1076:. Like most rattlesnakes, timber rattlesnakes are known to use chemical cues to find sites to ambush their prey and often strike their prey and track them until they can be consumed. Timber rattlesnakes are known to use fallen logs as a waiting site for prey to pass by, giving them an elevated perch from which to effectively strike their prey, which is almost entirely terrestrial rather than arboreal (even arboreal prey such as squirrels tend to be caught when they come to the ground). If the arboreal prey (squirrels) are in the trees, it was found that the snake might indicate vertical tree posture, meaning it leans up against a tree looking at the squirrel and waiting for it to come down. The primary foods by genera of timber rattlesnakes were as follows:
597:
191:
325:
585:
609:
146:
168:
766:, the smallest size females that could produce viable eggs was 72.2 cm (28.4 in). Most adult timber rattlesnakes found measure less than 115 cm (45 in) in total length and weigh between 500 and 1,500 g (1.1 and 3.3 lb), often being towards the lower end of that range. The maximum reported total length is 189.2 cm (74.5 in) (Klauber, 1956). Holt (1924) mentions a large specimen caught in
114:
1040:
to their natural hibernaculum, which means that they are likely to return to the same hibernaculum, or communal wintering den, each year. Timber rattlesnakes occupying the same hibernaculum (especially juveniles and pregnant females) have been reported to be more closely related to each other than to
1047:
A lifetime reproduction study of a population in the
Adirondack Mountains of New York found that the first reproduction occurs at a mean age of 9.6 years. The mean length of reproductive cycles is 4.2 years, the mean reproductive life span is 9.6 years, and the average fecundity is 7.7 offspring per
1148:
yield. This is to some degree offset by its relatively mild disposition and long brumation period. Before striking, they often perform a good deal of preliminary rattling and feinting. Cist (1845) described how he lived in western
Pennsylvania for many years, and the species was quite common there,
1048:
litter. Nonviable offspring were found in 20% of the field litters. Most females only reproduced once. Macrogeographic differences were observed within the population and may have correlated resource levels influencing growth rates and additionally human encounters could influence survival.
823:, they have a pattern of dark brown or black crossbands on a yellowish-brown or grayish background. The crossbands have irregular zig-zag edges, and may be V- or M-shaped. Often a rust-colored vertebral stripe is present. Ventrally, they are yellowish, uniform, or marked with black.
1352:. The snake is so rare in the state that it is rarely encountered by people and is considered endangered, making it illegal to harass, kill, collect, or possess. In September 2021, a five-foot long timber rattlesnake was recorded on video on a trail in the Blue Hills Reservation.
728:(1975), but followed by Collins and Knight (1980). Brown and Ernst (1986) found evidence for retaining the two subspecies, but stating them apart without having more information than usual is not possible, including adult size, color pattern, the number of
1364:, there has been a recent decline in the last known population in New Hampshire that is heading toward extinction because of genetic isolation, inbreeding, and stochastic weather events that render the population susceptible to opportunistic pathogens.
1041:
the rattlesnakes in neighboring dens; studies have suggested this behavior may be related to juveniles’ ability to track chemical cues from relatives. Timber rattlesnakes have also been found to leave dens multiple times in midwinter to briefly bask.
1311:
In New York, timber rattlesnakes are "extirpated at 26% of historically known dens, and nearly extirpated at another 5%". Brown (1984, 1988) suggested denning populations in New York have been reduced by 50 to 75% of their historical numbers.
1135:
Prey sometimes exhibit anti-snake displays like tail-flagging, but timber rattlesnakes show no immediate or overt response to these displays. There is no rattling, striking, or other defensive behavior in response to prey anti-snake displays.
1250:
due to its fearsome reputation. In the 18th century, European-trained doctors and scientists had little firsthand experience with or information on timber rattlesnakes, and treatment of their bites was poorly effective. The motto
1355:
Timber rattlesnakes have already been extirpated in Maine and Rhode Island and only one population remains in New
Hampshire. They are protected in many of the Appalachian states, but their populations continue to decline. While
1319:
paid 13 men two shillings per day to rid a local hill of snakes in 1680. The hill had so many rattlesnakes, it was named "Boston Hill" because the number of snakes killed rivaled the population of the young city of Boston. In
1190:. It is analogous to the neurotoxins found in the venoms of several other rattlesnake species, and when present, contributes significantly to the overall toxicity. Other components found in the venom include a small basic
1297:(assessed in 2007). Species are listed as such due to their wide distribution, presumed large population, or because they are unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.
1112:(4.2%). Based on examination of the snout-to-vent length, juvenile timber rattlesnakes were found to differ slightly in dietary preferences from adult rattlesnakes, being more likely to consume smaller prey such as
925:. The museum at Amana Colony, Iowa, asserts that one founding family lost their firstborn, a daughter, at the age of three, due to a rattlesnake bite she received while playing on a woodpile in the 19th century.
2032:
1124:
was the number one prey item for both young and adult rattlesnakes. Several birds, although always secondary to mammals, are also known to be hunted, mainly ground-dwelling species such as
2913:
1883:""Peterson Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America. Fourth Edition" by Robert Powell, Roger Conant, and Joseph T. Collins, 2016. [book review]"
3371:
3968:
1156:
variation occurs regarding the toxicity of the venom, which can be said for many rattlesnake species. Four venom patterns have been described for this species: Type A is largely
1328:, when he arrived in town in 1824, snakes were still abundant, and by 1881 they were still reported in some areas of town. Since that time their habitat has been reduced to the
1315:
In
Massachusetts, the snakes are active from mid-May to mid-October. Early settlers were afraid of the snake, as its population was widespread throughout the state. The town of
2251:
770:, which had a total length of 159 cm (62.5 in) and weighed 2.5 kg (5.5 lb). Large specimens can reportedly weigh as much as 4.5 kg (9.9 lb).
1172:, and is found consistently in the north and in parts of the southeast. Type A + B is found in areas where the aforementioned types apparently intergrade in southwestern
886:
in Canada. A Canadian government sponsored recovery strategy is under study to support the reintroducing of this predator of many pests to its former
Canadian habitat.
3506:
Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio Decima, Reformata
3929:
3312:
2716:
2935:
2685:
2712:
2677:
3573:
1953:
1243:, from West Virginia's oldest county, in West Virginia's oldest town, to have been instrumental in making the timber rattlesnake the state reptile..."
2708:
1965:
1627:"The genesis of an exceptionally lethal venom in the timber rattlesnake (Crotalus horridus) revealed through comparative venom-gland transcriptomics"
1989:
781:
and arranged in 21–26 scale rows at midbody (usually 25 rows in the southern part of its geographic range, and 23 rows in the northern part). The
3846:
2771:"Pursuit-deterrent communication between prey animals and timber rattlesnakes (Crotalus horridus): the response of snakes to harassment displays"
2681:
713:
678:
381:
2222:
4009:
1603:. Ithaca and London: Comstock Publishing Associates, a division of Cornell University Press. (7th printing, 1985). 1,105 pp. (in two volumes).
