Timber framing - Knowledge

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between adjacent timber members to connect them together. The rings were fit into circular grooves on in both timber members then the assembly was held together with through-bolts. The through-bolts only held the assembly together but were not load-carrying. Shear plate connectors were used to transfer loads between timber members and metal. Shear plate connectors resembled large washers, deformed on the side facing the timber in order to grip it, and were through-fastened with long bolts or lengths of threaded rod. A leading manufacturer of these types of timber connectors was the Timber Engineering Company, or TECO, of Washington, DC. The proprietary name of their split-ring connectors was the "TECO Wedge-Fit".

2039: 363: 1987: 602: 1385: 379: 4351: 2712: 2918: 3610: 2797: 2381: 3647:, literally "binding work") is the traditional building style in almost all of Denmark, making it the only Nordic country where this style is prevalent in all regions. Along the west coast of Jutland, houses built entirely of bricks were traditionally more common due to lack of suitable wood. In the 19th and especially in the 20th century, bricks have been the preferred building material in all of Denmark, but traditional timber-frame houses remain common both in the towns and in the countryside. Different regions have different traditions as to whether the timber frame should be tarred and thus clearly visible or be limewashed or painted in the same colour as the infills. 1968: 899: 3100: 3458: 856: 2813: 578: 2763: 3845: 803: 399: 2747: 3547: 2847: 1777: 1049: 2984: 3528: 2278: 2358: 2863: 1555: 3879: 3860: 2326: 3198: 3291: 3446: 3246: 3891: 3830: 2294: 347: 3064: 840: 767: 2230: 2310: 1949: 3016: 539: 2409: 743: 2903: 755: 1933: 3032: 3000: 2095: 4009: 3213: 2883: 2019: 590: 3625: 3048: 512: 2938: 1418: 884: 614: 2003: 1540: 1180: 2732: 1475:(SIPs). Although the timbers can only be seen from inside the building when so enclosed, construction is less complex and insulation is greater than in traditional timber building. SIPs are "an insulating foam core sandwiched between two structural facings, typically oriented strand board" according to the Structural Insulated Panel Association. SIPs reduce dependency on bracing and auxiliary members, because the panels span considerable distances and add rigidity to the basic timber frame. 4327: 1073: 3434: 444: 3930: 1913: 2246: 779: 2829: 791: 4508:

nations as Germany, where energy efficiency is highly regulated, the renovated building may be required to meet modern energy efficiencies, if it is to be used as a residential or commercial structure (museums and significant historic buildings have no semi-permanent habitade exempt). Many framework houses of significance are treated merely to preserve, rather than render inhabitable – most especially as the required heavy insecticidal fumigation is highly poisonous.

3088: 3910: 3422: 2141: 1654:, an ancient tradition thought to have originated in Scandinavia by 700 AD. In the U.S., a bough or small tree is attached to the peak of the timber frame after the frame is complete as a celebration. Historically, it was common for the master carpenter to give a speech, make a toast, and then break the glass. In Northern Europe, a wreath made for the occasion is more commonly used rather than a bough. In Japan, the "ridge raising" is a religious ceremony called the 3594: 2782: 1061: 872: 3579: 8819: 8063: 1443: 135: 527: 4028: 1435: 460: 3273: 3563: 4042: 38: 2423: 1720: 162: 8841: 8073: 1017: 4054: 8829: 8083: 1172: 3789:. Unlike other types of timber framing in Europe, the trestle frame construction uses no mortise and tenon joints. Archaeological excavations have uncovered similar wooden joints from more than 3,000 years ago, suggesting that this type of framing is an ancient unbroken tradition. Grindverk buildings are only found on part of the western coast of Norway, and most of them are boathouses and barns. 147: 2124:'home-made' – even temporary – appearance. Many such example can be found in the English shires. Equally, some relatively small buildings can be seen to incorporate substantial timbers and excellent craftsmanship, reflecting the relative wealth and status of their original owners. Important resources for the study of historic building methods in the UK are 1393:

was used for various building types including warehouses, factories, garages, barns, stores/markets, recreational buildings, barracks, bridges, and trestles. The use of these structures was promoted because of their low construction costs, easy adaptability, and performance in fire as compared to unprotected steel truss construction.

3360:) whenever it could be afforded. Timber was a sign of poverty. Oak-wood was cheaper than masonry: that is why, when the money was running out, the upper floor walls were mostly built timbered. Extant baserriak with half-timbered upper-floor façades were built from the 15th to 19th centuries and are found in all Basque regions with 3509:. In urban areas, the ground floor was formerly built in stone and the upper floors in timber framing. Also, as timber framing was seen as a cheaper way of building, often the visible structures of noble houses were in stone and bricks, and the invisible or lateral walls in timber framing. The open-air museums of 4507:

there are maybe more disadvantages than advantages today. Such houses are notoriously expensive to maintain let alone renovate and restore, most commonly owing to local regulations that do not allow divergence from the original, modification or incorporation of modern materials. Additionally, in such

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style or "corner post construction" (and many other names) in which wood is used both for the frame and horizontal infill; for this reason it may be incorrect to call it "half-timbering". It is sometimes a blend of framing and log building with two styles: the horizontal pieces fit into groves in the

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Timber-framed structures differ from conventional wood-framed buildings in several ways. Timber framing uses fewer, larger wooden members, commonly timbers in the range of 15 to 30 cm (6 to 12 in), while common wood framing uses many more timbers with dimensions usually in the 5- to 25-cm (2- to

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Wattle and daub was the most common infill in ancient times. The sticks were not always technically wattlework (woven), but also individual sticks installed vertically, horizontally, or at an angle into holes or grooves in the framing. The coating of daub has many recipes, but generally was a mixture

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Noise from footsteps in adjacent rooms above, below, and on the same floor in such buildings can be quite audible. This is often resolved with built-up floor systems involving clever sound-isolation and absorption techniques and at the same time providing passage space for plumbing, wiring, and even

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In North America, heavy timber construction is classified Building Code Type IV: a special class reserved for timber framing which recognizes the inherent fire resistance of large timber and its ability to retain structural capacity in fire situations. In many cases this classification can eliminate

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also known in Eastern England as clasp board and in western England as weatherboard, then as more wood was available more cheaply, horizontal cladding in the 17th century. Perhaps owing to economic considerations, vertical cladding returned to fashion. Dutch wall framing is virtually always built in

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Half-timbered construction in the Northern European vernacular building style is characteristic of medieval and early modern Denmark, England, Germany, and parts of France and Switzerland, where timber was in good supply yet stone and associated skills to dress the stonework were in short supply. In

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Since this building method has been used for thousands of years in many parts of the world, many styles of historic framing have developed. These styles are often categorized by the type of foundation, walls, how and where the beams intersect, the use of curved timbers, and the roof framing details.

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more readily than some other materials, making timber-frame buildings somewhat more susceptible to fire damage, although this idea is not universally accepted: Since the cross-sectional dimensions of many structural members exceed 15 cm × 15 cm (6" × 6"), timber-frame structures

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building styles are extremely varied with a huge number of carpentry techniques which are highly regionalized. German planning laws for the preservation of buildings and regional architecture preservation dictate that a half-timbered house must be authentic to regional or even city-specific designs

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Germany has several styles of timber framing, but probably the greatest number of half-timbered buildings in the world are to be found in Germany and in Alsace (France). There are many small towns which escaped both war damage and modernisation and consist mainly, or even entirely, of half-timbered

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arches, and lamella roof systems. Unique to this building type is the interlocking of the timber members of the roof trusses and supporting columns and their connection points. The timber members are held apart by "fillers" (blocks of timber). This leaves air spaces between the timber members which

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In the 1930s a system of timber framing referred to as the "modern timber connector method" was developed. It was characterized by the use of timber members assembled into trusses and other framing systems and fastened using various types of metal timber connectors. This type of timber construction

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was used throughout Europe, especially from the 12th century to the 19th century, and subsequently imported to North America, where it was common into the early 19th century. In a scribe frame, timber sockets are fashioned or "tailor-made" to fit their corresponding timbers; thus, each timber piece

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this style also became known as "Red River Framing". "The support of horizontal timbers by corner posts is an old form of construction in Europe. It was apparently carried across much of the continent from Silesia by the Lausitz urnfield culture in the late Bronze Age." Similar building techniques

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is a good example. The exterior walls of such buildings were often covered over with clapboards to protect the infill from erosion. Naturally, this required frequent maintenance, and the style was abandoned as a building method in the 18th century in Québec. For the same reasons, half-timbering in

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that focuses on the engineering of wood structures. Timber is classified by tree species (e.g., southern pine, douglas fir, etc.) and its strength is graded using numerous coefficients that correspond to the number of knots, the moisture content, the temperature, the grain direction, the number of

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Mudbricks also called adobe are sometimes used to fill in timber-frame structures. They can be made on site and offer exceptional fire resistance. Such buildings must be designed to accommodate the poor thermal insulating properties of mudbrick, however, and usually have deep eaves or a veranda on

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The cruck frame design is among the earliest, and was in use by the early 13th century, with its use continuing to the present day, although rarely after the 18th century. Since the 18th century however, many existing cruck structures have been modified, with the original cruck framework becoming

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identify the place where to cut joints and bore peg holes; carpenters also marked the location on a timber where they had levelled it, as part of the building process, and called these "level lines"; sometimes they made a mark two feet from a critical location, which was then called the "two-foot

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Timber members in this type of framing system were connected with ferrous timber connectors of various types. Loads between timber members were transmitted using split-rings (larger loads), toothed rings (lighter loads), or spiked grid connectors. Split-ring connectors were metal rings sandwiched

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conform t floor dimensions above, but are at right angles to the jetty-plates that conform to the shorter dimensions of "roof" of the floor below. Jetty beams are mortised at 45° into the sides of the dragon beams. They are the main constituents of the cantilever system, and determine how far the

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It is often claimed that timber-framed buildings in Britain contain reused ships' timbers. This belief is dismissed by experts, who point out that curved timbers are rarely suitable, that salt is destructive to cellulose in the wood, and that ships' timbers are generally slight compared to cruck

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Generally speaking, the size of timbers used in construction, and the quality of the workmanship reflect the wealth and status of their owners. Small cottages often used quite small cross-section timbers which would have been deemed unsuitable by others. Some of these small cottages also have a

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which is a half-timbering style of many studs spaced about the width of the studs apart (for example six-inch studs spaced six inches apart) until the middle of the 16th century and sometimes wider spacing after that time. Close studding was an elite style found mostly on expensive buildings. A

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Historic timber-frame construction in England (and the rest of the United Kingdom) showed regional variation which has been divided into the "eastern school", the "western school", and the "northern school", although the characteristic types of framing in these schools can be found in the other

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The use of timber framing in buildings offers various aesthetic and structural benefits, as the timber frame lends itself to open plan designs and allows for complete enclosure in effective insulation for energy efficiency. In modern construction, a timber-frame structure offers many benefits:

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The Swedish mostly built log houses but they do have traditions of several types of timber framing: Some of the following links are written in Swedish. Most of the half-timbered houses in Sweden were built during the Danish time and are located in what until 1658 used to be Danish territory in

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During World War II, the United States Army Corps of Engineers and the Canadian Military Engineers undertook to construct airplane hangars using this timber construction system in order to conserve steel. Wood hangars were constructed throughout North America and employed various technologies

2091:, and many other shapes. The northern school sometimes used posts which landed on the foundation rather than on a sill beam, the sill joining to the sides of the posts and called an interrupted sill. Another northern style was to use close studding but in a herring-bone or chevron pattern. 1467:

or other mechanical fasteners, whereas timber framing uses the traditional mortise and tenon or more complex joints that are usually fastened using only wooden pegs. Modern complex structures and timber trusses often incorporate steel joinery such as gusset plates, for both structural and

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in the 18th century. It used housed joints in main timbers to allow for interchangeable braces and girts. Today, standardized timber sizing means that timber framing can be incorporated into mass-production methods as per the joinery industry, especially where timber is cut by precision

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of clay and chalk with a binder such as grass or straw and water or urine. When the manufacturing of bricks increased, brick infill replaced the less durable infills and became more common. Stone laid in mortar as an infill was used in areas where stone rubble and mortar were available.

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strains and deform, shift position or both. This is a major structural issue as the house may deviate several degrees from perpendicular to its foundations (in the x-axis, y-axis, and even z-axis) and thus be unsafe and unstable or so out of square it is extremely costly to remedy.

