 3030: 3028: 3019: 3017:0-684-80001-2 3013: 3009: 3002: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2968: 2961: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2930: 2923: 2917: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2897: 2882: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2861: 2859: 2857: 2855: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2823: 2816:(PhD thesis). 2812: 2811: 2803: 2794: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2762: 2746: 2742: 2736: 2734: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2698: 2687: 2680: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2652: 2647: 2641: 2626: 2619: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2584: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2546: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2515: 2499: 2492: 2490: 2481: 2479:9780801818509 2475: 2471: 2464: 2456: 2452: 2445: 2437: 2435:9780521562249 2431: 2427: 2420: 2418: 2416: 2414: 2412: 2410: 2408: 2406: 2404: 2402: 2400: 2398: 2396: 2394: 2392: 2390: 2388: 2386: 2384: 2382: 2380: 2378: 2376: 2374: 2372: 2370: 2368: 2366: 2364: 2362: 2360: 2358: 2356: 2354: 2352: 2350: 2348: 2346: 2344: 2342: 2340: 2338: 2336: 2334: 2332: 2330: 2328: 2326: 2324: 2322: 2320: 2318: 2316: 2314: 2312: 2310: 2308: 2306: 2304: 2302: 2300: 2298: 2296: 2294: 2292: 2290: 2288: 2286: 2284: 2282: 2280: 2278: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2242: 2240: 2238: 2229: 2226:(in German). 2222: 2221: 2213: 2205: 2199: 2184: 2178: 2174: 2173: 2165: 2157: 2156: 2150: 2142: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2111: 2109: 2101: 2095: 2094: 2089: 2082: 2067: 2061: 2057: 2056: 2048: 2044: 2029: 2023: 2017: 2008: 2004: 1994: 1991: 1989: 1986: 1985: 1979: 1976: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1959:In 1903, the 1954: 1950: 1947: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1933: 1929: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1917: 1916: 1913: 1908: 1902:Liebig medals 1899: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1880: 1876: 1874: 1869: 1867: 1862: 1860: 1859:Deutsche Mark 1856: 1852: 1842: 1840: 1836: 1831: 1829: 1824: 1822: 1817: 1815: 1811: 1810: 1804: 1802: 1798: 1795: 1794: 1789: 1785: 1783: 1782: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1760: 1758: 1754: 1753:Royal Society 1749: 1747: 1742: 1740: 1736: 1733:, founded by 1732: 1727: 1725: 1716: 1708: 1699: 1697: 1693: 1688: 1686: 1681: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1664: 1660: 1655: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1630: 1625: 1616: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1596: 1591: 1587: 1584: 1581: 1578: 1575: 1571: 1568: 1565: 1561: 1558: 1556: 1552: 1549: 1548: 1547: 1544: 1539: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1528: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1514: 1503: 1500: 1498: 1495: 1493: 1490: 1489: 1487: 1479: 1476: 1474: 1471: 1470: 1465: 1460: 1450: 1448: 1443: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1415: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1392: 