1985:
724:(1936). Based on an analysis of geographic variation, Pisani et al. (1972) concluded no subspecies should be recognized. This was rejected by
3898:
3018:
4004:
4034:
1009:
where the temperatures are higher, while males and nongravid females tend to spend more time in cooler, denser woodland with more closed
716:
and
Latreille, 1802), often referred to as the canebrake rattlesnake, is currently considered invalid. Previously, it was recognized by
3035:
793:
is normally a little higher than it is wide. In the internasal-prefrontal area there are 4–22 scales that include 2 large, triangular
1793:
Systema
Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, Secundum Classes, Ordines, Genera, Species, cum Characteribus, Differentiis, Synonymis, Locis
1394:"Hemphillian (Late Miocene) snakes from Nebraska, with comments on Arikareean through Blancan snakes of midcontinental North America"
2565:"Effects of Movement and Mating Patterns on Gene Flow among Overwintering Hibernacula of the Timber Rattlesnake (Crotalus horridus)"
3820:
3566:. Third Edition, Fifth Printing. (Photographs by Hal H. Harrison). Harrisburg, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania Fish Commission. 24 pp. (
2975:
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valleys, in several places in these areas; bites from timber rattlesnakes have been widespread, especially in a localized area of
3859:
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1823:
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3163:
2999:
4029:
1207:
3613:
3471:
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1815:
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2090:. London: Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History). (Taylor and Francis, printers). xiv + 727 pp. + Plates I-XXV. (
3675:
4044:
1274:
801:(anterior canthals) that may contact each other along the midline, or may be separated by many small scales. Between the
3283:
3523:
1739:
4039:
3981:
3657:
3649:
3637:
3424:
Goetz SM, Petersen CE, Rose RK, Kleopfer JD, Savitzky AH (2016). "Diet and
Foraging Behavior of Timber Rattlesnakes,
2854:
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2174:
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1865:
1700:
1692:
1608:
1575:
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Potentially, this is one of North
America's most dangerous snakes, due to its long fangs, impressive size, and high
4019:
1492:
364:
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of West
Virginia in 2008. That state's legislature praised "...a proud contribution by the eighth grade class at
936:, nor is it present in the urban areas of the southeastern corner of the state. Thus, its range does not include
1021:
Female timber rattlers often bask in the sun before giving birth, in open rocky areas known as "basking knolls".
686:
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175:
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3683:
3189:
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3597:
3135:
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Clark, Rulon W.; Marchand, Michael N.; Clifford, Brendan J.; Stechert, Randy; Stephens, Sierra (2011-02-01).
2186:
1547:
1442:
817:, although slightly to moderately separated along its posteroventral margin by the most anterior prefoveals.
401:
126:
3400:). New York and London: D. Appleton-Century Company. Frontispiece map + viii + 163 pp. + Plates A–C, 1–32. (
2233:
3601:
3385:
3119:
1716:
Brown, William S. (1991). "Female Reproductive Ecology in a Northern Population of the Timber Rattlesnake,
1680:
1269:
as an early example of the colonial use of the coiled rattlesnake symbol, which later became famous on the
725:
4024:
3749:
3515:
3459:
2088:
Catalogue of the Snakes in the British Museum (Natural History), Volume III., Containing the ... Viperidæ
2049:
1791:
3577:
1933:
1522:
U.S. Geological Survey (2017). "Timber Rattlesnake (Crotalus horridus) rTIRAx_CONUS_2001v1 Range Map".
1316:
767:
658:
2322:
3397:
2485:
Cobb, Vincent A.; Green, J. Jeffrey; Worrall, Timothy; Pruett, Jake; Glorioso, Brad (December 2005).
2217:
1996:) estimated by capture-recapture models in relation to age, sex, color morph, time, and birthplace".
1596:
1393:
190:
3606:
Peterson Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America, Fourth Edition
3218:"History of the town of Milford, Worcester County, Massachusetts, from its first settlement to 1881"
3100:
2294:
Timber Rattlesnakes in Vermont and New York: Biology, History, and the Fate of an Endangered Species
2012:
Clark, Rulon W. (2006). "Fixed Videography to Study Predation Behavior of an Ambush Foraging Snake,
707:
375:
1961:
1853:
1282:
3890:
1160:, and is found in various parts of the southern range. One effect of the toxin can be generalized
3533:
3481:
3389:
2083:
1469:
1253:
856:
721:
522:
3394:
What Snake Is That? A Field Guide to the Snakes of the United States East of the Rocky Mountains
3955:
3851:
3711:
3623:
3442:
2106:
1329:
1321:
1033:
1029:
2487:"Initial Den Location Behavior in a Litter of Neonate Crotalus horridus (Timber Rattlesnakes)"
2292:
1687:. (First published in 1958). Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. xviii + 429 pp. + Plates 1-48.
3950:
1685:
A Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America, Second Edition
1341:
295:
3942:
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3877:
3794:
3758:
3689:
2338:
1849:
1551:
1405:
1266:
1240:
922:
571:
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2327:) population: Interactions between climate change, disease, and loss of genetic diversity"
1300:
The timber rattlesnake is listed as endangered in New Jersey, Ohio, Vermont, Connecticut,
809:
are seen. The number of prefoveal scales varies between two and eight. Usually, the first
8:
3608:. Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. xiv + 494 pp., 47 plates, 207 figures.
3455:
1949:
1913:
Galligan, John H.; Dunson, William A. (1979). "Biology and status of timber rattlesnake (
1592:
1247:
1183:
The neurotoxic component of the type A venom is referred to as canebrake toxin, and is a
879:
806:
135:
2372:
Clark, Rulon W.; Brown, William S.; Stechert, Randy; Greene, Harry W. (23 August 2012).
2342:
2139:"Species Profile: Canebrake / Timber Rattlesnake (Crotalus horridus) | SREL Herpetology"
1409:
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2611:
2592:
2506:
2455:
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1068:, and other small animals, including other snakes. Although capable of consuming other
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794:
596:
2802:
2641:
2596:
2510:
2374:"Cryptic sociality in rattlesnakes (Crotalus horridus) detected by kinship analysis"
1501:
NatureServe Network Biodiversity Location Data accessed through NatureServe Explorer
3963:
3559:
3287:
3000:"A Florida license plate has reopened the debate over the 'Don't tread on me' flag"
2782:
2627:
2576:
2537:
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1801:
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662:
439:
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2110:
1968:(2004). "A field study of the timber rattlesnake in Leavenworth County, Kansas".
1957:
717:
691:
549:
3239:
889:
Many were present in some of the thick forest areas of central and southeastern
827:
is common, and some individuals are very dark, almost solid black. The tails of
3734:
3541:
2867:
2045:
1337:
1149:
but in all that time, he heard of only a single death resulting from its bite.
1145:
782:
733:
646:
3522:. (Design and illustrations by Michael Antonoplos). Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania:
2786:
1246:
This snake became a prominent symbol of American anger and resolve during the
1002:
3998:
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3501:
3353:
3345:
3022:
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2588:
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2397:
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and internasal scales, only a single canthal scale is present. Five to seven
790:
778:
774:
729:
682:
509:
311:
155:
150:
62:
2828:. Ithaca and London: Comstock Publishing Associates. 870 pp., 1,500 plates.
2770:
2612:"Lifetime reproduction in a northern metapopulation of timber rattlesnakes (
2526:"Midwinter Emergence in Hibernating Timber Rattlesnakes (Crotalus horridus)"
1006:
2464:
2446:
2415:
2389:
1662:
1324:, men would hunt the rattlesnakes between May and early June. According to
1270:
1258:
1073:
963:
937:
839:
Timber rattlesnakes are present in the eastern United States from southern
763:
3036:"Massachusetts List of Endangered, Threatened and Special Concern Species"
2274:
1560:
Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, Volume 1
762:
Adults usually grow to total length of 91–152 cm (36–60 in). In
751:
by the small scales atop the head, rather than nine large scales found on
584:
324:
3916:
3885:
3833:
3773:
3743:
3630:. Chicago: American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists. 280 pp.