725:, or left exposed. When left exposed, both the framing and infill were sometimes done in a decorative manner. Germany is famous for its decorative half-timbering and the figures sometimes have names and meanings. The decorative manner of half-timbering is promoted in Germany by the 1676:

Assembly or marriage marks were used to identify the individual timbers. Assembly marks include numbering to identify the pieces of the frame. The numbering can be similar to Roman numerals except the number four is IIII and nine is VIIII. These marks are chiseled, cut with a

962:, published in several volumes from 1823 to 1829. She uses the term picturesquely: "...passing through a gate in a quickset hedge, we arrived at the porch of an old half-timbered cottage, where an aged man and woman received us." By 1842, half-timbered had found its way into 2711: 1497:

is another alternative where straw bales are stacked for nonload-bearing infill with various finishes applied to the interior and exterior such as stucco and plaster. This appeals to the traditionalist and the environmentalist as this is using "found" materials to build.

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All of these buildings disappeared as a consequence of this small provincial town of Christiania becoming the capital of independent Norway in 1814. This caused a rapid growth, with the population rising from 10 000 to 250 000 by 1900. Increasing prices caused a massive

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An alternate construction method is with concrete flooring with extensive use of glass. This allows a solid construction combined with open architecture. Some firms have specialized in industrial prefabrication of such residential and light commercial structures such as

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This technique of a timber frame walls filled in with horizontal planks or logs proved better suited to the harsh climates of Québec and Acadia, which at the same time had abundant wood. It became popular throughout New France, as far afield as southern Louisiana. The

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Europe is full of timber-framed structures dating back hundreds of years, including manors, castles, homes, and inns, whose architecture and techniques of construction have evolved over the centuries. In Asia, timber-framed structures are found, many of them temples.

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or half-timbered houses includes the following, though many can be avoided by thoughtful design and application of suitable paints and surface treatments and routine maintenance. Often, though when dealing with a structure of a century or more old, it is too late.

3127:) as filling in-between the timber frame. However, the half-timbered houses which can be observed nowadays have been built in regions that were historically German or had significant German cultural influence. As these regions were at some point parts of German 5936: 937:

was used informally to mean timber-framed construction in the Middle Ages. For economy, cylindrical logs were cut in half, so one log could be used for two (or more) posts. The shaved side was traditionally on the exterior and everyone knew it to be half the

302:(U.S.) or crossframe (UK); the individual timbers are each called a blade. More than 4,000 cruck frame buildings have been recorded in the UK. Several types of cruck frames are used; more information follows in English style below and at the main article 430:

are common in the U.S., the Netherlands, and Germany. Aisled buildings are wider than the simpler box-framed or cruck-framed buildings, and typically have purlins supporting the rafters. In northern Germany, this construction is known as variations of

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or rubble laid in a clay mortar and then plastered over with white chalk or nogged with bricks. Although the entire supporting structure is made of wood, the timbering is only visible on the main façade, which is generally oriented to the southeast.

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posts and can slide up and down or the horizontal pieces fit into individual mortises in the posts and are pegged and the gaps between the pieces chinked (filled in with stones or chips of wood covered with mud or moss briefly discussed in

914: 3844: 4183:(posts on a sill) is a general term for any kind of framing on a sill. However, sometimes it specifically refers to "vertical log construction" like poteaux-en-terre placed on sills with the spaces between the timbers infilled. 3609: 4484:

The generally larger spaces between the frames enable greater flexibility in the placement, at construction or afterwards, of windows and doors with less resulting weakening of the structural integrity and the need for heavy

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Many historic hand tools used by timber framers for thousands of years have similarities, but vary in shape. Electrically powered tools first became available in the 1920s in the U.S. and continue to evolve. See the

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Kessler, Karl; Custodis, Paul-Georg; Lang, Helmut R.; Landschaftsmuseum Westerwald; Elenz, Reinhold; Schrammel-Schäl, Nortrud G.; Kreisverwaltung des Westerwaldkreises; Schumacher, Angela; Weinert, Peter P. (1987).

2762: 1681:(a tool to cut lines and circles in wood), or saw cuts. The numbering can also be in Arabic numerals which are often written with a red grease pencil or crayon. German and French carpenters made some unique marks. ( 3521:) show many examples of Belgian timber framing. Many post-and-beam houses can be found in cities and villages, but, unlike France, the United Kingdom, and Germany, there are few fully timber framed cityscapes. 207:, and in many cases the infill between timbers will be used for decorative effect. The country most known for this kind of architecture is Germany, where timber-framed houses are spread all over the country. 4244:(c. 1741), York, York County, Pennsylvania, which has the ground level of corner-post construction with the second floor of fachwerk (half timbered) and was built for a German with other Germanic features. 2592:

usually has a foundation of stone, or sometimes brick, perhaps up to several feet (a couple of metres) high, which the timber framework is mortised into or, more rarely, supports an irregular wooden sill.

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In the advanced manner, called frame construction, each story is constructed like a case, and the whole building is constructed like a pile of such cases. This frame construction in German is called

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As houses were modified to cope with changing demands there sometimes were a combination of styles within a single timber-frame construction. The major types of historic framing in England are

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in his books on architecture as a timber frame with wattlework infill. However, the same term is used to describe timber frames with an infill of stone rubble laid in mortar the Romans called

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is now confusingly applied to a Roman stone/mortar infill as well. Similar methods to wattle and daub were also used and known by various names, such as clam staff and daub, cat-and-clay, or

3691:. Stave construction is a traditional timber frame with walls of vertical planks, the posts and planks landing in a sill on a foundation. Similar construction with earthfast posts is called 4511:

In some cases, it is more economical to build anew using authentic techniques and correct period materials than restore. One major problem with older structures is the phenomenon known as

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in a shop, without the need for a machine or hand-cut production line. This allows faster erection on site and more precise alignments. Valley and hip timbers are not typically pre-fitted.

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times, and have been used in many parts of the world during various periods such as ancient Japan, continental Europe, and Neolithic Denmark, England, France, Germany, Spain, parts of the

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is thought to be the earliest method of connecting the wall plates and tie beams and is particularly identified with Swabia. A later innovation (also pioneered in Swabia) was the use of

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is common. All but one surviving stave churches are in Norway, one in Sweden. Replicas of stave churches and other Norwegian building types have been reproduced elsewhere, e.g. at the

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in East Anglia, Warwickshire, Worcestershire, Herefordshire, Shropshire, and Cheshire, where one of the most elaborate surviving English examples of half-timbered construction is

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A good introductory book on carpentry and joinery from 1898 in London, England is titled Carpentry & Joinery by Frederick G. Webber and is a free ebook in the public domain:

2261: 1198:. If required, smaller timbers were ripsawn from the hewn baulks using pitsaws or frame saws. Today, timbers are more commonly bandsawn, and the timbers may sometimes be machine- 766: 3257: 6371:

For an English summary of important points presented in the Dutch language book Houten kappen in Nederland 1000–1940 (Wooden Roofs in the Netherlands: 1000–1940) use this link

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until the 18th century. Timber framing of the type used in large parts of Europe appeared occasionally in late medieval towns, but never became common, except for the capital

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and southern Sweden. Timber framing is rare in Russia, Finland, northern Sweden, and Norway, where tall and straight lumber, such as pine and spruce, is readily available and

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Although the typical Basque house is now mostly associated with half-timbering, the outer walls and the fire-walls were built in masonry (rubble stone, bricks or, ideally,

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became the standard infill after the manufacturing of bricks made them more available and less expensive. Half-timbered walls may be covered by siding materials including

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True cruck or full cruck: blades, straight or curved, extend from ground or foundation to the ridge acting as the principal rafters. A full cruck does not need a tie beam.

4111:(Brazil), where Germans settled. Later, they chose more suitable building materials for local conditions (most likely because of the great problem of tropical termites.) 2694:

In addition there is a myriad of regional scrollwork and fretwork designs of the non-loadbearing large timbers (braces) peculiar to particularly wealthy towns or cities.

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and Switzerland) have more decoration using timber because of greater forest reserves in those areas. During the 19th century, a form of decorative timber-framing called

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In the older (medieval) manner, called post construction, the vertical elements continue from the groundwork to the roof. This post construction in German is called

577: 565: 1967: 3616: 3518: 3348:. Big holes were left in the gable of the main façade for ventilation. The wooden beams were painted over, mostly in dark red. The vacancies were filled in with 2607:

In West Central German and Franconian timber-work houses (particularly in the Central Rhine and Moselle): the windows most commonly lie between the rails of the

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tenons). The timbers were initially placed with the tenons left an inch or two out of intended position and later driven home after becoming fully seasoned.

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benefit from the unique properties of large timbers, which char on the outside, forming an insulated layer that protects the rest of the beam from burning.

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The lady of the manor being a series of conversations on the subject of confirmation. Intended for the use of the middle and higher ranks of young females

2223:) and mortised at the top into the plate. The openings were filled with many materials including mud and straw, wattle and daub, or horsehair and gypsum. 1080:

Traditional timber framing is the method of creating framed structures of heavy timber jointed together with various joints, commonly and originally with

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or "earthfast" construction. The tops of the posts are joined to a beam and the spaces between are filled in with natural materials called bousillage or

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used this technique for many of its trading posts, and this style of framing becoming known as Hudson Bay style or Hudson Bay corners. Also used by the

3245: 802: 4367: 2380: 451:, brick, and stone. The plaster coating which originally covered the infill and timbers is mostly gone. This building is in the central German city of 5904: 3890: 3829: 266:

framing). The distinction presented here is that the roof load is carried by the exterior walls. Purlins are also found even in plain timber frames.

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A unique type of timber-frame house can be found in the region where the borders of Germany, the Czech Republic, and Poland meet – it is called the

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The jetty-plates are designed to carry the jetty beams. The jetty plates themselves are supported by the corner posts of the recessed floor below.

5922: 3953:, allowed economically viable widespread use of protective wood covering over framework. In the late 17th century the Dutch introduced vertical 3111:

Historically, the majority of Polish cities as well as their central marketplaces possessed timber-framed dwellings and housing. Throughout the

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mark". These marks are typically scratched on the timber with an awl-like tool until later in the 19th century, when they started using pencils.

4400:. During the 1920s increasingly minimal gestures towards some half-timbering in commercial speculative housebuilding saw the fashion diminish. 3815:

and the less affluent to use timber framing in the Danish manner. During the next two centuries, 50 per cent of the houses were timber framed.

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ordered the town to be relocated to a new site. He outlawed log building to prevent future conflagrations and required wealthy burghers to use

2309: 2106:, box frame, and aisled construction. From the box frame, more complex framed buildings such as the Wealden House and Jettied house developed. 4159:(torchis), straw coated with mud and hung over horizontal staves (or otherwise held in place), colombage an eclisses, and colombage a lattes. 3405: 1020:

A variation of the second meaning of half-timbered: the ground floor is log and the upper floor is framed (half-timbered in the first sense).

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The Spanish generally follow the Mediterranean forms of architecture with stone walls and shallow roof pitch. Timber framing is often of the

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principal style of the western school is the use of square panels of roughly equal size and decorative framing utilizing many shapes such as

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on trestles; on right carpenters striking a mortising chisel with a mallet and boring a hole with a T-auger; lower right on ground a two-man

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The dragon-beam which runs diagonally from one corner to another, and supports the corner posts above and supported by the corner posts below

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had all the necessary techniques for this construction. The earliest surviving (French) half-timbered buildings date from the 12th century.

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Consequently, there are many half-timbered houses which still stand despite the foundation having partially caved in over the centuries.

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New England, which was originally employed by the English settlers, fell out of favour soon after the colonies had become established.

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Other markings in old buildings are called "ritual marks", which were often signs the occupants felt would protect them from harm.

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sill-beams (also called ground-sills or sole-pieces, at the bottom of a wall into which posts and studs are fitted using tenons),

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detail. Note how the sills lap and the post fits around the sills. The post is the stave from which these buildings are named.

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houses resembling old Basque farmsteads, with more or less respect for the principles of traditional half-timbered building.

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The most characteristic feature is the spacing between the posts and the high placement of windows. Panels are enclosed by a

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A jetty is an upper floor which sometimes historically used a structural horizontal beam, supported on cantilevers, called a

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10-in) range. The methods of fastening the frame members also differ. In conventional framing, the members are joined using

511: 5401:"The Shakespeare Hotel- Stratford Upon Avon:: OS grid SP2054: Geograph Britain and Ireland – photograph every grid square!" 4464:. This stage of preparing the assembled frame for the installation of windows, mechanical systems, and roofing is known as 3433: 2937: 1868: 74: 4259:

are H-framing also known as dropped-tie framing in the U.S. and the similar anchor beam framing as found in the New World

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bracing (a decorative and supporting style of frame, usually at 45° to the upright and horizontal directions of the frame)

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Two curved saltires also called St. Andrews crosses during repairs to a building in Germany: The infill has been removed.

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construction, consisting of a series of transversal frames of two posts and a connecting beam, supporting two parallel

790: 6048:"Corner-Post Log Construction: Description, Analysis, and Sources – A Report to Early American Industries Association" 5157: 5114:

TECO Timber Engineering Company. "Specify Timber with the TECO System for Industrial and Commercial Structures". 1950.