1390: 1385: 1381: 1376: 1375: 1371: 1369: 1368:yeast extract 1365: 1361: 1351: 1349: 1345: 1340: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1309: 1306: 1300: 1297: 1291: 1289: 1286:, located in 1285: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1268: 1263: 1255: 1250: 1244: 1239: 1230: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1211: 1209: 1194: 1192: 1188: 1183: 1180: 1179: 1174: 1170: 1165: 1163: 1157: 1154: 1150: 1145: 1143: 1139: 1129: 1127: 1124: 1120: 1115: 1111: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1096: 1093: 1089: 1087: 1078: 1074: 1065: 1062: 1061:Karl Sprengel 1056: 1054: 1050: 1044: 1041: 1036: 1034: 1030: 1024: 1022: 1018: 1008: 1007:(1824–1899). 1006: 1002: 999:(1817–1895), 998: 994: 983: 979: 977: 971: 969: 965: 961: 960:ethyl radical 957: 951: 949: 945: 941: 935: 933: 929: 925: 921: 917: 916:fulminic acid 913: 909: 900: 892: 883: 881: 877: 873: 869: 865: 861: 857: 852: 850: 849:Johan Gadolin 846: 842: 838: 834: 830: 825: 823: 818: 814: 810: 806: 802: 798: 794: 785: 778: 773: 766: 762: 757: 748: 746: 742: 738: 733: 730: 724: 720: 713: 708: 700: 691: 687: 685: 684: 679: 673: 671: 667: 659: 655: 650: 641: 639: 635: 631: 627: 623: 619: 615: 610: 608: 604: 600: 596: 592: 588: 584: 579: 577: 572: 568: 564: 560: 555: 553: 549: 545: 541: 537: 528: 519: 517: 513: 512:bouillon cube 509: 505: 501: 500:beef extracts 497: 493: 489: 485: 481: 477: 473: 469: 466: 462: 460: 459: 447: 438: 435: 433: 430: 428: 425: 423: 420: 418: 415: 413: 412:August Kekulé 410: 409: 407: 406: 402: 395: 391: 382: 379: 377: 374: 372: 371:Moritz Traube 369: 367: 364: 362: 359: 357: 356:Lyon Playfair 354: 352: 349: 347: 344: 342: 339: 337: 336:Carl von Voit 334: 332: 329: 327: 326:Nikolay Zinin 324: 322: 319: 318: 316: 315: 311: 304: 300: 297: 294: 292: 288: 282: 279: 277: 274: 273: 271: 267: 264: 261: 257: 254: 250: 246: 243: 239: 230: 229:Yeast extract 227: 225: 222: 220: 217: 215: 212: 210: 207: 205: 202: 200: 197: 195: 192: 190: 187: 185: 182: 180: 177: 175: 172: 170: 167: 165: 162: 160: 157: 155: 152: 150: 147: 145: 142: 141: 139: 138: 134: 127: 123: 117: 114: 112: 109: 108: 106: 102: 97: 93: 84:20 April 1873 83: 79: 75: 71: 58: 54: 41: 36: 29: 26: 22: 4978: 4971:Robert Brown 4891:Henry Foster 4871:Peter Barlow 4751:Everard Home 4735:Humphry Davy 4647: 4632: 4619: 4604: 4589: 4574: 4559: 4544: 4527: 4477:Open Library 4417: 4411: 4387: 4363: 4339: 4305: 4285: 4262: 4233: 4217: 4211: 4190: 4186: 4158: 4142: 4126: 4110: 4094: 4070: 4051: 4035: 4013:. Retrieved 4008: 3999: 3987:. Retrieved 3982: 3973: 3961:. Retrieved 3949: 3945: 3936: 3924:. Retrieved 3909: 3902: 3890:. Retrieved 3886: 3876: 3864:. Retrieved 3858: 3851: 3839:. Retrieved 3830: 3823: 3811:. Retrieved 3806: 3770: 3763: 3754: 3742:. Retrieved 3735:the original 3709: 3704: 3690: 3678:. Retrieved 3673: 3664: 3652:. Retrieved 3648: 3639: 3627:. Retrieved 3623:the original 3613: 3601:. Retrieved 3597:the original 3592: 3583: 3571:. Retrieved 3567: 3561: 3554: 3542:. Retrieved 3538: 3528: 3516:. Retrieved 3506: 3486: 3479: 3459: 3452: 3427: 3423: 