3258:"Hiker Spots Rare Five-Foot Timber Rattlesnake In Blue Hills Reservation"
3213:
2435:
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences
2055:
The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Reptiles and Amphibians
1361:
1325:
1169:
1069:
982:
898:
814:
654:
461:
37:
3464:
A Guide to Rattlesnakes and other Venomous Serpents of the United States
2297:. Lebanon, New Hampshire: University Press of New England. p. 133.
1745:
1180:. Type C venom has none of the above components and is relatively weak.
665:, as the most northerly distributed venomous snake in North America. No
608:
3825:
3445:(1924). "Additional records for the Alabama herpetological catalogue".
3316:
1211:
1157:
1096:
1078:
1037:
986:
941:
902:
848:
666:
639:
82:
47:
3496:
Rattlesnakes: Their Habitats, Life Histories, and Influence on Mankind
2580:
3838:
3807:
3628:
A Check List of North American Amphibians and Reptiles, Sixth Edition
3083:
The Timber Rattlesnake (Crotalus horridus) in Brown County State Park
3057:
1797:
1531:
1373:
1220:
1177:
1129:
1025:
978:
840:
202:
87:
31:
3705:
3334:
Brown, William S. (July 1987). "Hidden Life of the Timber Rattler".
2914:"Senate concurrent resolution 28 (bill status 2008 regular session)"
2564:
1044:
Males often mate farther away from winter hibernacula than females.
977:
can be found in a variety of terrestrial habitats including lowland
3812:
3728:
3484:(1936). "Key to the rattlesnakes with summary of characteristics".
3055:
2868:"Snake Venoms and the Neuromuscular Junction: Spontaneous Activity"
2541:
1195:
1173:
1165:
1161:
1153:
1102:
1084:
990:
955:
951:
824:
642:
272:
242:
222:
77:
72:
57:
52:
42:
3436:
2525:
2230:
1191:
1116:(averaging 8 g (0.28 oz) and unable to attack subadult
1108:
867:
860:
785:
number 158–177 in males and 163–183 in females. Males have 20–30
635:
232:
103:
99:
92:
67:
3498:. 2 volumes. Berkeley: University of California Press. 1,476 pp.
2252:"Timber rattlesnake (Crotalus horridus): recovery strategy 2010"
3799:
3108:, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, 2013
2820:
Norris R (2004). "Venom Poisoning in North American Reptiles".
1333:
1217:
1203:
1199:
1090:
1057:
875:
871:
855:. One hundred and fifteen rattlesnakes have been marked within
212:
3319:(1986). "A Study of Variation in Eastern Timber Rattlesnakes,
3220:. Boston-Franklin Press: Rand, Avery, & Co. pp. 26–27
3058:"312 IAC 9-5-4: Endangered species of reptiles and amphibians"
2278:
863:, one of the few places where they can be found in the state.
2320:
1625:
Rokyta, Darin R.; Wray, Kenneth P.; Margres, Mark J. (2013).
1113:
959:
797:
that border the rostral, followed by two large, quadrangular
262:
252:
3693:
2849:. New York: US Government / Dover Publications Inc. 203 pp.
2249:
1562:. Washington, District of Columbia: Herpetologists' League.
113:
3620:, pp. 440–441 + Plate 46 + Figure 168 on p. 356).
2503:
10.1656/1528-7092(2005)004[0723:IDLBIA]2.0.CO;2
1858:
The Venomous Reptiles of the Western Hemisphere (2 volumes)
1065:
1061:
994:
985:
canebrake rattlesnake), high areas around swamps and river
966:, and is considered close to extirpation in New Hampshire.
890:
645:
to eastern North America. Like all other pit vipers, it is
3642:
Reptiles of North America: A Guide to Field Identification
3538:
Boy's Book of Snakes: How to Recognize and Understand Them
1120:
rabbits (averaging 500–1,000 g (1.1–2.2 lb) but
3004:
2976:"Yellow Gadsden Flag Carries a Long and Shifting History"
743:
The timber rattlesnake is one of 36 species in the genus
3540:. (A volume of the Humanizing Science Series, edited by
3486:
Transactions of the San Diego Society of Natural History
2371:
2167:
Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern/Central North America
3408:, pp. 151–152 + Plate 31, figures 88B & 88C).
3187:
2688:(1984). "Foraging behavior of the timber rattlesnake,
2673:
2671:
2484:
1521:
3404:, pp. 149–151 + Plate 31, figures 88A & 89;
661:
and is second only to its relatives to the west, the
3570:, pp. 7–8 + front cover painting by Ned Smith).
3362:
The Cincinnati Miscellany or Antiquities of the West
2115:
Field Book of Snakes of the United States and Canada
1227:, is used to treat envenomations from this species.
1028:
in dens and limestone crevices, often together with
2748:Clark RW (2002). '"Diet of the timber rattlesnake,
2668:
1848:
1293:This species is classified as least concern on the
1800:: (Laurentii Salvii). p. 214 – via The
1601:Handbook of Snakes of the United States and Canada
997:forests, mountainous areas, and rural habitats in
3191:The History of Westborough Massachusetts, Part. 1
2524:Nordberg, Eric J.; Cobb, Vincent A. (June 2016).
1796:(in Latin). Vol. I (10th revised ed.).
1624:
3996:
3175:Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and Wildlife
2816:
2814:
2812:
2250:Please select all that apply (2 December 2009).
2044:
740:, but others take a more neutral point of view.
3340:. Vol. 172, no. 1. pp. 128–138.
2826:The Venomous Reptiles of the Western Hemisphere
1441:
3580:(1972). "A re-evaluation of the subspecies of
3589:Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science
3380:Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles
2928:
2906:
2809:
2658:) use chemical cues to select ambush sites".
1036:. Timber rattlesnakes exhibit high levels of
831:are black and can be described as 'velvety.'
3056:Indiana Legislative Services Agency (2011),
3019:2001 Categories & Criteria (version 3.1)
2973:
2719:(2001). "Diet of the canebrake rattlesnake (
2523:
2323:"Decline of an isolated timber rattlesnake (
2279:NY State Dept. of Environmental Conservation
2102:
2100:
1940:. Tpwd.state.tx.us. Retrieved on 2013-01-05.
1844:
1842:
1840:
1470:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2007.RLTS.T64318A12765920.en
1273:, a flag that has been used by advocates of
3544:). New York: Ronald Press. viii + 185 pp. (
3520:Identification Guide to Pennsylvania Snakes
3212:
3158:
3156:
2290:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1490:
1072:, the most common snake they prey upon are
928:In Pennsylvania, it is not present west of
834:
677:The timber rattlesnake was one of the many
3466:. Tempe, Arizona: Tricolor Books. 129 pp.
3124:, Illinois Department of Natural Resources
1992:(2007). "Survival of timber rattlesnakes (
1235:The timber rattlesnake was designated the
944:, the two largest cities in Pennsylvania.
323:
166:
144:
112:
3089:, Indiana Department of Natural Resources
2631:
2454:
2405:
2270:
2268:
2117:. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons. 365 pp. (
2097:
2038:
1898:
1837:
1652:
1642:
1468:
3512:, new species, p. 214). (in Latin).
3153:
2562:
2035:. Seaworld.org. Retrieved on 2013-01-05.
1786:
1581:
921:, and in the forested areas of southern
917:, along Credit Island Park, in southern
607:
595:
583:
3012:
2654:Clark RW (2004). "Timber rattlesnakes (
2198:Indiana Department of Natural Resources
1824:Integrated Taxonomic Information System
1767:Integrated Taxonomic Information System
1735:
1733:
1676:
1674:
1672:
1543:
1541:
1391:
1024:During the winter, timber rattlesnakes
736:. Dundee and Rossman (1989) recognized
3997:
3414:(1936). "The cane-brake rattlesnake".