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Fachwerk im Westerwald: Landschaftsmuseum Westerwald, Hachenburg, Ausstellung vom 11. September 1987 bis 30 April 1988

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traditional gypsum, or wattle and daub containing organic materials (animal hair, straw, manure) which then decompose.

3047: 954:, but it is the standard English name for this style. One of the first people to publish the term "half-timbered" was 81: 8900: 8076: 7961: 6355: 6347: 6329: 6295: 6279: 6132: 5745: 5662: 5546: 5520: 5490: 5404: 5378: 5318: 4938: 121: 5636: 5464: 5348: 2731: 2245: 418:

than the posts in the exterior walls. This is the same concept of the aisle in church buildings, sometimes called a

8890: 7936: 5606: 5487:"Pembridge, Market Hall and New Inn:: OS grid SO3958: Geograph Britain and Ireland – photograph every grid square!" 5434: 4299: 1581:, and Scotland. The timber-framing technique has historically been popular in climate zones which favour deciduous 274: 6183:

Bengtsson, Charlotte (1999). "Mechano-sorptive creep of wood in tension and compression". In Boström, Lars (ed.).

5576: 4543:

poor prevention of capillary movement of water within any exposed timber, leading to afore-described creep, or rot

3624: 3212: 1912: 8366: 4381:), though in Tudor times half-timbering had begun to look rustic and was increasingly limited to village houses ( 3615:

Unskilled worker's thatched cottage (Hingeon 19th century) transplanted and reconstituted in the open-air museum

2207:

features two techniques: frameworks were built of four evenly spaced regularly hewn timbers set into the ground (

2110:

hidden. Aisled barns are of two or three aisled types, the oldest surviving aisled barn being the barley barn at

1152:

or 'jetty bressummer' to bear the weight of the new wall, projecting outward from the preceding floor or storey.

55: 4558:

non-beveled vertical beams (posts and clapboards) allow water absorption and retention through capillary action.

4167:(posts in ground) is a type of timber framing with the many vertical posts or studs buried in the ground called 4147:. The style had its origins in Normandy, and was brought to Canada by early Norman settlers. The Men's House at 3421: 1471:

Recently, it has become common practice to enclose the timber structure entirely in manufactured panels such as

1114:

or axe) and sawn timbers, two main carpentry methods were employed: scribe carpentry and square rule carpentry.

974:

of exposed timbered beams and infilled spaces created the distinctive "half-timbered", or occasionally termed, "

88: 8880: 8844: 8833: 7941: 5795: 5711: 5264: 5035: 4902: 4877: 4857:

Vitruvious On Architecture (translated in 1931 from the eighth century Latin), Book II, Chapter 8, paragraph 20

4449:

It is well suited to prefabrication, modular construction, and mass-production. Timbers can be pre-fit within

4430: 4350: 4041: 3344:. In the oldest farmsteads and, if existing, in the third floor the walls were sometimes covered with vertical 778: 59: 6361:

Timber Buildings. Low-energy constructions. Cristina Benedetti, Bolzano 2010, Bozen-Bolzano University Press,

4540:(weather-seasonally induced) and mechano-sorptive (moisture induced) creep of wood in tension and compression. 4008: 1384: 8875: 7951: 7661: 6679: 5543:"Historic buildings in Ludlow:: OS grid SO5174: Geograph Britain and Ireland – photograph every grid square!" 4131:, half-timbered construction with the infill between the posts and studs of stone rubble and lime plaster or 2332: 1993: 1696:

Occasionally, carpenters or owners marked a date and/or their initials in the wood, but not like masons left

17: 5001: 3941:

The Netherlands is often overlooked for its timbered houses, yet many exist, including windmills. It was in

8086: 7288: 4069:

As the result of centuries of German settlement and cultural influence, towns in the Baltic states such as

3578: 3099: 1838: 1765: 1527:, and various connection types. In the United States, structural frames are then designed according to the 1194:

Historically, the timbers would have been hewn square using a felling axe and then surface-finished with a

526: 70: 1414:

improves air circulation and drying around the members which improves resistance to moisture borne decay.

8257: 8112: 6033:

Common places: Readings in American Vernacular Architecture, referencing V. Gordon Childe, The Bronze Age

4670: 4366:

When half-timbering regained popularity in Britain after 1860 in the various revival styles, such as the

4359: 4091:

Most "haft-timbered" houses existing in Missouri, Pennsylvania, and Texas were built by German settlers.

4086: 3161:

in southwestern Poland. There are also numerous examples of timber-framed secular structures such as the

1028:

A less common meaning of the term "half-timbered" is found in the fourth edition of John Henry Parker's

290:, England: The cruck blades are the tall, curved timbers which extend from near the ground to the ridge. 254:

A simple timber frame made of straight vertical and horizontal pieces with a common rafter roof without

8885: 8386: 8381: 7138: 6372: 4477:

it offers some structural benefits as the timber frame, if properly engineered, lends itself to better

4461: 3958:

bents and the three basic types of roof framing are the rafter roof, purlin roof, and ridge-post roof.

3764: 3272: 3237: 2772:(i.e. little place), the worldwide known timber frame ensemble, as the southern end of the Old town in 1558: 1472: 4955: 3562: 8757: 8354: 7966: 7885: 7104: 6431: 398: 4053: 3701:

construction where many vertical wall timbers or planks have their feet buried in the ground called

2571:

similar to that of the nearby Netherlands and England while the more southerly states (most notably

8722: 8661: 8162: 6241: 4722: 4139:

in France. Colombage was used from the earliest settlement until the 18th century but was known as

2909: 2773: 2753: 2443: 2416: 1233:

noggin-pieces (the horizontal timbers forming the tops and bottoms of the frames of infill panels),

726: 3187:

Another world-class type of wooden building Poland shares with some neighboring countries are its

2781: 2372: 313:

Base cruck: tops of the blades are truncated by the first transverse member such as by a tie beam.

8865: 8742: 8322: 7318: 6466: 6461: 4744: 4710: 4603: 4415: 4335: 4203: 3954: 2691:, and are crossed by two rails between which the windows are placed—like "two eyes peering out". 1880: 1819: 1723:

German carpenters in 1880: The tools, from left to right, are: a cart loaded with timbers, rough

1528: 1494: 414:

Aisled frames have one or more rows of interior posts. These interior posts typically carry more

48: 6391: 6185:

1st International RILEM Symposium on Timber Engineering, Stockholm, Sweden, 13–14 September 1999

5955:

1st International RILEM Symposium on Timber Engineering: Stockholm, Sweden, 13–14 September 1999

2268: 2125: 1295:(slanting beams giving extra support between horizontal or vertical members of the timber frame) 1103:

the joints with allowance of about 1 inch (25 mm), enough room for the wood to move as it '

1048: 8822: 8312: 8307: 8105: 8043: 7124: 7094: 7089: 6795: 6081: 6051: 5861:. Heimatland Lippe: Zeitschrift d. Lippischen Heimatbundes. Vol. 7. Lippischer Heimatbund. 4705: 4700: 4695: 4144: 4104: 3865: 2893: 1511: 1447: 1410: 1068:) upper storeys of an English half-timbered village terraced house, the jetties plainly visible 6148: 4446:

It is rapidly erected. A moderately sized timber-frame home can be erected within 2 to 3 days.

4314:). Asian framing is significantly different from western framing, with its predominant use of 3994:

there are few examples of this type of architecture, most of those buildings being located in

2165: 1776: 8459: 8361: 7109: 6958: 6820: 6732: 4930: 3934: 3514: 3325:

have the most representative examples of the use of timber framing in the Iberian Peninsula.

2458:. It is more than 2,000 km (1,200 mi) long, crossing Germany through the states of 2068: 1524: 5816:

The arts and architecture of German settlements in Missouri: a survey of a vanishing culture

3485:

Switzerland has many styles of timber framing which overlap with its neighboring countries.

1727:

with felling axes; in the green coat is the master carpenter carrying his tools including a

1672:

Carpenters' marks are markings left on the timbers of wooden buildings during construction.

95: 8895: 8207: 8066: 7971: 7855: 7746: 7240: 6920: 6900: 6840: 6424: 4516: 4241: 3967: 3835: 3506: 3494: 2698: 2542: 2518: 1973: 1488: 1398: 1292: 955: 262:

is not well defined and has been used for any kind of framing (with the usual exception of

5877:

Fachwerkhäuser in Deutschland: Konstruktion, Gestalt und Nutzung vom Mittelalter bis heute

2479: 1768:

for basic descriptions and images of unusual tools (The list is incomplete at this time).

493:= partitions), which are then filled-in with some kind of nonstructural material known as 8: 8605: 7696: 7691: 7225: 7210: 7190: 7185: 7061: 6943: 5280: 4734: 4371: 4279:

roofs, five sided ridge beams, plank-frame construction and plank-wall construction. The

4255:

Characteristics of traditional timber framing in the parts of the U.S. formerly known as

4095:

North Carolina has fine examples of German fachwerk buildings. Many are still present in

2928: 2705:). This type has a timber frame surrounding a log structure on part of the ground floor. 2364: 1977: 1884: 1823: 923:

can be built with half-timber walls. This house is in the Ryedale Folk Museum in England.

323: 150: 5179: 4471:

it can be customized with carvings or incorporate heirloom structures such as barns etc.

4027: 3502: 3314: 1554: 8522: 7754: 7264: 7200: 6825: 6780: 6552: 6512: 5230: 5222: 5130:(Unpublished master's thesis). Corvallis, OR.: School of Forestry, Oregon State College 4727: 4307: 3850: 2550: 1853: 1815: 1707:" cut into them which were numbers used to keep track of quantities of lumber (timber). 1651: 1566: 1355: 1183: 904:

Square-panel half-timbering with fired brick infill: Square paneling is typical of the

692: 687:

without any wooden support. The wall surfaces on the interior were often "ceiled" with

192: 5683:

Cruck Construction: an introduction and catalogue (CBA Research Report 42), pp. 61–92.

3884:

An example of grindverk framing. The tie beams are captured in slots in the post tops.

2120:

was introduced in the 13th century and continued to be used through the 16th century.

971: 8870: 8787: 8732: 8552: 8272: 8227: 8048: 7905: 7736: 7716: 7303: 7046: 6770: 6612: 6362: 6351: 6343: 6339: 6325: 6291: 6275: 6188: 6128: 5958: 5916: 5880: 5819: 5791: 5766: 5741: 5707: 5260: 5234: 5075: 5031: 4934: 4898: 4873: 4837: 4638: 4615: 4555:

timber ends, joints, and corners poorly protected through coatings, shape or position

4520: 4450: 4426: 4288: 4108: 3534: 3498: 3158: 3104: 2990: 2889: 2684: 2666: 2564:

A brief overview of styles follows, as a full inclusion of all styles is impossible.

2044: 1895:

programs demonstrating the building technique are available at both these locations.

1543: 1131: 1085: 1053: 772:

Several forms of 'man' figures are found in Germany; this one is called a 'wild man'.

478: 463: 299: 200: 196: 4015: 2148:

Elaborately half-timbered houses of the 13th through 18th centuries still remain in

1634:

Important resources for the study and appreciation of historic building methods are

8777: 8772: 8762: 8727: 8681: 8391: 8247: 8152: 7706: 7681: 7656: 7626: 7283: 6865: 6760: 6527: 6317: 5214: 4922: 4715: 4549:

that are too narrow or non-existent (thus allowing total exposure to rain and snow)

4460:

As an alternative to the traditional infill methods, the frame can be encased with

4343: 4284: 4207: 4163: 4148: 3137:(lit. Prussian wall) in Polish. A distinctive type of house associated with mostly 3107:

in southwestern Poland are the largest religious timberframed structures in Europe.

2530: 2408: 1682: 1590: 1484: 1118: 905: 403: 188: 8242: 1364: 211: 8792: 8297: 8038: 7651: 7587: 7361: 7081: 7051: 7011: 6925: 6627: 6407: 4977: 4749: 4739: 4690: 4575: 4315: 4211:

are apparently not found in France but exist in Germany and Switzerland known as

4179: 3712: 3361: 3349: 3345: 3310: 3120: 3116: 3022: 2669: – builders left timbers to season which were held in place by wooden pegs ( 2522: 2435: 2431: 2111: 2094: 2080: 1830: 1697: 1635: 1464: 1362:

framing where the posts extend all the way to the ridge beams. Germans call this

1359: 1327: 1092:

is used to prevent "racking", or movement of structural vertical beams or posts.

833:

The collection of elements in half timbering are sometimes given specific names:

718: 707: 631: 452: 448: 415: 407: 334: 176: 5982:. Delftse Universitaire Pers, Delft / Rijksdienst voor de Monumentenzorg, Zeist. 5841:

Die Fachwerkhäuser der Stadt Braunschweig: ein kunst und kulturhistorisches Bild

4033: 3999: 3410: 3180:(Germany) is also found in the neighboring areas of Poland, particularly in the 2641:

Holstein fachwerk houses are famed for their massive 12-inch (30 cm) beams.