3413: 3380: 3376: 3370: 3358:. Retrieved 3353: 3349: 3336: 3324:. Retrieved 3309: 3302: 3293: 3284: 3280: 3272: 3260:. Retrieved 3245: 3238: 3226:. Retrieved 3222: 3213: 3201:. Retrieved 3189: 3185: 3175: 3163:. Retrieved 3148: 3141: 3131: 3125: 3113:. Retrieved 3107: 3100: 3088:. Retrieved 3084: 3074: 3063: 3054: 3042:. Retrieved 3036: 3007: 3001: 2989:. Retrieved 2982:the original 2977: 2973: 2960: 2948:. Retrieved 2943: 2939: 2929: 2916: 2896: 2884:. Retrieved 2870: 2836: 2832: 2822: 2809: 2802: 2775: 2771: 2761: 2749:. Retrieved 2745:the original 2707: 2703: 2697: 2679: 2655: 2649: 2640: 2628:. Retrieved 2618: 2593: 2589: 2583: 2559: 2555: 2545: 2533:. Retrieved 2528: 2524: 2514: 2502:. Retrieved 2469: 2463: 2454: 2444: 2425: 2264:. Retrieved 2260:the original 2255: 2251: 2219: 2212: 2186:. Retrieved 2171: 2164: 2153: 2141: 2129:. Retrieved 2124: 2120: 2098:; ( 2091: 2081: 2069:. Retrieved 2054: 2047: 2007: 1977: 1965:Liebig Medal 1958: 1951:1908, gold, 1909: 1905: 1881: 1877: 1870: 1865: 1863: 1848: 1835:Albert Medal 1832: 1825: 1818: 1807: 1805: 1803:von Liebig. 1791: 1786: 1779: 1776:Gesneriaceae 1761: 1757:Copley Medal 1751:The British 1750: 1743: 1731:Ludwig Order 1728: 1721: 1689: 1685:ultramontane 1682: 1661:scholar and 1656: 1639: 1636:Hermann Kopp 1633: 1611: 1608:Jacob Schiel 1603: 1597: 1594: 1585: 1579: 1573: 1569: 1563: 1559: 1550: 1542: 1540: 1535: 1531: 1525: 1521: 1520:, it became 1517: 1511: 1509: 1492:Online books 1485: 1463: 1444: 1416: 1393: 1377: 1373: 1372: 1357: 1341: 1337:Maria Parloa 1332: 1324: 1316: 1310: 1301: 1296:generic term 1292: 1290:in Uruguay. 1269: 1265: 1222: 1214: 1212: 1207: 1205: 1184: 1176: 1168: 1166: 1161: 1158: 1146: 1141: 1137: 1135: 1118: 1116: 1112: 1097: 1091: 1090: 1083: 1066: 1057: 1052: 1045: 1037: 1029:conservation 1025: 1020: 1016: 1014: 990: 981: 972: 952: 936: 905: 872:silver salts 853: 826: 799:and Swedish 790: 776: 764: 760: 741:Paul Hofmann 734: 729:Doktorvater. 728: 725: 721: 717: 688: 683:Ordentlicher 681: 674: 665: 663: 657: 637: 612:Liebig left 611: 580: 556: 540:middle-class 533: 456: 454: 453: 400: 321:Carl Schmidt 309: 269:Institutions 252: 245:Albert Medal 209:Meat extract 154:Biochemistry 132: 86:(1873-04-20) 25: 5096:1873 deaths 5091:1803 births 4879:James South 4807:Henry Kater 4791:James Ivory 4692:(1801–1850) 4234:Clin. Chem. 3989:11 November 3963:12 November 3926:12 November 3892:12 November 3866:12 November 3841:12 November 3813:12 November 3744:11 November 3360:17 November 3326:12 November 3262:12 November 3192:(1): 1–22. 3090:11 November 2710:(9): 1201. 2562:(1): 1–47, 1873:post office 1698:in Munich. 1687:Catholics. 