3137:Timber Rattlesnake (Crotalus horridus)
3049:
2265:
2074:, pp. 688–689 + Plates 619, 620, 653.)
1808:
1437:
1435:
1288:
4010:NatureServe apparently secure species
3710:
3709:
3333:
2936:"Senate concurrent resolution no. 28"
2881:
2839:
2768:
2723:): An additional record and review".
2609:
2428:
2316:
2314:
2211:
2133:
2131:
2058:. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. 743 pp.
1360:was historically abundant throughout
866:Its historic range includes southern
747:This genus can be distinguished from
3564:Pennsylvania Reptiles and Amphibians
3250:
2962:A Short History of Nearly Everything
2563:Anderson, Corey Devin (2010-02-26).
2033:ANIMAL BYTES – Canebrake Rattlesnake
1880:
1751:
1730:
1707:, pp. 233–235 + Plate 35 + Map 178.)
1669:
1538:
969:Generally, this species is found in
695:, and still bears its original name
679:reptile species originally described
612:Canebrake rattlesnake, North Florida
4005:IUCN Red List least concern species
3702:at Reptiles and Amphibians of Iowa.
2940:1st session of the 80th legislature
2775:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
2610:Brown, William S. (December 2016).
1456:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1432:
1005:females seem to prefer open, rocky
13:
4035:Fauna of the Eastern United States
3644:. New York: Golden Press. 240 pp.
3524:Carnegie Museum of Natural History
3305:
2964:. New York: Broadway Books. p. 81.
2633:10.1655/Herpetologica-D-16-00019.1
2311:
2128:
1860:. Comstock Publishing Associates.
1503:. Arlington, Virginia: NatureServe
1398:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
1128:, but also a surprising number of
14:
4061:
3669:
3286:. Orianne Society. Archived from
2942:. West Virginia Legislature. 2008
2431:"Kin recognition in rattlesnakes"
3323:Linnae (Serpentes, Viperidae)".
2974:Conversation, The (2021-01-08).
1917:) populations in Pennsylvania".
878:, but in May 2001, the Canadian
789:, while females have 15–26. The
657:species in most of the populous
189:
129:, West Virginia, United States.
35:
3378:Linnaeus. Timber rattlesnake".
3276:
3232:
3206:
3188:Heman Packard DeForest (1891).
3181:
3144:
3128:
3112:
3093:
3074:
3028:
2992:
2967:
2954:
2860:
2762:
2742:
2733:
2702:
2648:
2603:
2556:
2517:
2478:
2422:
2365:
2284:
2243:
2231:Species at Risk Public Registry
2179:
2155:
2077:
2026:
2006:
1978:
1943:
1927:
1907:
1874:
1818:Crotalus horridus atricaudatus
1780:
1308:, Illinois, and New Hampshire.
3437:https://doi.org/10.1670/15-086
2824:Campbell JA, Lamar WW (2004).
2769:Clark, Rulon W. (2005-12-01).
2721:Crotalus horridus atricaudatus
2429:Clark, Rulon W. (7 May 2004).
2169:. New York: Houghton Mifflin.
2123:Crotalus horridus atricaudatus
1881:Cook, Francis R (2017-03-29).
1710:
1618:
1515:
1484:
1418:10.1080/02724634.1995.10011208
1385:
757:
557:Crotalus horridus atricaudatus
1:
4030:Reptiles of the United States
3364:. vol. 1. Cincinnati. 272 pp.
3140:, New Hampshire Fish and Game
3025:. Accessed 13 September 2007.
2847:Poisonous Snakes of the World
2275:Timber Rattlesnake Fact Sheet
2191:) in Brown County State Park"
1970:Journal of Kansas Herpetology
1887:The Canadian Field-Naturalist
1746:Reptarium.cz Reptile Database
1379:
1348:, notably in the area of the
813:is in broad contact with the
3686:. Accessed 12 December 2007.
2351:10.1016/j.biocon.2010.12.001
1152:Considerable geographic and
1056:Their prey are mainly small
7:
4050:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
3062:Indiana Administrative Code
2916:. West Virginia Legislature
2891:Crotalus horridus horridus
2660:Journal of Chemical Ecology
2281:. Accessed 8 February 2007.
1491:NatureServe (2 June 2023).
1367:
1016:
672:
10:
4066:
4045:Reptiles described in 1758
3508:. Stockholm: L. Salvius. (
2870:. Medscape.com. 2004-08-16
2121:, pp. 301–302 + Plate 33;
2119:Crotalus horridus horridus
1051:
768:Montgomery County, Alabama
669:are currently recognized.
659:Northeastern United States
649:, with a very toxic bite.
544:Crotalus horridus horridus
530:Crotalus durissus cincolor
127:Cooper's Rock State Forest
3718:
3696:. Accessed 7 August 2007.
3102:Species Status Assessment
2787:10.1007/s00265-005-0032-9
2187:"The Timber Rattlesnake (
1748:. Accessed 13 March 2023.
1265:on a 1778 $ 20 bill from
1230:
1223:, while not specific for
343:
336:
332:Timber rattlesnake range
331:
322:
301:
294:
186:Scientific classification
184:
164:
142:
133:
120:
111:
23:
4040:Symbols of West Virginia
3428:, in Eastern Virginia".
3396:. (with 108 drawings by
3150:Stechert, in Tyning 1992
2725:Texas Journal of Science
2240:. Accessed 23 June 2008.
1900:10.22621/cfn.v130i4.1936
1644:10.1186/1471-2164-14-394
1392:Parmley, Dennis (1995).
1346:Connecticut River Valley
1139:
1060:, but may include small
835:Distribution and habitat
732:rows, and the number of
4020:Snakes of North America
3548:, pp. 94–97, 181;
3244:Snakes of Massachusetts
2491:Southeastern Naturalist
2441:(Suppl. 4): S243–S245.
2331:Biological Conservation
1919:Biological Conservation
1254:Nemo me impune lacesset
857:Brown County State Park
807:intersupraocular scales
3430:Journal of Herpetology
2754:Journal of Herpetology
2530:Journal of Herpetology
2447:10.1098/rsbl.2004.0162
2390:10.1098/rsbl.2011.1217
1257:(with the verb in the
1208:defibrination syndrome
613:
605:
593:
3951:Paleobiology Database
3604:, Collins JT (2016).
3164:"Timber Rattlesnake:
2960:Bryson, Bill (2004).
1463:: e.T64318A12765920.
1342:Western Massachusetts
1304:, Virginia, Indiana,
1001:. During the summer,
685:in the landmark 1758
622:canebrake rattlesnake
611:
599:
587:
384:& Latreille, 1801
372:Crotalus atricaudatus
3684:venomousreptiles.org
3664:, pp. 206–207).
3552:, pp. 98, 181).
3546:Crotalus h. horridus
3402:Crotalus h. horridus
3284:"Timber Rattlesnake"
3264:. September 15, 2021
3240:"Timber Rattlesnake"
2291:Furman, Jon (2007).
1934:Timber Rattlesnake (
1524:Gap Analysis Project
1241:Romney Middle School
893:, mostly within the
3690:Snakes of Louisiana
3494:Klauber LM (1956).
3337:National Geographic
2889:"MAVIN 2013-05-14,
2343:2011BCons.144..886C
1410:1995JVPal..15...79P
1344:, and parts of the
1289:Conservation status
1248:American Revolution
1214:-releasing enzyme.