2493:-listed town, which has over 1200 half-timbered houses spanning five centuries; 2074:

regions (except the northern school). A characteristic of the eastern school is

703: 203:

timber is left exposed on the exterior of the building it may be referred to as

8717: 8696: 8676: 8567: 8371: 8017: 8007: 7915: 7875: 7671: 7666: 7631: 7582: 7557: 7547: 7537: 7351: 7114: 6810: 6617: 6602: 6502: 6016:

Edwards, Jay Dearborn; Verton, Nicolas (2004). ""colombage pierroté" def. 1.".

5068: 4568: 4256: 4190: 4168: 3966:

Half-timbered houses can be found in Romania mostly in areas once inhabited by

3718: 3702: 3341: 3054: 2502: 2075: 1892: 1621: 1602: 1417: 1219: 991: 889: 684: 675: 210:

The method comes from working directly from logs and trees rather than pre-cut

4247:

Settlers in New France also built horizontal log, brick, and stone buildings.

2853: 2654: 1539: 1531:

method or the Load Reduced Factor Design method (the latter being preferred).

1179: 1163:

exemplifies this, where jettied houses seem to almost touch above the street.

8859: 8747: 8666: 8656: 8562: 8517: 8510: 8177: 7987: 7880: 7850: 7552: 7522: 7517: 7507: 7454: 7308: 7293: 7255: 7205: 7195: 6948: 6905: 6662: 6587: 6537: 6497: 6492: 6386: 4675: 4582: 4397: 4392:

and rambling half-timbered beach houses appeared on dune-front properties in

4326: 4096: 3942: 3896: 3823:, which resulted in all wooden structures being replaced with office blocks. 3820: 3478: 3329: 3173: 3070: 2869: 2463: 1796: 1736: 1089: 1072: 996: 626: 551: 443: 287: 235: 3987: 3929: 1310:

Historically were two different systems of the position of posts and studs:

8651: 8600: 8537: 8474: 8287: 8252: 8217: 8192: 7800: 7795: 7731: 7686: 7676: 7641: 7572: 7567: 7527: 7499: 7434: 7419: 7356: 7328: 7272: 7268: 7260: 6930: 6910: 6647: 6622: 6607: 6567: 6532: 6098: 5658: 5542: 5512: 5486: 5400: 5310: 5149: 4393: 4331: 4280: 3808: 3768: 3760: 3746: 3737: 3736:

Norway has at least two significant types of timber-framed structures: the

3688: 3393:

To a lesser extent timbered houses are also found in villages and towns as

2957:

Several half-timbered houses can be found in Northern Italy, especially in

2459: 1954: 1899: 1898:

One of the surviving streets lined with almost-touching houses is known as

1748: 1744: 1660: 1613: 1578: 1562: 1515:

holes, and other factors. There are design specifications for sawn lumber,

1402: 1199: 1160: 1033: 975: 967: 231: 5628: 5456: 5370: 5340: 4982:. Vol. 5. Wellington, Salop. London: F. Houlston and Son. p. 168 4552:

too much exterior detailing that does not allow adequate rainwater run-off

3945:

where the import of cheaper timber, combined with the Dutch innovation of

8797: 8782: 8767: 8431: 8317: 8172: 8022: 8012: 7900: 7726: 7711: 7577: 7562: 7512: 7459: 7424: 7366: 7313: 7245: 6986: 6702: 6652: 6447: 5598: 5426: 4593: 4404: 4390:

The Half-Timber House: Its Origin, Design, Modern Plan, and Construction,

4377: 4272: 3800: 3678: 3385: 3376: 3112: 2834: 2738: 2718: 2582: 2486: 2140: 2029: 1876: 1872: 1704: 1689: 1647: 1455: 1406: 1126: 1104: 1037: 1021: 920: 688: 555: 494: 419: 319:

Middle cruck: blades land on masonry wall, and are truncated by a collar.

239: 139: 6401:. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 836. 6187:. RILEM proceedings. Vol. 8. RILEM Publications. pp. 317–327. 5957:. RILEM proceedings. Vol. 8. RILEM Publications. pp. 317–327. 5568: 4637:

that are non-destructive to the wood but are harmful to humans, such as

4355: 4070: 3971: 3759:

essentially means a framed church, a distinction made in a region where

1605:(split) in half provided the complete skeletal framing of the building. 1060: 8620: 8587: 8469: 8446: 8339: 8262: 8222: 8157: 7910: 7865: 7646: 7592: 7542: 7532: 7484: 7474: 7429: 7371: 7336: 7276: 7031: 7021: 7016: 6880: 6835: 6684: 6597: 6562: 6390: 6178: 6176: 5110: 5108: 4680: 4657: 4645: 4454: 4260: 4219:

when beams are used as the infill. In Sweden the technique is known as

4172: 4132: 4120: 3782: 3318: 2688: 2680: 2608: 2526: 2084: 1814:

Molded plaster ornamentation, pargetting further enriched some English

1781: 1678: 1442: 1253: 1149: 669: 651: 369: 227: 134: 5948: 5946: 5226: 5202: 5142: 5055:(4th ed.). Poole, Dorset: New Orchard Editions. pp. 178–179. 3146: 3087: 1795:

Some of the earliest known timber houses in Europe have been found in

1434: 8630: 8625: 8505: 8500: 8454: 8436: 8344: 8267: 8212: 8202: 8197: 7845: 7815: 7810: 7701: 7636: 7479: 7464: 7439: 7250: 7230: 7175: 7165: 7099: 7071: 7006: 6642: 6577: 6522: 6517: 6507: 6154:. Orange, CA: Technical Services Information Bureau. September 2008. 4685: 4611: 4195: 4100: 4092: 3991: 3869: 3812: 3796: 3792: 3727:. This is a traditional timber frame with walls of horizontal planks. 3394: 3281: 3219: 3204: 3166: 3138: 2876:(Saxony). The timber frame is outside a log wall on the ground floor. 2662: 2601: 2506: 2471: 2387: 1919: 1888: 1834: 1804: 1800: 1728: 1628: 1594: 1574: 1547: 1215: 1107:', then cut the pegs, and drive the beam home fully into its socket. 1096: 1081: 1001: 986:

The most ancient known half-timbered building is called the House of

729:, several planned routes people can drive to see notable examples of 699: 481:

timber, creating spaces between the timbers called panels (in German

6173: 5105: 3979: 3975: 3092: 2088: 1330:

method common in North America until the middle of the 20th century.

37: 8803: 8737: 8646: 8615: 8595: 8577: 8557: 8547: 8527: 8479: 8426: 8409: 8349: 8327: 8277: 7825: 7805: 7449: 7414: 7150: 7026: 6953: 6895: 6860: 6855: 6752: 6671: 6582: 6547: 6542: 5943: 5218: 4598: 4339: 3946: 3698: 3661: 3585: 3398: 3337: 3278: 3251:

Granary in Bydgoszcz, built in 1795 upon 15th-century gothic cellar

3157:). The biggest timber-framed religious buildings in Europe are the 2974: 2970: 2962: 2958: 2944: 2819: 2803: 2788: 2577: 2510: 2177: 2117: 2048: 2009: 1808: 1752: 1732: 1582: 1480: 1451: 1195: 1143: 1100: 1065: 664: 518: 497:. The frame is often left exposed on the exterior of the building. 353: 316:

Raised cruck: blades land on masonry wall, and extend to the ridge.

219: 5064: 5062: 4927:

The Buildings of England: Lancashire: Liverpool and the South-West

4641:. These fungi may also thrive on many "modern" building materials. 4423:

Roundwood Timber Framing: Building Naturally Using Local Resources

3657: 3538: 3297: 2422: 1719: 583:

The wattle and daub was covered with a decorated layer of plaster.

459: 8712: 8686: 8610: 8421: 8414: 8376: 8334: 8002: 7997: 7890: 7860: 7820: 7764: 7618: 7597: 7489: 7444: 7409: 7404: 7399: 7394: 7376: 7346: 7341: 7215: 7119: 7056: 7001: 6890: 6845: 6800: 6722: 6712: 6697: 6592: 6572: 4607: 4586: 3950: 3665: 3600: 3510: 3369: 3333: 3181: 3162: 3128: 3074: 2966: 2838: 2572: 2514: 2475: 2412: 2284: 2181: 2149: 2052: 1939: 1861: 1785: 1740: 1520: 385: 283: 191:, creating structures using squared-off and carefully fitted and 8097: 4425:

by Ben Law (East Meon, Hampshire: Permanent Publications; 2010.

4411:

rather than forming the main frame that supports the structure.

3970:, in cities, towns and villages with Germanic influence such as 3463:

Timbered house from Guadilla de Villamar (Spain). Popular style.

2200:. Alsace is the region with the most timbered houses in France. 1236:

wall-plates (at the top of timber-framed walls that support the

1016: 242:

tools, artisans or framers could gradually assemble a building.

8671: 8572: 8532: 8237: 8232: 8147: 8136: 7992: 7721: 7469: 7220: 7170: 7066: 7036: 6976: 6850: 6775: 6737: 6690: 6557: 6475: 5998:

Wood, brick, and stone: the North American settlement landscape

5095: 5059: 4796:"Timber framing – A rediscovered technique for building a home" 4634: 4408: 4276: 4019: 3995: 3786: 3631: 3357: 3177: 3142: 3006: 2658: 2650: 2624: 2612: 2513:("Romance city" with a half-timbered church dating from 1320); 2494: 2490: 2300: 2252: 2173: 2157: 2025: 1879:

tradition). The original English colonial settlements, such as

1789: 1724: 1516: 1379: 1209: 1171: 467: 255: 215: 6416: 5809: 5807: 5371:"Shakespeare's Birthplace in Stratford... (C) Frederick Blake" 4893:

Glick, Thomas F.; Livesey, Steven John; Wallis, Faith (2005).

161: 8752: 8484: 8464: 8282: 8182: 8167: 7870: 7779: 7774: 7759: 7180: 6971: 6964: 6935: 6915: 6885: 6870: 6830: 6815: 6805: 6790: 6785: 6765: 6742: 6717: 6637: 5905:"Domy z szachulca, czyli co łączy Sudety i Pomorze Gdańskie?" 4653: 4619: 4546: 4490:

the need and expense of fire sprinklers in public buildings.

4374:

and others, it was often used to evoke a "Tudor" atmosphere (

3983: 3569: 3553: 3365: 3038: 2873: 2635: 2538: 2498: 2467: 2368: 2316: 2236: 2169: 2161: 2153: 2103: 1845: 1624: 1282: 1278: 1263: 1241: 1237: 1052:

Joints in a pre-modern French roof; the wooden pegs hold the

660: 656: 426:. However, a nave is often called an aisle, and three-aisled 339:

End cruck is not a style, but on the gable end of a building.

330: 303: 295: 279: 263: 165: 154: 6020:. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. p. 65. 5100:

Construction Information Series: Lumber and It's Utilization

2631:

foothills, angle braces often form fully extended triangles.

8187: 8128: 7769: 7298: 7235: 7160: 7041: 6996: 6991: 6727: 6471: 5804: 5002:"LacusCurtius • Vitruvius de Architectura – Liber Secundus" 4895:

Medieval Science, Technology, and Medicine: An Encyclopedia

4515:

or slanting: where wood beams absorb moisture whilst under

4074: 3916: 3900: 3804: 2628: 2534: 2348: 1958: 1923: 1903: 1857: 1849: 1841:" (c. 1500), shows traditional half-timbered construction. 1756: 1617: 1305: 1286: 1156: 1111: 1076:

This is a part of a timber frame, before pegs are inserted.

722: 711: 470:, Germany, with half-timbered buildings dating from c. 1480 427: 423: 223: 146: 3990:. However the number of half-timbered houses is small. In 2646:

Southern Germany including the Black and Bohemian Forests

1281:(the slanting timbers forming the triangular framework at 607:

Here, the plaster infill itself is sculpted and decorated.

8542: 7895: 7386: 7155: 6981: 6875: 6707: 6373:

Herman Janse, Houten kappen in Nederland 1000–1940 · dbnl

5457:"West End Farm, Pembridge, Herefordshire (C) Doug Elliot" 4623: 4318:

framing and an almost complete lack of diagonal bracing.

3556:

House (18th century), in the Fourneau Saint-Michel Museum

2454:) is a tourist route that connects towns with remarkable 2098:

Roof structure of the Barley Barn, Cressing Temple, Essex

1586: 1218:(subsidiary upright limbs in framed walls), for example, 1040:

which was a log cabin with a timber-framed second floor.