1663:philologist 1453:Major works 1384:breast-milk 1288:Fray Bentos 1219:Eliza Acton 1173:eremacausis 993:materialism 912:cyanic acid 805:Kaliapparat 777:Kaliapparat 765:Kaliapparat 638:in absentia 510:brand beef 204:Kaliapparat 66:12 May 1803 49: 1866 5080:Categories 3920:3110966298 3785:0906919037 3680:6 November 3629:6 November 3603:6 November 3544:6 November 3356:(1): 43–54 3320:0486610535 3256:0199205639 3165:4 November 3115:4 November 3044:4 November 2991:4 November 2910:HathiTrust 2886:7 November 2658:(83): 23, 2630:6 November 2531:(3): 26–29 2504:5 November 2188:6 November 2131:5 November 2071:4 November 2039:References 1953:Max Rubner 1855:Reichsbank 1619:Later life 1423:pharmacist 1215:The Lancet 1178:The Lancet 1104:fertilizer 858:in making 591:indentures 587:Heppenheim 583:apothecary 480:fertilizer 465:biological 461:von Liebig 62:1803-05-12 4991:Georg Ohm 4851:John Pond 4539:(1882). " 4286:Pharmazie 3444:0021-9584 3430:(1): 27. 2845:0007-0874 2198:cite book 1955:, Germany 1927:, England 1915:include: 1907:Brehmer. 1830:in 1862. 1823:in 1851. 1739:Ludwig II 1726:in 1837. 1404:kilograms 1400:premature 1389:wet-nurse 1256:, Germany 997:Carl Vogt 868:aldehydes 864:silvering 851:in 1791. 779:apparatus 593:(a legal 552:chemistry 544:drysalter 538:into the 536:Darmstadt 492:nutrients 468:chemistry 432:Carl Vogt 263:Chemistry 224:Silvering 70:Darmstadt 4462:LibriVox 4404:11621581 4380:11610495 4356:11615416 4332:98065788 4324:13081110 4294:13088290 4269:. 1975. 4252:14500604 4175:12921103 4135:13952197 4119:11614053 4103:11610199 4087:11640225 4044:13187963 3654:20 April 3562:Liebigia 3405:14503396 3294:Jahrgang 3223:Geneanet 2950:20 March 2751:21 March 2535:20 March 2266:20 March 1982:See also 1793:Freiherr 1781:Liebigia 1735:Ludwig I 1659:classics 1327:(1879). 1100:nitrogen 985:— 970:(1837). 964:aldehyde 847:chemist 763:, 1848, 614:Erlangen 595:contract 548:pigments 488:minerals 484:nitrogen 458:Freiherr 401:See list 310:See list 133:See list 4652:. 1921. 4637:. 1920. 4594:. 1907. 4579:. 1905. 4508:of the 4504:in the 4495:in the 4451:at the 4260:(1975) 4151:4576434 4028:Sources 4015:17 June 3946:Science 3883:"Notes" 3696:"P-183" 3518:26 July 3397:1423504 3228:4 March 3203:4 March 3065:El País 2712:Bibcode 2660:Bibcode 2564:Bibcode 1837:by the 1772:Malesia 1646:to the 1447:ethical 1364:Marmite 1360:oatmeal 1354:Marmite 1272:Uruguay 1227:searing 1191:ethanol 1108:ammonia 1102:-based 956:chloral 940:benzoyl 932:isomers 870:reduce 860:mirrors 856:mercury 845:Finnish 678:suicide 668:at the 622:Hessian 571:Germany 455:Justus 44:Liebig 5065:(1850) 5057:(1849) 5049:(1848) 5041:(1847) 5033:(1846) 5025:(1845) 5017:(1844) 5009:(1843) 5001:(1842) 4993:(1841) 4985:(1840) 4973:(1839) 4965:(1838) 4953:(1837) 4941:(1836) 4929:(1835) 4921:(1834) 4913:(1832) 4901:(1831) 4893:(1827) 4881:(1826) 4873:(1825) 4861:(1824) 4853:(1823) 4845:(1822) 4837:(1821) 4825:(1820) 4817:(1818) 4809:(1817) 4801:(1815) 4793:(1814) 4785:(1813) 4777:(1811) 4769:(1809) 4761:(1808) 4753:(1807) 4745:(1806) 4737:(1805) 4729:(1804) 4721:(1803) 4713:(1802) 4705:(1801) 4623:(1912) 4617:," in 4615:Liebig 4532:, 1873 4402: 4378: 4354: 4330: 4322: 4292: 4273: 4250: 4173: 4149: 4133: 4117: 4101: 4085: 4058: 4042: 3917: 3887:Nature 3782: 3573:16 May 3494: 3467: 3442: 3403: 3395: 3317: 3253: 3156: 3014: 2946:(1): 7 2877: 2843: 2608: 2476: 2432: 2179: 2062: 1692:Munich 1678:Vienna 1674:Berlin 1670:Munich 1604:Logic. 