973:in rugged terrain.
950:is extirpated from
880:Species at Risk Act
663:prairie rattlesnake
418:Crotalurus cyanurus
397:Crotalinus cyanurus
136:Conservation status
125:encountered within
4025:Reptiles of Canada
3930:timber-rattlesnake
3700:Timber rattlesnake
3676:Account of severe
3562:(editors) (1970).
3550:C. h. atricaudatus
3530:, pp. 10–11).
3478:, pp. 68–71).
3406:C. h. atricaudatus
3290:on 26 October 2015
3166:Crotalus horridus
3121:Timber Rattlesnake
2236:2016-12-24 at the
2225:2016-04-01 at the
1761:Crotalus horridus
1261:) appears above a
1118:eastern cottontail
932:, which is in the
913:, in southeastern
738:C. h. atricaudatus
704:C. h. atricaudatus
626:banded rattlesnake
618:timber rattlesnake
614:
606:
594:
574:& Knight, 1980
493:Crotalus fasciatus
422:– Rafinesque, 1820
409:Crotalus catesbaei
389:Crotalus zetazomae
172:Apparently Secure
24:Timber rattlesnake
16:Species of reptile
3992:
3991:
3938:Open Tree of Life
3764:Crotalus_horridus
3750:Crotalus horridus
3720:Crotalus horridus
3712:Taxon identifiers
3662:Crotalus horridus
3618:Crotalus horridus
3614:978-0-544-12997-9
3582:Crotalus horridus
3568:Crotalus horridus
3528:Crotalus horridus
3510:Crotalus horridus
3476:Crotalus horridus
3472:978-0-9754641-3-7
3426:Crotalus horridus
3376:Crotalus horridus
3321:Crotalus horridus
2750:Crotalus horridus
2690:Crotalus horridus
2656:Crotalus horridus
2614:Crotalus horridus
2581:10.1643/CH-08-121
2325:Crotalus horridus
2304:978-1-58465-656-2
2219:Crotalus horridus
2189:Crotalus horridus
2092:Crotalus horridus
2072:Crotalus horridus
2014:Crotalus horridus
1994:Crotalus horridus
1936:Crotalus horridus
1915:Crotalus horridus
1741:Crotalus horridus
1718:Crotalus horridus
1705:Crotalus horridus
1613:Crotalus horridus
1495:Crotalus horridus
1449:Crotalus horridus
1263:Crotalus horridus
1206:that can produce
971:deciduous forests
811:supralabial scale
799:prefrontal scales
795:internasal scales
697:Crotalus horridus
631:Crotalus horridus
602:Crotalus horridus
590:Crotalus horridus
582:
581:
575:
566:Crotalus horridus
562:
553:
535:
526:
517:Crotalus horridus
513:
501:Crotalus horridus
497:
489:
481:Crotalus durissus
477:
469:Crotalus durissus
465:
453:Crotalus durissus
443:
432:
427:Caudisona horrida
423:
414:
405:
393:
385:
368:
361:Crotalus boiquira
357:
353:Crotalus horridus
305:Crotalus horridus
179:
159:
106:
4057:
3985:
3984:
3972:
3971:
3959:
3958:
3946:
3945:
3933:
3932:
3920:
3919:
3907:
3906:
3894:
3893:
3881:
3880:
3868:
3867:
3855:
3854:
3842:
3841:
3829:
3828:
3816:
3815:
3803:
3802:
3790:
3789:
3777:
3776:
3767:
3766:
3754:
3753:
3752:
3739:
3738:
3737:
3707:
3706:
3586:
3382:. 253.1 – 253.2.
3357:
3300:
3299:
3297:
3295:
3280:
3274:
3273:
3271:
3269:
3262:WBZ 4 CBS Boston
3254:
3248:
3247:
3236:
3230:
3229:
3227:
3225:
3210:
3204:
3203:
3201:
3199:
3194:. pp. 31–32
3185:
3179:
3178:
3172:
3160:
3151:
3148:
3142:
3141:
3132:
3126:
3125:
3116:
3110:
3109:
3107:
3097:
3091:
3090:
3088:
3078:
3072:
3071:
3070:
3068:
3053:
3047:
3046:
3044:
3043:
3032:
3026:
3016:
3010:
3009:
2996:
2990:
2989:
2987:
2986:
2971:
2965:
2958:
2952:
2951:
2949:
2947:
2932:
2926:
2925:
2923:
2921:
2910:
2904:
2903:
2901:
2900:
2885:
2879:
2878:
2876:
2875:
2864:
2858:
2845:US Navy (1991).
2843:
2837:
2818:
2807:
2806:
2766:
2760:
2746:
2740:
2739:Goetz S. M. 2016
2737:
2731:
2706:
2700:
2675:
2666:
2652:
2646:
2645:
2635:
2607:
2601:
2600:
2560:
2554:
2553:
2521:
2515:
2514:
2482:
2476:
2475:
2473:
2471:
2458:
2426:
2420:
2419:
2409:
2369:
2363:
2362:
2318:
2309:
2308:
2288:
2282:
2272:
2263:
2262:
2260:
2259:
2247:
2241:
2215:
2209:
2208:
2206:
2204:
2195:
2183:
2177:
2159:
2153:
2152:
2150:
2149:
2143:srelherp.uga.edu
2135:
2126:
2104:
2095:
2081:
2075:
2069:
2042:
2036:
2030:
2024:
2010:
2004:
1982:
1976:
1947:
1941:
1931:
1925:
1911:
1905:
1904:
1902:
1878:
1872:
1871:
1846:
1835:
1834:
1832:
1830:
1812:
1806:
1805:
1802:Internet Archive
1784:
1778:
1777:
1775:
1773:
1755:
1749:
1737:
1728:
1714:
1708:
1678:
1667:
1666:
1656:
1646:
1622:
1616:
1590:
1579:
1545:
1536:
1535:
1532:10.5066/F7BR8R5P
1519:
1513:
1512:
1510:
1508:
1488:
1482:
1481:
1479:
1477:
1472:
1439:
1430:
1429:
1389:
1283:small government
1194:that works as a
1034:black rat snakes
934:Laurel Highlands
911:Geode State Park
907:Des Moines River
787:subcaudal scales
569:
560:
547:
533:
520:
507:
495:
487:
475:
460:
438:
436:Crotalus horidus
430:
421:
412:
400:
391:
374:
363:
355:
327:
307:
287:C. horridus
194:
193:
173:
170:
169:
153:
148:
147:
116:
98:
97:
34:
27:Temporal range:
21:
20:
4065:
4064:
4060:
4059:
4058:
4056:
4055:
4054:
3995:
3994:
3993:
3988:
3980:
3975:
3967:
3962:
3954:
3949:
3941:
3936:
3928:
3923:
3915:
3912:Observation.org
3910:
3902:
3897:
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3884:
3876:
3871:
3863:
3858:
3850:
3845:
3837:
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3798:
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3780:
3772:
3770:
3762:
3757:
3748:
3747:
3742:
3733:
3732:
3727:
3714:
3672:
3667:
3584:
3360:Cist C (1845).