942:

The term half-timbering is not as old as the German name

195:

timbers with joints secured by large wooden pegs. If the

157:, France, a city renowned for its half-timbered buildings 142:, Germany, showing an ensemble of half-timbered buildings 6412:. The country house library. NY: McBride, Nast & Co. 5765:. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press. p. 313. 5311:"Pargetting on the White Horse, Pleshey (C) Colin Smith" 4872:. Princes Risborough: Shire Publications. pp. 7–8. 3795:

was the common construction used for housing humans and

2549:

and one of Southern Germany's oldest buildings, now the

1875:

and the mid-Atlantic colonies for clapboard facings (an

1388:

Typical lapped joint assemblies of split-ring connectors

717:

The infill may be covered by other materials, including

6080:. Dyker Heights Civic Association. 2007. Archived from 5870: 5868: 5281:"History of "topping out" during building construction" 5213:. Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies: 166–195. 4421:

For information about "roundwood framing" see the book

4283:

always contains an "English tying joint" and the later

3390:) feature an overhanged upper floor in half-timbering. 3115:

it was customary in Poland to use either bare brick or

2485:

Some of the more prominent towns (among many) include:

1565:, England: Its timber framing is typical of vernacular 1252:

The jetty bressummer (or breastsummer), where the main

329:

Jointed cruck: blades are made from pieces joined near

5852: 5850: 5094:

National Lumber Manufacturer's Association. "Airplane

4916: 4914: 4418:, as well as all of the clubhouse, shops, and marina. 4310:

is believed to be descended from Chinese framing (see

4240:

A particularly interesting example in the U.S. is the

2908:

Fachwerk (timber framing) under construction in 2013,

1811:

are some of the rare examples of these constructions.

877:

Fachwerk in Upper Franconia often used to be detailed.

7957:

International Federation of Building and Wood Workers

5180:"National Design Specification for Wood Construction" 5127:

Modern Timber Connectors for Modern Timber Structures

4498: 5865: 5257:

Why Do Clocks Run Clockwise? And Other Imponderables

4834:

Dictionary of Architecture and Building Construction

4321: 2596:

The three main forms may be divided geographically:

2395: 2184:. Timber framing in French is known colloquially as 1955:

Intersection of Shambles and Little Shambles streets

1871:

in the early 17th century but was soon abandoned in

1818:

houses. Half-timbering is characteristic of English

1212:(main supports at corners and other major uprights), 298:

is a pair of crooked or curved timbers which form a

5847: 4911: 4474:

it can use recycled or otherwise discarded timbers.

4303:

Wall framing of a Japanese house under construction

4119:In the historical region of North America known as 3493:Nowadays, timber framing is primarily found in the 2620:Northern Germany, Central Germany and East German: 1573:The techniques used in timber framing date back to 1110:To cope with variable sizes and shapes of hewn (by 808:

Relief carvings adorn some half-timbered buildings.