1582:(1843) 1576:(1842) 1566:(1840) 1461:about 1435:French 1425:named 1408:pounds 1406:(4.93 1254:Munich 1033:sewage 259:Fields 247:(1869) 241:Awards 92:Munich 4388:Ambix 4364:Ambix 4328:S2CID 4159:Ambix 4111:Korot 4071:Ambix 3738:(PDF) 3731:(PDF) 3393:JSTOR 3346:(PDF) 3290:(PDF) 2985:(PDF) 2970:(PDF) 2814:(PDF) 2689:(PDF) 2606:JSTOR 2224:(PDF) 1999:Notes 1801:Baron 1778:, as 1770:from 1612:Logic 1445:Many 1396:twins 1123:guano 1040:humus 658:circa 4400:PMID 4376:PMID 4352:PMID 4320:PMID 4290:PMID 4271:ISBN 4248:PMID 4171:PMID 4147:PMID 4131:PMID 4115:PMID 4099:PMID 4083:PMID 4056:ISBN 4040:PMID 4017:2024 3991:2014 3965:2014 3928:2014 3915:ISBN 3894:2014 3868:2014 3843:2014 3815:2014 3780:ISBN 3746:2014 3682:2014 3656:2021 3631:2014 3605:2014 3575:2021 3546:2014 3520:2015 3492:ISBN 3465:ISBN 3440:ISSN 3401:PMID 3362:2014 3328:2014 3315:ISBN 3283:and 3264:2014 3251:ISBN 3230:2024 3205:2024 3167:2014 3154:ISBN 3117:2014 3092:2014 3046:2014 3012:ISBN 2993:2014 2952:2018 2888:2014 2875:ISBN 2841:ISSN 2753:2018 2656:2006 2632:2014 2537:2018 2506:2014 2474:ISBN 2430:ISBN 2268:2018 2204:link 2190:2014 2177:ISBN 2133:2014 2073:2014 2060:ISBN 1923:and 1676:and 1431:milk 1382:, a 1274:and 1151:and 968:urea 914:and 660:1846 632:and 486:and 81:Died 56:Born 4646:". 4631:". 4603:". 4588:". 4573:". 4558:". 4543:". 4526:," 4510:ZBW 4475:at 4460:at 4442:at 4422:doi 4392:doi 4368:doi 4344:doi 4312:doi 4238:doi 4222:doi 4195:doi 4163:doi 4075:doi 3954:doi 3776:271 3432:doi 3385:doi 3381:116 3194:doi 2788:hdl 2780:doi 2720:doi 2668:doi 2598:doi 2572:doi 1797:von 1602:'s 1348:Oxo 508:Oxo 5082:: 4981:/ 4961:/ 4949:/ 4937:/ 4909:/ 4889:/ 4869:/ 4833:/ 4416:, 4398:, 4374:, 4350:, 4326:, 4318:, 4246:, 4218:23 4216:, 4210:, 4191:36 4189:, 4185:, 4169:, 4081:, 4007:. 3981:. 3950:28 3948:. 3944:. 3885:. 3805:. 3794:^ 3778:. 3718:^ 3672:. 3647:. 3591:. 3566:. 3537:. 3438:. 3428:34 3426:. 3422:. 3399:. 3391:. 3379:. 3354:13 3352:. 3348:. 3292:. 3287:?" 3221:. 3190:79 3188:. 3184:. 3083:. 3062:. 3026:^ 2978:60 2976:. 2972:. 2944:31 2942:. 2938:. 2904:, 2869:. 2853:^ 2837:31 2835:. 2831:. 2786:. 2774:. 2732:^ 2718:. 2708:85 2706:. 2666:, 2654:, 2604:. 2594:44 2592:. 2570:, 2560:21 2558:, 2554:, 2529:26 2527:. 2523:. 2488:^ 2453:. 2276:^ 2256:31 2254:. 2250:. 2236:^ 2200:}} 2196:{{ 2152:. 2125:24 2123:. 2119:. 2107:^ 2090:, 2019:, 1868:. 1538:. 1370:. 1068:(H 1035:. 656:, 640:. 569:. 554:. 518:. 94:, 72:, 46:c. 4682:e 4675:t 4668:v 4642:" 4627:" 4613:" 4599:" 4584:" 4569:" 4554:" 4522:" 4428:. 4424:: 4418:8 4394:: 4370:: 4346:: 4314:: 4279:. 4240:: 4224:: 4201:. 4197:: 4165:: 4077:: 4064:. 4019:. 3993:. 3967:. 3956:: 3930:. 3896:. 3870:. 3845:. 3836:7 3817:. 3788:. 3748:. 3698:. 3684:. 3658:. 3633:. 3607:. 3577:. 3560:" 3548:. 3522:. 3500:. 3473:. 3446:. 3434:: 3407:. 3387:: 3364:. 3330:. 3296:. 3266:. 3232:. 3207:. 3196:: 3169:. 3119:. 3094:. 3048:. 3020:. 2995:. 2954:. 2890:. 2847:. 2796:. 2790:: 2782:: 2776:3 2755:. 2726:. 2722:: 2714:: 2691:. 2670:: 2662:: 2634:. 2612:. 2600:: 2574:: 2566:: 2539:. 2508:. 2482:. 2457:. 2438:. 2270:. 2230:. 2206:) 2192:. 2158:. 2135:. 2102:) 2075:. 2031:. 2024:: 1945:. 1070:2 1019:( 64:) 60:( 23:.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index