3308:
3306:Further reading
3303:
3293:
3291:
3282:
3281:
3277:
3267:
3265:
3256:
3255:
3251:
3238:
3237:
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3105:
3099:
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3086:
3080:
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2873:
2871:
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2810:
2767:
2763:
2747:
2743:
2738:
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2707:
2703:
2676:
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2653:
2649:
2608:
2604:
2561:
2557:
2522:
2518:
2483:
2479:
2469:
2467:
2427:
2423:
2378:Biology Letters
2370:
2366:
2319:
2312:
2305:
2289:
2285:
2273:
2266:
2257:
2255:
2248:
2244:
2238:Wayback Machine
2227:Wayback Machine
2216:
2212:
2202:
2200:
2193:
2185:
2184:
2180:
2160:
2156:
2147:
2145:
2137:
2136:
2129:
2105:
2098:
2094:, pp. 578–580).
2082:
2078:
2066:
2043:
2039:
2031:
2027:
2011:
2007:
1983:
1979:
1948:
1944:
1932:
1928:
1912:
1908:
1879:
1875:
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1847:
1838:
1828:
1826:
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1813:
1809:
1785:
1781:
1771:
1769:
1757:
1756:
1752:
1738:
1731:
1715:
1711:
1679:
1670:
1623:
1619:
1615:, pp. 956–966.)
1591:
1582:
1546:
1539:
1520:
1516:
1506:
1504:
1489:
1485:
1475:
1473:
1443:Hammerson, G.A.
1440:
1433:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1370:
1291:
1233:
1188:
1185:phospholipase A
1142:
1054:
1019:
837:
760:
702:The subspecies
692:Systema Naturae
675:
578:
568:
559:
546:
534:Notestein, 1905
532:
519:
459:
444:
431:– Fleming, 1822
429:
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12:
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5:
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4017:
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4007:
3990:
3989:
3987:
3986:
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3882:
3869:
3856:
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3778:
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3755:
3740:
3724:
3722:
3716:
3715:
3704:
3703:
3697:
3687:
3671:
3670:External links
3668:
3666:
3665:
3660:(hardcover). (
3631:
3621:
3595:
3576:, Collins JT,
3571:
3553:
3542:Jaques Cattell
3531:
3513:
3499:
3492:
3479:
3453:
3440:
3435:(4): 520–526.
3422:
3409:
3398:Edmond Malnate
3383:
3365:
3358:
3331:
3309:
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3304:
3302:
3301:
3275:
3249:
3231:
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3027:
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2927:
2905:
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2859:
2838:
2808:
2781:(2): 258–261.
2761:
2741:
2732:
2701:
2667:
2647:
2626:(4): 331–342.
2602:
2555:
2542:10.1670/14-113
2536:(2): 203–208.
2516:
2497:(4): 723–730.
2477:
2421:
2384:(4): 523–525.
2364:
2337:(2): 886–891.
2310:
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2064:
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2005:
1977:
1942:
1926:
1906:
1873:
1866:
1836:
1807:
1788:Linnaeus, Carl
1779:
1750:
1729:
1709:
1703:(paperback). (
1668:
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1376:
1369:
1366:
1338:the Berkshires
1290:
1287:
1275:libertarianism
1232:
1229:
1186:
1141:
1138:
1094:(qv) (10.6%),
1053:
1050:
1018:
1015:
930:Chestnut Ridge
923:Clinton County
836:
833:
815:prenasal scale
783:ventral scales
759:
756:
734:ventral scales
674:
671:
580:
579:
577:
576:
563:
554:
541:
527:
514:
498:
490:
478:
466:
450:
433:
424:
415:
413:Hemprich, 1820
406:
394:
392:Brickell, 1805
386:
369:
358:
356:Linnaeus, 1758
346:
345:
344:
341:
340:
334:
333:
329:
328:
320:
319:
310:
299:
298:
292:
291:
284:
282:
278:
277:
270:
266:
265:
260:
256:
255:
250:
246:
245:
240:
236:
235:
230:
226:
225:
220:
216:
215:
210:
206:
205:
200:
196:
195:
182:
181:
165:
162:
161:
143:
140:
139:
134:
131:
130:
118:
117:
109:
108:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
41:
36:
26:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4062:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4002:
4000:
3983:
3978:
3974:
3970:
3965:
3961:
3957:
3952:
3948:
3944:
3939:
3935:
3931:
3926:
3922:
3918:
3913:
3909:
3905:
3900:
3896:
3892:
3887:
3883:
3879:
3874:
3870:
3866:
3861:
3857:
3853:
3848:
3844:
3840:
3835:
3831:
3827:
3822:
3818:
3814:
3809:
3805:
3801:
3796:
3792:
3788:
3783:
3779:
3775:
3769:
3765:
3760:
3756:
3751:
3745:
3741:
3736:
3730:
3726:
3725:
3723:
3721:
3717:
3713:
3708:
3701:
3698:
3695:
3694:Kingsnake.com
3691:
3688:
3685:
3681:
3679:
3674:
3673:
3663:
3659:
3658:0-307-47009-1
3655:
3652:(paperback),
3651:
3650:0-307-13666-3
3647:
3643:
3639:
3635:
3632:
3629:
3625:
3622:
3619:
3615:
3611:
3607:
3603:
3599:
3596:
3593:
3590:
3583:
3579:
3575:
3572:
3569:
3565:
3561:
3557:
3554:
3551:
3547:
3543:
3539:
3535:
3532:
3529:
3525:
3521:
3517:
3514:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3500:
3497:
3493:
3491:(2): 185–176.
3490:
3487:
3483:
3480:
3477:
3473:
3469:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3454:
3451:
3448:
3444:
3441:
3438:
3434:
3431:
3427:
3423:
3421:(4): 175–178.
3420:
3417:
3413:
3410:
3407:
3403:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3387:
3384:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3366:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3338:
3332:
3329:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3311:
3310:
3289:
3285:
3279:
3268:September 17,
3263:
3259:
3253:
3245:
3241:
3235:
3219:
3215:
3209:
3193:
3192:
3184:
3176:
3169:
3167:
3159:
3157:
3147:
3139:
3138:
3131:
3123:
3122:
3115:
3104:
3103:
3096:
3085:
3084:
3077:
3063:
3059:
3052:
3037:
3031:
3024:
3023:IUCN Red List
3020:
3015:
3007:
3006:
3001:
2995:
2981:
2977:
2970:
2963:
2957:
2941:
2937:
2931:
2915:
2909:
2895:. Toxinfo.org
2894:
2892:
2884:
2869:
2863:
2856:
2855:0-486-26629-X
2852:
2848:
2842:
2835:
2834:0-8014-4141-2
2831:
2827:
2823:
2817:
2815:
2813:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2765:
2759:(3): 494-499.
2758:
2755:
2751:
2745:
2736:
2730:(2): 115-120.
2729:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2705:
2698:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2674:
2672:
2665:(3): 607-617.
2664:
2661:
2657:
2651:
2643:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2620:Herpetologica
2617:
2615:
2606:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2559:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2520:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2481:
2466:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2425:
2417:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2368:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2326:
2317:
2315:
2306:
2300:
2296:
2295:
2287:
2280:
2276:
2271:
2269:
2253:
2246:
2239:
2235:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2221:
2220:
2214:
2199:
2192:
2190:
2182:
2176:
2175:0-395-90452-8
2172:
2168:
2164:
2158:
2144:
2140:
2134:
2132:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2103:
2101:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2080:
2073:
2067:
2065:0-394-50824-6
2061:
2057:
2056:
2051:
2047:
2041:
2034:
2029:
2023:(2): 181-187.
2022:
2019:
2015:
2009:
2003:(3): 656-671.