322:Upper cruck: blades land on a tie beam, similar to 62:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 5859:Torbögen und Inschriften lippischer Fachwerkhäuser 5341:"Half-timbered house in Laxfield (C) Toby Speight" 4892: 1175:The completed frame of a modern timber-frame house 1159:in the United Kingdom, the famous street known as 384:Rural old railway station timber framing style in 6405: 6018:A Creole Lexicon: Architecture, Landscape, People 5629:"Spreadeagle Hotel 1430: Midhurst (C) Pam Brophy" 4956:"The Look of Medieval Half-Timbered Construction" 4414:The style was used in many of the homes built in 3477:An exceptional fachwerk house called Eglihaus in 1510:Timber design or wood design is a subcategory of 748:Simple saltires or St. Andrews crosses in Germany 422:, where the center aisle is technically called a 8857: 6316: 6062:– via Huntingdon History Research Network. 5513:"The Feathers Hotel, Ludlow (C) Humphrey Bolton" 5255:Abrams, Robert J. (1988). Feldman, David (ed.). 5203:"Roman Building-Materials in South-East England" 4561:surface point or coatings allowed to deteriorate 4275:contain certain framing elements such as common 3404:Currently, it has again become popular to build 1248:When jettying, horizontal elements can include: 595:Like wattle and daub, but with horizontal stakes 5996:Noble, Allen George; Geib, M. Margaret (1984). 4831: 4626:(quite famously so in many children's stories). 3933:A half timbered building without the infill in 1852:and Sussex, the half-timbered structure of the 736:Gallery of some named figures and decorations: 447:Half-timbered wall with three kinds of infill: 187:are traditional methods of building with heavy 5813: 5760: 5599:"Little Moreton Hall: Cheshire (C) Pam Brophy" 4920: 4596:pest organisms such as (common in Europe) the 3332:elements are detached farm houses (in Basque: 1731:; on the ground, a ring dog (precursor to the 1601:half-timbered construction, timbers that were 8113: 6432: 6015: 6000:. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press. 4228: 4221: 3722: 3706: 3692: 3682: 3669: 3451:Half-timbered houses from Uztarritz (Lapurdi) 1891:often associated with the American frontier. 1887:had timber-framed buildings, rather than the 5903:www.eura7.com, Agencja interaktywna EURA7-. 5569:"Half timbered building (C) Andy and Hilary" 4579:, insect, fungus or bacterial decomposition. 3903:, timber-framed building 1750, extended 1790 3151: 3132: 2977:region and in the Iglesiente mining region. 2545:with both the largest medieval complex, the 2448: 2217: 2209: 2194: 2186: 1380:Modern timber connector method (1930s–1950s) 1370: 1341: 1334: 1321: 1315: 949: 943: 796:Wild man (center), half-man (at the corners) 488: 482: 6125:Timber Design & Construction Sourcebook 6030: 5921:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 4503:In terms of the traditional half-timber or 4346:, built in 1899 has half-timber decoration. 4077:also preserve German-style Fachwerkhäuser. 3838:in Lærdal, Sogn og Fjordane country, Norway 3656:southern Sweden, primarily in the province 3069:A rare example of a half-timbered house in 2837:Castle, a hunting lodge built in 1887 near 1627:sites demonstrate that sophisticated Roman 820:The foot braces are carved with sun discs ( 8120: 8106: 6439: 6425: 6285: 6274:(3rd rev. ed.), Shire Publications, 1993, 6031:Upton, Dell; Vllach, John Michael (1930). 5761:Bettley, James; Pevsner, Nikolaus (2007). 5156:. Structural Insulated Panel Association. 4832:Davies, Nikolas; Jokiniemi, Erkki (2008). 3919:. Timber-framed building from around 1800. 2856:mostly have plastered and painted facades. 958:(1775–1851), who employed it in her book, 624:The earliest known type of infill, called 6182: 6011: 6009: 6007: 5995: 5902: 3296:19th-century timber frame manor house in 2032:, England, a three-bay Wealden hall house 1867:Half-timbered construction traveled with 1534: 619:Top: wattle and daub, bottom: rubblestone 122:Learn how and when to remove this message 7947:Building and Wood Workers' International 6385: 5991: 5989: 5731: 5729: 5727: 5725: 5723: 5697: 5695: 5693: 5691: 5689: 5200: 4975: 4867: 4349: 4325: 4298: 3928: 3687:. Scandinavia is famous for its ancient 3472: 3203:Timber frame architecture, Mill Island, 3098: 3086: 2421: 2407: 2139: 2093: 2008:The south range of Little Moreton Hall, 1775: 1718: 1553: 1538: 1505: 1441: 1433: 1416: 1383: 1306:Post construction and frame construction 1178: 1170: 1071: 1059: 1047: 1015: 824:), a typical design of the North-German 458: 442: 397: 273: 160: 145: 133: 6214:. Canadian Wood Council. Archived from 5952: 5898: 5896: 5790:. Cheshire County Council. p. 69. 5785: 5706:. London: R. Hale Ltd. pp. 46–48. 4155:Other variations of half-timbering are 3328:Most traditional Basque buildings with 3131:, half-timbered walls are often called 2581:became popular in Bavaria, Austria and 1906:, and is a popular tourist attraction. 1641: 1487:or – dependent on location – 1125:Square-rule carpentry was developed in 1011: 14: 8858: 6123:Gotz, Karl-Heinz; et al. (1989). 6116: 6004: 5874: 5856: 5259:. Perennial Library/Harper & Row. 5254: 5050: 5025: 4953: 4770:"Немецкий фахверк | DW | 14 July 2021" 3336:). Their upper floors were built with 2066:For Timber-framed houses in Wales see: 1095:Originally, German (and other) master 933:According to Craven (2019), the term: 928: 892:is found in England, Spain and France. 477:refers to a structure with a frame of 402:Interior of a two-aisled market hall, 8101: 6420: 6045: 5986: 5977: 5735: 5720: 5701: 5686: 5545:. Geograph.org.uk. 24 February 2007. 5160:from the original on 10 February 2013 5123: 3807:. After a fire in 1624 in Oslo, King 3668:. In Swedish half-timber is known as 3439:Aranguren dorretxea (Orozko, Bizkaia) 1683:Abbundzeichen (German assembly marks) 1438:Porch of a modern timber-framed house 1358:is a structurally simple and ancient 861:An example of Fachwerk in Franconia ( 8828: 8082: 6238:Structural Material Behavior in Fire 6122: 5980:Houten kappen in Nederland 1000–1940 5893: 5838: 5138:– via Scholars Archive at OSU. 4897:. New York: Routledge. p. 229. 4836:. Architectural Press. p. 181. 4453:or wall-sections and aligned with a 4388:In 1912, Allen W. Jackson published 3705:or earthfast construction is called 3427:Inharri baserri in Ibarron (Lapurdi) 2923:Half-timbered mansion of the former 2567:In general the northern states have 2315:14th-century early corbelled house, 2215:) or into a continuous wooden sill ( 1771: 1667: 60:adding citations to reliable sources 31: 8840: 8072: 7932:American Association of Woodturners 6272:Discovering Timber-framed Buildings 6075:"Saitta House – Report Part 1" 5788:Timber Framed Buildings in Cheshire 5427:"Huddington Court (C) Richard Dunn" 5291:from the original on 11 August 2016 4312:Ancient Chinese wooden architecture 2176:, and many other cities, except in 2144:Coupesarte Manor (Normandy, France) 2135: 1860:with bays on either side and often 1502:four sides for weather protection. 990:. It was buried by the eruption of 517:Decorative fired-brick infill with 500: 24: 6305: 6231: 5704:Timber-framed buildings of England 5609:from the original on 5 August 2016 5579:from the original on 5 August 2016 5523:from the original on 5 August 2016 5489:. Geograph.org.uk. 10 April 2006. 5467:from the original on 5 August 2016 5437:from the original on 5 August 2016 5351:from the original on 5 August 2016 5321:from the original on 5 August 2016 5053:Classic Dictionary of Architecture 4499:Traditional or historic structures 4141:bousillage entre poteaus sur solle 4059:A half-timbered building in Sinaia 3755:(a post or pole) indicates that a 3145:and the Netherlands, known as the 2661:, and Switzerland, the use of the 2430:, a narrow, timber-frame house in 1869:British colonists to North America 1612:Some Roman carpentry preserved in 1429: 1187: 1030:Classic Dictionary of Architecture 981: 784:A figure called an Alemannic woman 532:Ordinary brick infill left exposed 25: 8912: 8127: 7962:National Wood Carvers Association 6379: 6161:from the original on 28 July 2011 6046:Shedd, Nancy S. (10 March 1986). 5843:(in German). Druckerei Appelhaus. 5665:from the original on 15 July 2012 5639:from the original on 4 March 2016 5030:. London: Routledge. p. 82. 4322:Revival styles in later centuries 4271:Some time periods/regions within 4250: 3368:(Soule), but are concentrated in 3176:rural housing tradition of south 2060: 1938:Historic timber-framed houses in 1703:Boards on the building may have " 1454:, often sold as "Fachwerk", near 1122:must be numbered (or "scribed"). 438: 8839: 8827: 8818: 8817: 8081: 8071: 8062: 8061: 7937:Architectural Woodwork Institute 6322:Traditional Buildings of England 6035:. NY: Macmillan. pp. 206–8. 5818:. University of Missouri Press. 5814:Van Ravenswaay, Charles (2006). 5549:from the original on 8 July 2012 5493:from the original on 8 July 2012 5407:from the original on 7 July 2012 5074:. Landschaftsmuseum Westerwald. 4493: 4064: 4052: 4047:"Olimpia" Sports Complex, Brașov 4040: 4026: 4007: 3908: 3889: 3877: 3858: 3843: 3828: 3623: 3608: 3592: 3577: 3561: 3545: 3526: 3456: 3444: 3432: 3420: 3289: 3271: 3263:Sts. Peter & Paul Church in 3256: 3244: 3226: 3211: 3196: 3062: 3046: 3030: 3014: 2998: 2982: 2936: 2916: 2901: 2881: 2861: 2845: 2827: 2811: 2795: 2780: 2761: 2745: 2730: 2710: 2379: 2356: 2340: 2324: 2308: 2292: 2276: 2260: 2244: 2228: 2037: 2017: 2001: 1985: 1966: 1947: 1931: 1911: 1226:The horizontal timbers include: 994:in 79 AD in Herculaneum, Italy. 964:The Encyclopedia of Architecture 913: 897: 882: 870: 854: 838: 813: 801: 789: 777: 765: 753: 741: 612: 600: 588: 576: 564: 537: 525: 510: 377: 361: 345: 36: 8367:Oriented structural straw board 6446: 6248:from the original on 9 May 2008 6225: 6201: 6141: 6091: 6067: 6039: 6024: 5971: 5929: 5832: 5779: 5763:The Buildings of England: Essex 5754: 5677: 5651: 5621: 5591: 5561: 5535: 5505: 5479: 5449: 5419: 5393: 5381:from the original on 1 May 2018 5363: 5333: 5303: 5273: 5248: 5194: 5172: 5117: 5088: 5044: 5019: 4994: 4969: 4403:In the revival styles, such as 3599:Small "chapel" (shrine) at the 3149:, is called an "arcade house" ( 2888:20th-century timber framing in 1658:. In Germany, it is called the 978:" style, or "black-and-white". 393: 333:in a number of ways. See also: 47:needs additional citations for 7942:British Woodworking Federation 5028:Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece 4976:Sherwood, Mary Martha (1827). 4954:Craven, Jackie (3 July 2019). 4947: 4886: 4861: 4850: 4825: 4814: 4788: 4762: 4630:heating and cooling equipment. 4396:or under palm-lined drives of 4266: 3924: 3468: 3091:Timber-frame house in central 2701:(Umgebindehaus, translates as 2497:, another UNESCO-listed town; 1205:The vertical timbers include: 698:Brick infill sometimes called 642:(French), to name only three. 571:Some stone infill left visible 269: 27:Traditional building technique 13: 1: 7952:Caricature Carvers of America 6264: 5182:. American Wood Council. 2018 4436: 4362:combined half-timber framing. 4114: 2333:Saint-Sulpice-de-Grimbouville 1833:, the oldest timber house in 1739:); in the background sawyers 1589:. Its northernmost areas are 1274:The sloping timbers include: 5879:(in German). Primus Verlag. 5051:Parker, Joyn Henry (1986) . 4776:(in Russian). Deutsche Welle 2852:The half-timbered houses in 1766:list of timber framing tools 1688:Layout marks left over from 1421:Shear plate timber connector 1348: 1326:. It is somewhat similar to 1043: 249: 185:"post-and-beam" construction 7: 6099:"About us – Palangos Vėtra" 5953:Boström, Lars, ed. (1999). 4671:American historic carpentry 4664: 4527:A summary of problems with 4294: 4087:American historic carpentry 4080: 1473:structural insulated panels 847:from 1582/83 in Eppingen BW 10: 8917: 8758:Non-timber forest products 8382:Structural insulated panel 6406:Jackson, Allen W. (1912). 5124:Raser, William V. (1941). 5026:Wilson, Nigel Guy (2006). 4358:, built in 2008 has glass 4084: 3961: 3765:Scandinavian Heritage Park 3638: 3630:Timber-frame structure in 3488: 3238:Lower Silesian Voivodeship 2737:Timber frame town hall of 2634:Lower Saxon houses have a 1994:Queens' College, Cambridge 1166: 1141: 1137: 1132:computer numerical control 908:, and is found in England. 