2002:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1981:
1974:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1946:
1939:
1937:
1930:
1923:
1920:
1916:
1910:
1901:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1877:
1869:
1867:0-8014-4141-2
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1845:
1843:
1841:
1825:
1821:
1819:
1811:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1794:
1789:
1783:
1768:
1764:
1762:
1754:
1747:
1743:
1742:
1736:
1734:
1727:(1): 101-115.
1726:
1723:
1722:Herpetologica
1719:
1713:
1706:
1702:
1701:0-395-19977-8
1698:
1695:(hardcover),
1694:
1693:0-395-19979-4
1690:
1686:
1682:
1677:
1675:
1673:
1664:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1621:
1614:
1610:
1609:0-8014-0463-0
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1577:
1576:1-893777-01-4
1573:
1569:
1568:1-893777-00-6
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1544:
1542:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1518:
1502:
1498:
1496:
1487:
1471:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1457:
1452:
1450:
1444:
1438:
1436:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1388:
1384:
1375:
1372:
1371:
1365:
1363:
1359:
1353:
1351:
1350:Holyoke Range
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1309:
1307:
1303:
1302:Massachusetts
1298:
1296:
1295:IUCN Red List
1286:
1284:
1280:
1279:individualism
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1255:
1249:
1244:
1242:
1238:
1237:state reptile
1228:
1226:
1222:
1219:
1215:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1181:
1179:
1176:and northern
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1150:
1147:
1137:
1133:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1110:
1105:
1104:
1099:
1098:
1093:
1092:
1087:
1086:
1081:
1080:
1075:
1074:garter snakes
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1049:
1045:
1042:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1022:
1014:
1012:
1011:forest canopy
1008:
1004:
1000:
999:farming areas
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
979:cane thickets
976:
972:
967:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
943:
939:
935:
931:
926:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
887:
885:
882:listed it as
881:
877:
873:
870:and southern
869:
864:
862:
858:
854:
853:North Florida
850:
846:
845:New Hampshire
843:and southern
842:
832:
830:
826:
822:
818:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
791:rostral scale
788:
784:
780:
776:
775:dorsal scales
771:
769:
765:
755:
754:
750:
746:
741:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
712:
709:
705:
700:
698:
694:
693:
688:
684:
683:Carl Linnaeus
680:
670:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
641:
637:
633:
632:
627:
623:
619:
610:
603:
598:
591:
586:
573:
567:
564:
561:– Gloyd, 1935
558:
555:
551:
545:
542:
539:
531:
528:
524:
518:
515:
511:
506:
502:
499:
496:Higgins, 1873
494:
491:
486:
482:
479:
474:
470:
467:
463:
458:
454:
451:
448:
441:
437:
434:
428:
425:
419:
416:
410:
407:
403:
398:
395:
390:
387:
383:
380:
377:
373:
370:
366:
362:
359:
354:
351:
350:
342:
339:
335:
330:
326:
321:
317:
313:
308:
306:
300:
297:
296:Binomial name
293:
289:
288:
283:
280:
279:
276:
275:
271:
268:
267:
264:
261:
258:
257:
254:
251:
248:
247:
244:
241:
238:
237:
234:
231:
228:
227:
224:
221:
218:
217:
214:
211:
208:
207:
204:
201:
198:
197:
192:
187:
183:
177:
163:
157:
152:
151:Least Concern
141:
137:
132:
128:
124:
119:
115:
110:
105:
101:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
44:
39:
33:
22:
19:
3719:
3680:envenomation
3677:
3661:
3641:
3638:Brodie ED Jr
3627:
3617:
3605:
3591:
3588:
3581:
3567:
3563:
3549:
3545:
3537:
3527:
3519:
3509:
3505:
3495:
3488:
3485:
3475:
3463:
3449:
3446:
3432:
3429:
3425:
3418:
3415:
3405:
3401:
3393:
3379:
3375:
3361:
3335:
3327:
3324:
3320:
3292:. Retrieved
3288:the original
3278:
3266:. Retrieved
3261:
3252:
3243:
3234:
3224:December 31,
3222:. Retrieved
3208:
3196:. Retrieved
3190:
3183:
3174:
3165:
3146:
3136:
3130:
3120:
3114:
3101:
3095:
3082:
3076:
3065:, retrieved
3061:
3051:
3040:. Retrieved
3030:
3014:
3003:
2994:
2983:. Retrieved
2979:
2969:
2961:
2956:
2946:February 25,
2944:. Retrieved
2939:
2930:
2920:February 22,
2918:. Retrieved
2908:
2897:. Retrieved
2890:
2883:
2872:. Retrieved
2862:
2846:
2841:
2825:
2821:
2778:
2774:
2764:
2756:
2753:
2749:
2744:
2735:
2727:
2724:
2720:
2717:Rainwater TR
2704:
2696:
2693:
2689:
2662:
2659:
2655:
2650:
2623:
2619:
2613:
2605:
2575:(1): 54–61.
2572:
2568:
2558:
2533:
2529:
2519:
2494:
2490:
2480:
2468:. Retrieved
2438:
2434:
2424:
2381:
2377:
2367:
2334:
2330:
2324:
2293:
2286:
2256:. Retrieved
2245:
2218:
2213:
2201:. Retrieved
2188:
2181:
2166:
2157:
2146:. Retrieved
2142:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2091:
2087:
2084:Boulenger GA
2079:
2071:
2054:
2040:
2028:
2020:
2017:
2013:
2008:
2000:
1997:
1993:
1980:
1972:
1969:
1945:
1935:
1929:
1921:
1918:
1914:
1909:
1890:
1886:
1876:
1857:
1827:. Retrieved
1817:
1810:
1792:
1782:
1770:. Retrieved
1760:
1753:
1740:
1724:
1721:
1717:
1712:
1704:
1684:
1634:
1631:BMC Genomics
1630:
1620:
1612:
1600:
1559:
1548:McDiarmid RW
1523:
1517:
1505:. Retrieved
1500:
1494:
1486:
1474:. Retrieved
1460:
1454:
1448:
1404:(1): 79–95.
1401:
1397:
1387:
1357:
1354:
1314:
1310:
1299:
1292:
1271:Gadsden flag
1262:
1259:future tense
1252:
1245:
1234:
1224:
1216:
1182:
1164:. Type B is
1151:
1143:
1134:
1121:
1107:
1101:
1095:
1089:
1083:
1077:
1070:rattlesnakes
1055:
1046:
1043:
1023:
1020:
974:
968:
964:Rhode Island
947:
946:
938:Philadelphia
927:
919:Scott County
915:Henry County
888:
865:
838:
828:
819:
772:
764:Pennsylvania
761:
752:
748:
744:
742:
737:
730:dorsal scale
710:
703:
701:
696:
690:
687:10th edition
676:
653:is the only
650:
630:
629:
625:
621:
617:
615:
601:
589:
565:
556:
543:
537:
529:
516:
505:atricaudatus
504:
500:
492:
484:
480:
472:
468:
456:
452:
446:
435:
426:
417:
408:
396:
388:
378:
371:
360:
352:
304:
302:
286:
285:
273:
122:
30:10.3–0
18:
3886:NatureServe
3834:iNaturalist
3744:Wikispecies
3678:C. horridus
3560:Richmond ND
3214:Adin Ballou
2470:14 February
2254:. Canada.ca
1924:(1): 13-58.
1850:Campbell JA
1552:Campbell JA
1362:New England
1358:C. horridus
1326:Adin Ballou
1317:Westborough
1225:C. horridus
1170:proteolytic
1166:hemorrhagic
1154:ontogenetic
1106:(5.3%) and
1030:copperheads
987:floodplains
983:common name
975:C. horridus
948:C. horridus
895:Mississippi
847:, south to
829:C. horridus
803:supraocular
758:Description
720:(1936) and
655:rattlesnake
651:C. horridus
176:NatureServe
123:C. horridus
3999:Categories
3624:Schmidt KP
3594:: 255–263.