673:, planks as in the German 667:, stones sometimes called 282:half-timbered building in 238:(brace and bit) and other 8813: 8705: 8639: 8586: 8493: 8445: 8402: 8296: 8135: 8057: 8031: 7980: 7967:Society of Wood Engravers 7924: 7838: 7788: 7745: 7617: 7610: 7498: 7385: 7327: 7146: 7137: 7080: 6751: 6670: 6661: 6485: 6454: 5875:Stiewe, Heinrich (2007). 4821:Oxford English Dictionary 4602:family, particularly the 3731: 3650: 3584:The former water mill of 3082: 2806:, 16th century first half 2600:West Central Germany and 2521:and nearby UNESCO-listed 505:Gallery of infill types: 8901:Wood-related terminology 8723:Destructive distillation 6392:"Half-timber Work" 6242:University of Manchester 5857:Süvern, Wilhelm (1971). 5786:McKenna, Laurie (1994). 5201:Williams, J. H. (1971). 4929:. New Haven and London: 4868:Sunshine, Paula (2006). 4755: 4723:German Timber-Frame Road 4383:illustration, above left 4215:when planks are used or 4129:maçonnerie entre poteaux 3397:, as the photo from the 3304: 2952: 2444:German Timber-Frame Road 2417:German Timber-Frame Road 2267:Half-timbered houses in 2235:Half-timbered houses in 1714: 1468:architectural purposes. 1084:, and then later pegged 727:German Timber-Frame Road 659:, unfired brick such as 8891:Vernacular architecture 8743:Green building and wood 6398:Encyclopædia Britannica 6340:Carpentry & joinery 5839:Edel, Heinrich (1928). 5102:, vol. IV, ch. 8, 1941. 4745:Vernacular architecture 4604:common furniture beetle 4416:Lake Mohawk, New Jersey 4308:Japanese timber framing 3721:construction is called 3189:wooden church buildings 3053:Half-timbered house in 3037:Half-timbered house in 3021:Half-timbered house in 3005:Half-timbered house in 2989:Half-timbered house in 2561:before being accepted. 2450:Deutsche Fachwerkstraße 1992:The President's Lodge, 1881:Plymouth, Massachusetts 1856:, consisted of an open 1820:vernacular architecture 1597:were favored, instead. 1559:Anne Hathaway's Cottage 1529:Allowable Stress Design 1519:members, prefabricated 1495:Straw-bale construction 845:Upper German Fachwerk ( 230:and using hand-powered 8387:Wood–plastic composite 8313:Glued laminated timber 8308:Cross-laminated timber 8044:Frameless construction 7125:Wood-plastic composite 5978:Janse, Herman (1989). 5287:. Tennessee Aquarium. 4706:Framing (construction) 4701:Cross-laminated timber 4513:mechano-sorptive creep 4363: 4347: 4304: 4285:New England style barn 4229: 4222: 3938: 3866:Kaupanger stave church 3723: 3707: 3693: 3683: 3670: 3482: 3152: 3141:immigrant groups from 3133: 3124: 3108: 3096: 2449: 2439: 2419: 2347:16th-century house in 2218: 2210: 2195: 2192:and half-timbering as 2187: 2145: 2099: 1792: 1760: 1755:, and (hard to see) a 1570: 1551: 1535:History and traditions 1512:structural engineering 1459: 1448:prefabricated building 1439: 1422: 1389: 1371: 1342: 1335: 1322: 1316: 1191: 1176: 1077: 1069: 1057: 1025: 950: 944: 940: 649:Other infills include 489: 483: 471: 456: 411: 368:Half-timbered houses, 352:Half-timbered houses, 291: 180: 169: 158: 143: 8881:Medieval architecture 8460:Corrugated fiberboard 8362:Oriented strand board 6409:The half-timber house 5702:Brown, R. J. (1997). 5006:penelope.uchicago.edu 4931:Yale University Press 4696:Glue laminated timber 4479:seismic survivability 4353: 4329: 4302: 3932: 3617:Fourneau Saint-Michel 3519:Fourneau Saint-Michel 3476: 3375:Some medieval Basque 3218:Wheelwright croft in 3102: 3090: 2931:-Glasbach (Thuringia) 2425: 2411: 2373:Eugène Viollet-le-Duc 2363:Framing of the roof, 2351:, (Occitanie, France) 2143: 2097: 2069:Architecture of Wales 1779: 1722: 1557: 1542: 1506:Engineered structures 1489:zero-energy buildings 1445: 1437: 1420: 1387: 1190:(right, with jetties) 1182: 1174: 1142:Further information: 1075: 1063: 1051: 1019: 960:The Lady of the Manor 935: 714:, or slate shingles. 630:by the Romans, was a 462: 446: 401: 277: 164: 149: 138:The market square of 137: 8876:Building engineering 8845:WikiProject Forestry 7972:Timber Framers Guild 6826:Australian Blackwood 6087:on 16 December 2008. 6054:on 25 September 2013 4933:. pp. 710–711. 4354:The Old Mill Hotel, 4242:Golden Plough Tavern 4204:Hudson's Bay Company 4157:colombage à teurques 3968:Transylvanian Saxons 3836:Borgund stave church 2943:Low German house in 2699:Upper Lusatian house 2547:Holy Spirit Hospital 2519:Vaihingen an der Enz 2335:, (Normandy, France) 2331:15th-century manor, 2269:Châlons-en-Champagne 2114:dated to 1205–1235. 2024:The Yeoman's House, 1974:Bessie Surtees House 1642:Topping out ceremony 1550:, Denmark, from 1560 1012:Alternative meanings 956:Mary Martha Sherwood 863:Fränkisches Fachwerk 544:Stone infill called 372:im Odenwald, Germany 56:improve this article 8606:Ramial chipped wood 7692:Hammer-headed tenon 7211:Janka hardness test 6286:John Vince (1994). 6149:"IBC Building Type" 5661:. Geograph.org.uk. 5403:. Geograph.org.uk. 4735:Norman architecture 4372:Richard Norman Shaw 3799:in Norway from the 3719:Swedish plank-frame 3660:and secondarily in 2543:Biberach an der Riß 2287:(Champagne, France) 2271:(Champagne, France) 2255:(Champagne, France) 1978:Newcastle upon Tyne 1885:Jamestown, Virginia 1824:Little Moreton Hall 1262:The jetty beams or 1202:on all four sides. 948:or the French name 929:History of the term 865:). Image:I, Metzner 634:type construction. 278:A "true" or "full" 168:, Germany, downtown 151:Rue du Gros-Horloge 8523:Cellulosic ethanol 6553:Japanese carpentry 6288:The Timbered House 5738:The Timbered House 5736:Vince, J. (1994). 4921:Pollard, Richard; 4800:Walls with Stories 4728:Woodworking joints 4616:powderpost beetles 4364: 4348: 4305: 4233:and in Denmark as 4135:and simply called 4125:colombage pierroté 3939: 3851:Garmo Stave Church 3679:Stave construction 3483: 3109: 3097: 2703:round-framed house 2551:Braith-Mali-Museum 2440: 2420: 2396:German tradition ( 2390:(Brittany, France) 2386:Trinity Church of 2371:. Illustration by 2319:(Normandy, France) 2303:(Brittany, France) 2205:Normandy tradition 2146: 2100: 2083:, stars, crosses, 1854:Wealden hall house 1816:Tudor architecture 1793: 1780:The timber-framed 1761: 1571: 1567:Tudor architecture 1552: 1460: 1440: 1423: 1390: 1356:Ridge-post framing 1343:Stockwerksbauweise 1192: 1184:Ridge-post framing 1177: 1078: 1070: 1058: 1026: 970:(1784–1863). This 691:and plastered for 472: 457: 412: 292: 212:dimensional lumber 170: 159: 144: 8886:Structural system 8853: 8852: 8788:Wood preservation 8733:Engineered bamboo 8553:Pyroligneous acid 8095: 8094: 8049:Green woodworking 7906:Wood preservation 7834: 7833: 7737:Tongue and groove 7717:Mortise and tenon 7606: 7605: 7304:Warrington hammer 7133: 7132: 6821:African Blackwood 6613:Segmented turning 6367:978-88-6046-033-2 6311:English tradition 6194:978-2-912143-10-5 5964:978-2-912143-10-5 5886:978-3-89678-589-3 5825:978-0-8262-1700-4 5081:978-3-921548-37-0 4923:Pevsner, Nikolaus 4843:978-0-7506-8502-3 4538:thermo-mechanical 4287:were built using 4109:Rio Grande do Sul 3771:, United States. 3159:Churches of Peace 3105:Churches of Peace 2991:Ozzano Monferrato 2965:, in the city of 2553:, dated to 1318. 2480:Baden-Württemberg 2045:The Crooked House 1772:British tradition 1668:Carpenters' marks 1544:Anne Hvides Gaard 1485:low-energy houses 1086:mortise and tenon 1056:joinery together. 1054:mortise and tenon 1000:was mentioned by 826:Weser-Renaissance 132: 131: 124: 106: 16:(Redirected from 8908: 8843: 8842: 8831: 8830: 8821: 8820: 8778:Timber recycling 8773:Reclaimed lumber 8763:Natural building 8728:Dry distillation 8682:Split-rail fence 8122: 8115: 8108: 8099: 8098: 8085: 8084: 8075: 8074: 8065: 8064: 7615: 7614: 7284:Thickness planer 7144: 7143: 6938:(lime, basswood) 6668: 6667: 6528:Chainsaw carving 6441: 6434: 6427: 6418: 6417: 6413: 6402: 6394: 6335: 6318:Ronald Brunskill 6301: 6270:Richard Harris, 6258: 6257: 6255: 6253: 6229: 6223: 6222: 6220: 6213: 6205: 6199: 6198: 6180: 6171: 6170: 6168: 6166: 6160: 6153: 6145: 6139: 6138: 6120: 6114: 6113: 6111: 6109: 6095: 6089: 6088: 6086: 6079: 6071: 6065: 6063: 6061: 6059: 6050:. Archived from 6043: 6037: 6036: 6028: 6022: 6021: 6013: 6002: 6001: 5993: 5984: 5983: 5975: 5969: 5968: 5950: 5941: 5940: 5937:"Pałac Jugowice" 5933: 5927: 5926: 5920: 5912: 5909:www.foveotech.pl 5900: 5891: 5890: 5872: 5863: 5862: 5854: 5845: 5844: 5836: 5830: 5829: 5811: 5802: 5801: 5783: 5777: 5776: 5758: 5752: 5751: 5733: 5718: 5717: 5699: 5684: 5681: 5675: 5674: 5672: 5670: 5655: 5649: 5648: 5646: 5644: 5625: 5619: 5618: 5616: 5614: 5595: 5589: 5588: 5586: 5584: 5565: 5559: 5558: 5556: 5554: 5539: 5533: 5532: 5530: 5528: 5509: 5503: 5502: 5500: 5498: 5483: 5477: 5476: 5474: 5472: 5453: 5447: 5446: 5444: 5442: 5423: 5417: 5416: 5414: 5412: 5397: 5391: 5390: 5388: 5386: 5367: 5361: 5360: 5358: 5356: 5337: 5331: 5330: 5328: 5326: 5307: 5301: 5300: 5298: 5296: 5277: 5271: 5270: 5252: 5246: 5245: 5243: 5241: 5198: 5192: 5191: 5189: 5187: 5176: 5170: 5169: 5167: 5165: 5150:"What Are SIPs?" 5146: 5140: 5139: 5137: 5135: 5121: 5115: 5112: 5103: 5092: 5086: 5085: 5066: 5057: 5056: 5048: 5042: 5041: 5023: 5017: 5016: 5014: 5012: 4998: 4992: 4991: 4989: 4987: 4973: 4967: 4966: 4964: 4962: 4951: 4945: 4944: 4918: 4909: 4908: 4890: 4884: 4883: 4865: 4859: 4854: 4848: 4847: 4829: 4823: 4818: 4812: 4811: 4809: 4807: 4792: 4786: 4785: 4783: 4781: 4766: 4716:Platform framing 4570:poteaux-en-terre 4368:Queen Anne style 4232: 4225: 4213:Bohlenstanderbau 4208:Red River Colony 4164:Poteaux-en-terre 4149:Lower Fort Garry 4056: 4044: 4030: 4011: 3912: 3893: 3881: 3862: 3847: 3832: 3750: 3726: 3710: 3696: 3686: 3673: 3627: 3612: 3596: 3581: 3565: 3549: 3533:The house where 3530: 3460: 3448: 3436: 3424: 3414: 3389: 3315:Castile and León 3293: 3275: 3260: 3248: 3230: 3215: 3200: 3155: 3136: 3066: 3050: 3034: 3018: 3002: 2986: 2940: 2920: 2905: 2885: 2865: 2849: 2831: 2815: 2799: 2784: 2765: 2749: 2734: 2714: 2531:Gottlieb Daimler 2452: 2415:, Hesse, on the 2383: 2360: 2344: 2328: 2312: 2296: 2280: 2264: 2248: 2239:(Centre, France) 2232: 2221: 2213: 2198: 2190: 2136:French tradition 2126:open-air museums 2041: 2021: 2005: 1989: 1970: 1951: 1935: 1915: 1636:open-air museums 1591:Baltic countries 1525:composite lumber 1374: 1345: 1338: 1325: 1319: 1317:Geschossbauweise 1090:Diagonal bracing 953: 947: 917: 906:Low German house 901: 886: 874: 858: 842: 817: 805: 793: 781: 769: 757: 745: 695:and appearance. 679:, timbers as in 676:ständerbohlenbau 616: 604: 592: 580: 568: 541: 529: 514: 501:Infill materials 492: 486: 404:Chipping Campden 381: 365: 349: 197:structural frame 181:Fachwerkbauweise 127: 120: 116: 113: 107: 105: 71:"Timber framing" 64: 40: 32: 21: 8916: 8915: 8911: 8910: 8909: 8907: 8906: 8905: 8856: 8855: 8854: 8849: 8809: 8793:Wood processing 8701: 8635: 8582: 8489: 8441: 8398: 8328:parallel strand 8299: 8292: 8140: 8131: 8126: 8096: 8091: 8053: 8039:Frame and panel 8027: 7976: 7920: 7830: 7789:Surface piecing 7784: 7741: 7662:Crown of thorns 7602: 7588:Smoothing plane 7494: 7381: 7323: 7226:Milling machine 7129: 7090:Cross-laminated 7076: 6747: 6657: 6628:Spindle turning 6618:Shingle weaving 6588:Pallet crafting 6481: 6450: 6445: 6382: 6332: 6308: 6306:Further reading 6298: 6267: 6262: 6261: 6251: 6249: 6232:Bailey, Colin. 6230: 6226: 6221:on 30 May 2008. 6218: 6211: 6207: 6206: 6202: 6195: 6181: 6174: 6164: 6162: 6158: 6151: 6147: 6146: 6142: 6135: 6127:. McGraw-Hall. 6121: 6117: 6107: 6105: 6097: 6096: 6092: 6084: 6077: 6073: 6072: 6068: 6057: 6055: 6044: 6040: 6029: 6025: 6014: 6005: 5994: 5987: 5976: 5972: 5965: 5951: 5944: 5935: 5934: 5930: 5914: 5913: 5901: 5894: 5887: 5873: 5866: 5855: 5848: 5837: 5833: 5826: 5812: 5805: 5798: 5784: 5780: 5773: 5759: 5755: 5748: 5734: 5721: 5714: 5700: 5687: 5682: 5678: 5668: 5666: 5659:"Wealden house" 5657: 5656: 5652: 5642: 5640: 5633:geograph.org.uk 5627: 5626: 5622: 5612: 5610: 5603:geograph.org.uk 5597: 5596: 5592: 5582: 5580: 5573:geograph.org.uk 5567: 5566: 5562: 5552: 5550: 5541: 5540: 5536: 5526: 5524: 5517:geograph.org.uk 5511: 5510: 5506: 5496: 5494: 5485: 5484: 5480: 5470: 5468: 5461:geograph.org.uk 5455: 5454: 5450: 5440: 5438: 5431:geograph.org.uk 5425: 5424: 5420: 5410: 5408: 5399: 5398: 5394: 5384: 5382: 5375:geograph.org.uk 5369: 5368: 5364: 5354: 5352: 5345:geograph.org.uk 5339: 5338: 5334: 5324: 5322: 5315:geograph.org.uk 5309: 5308: 5304: 5294: 5292: 5279: 5278: 5274: 5267: 5253: 5249: 5239: 5237: 5199: 5195: 5185: 5183: 5178: 5177: 5173: 5163: 5161: 5148: 5147: 5143: 5133: 5131: 5122: 5118: 5113: 5106: 5098:Construction". 