3578:Edwards SR
3556:Netting MG
3526:. 12 pp. (
3502:Linnaeus C
3482:Klauber LM
3460:O'Connor B
3452:: 100–101.
3368:Collins JT
3325:Brimleyana
3198:October 8,
3042:2014-07-29
3038:. Mass.gov
2985:2023-12-08
2899:2014-07-29
2874:2014-07-29
2699:: 976-981.
2678:Reinert HK
2258:2022-03-20
2163:Collins JT
2161:Conant R,
2148:2023-04-25
2125:, p. 302).
2107:Schmidt KP
1984:Brown WS,
1962:Echelle AF
1893:(4): 373.
1570:(series).
1476:9 November
1380:References
1330:Blue Hills
1212:bradykinin
1202:-clotting
1200:fibrinogen
1158:neurotoxic
1130:passerines
1122:Peromyscus
1097:Sylvilagus
1079:Peromyscus
1038:philopatry
981:(thus the
942:Pittsburgh
884:extirpated
849:East Texas
753:Sistrurus.
667:subspecies
402:Rafinesque
249:Suborder:
3574:Pisani GR
3534:Morris PA
3390:Bridges W
3374:(1980). "
3372:Knight JL
3354:643483454
3346:0027-9358
2795:1432-0762
2713:Hawkes AW
2686:Bushar LM
2682:Cundall D
2589:0045-8511
2550:0022-1511
2398:1744-9561
2359:0006-3207
2203:August 8,
2046:Behler JL
1966:Zerwekh M
1958:Greene HW
1954:Pisani GR
1597:Wright AA
1593:Wright AH
1578:(volume).
1426:129349031
1374:Snakebite
1332:south of
1221:antivenom
1178:Louisiana
1126:bobwhites
1100:(10.4%),
1088:(10.9%),
1082:(33.3%),
841:Minnesota
749:Sistrurus
745:Crotalus.
708:Latreille
640:pit viper
604:, Florida
600:Juvenile
592:, Florida
538:ex errore
523:Boulenger
488:Jan, 1863
476:Jan, 1859
473:melanurus
447:ex errore
376:Latreille
281:Species:
263:Viperidae
253:Serpentes
209:Kingdom:
203:Eukaryota
4015:Crotalus
3969:horridus
3891:2.100455
3852:10476558
3771:BioLib:
3735:Q1417249
3729:Wikidata
3640:(1982).
3634:Smith HM
3626:(1953).
3602:Conant R
3598:Powell R
3536:(1948).
3518:(1980).
3516:McCoy CJ
3504:(1758).
3462:(2001).
3412:Gloyd HK
3386:Conant R
3330:: 57–74.
3317:Ernst CH
3313:Brown CW
3294:6 August
3216:(1882).
3067:28 April
2803:12089360
2709:Platt SG
2642:88757784
2597:84279929
2511:85611741
2465:15252996
2416:22357940
2234:Archived
2223:Archived
2165:(1998).
2113:(1941).
2111:Davis DD
2086:(1896).
2052:(1979).
1990:Hines JE
1975:: 18-24.
1950:Fitch HS
1856:(2004).
1854:Lamar WW
1829:13 March
1790:(1758).
1772:13 March
1683:(1975).
1681:Conant R
1663:23758969
1599:(1957).
1558:(1999).
1556:Touré TA
1445:(2007).
1368:See also
1306:New York
1210:, and a
1196:myotoxin
1174:Arkansas
1162:myokymia
1103:Sigmodon
1085:Microtus
1017:Behavior
991:hardwood
956:Delaware
952:Michigan
825:Melanism
821:Dorsally
673:Taxonomy
647:venomous
485:mexicana
457:concolor
365:Lacépède
338:Synonyms
312:Linnaeus
274:Crotalus
259:Family:
243:Squamata
233:Reptilia
223:Chordata
219:Phylum:
213:Animalia
199:Domain:
156:IUCN 3.1
3826:2444468
3456:Hubbs B
3443:Holt EG
3392:(1939).
3021:at the
2456:1810029
2407:3391446
2339:Bibcode
2050:King FW
1798:Holmiae
1744:at the
1654:3701607
1637:: 394.
1507:25 June
1406:Bibcode
1322:Milford
1267:Georgia
1192:peptide
1109:Sciurus
1058:mammals
1052:Feeding
1026:brumate
868:Ontario
861:Indiana
722:Klauber
714:Sonnini
689:of his
643:endemic
636:species
634:) is a
572:Collins
382:Sonnini
269:Genus:
239:Order:
229:Class:
174: (
154: (
121:A wild
104:Present
100:Miocene
3943:628544
3865:174306
3813:KROTHO
3800:963777
3656:
3648:
3612:
3470:
3447:Copeia
3416:Copeia
3352:
3344:
2980:Snopes
2853:
2832:
2801:
2793:
2694:Copeia
2640:
2595:
2587:
2569:Copeia
2548:
2509:
2463:
2453:
2414:
2404:
2396:
2357:
2301:
2173:
2062:
2018:Copeia
1998:Copeia
1986:Kéry M
1864:
1699:
1691:
1661:
1651:
1607:
1574:
1566:
1424:
1334:Boston
1281:, and
1231:Symbol
1218:CroFab
1204:enzyme
1114:shrews
1091:Tamias
1007:ledges
1003:gravid
905:, and
876:Canada
872:Quebec
779:keeled
726:Conant
588:Adult
552:, 1935
525:, 1896
512:, 1884
510:Garman
464:, 1859
442:, 1825
404:, 1818
367:, 1789
3956:53104
3917:98406
3904:35024
3878:64318
3847:IRMNG
3839:30746
3774:58827
3171:(PDF)
3106:(PDF)
3087:(PDF)
2799:S2CID
2638:S2CID
2593:S2CID
2507:S2CID
2194:(PDF)
1422:S2CID
1146:venom
1140:Venom
1066:frogs
1062:birds
960:Maine
899:Skunk
718:Gloyd
624:, or
550:Gloyd
503:var.
483:var.
471:var.
455:var.
3982:5309
3925:ODNR
3899:NCBI
3873:IUCN
3860:ITIS
3821:GBIF
3808:EPPO
3787:ZPBS
3654:ISBN
3646:ISBN
3610:ISBN
3468:ISBN
3450:1924
3419:1935
3350:OCLC
3342:ISSN
3296:2015
3270:2021
3226:2021
3200:2021
3069:2012
2948:2011
2922:2011
2851:ISBN
2830:ISBN
2791:ISSN
2697:1984
2585:ISSN
2573:2010
2546:ISSN
2472:2024
2461:PMID
2412:PMID
2394:ISSN
2355:ISSN
2299:ISBN
2205:2017
2171:ISBN
2060:ISBN
2021:2006
2001:2007
1862:ISBN
1831:2023
1774:2023
1697:ISBN
1689:ISBN
1659:PMID
1605:ISBN
1572:ISBN
1564:ISBN
1509:2023
1478:2022
1461:2007
1198:, a
1168:and
1032:and
995:pine
993:and
962:and
940:and
903:Iowa
891:Iowa
851:and
777:are
773:The
616:The
440:Gray
347:List
316:1758
38:PreꞒ
3977:TSA
3795:EoL
3782:CoL
3759:ADW
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3474:. (
3005:NPR
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