5093: 5089: 5082: 5067: 5060: 5049: 5045: 5038: 5024: 5020: 5010: 5008: 5000: 4999: 4995: 4985: 4983: 4974: 4970: 4960: 4958: 4952: 4948: 4941: 4919: 4912: 4905: 4891: 4887: 4880: 4870:Wattle and Daub 4866: 4862: 4855: 4851: 4844: 4830: 4826: 4819: 4815: 4805: 4803: 4794: 4793: 4789: 4779: 4777: 4768: 4767: 4763: 4758: 4750:Weatherboarding 4740:Open-air museum 4711:Balloon framing 4691:Engineered wood 4667: 4592:infestation of 4576:poteaux-sur-sol 4501: 4496: 4439: 4324: 4316:post and lintel 4297: 4269: 4253: 4217:blockstanderbau 4187:Piece-sur-piece 4180:Poteaux-sur-sol 4145:Lower Louisiana 4117: 4089: 4083: 4067: 4060: 4057: 4048: 4045: 4036: 4031: 4022: 4012: 3964: 3927: 3920: 3913: 3904: 3894: 3885: 3882: 3873: 3863: 3854: 3848: 3839: 3833: 3744: 3734: 3713:Palisade church 3653: 3641: 3634: 3628: 3619: 3613: 3604: 3603:Open Air Museum 3597: 3588: 3582: 3573: 3566: 3557: 3550: 3541: 3531: 3491: 3471: 3464: 3461: 3452: 3449: 3440: 3437: 3428: 3425: 3408: 3401:village shows. 3383: 3362:oceanic climate 3350:wattle and daub 3311:post and lintel 3307: 3300: 3294: 3285: 3276: 3267: 3261: 3252: 3249: 3240: 3231: 3222: 3216: 3207: 3201: 3153:dom podcieniowy 3117:wattle and daub 3085: 3078: 3067: 3058: 3051: 3042: 3035: 3026: 3023:Arquata Scrivia 3019: 3010: 3003: 2994: 2987: 2955: 2948: 2941: 2932: 2921: 2912: 2906: 2897: 2886: 2877: 2866: 2857: 2850: 2841: 2832: 2823: 2822:, built in 1698 2816: 2807: 2800: 2791: 2785: 2776: 2766: 2757: 2750: 2741: 2735: 2726: 2715: 2638:for every post. 2627:and around the 2529:(birthplace of 2523:Maulbronn Abbey 2499:Hanau-Steinheim 2438:, built in 1417 2402: 2391: 2384: 2375: 2361: 2352: 2345: 2336: 2329: 2320: 2313: 2304: 2297: 2288: 2281: 2272: 2265: 2256: 2249: 2240: 2233: 2211:poteau en terre 2138: 2112:Cressing Temple 2063: 2056: 2042: 2033: 2022: 2013: 2006: 1997: 1990: 1981: 1971: 1962: 1952: 1943: 1936: 1927: 1916: 1831:South Yorkshire 1774: 1717: 1670: 1644: 1585:trees, such as 1537: 1508: 1432: 1430:Modern features 1411:glued laminated 1382: 1360:post and lintel 1328:balloon framing 1323:Ständerbauweise 1308: 1267:jetty projects. 1169: 1155:In the city of 1146: 1140: 1046: 1024:, Montana, U.S. 1014: 984: 982:Oldest examples 931: 924: 918: 909: 902: 893: 887: 878: 875: 866: 859: 850: 843: 829: 818: 809: 806: 797: 794: 785: 782: 773: 770: 761: 758: 749: 746: 719:weatherboarding 708:weatherboarding 681:ständerblockbau 632:wattle and daub 620: 617: 608: 605: 596: 593: 584: 581: 572: 569: 560: 548:by the Romans, 542: 533: 530: 521: 515: 503: 453:Bad Langensalza 449:wattle and daub 441: 416:structural load 408:Gloucestershire 396: 389: 382: 373: 366: 357: 350: 335:hammerbeam roof 272: 252: 128: 117: 111: 108: 65: 63: 53: 41: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8914: 8904: 8903: 8898: 8893: 8888: 8883: 8878: 8873: 8868: 8866:Timber framing 8851: 8850: 8848: 8847: 8837: 8825: 8814: 8811: 8810: 8808: 8807: 8800: 8795: 8790: 8785: 8780: 8775: 8770: 8765: 8760: 8755: 8750: 8745: 8740: 8735: 8730: 8725: 8720: 8718:Certified wood 8715: 8709: 8707: 8703: 8702: 8700: 8699: 8694: 8692:Timber framing 8689: 8684: 8679: 8677:Sawdust brandy 8674: 8669: 8664: 8659: 8654: 8649: 8643: 8641: 8637: 8636: 8634: 8633: 8628: 8623: 8618: 8613: 8608: 8603: 8598: 8592: 8590: 8584: 8583: 8581: 8580: 8575: 8570: 8568:Sandalwood oil 8565: 8560: 8555: 8550: 8545: 8540: 8535: 8530: 8525: 8520: 8515: 8514: 8513: 8503: 8497: 8495: 8491: 8490: 8488: 8487: 8482: 8477: 8472: 8467: 8462: 8457: 8451: 8449: 8443: 8442: 8440: 8439: 8434: 8429: 8424: 8419: 8418: 8417: 8406: 8404: 8400: 8399: 8397: 8396: 8395: 8394: 8384: 8379: 8374: 8372:Particle board 8369: 8364: 8359: 8358: 8357: 8352: 8347: 8337: 8332: 8331: 8330: 8325: 8320: 8310: 8304: 8302: 8294: 8293: 8291: 8290: 8285: 8280: 8275: 8270: 8265: 8260: 8255: 8250: 8245: 8240: 8235: 8230: 8225: 8220: 8215: 8210: 8205: 8200: 8195: 8190: 8185: 8180: 8175: 8170: 8165: 8160: 8155: 8150: 8144: 8142: 8133: 8132: 8125: 8124: 8117: 8110: 8102: 8093: 8092: 8090: 8089: 8079: 8069: 8058: 8055: 8054: 8052: 8051: 8046: 8041: 8035: 8033: 8029: 8028: 8026: 8025: 8020: 8018:Quarter sawing 8015: 8010: 8008:Wood splitting 8005: 8000: 7995: 7990: 7984: 7982: 7978: 7977: 7975: 7974: 7969: 7964: 7959: 7954: 7949: 7944: 7939: 7934: 7928: 7926: 7922: 7921: 7919: 7918: 7916:Wood finishing 7913: 7908: 7903: 7898: 7893: 7888: 7883: 7878: 7876:Paint stripper 7873: 7868: 7863: 7858: 7853: 7848: 7842: 7840: 7836: 7835: 7832: 7831: 7829: 7828: 7823: 7818: 7813: 7808: 7803: 7798: 7792: 7790: 7786: 7785: 7783: 7782: 7777: 7772: 7767: 7762: 7757: 7751: 7749: 7743: 7742: 7740: 7739: 7734: 7729: 7724: 7719: 7714: 7709: 7704: 7699: 7694: 7689: 7684: 7679: 7674: 7669: 7664: 7659: 7654: 7649: 7644: 7639: 7634: 7629: 7623: 7621: 7612: 7608: 7607: 7604: 7603: 7601: 7600: 7595: 7590: 7585: 7583:Shoulder plane 7580: 7575: 7570: 7565: 7560: 7558:Moulding plane 7555: 7550: 7548:Japanese plane 7545: 7540: 7538:Grooving plane 7535: 7530: 7525: 7520: 7515: 7510: 7504: 7502: 7496: 7495: 7493: 7492: 7487: 7482: 7477: 7472: 7467: 7462: 7457: 7452: 7447: 7442: 7437: 7432: 7427: 7422: 7417: 7412: 7407: 7402: 7397: 7391: 7389: 7383: 7382: 7380: 7379: 7374: 7369: 7364: 7359: 7354: 7352:Flooring clamp 7349: 7344: 7339: 7333: 7331: 7325: 7324: 7322: 7321: 7316: 7311: 7309:Winding sticks 7306: 7301: 7296: 7291: 7289:Timber-framing 7286: 7281: 7253: 7248: 7243: 7238: 7233: 7228: 7223: 7218: 7213: 7208: 7203: 7198: 7193: 7188: 7183: 7178: 7173: 7168: 7163: 7158: 7153: 7147: 7141: 7135: 7134: 7131: 7130: 7128: 7127: 7122: 7117: 7115:Particle board 7112: 7107: 7102: 7097: 7095:Glue laminated 7092: 7086: 7084: 7078: 7077: 7075: 7074: 7069: 7064: 7059: 7054: 7049: 7044: 7039: 7034: 7029: 7024: 7019: 7014: 7009: 7004: 6999: 6994: 6989: 6984: 6979: 6974: 6969: 6951: 6946: 6941: 6933: 6928: 6923: 6918: 6913: 6908: 6903: 6898: 6893: 6888: 6883: 6878: 6873: 6868: 6863: 6858: 6853: 6848: 6843: 6838: 6833: 6828: 6823: 6818: 6813: 6808: 6803: 6798: 6793: 6788: 6783: 6778: 6773: 6768: 6763: 6757: 6755: 6749: 6748: 6746: 6745: 6740: 6735: 6730: 6725: 6720: 6715: 6710: 6705: 6700: 6695: 6676: 6674: 6665: 6659: 6658: 6656: 6655: 6650: 6645: 6640: 6635: 6633:Timber framing 6630: 6625: 6620: 6615: 6610: 6605: 6603:Relief carving 6600: 6595: 6590: 6585: 6580: 6575: 6570: 6565: 6560: 6555: 6550: 6545: 6540: 6535: 6530: 6525: 6520: 6515: 6510: 6505: 6503:Bush carpentry 6500: 6495: 6489: 6487: 6483: 6482: 6480: 6479: 6469: 6464: 6458: 6456: 6452: 6451: 6444: 6443: 6436: 6429: 6421: 6415: 6414: 6403: 6389:, ed. (1911). 6387:Chisholm, Hugh 6381: 6380:External links 6378: 6377: 6376: 6369: 6359: 6336: 6330: 6313: 6312: 6307: 6304: 6303: 6302: 6296: 6283: 6266: 6263: 6260: 6259: 6224: 6200: 6193: 6172: 6140: 6133: 6115: 6103:Old Mill Hotel 6090: 6066: 6038: 6023: 6003: 5985: 5970: 5963: 5942: 5928: 5892: 5885: 5864: 5846: 5831: 5824: 5803: 5796: 5778: 5772:978-0300116144 5771: 5753: 5746: 5719: 5712: 5685: 5676: 5650: 5620: 5590: 5560: 5534: 5504: 5478: 5448: 5418: 5392: 5362: 5332: 5302: 5272: 5265: 5247: 5219:10.2307/525807 5193: 5171: 5141: 5116: 5104: 5087: 5080: 5058: 5043: 5036: 5018: 4993: 4968: 4946: 4939: 4910: 4903: 4885: 4878: 4860: 4849: 4842: 4824: 4813: 4802:. 17 June 2017 4787: 4760: 4759: 4757: 4754: 4753: 4752: 4747: 4742: 4737: 4732: 4731: 4730: 4720: 4719: 4718: 4713: 4703: 4698: 4693: 4688: 4683: 4678: 4673: 4666: 4663: 4662: 4661: 4650: 4642: 4631: 4627: 4590: 4580: 4565: 4562: 4559: 4556: 4553: 4550: 4544: 4541: 4529:Fachwerkhäuser 4500: 4497: 4495: 4492: 4487: 4486: 4482: 4475: 4472: 4469: 4458: 4447: 4438: 4435: 4323: 4320: 4296: 4293: 4268: 4265: 4257:New Netherland 4252: 4251:New Netherland 4249: 4191:Post-and-plank 4189:also known as 4169:post in ground 4127:, also called 4116: 4113: 4105:Santa Catarina 4085:Main article: 4082: 4079: 4066: 4063: 4062: 4061: 4058: 4051: 4049: 4046: 4039: 4037: 4032: 4025: 4023: 4016:Pelișor Castle 4013: 4006: 3998:, such as the 3963: 3960: 3926: 3923: 3922: 3921: 3914: 3907: 3905: 3895: 3888: 3886: 3883: 3876: 3874: 3864: 3857: 3855: 3849: 3842: 3840: 3834: 3827: 3777:translates as 3733: 3730: 3729: 3728: 3716: 3708:palissadteknik 3703:post in ground 3689:stave churches 3652: 3649: 3643:Timber frame ( 3640: 3637: 3636: 3635: 3629: 3622: 3620: 3614: 3607: 3605: 3598: 3591: 3589: 3583: 3576: 3574: 3572:(17th century) 3567: 3560: 3558: 3551: 3544: 3542: 3532: 3525: 3490: 3487: 3470: 3467: 3466: 3465: 3462: 3455: 3453: 3450: 3443: 3441: 3438: 3431: 3429: 3426: 3419: 3342:close studding 3340:box frames in 3330:half-timbering 3323:Basque Country 3317:, par example 3306: 3303: 3302: 3301: 3295: 3288: 3286: 3277: 3270: 3268: 3262: 3255: 3253: 3250: 3243: 3241: 3232: 3225: 3223: 3217: 3210: 3208: 3202: 3195: 3084: 3081: 3080: 3079: 3068: 3061: 3059: 3052: 3045: 3043: 3036: 3029: 3027: 3020: 3013: 3011: 3004: 2997: 2995: 2988: 2981: 2954: 2951: 2950: 2949: 2947:(Lower Saxony) 2942: 2935: 2933: 2922: 2915: 2913: 2907: 2900: 2898: 2887: 2880: 2878: 2867: 2860: 2858: 2851: 2844: 2842: 2833: 2826: 2824: 2817: 2810: 2808: 2801: 2794: 2792: 2786: 2779: 2777: 2767: 2760: 2758: 2751: 2744: 2742: 2736: 2729: 2727: 2717:Ständerbau in 2716: 2709: 2677: 2676: 2675: 2674: 2644: 2643: 2642: 2639: 2632: 2618: 2617: 2616: 2503:Brothers Grimm 2401: 2398:Fachwerkhäuser 2394: 2393: 2392: 2385: 2378: 2376: 2362: 2355: 2353: 2346: 2339: 2337: 2330: 2323: 2321: 2314: 2307: 2305: 2299:Old houses in 2298: 2291: 2289: 2282: 2275: 2273: 2266: 2259: 2257: 2251:Old houses in 2250: 2243: 2241: 2234: 2227: 2219:poteau de sole 2137: 2134: 2076:close studding 2062: 2061:English styles 2059: 2058: 2057: 2043: 2036: 2034: 2023: 2016: 2014: 2007: 2000: 1998: 1991: 1984: 1982: 1972: 1965: 1963: 1953: 1946: 1944: 1937: 1930: 1928: 1917: 1910: 1893:Living history 1864:upper floors. 1839:Bishops' House 1773: 1770: 1716: 1713: 1712: 1711: 1708: 1701: 1694: 1686: 1669: 1666: 1652:builders' rite 1650:ceremony is a 1643: 1640: 1622:Romano-British 1536: 1533: 1507: 1504: 1431: 1428: 1381: 1378: 1353: 1352: 1331: 1307: 1304: 1303: 1302: 1296: 1290: 1272: 1271: 1268: 1260: 1257: 1246: 1245: 1234: 1231: 1224: 1223: 1220:close studding 1213: 1168: 1165: 1139: 1136: 1045: 1042: 1013: 1010: 992:Mount Vesuvius 983: 980: 930: 927: 926: 925: 919: 912: 910: 903: 896: 894: 890:Close studding 888: 881: 879: 876: 869: 867: 860: 853: 851: 844: 837: 831: 830: 822:Sonnenscheiben 819: 812: 810: 807: 800: 798: 795: 788: 786: 783: 776: 774: 771: 764: 762: 759: 752: 750: 747: 740: 622: 621: 618: 611: 609: 606: 599: 597: 594: 587: 585: 582: 575: 573: 570: 563: 561: 543: 536: 534: 531: 524: 522: 516: 509: 502: 499: 475:Half-timbering 440: 439:Half-timbering 437: 395: 392: 391: 390: 383: 376: 374: 367: 360: 358: 351: 344: 341: 340: 337: 327: 320: 317: 314: 311: 271: 268: 251: 248: 173:Timber framing 130: 129: 112:September 2018 44: 42: 35: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8913: 8902: 8899: 8897: 8894: 8892: 8889: 8887: 8884: 8882: 8879: 8877: 8874: 8872: 8869: 8867: 8864: 8863: 8861: 8846: 8838: 8836: 8835: 8826: 8824: 8816: 8815: 8812: 8806: 8805: 8801: 8799: 8796: 8794: 8791: 8789: 8786: 8784: 8781: 8779: 8776: 8774: 8771: 8769: 8766: 8764: 8761: 8759: 8756: 8754: 8751: 8749: 8748:List of woods 8746: 8744: 8741: 8739: 8736: 8734: 8731: 8729: 8726: 8724: 8721: 8719: 8716: 8714: 8711: 8710: 8708: 8704: 8698: 8695: 8693: 8690: 8688: 8685: 8683: 8680: 8678: 8675: 8673: 8670: 8668: 8665: 8663: 8660: 8658: 8657:Billet (wood) 8655: 8653: 8650: 8648: 8645: 8644: 8642: 8638: 8632: 8629: 8627: 8624: 8622: 8619: 8617: 8614: 8612: 8609: 8607: 8604: 8602: 8599: 8597: 8594: 8593: 8591: 8589: 8585: 8579: 8576: 8574: 8571: 8569: 8566: 8564: 8561: 8559: 8556: 8554: 8551: 8549: 8546: 8544: 8541: 8539: 8536: 8534: 8531: 8529: 8526: 8524: 8521: 8519: 8518:Hemicellulose 8516: 8512: 8509: 8508: 8507: 8504: 8502: 8499: 8498: 8496: 8492: 8486: 8483: 8481: 8478: 8476: 8473: 8471: 8468: 8466: 8463: 8461: 8458: 8456: 8453: 8452: 8450: 8448: 8444: 8438: 8435: 8433: 8430: 8428: 8425: 8423: 8420: 8416: 8413: 8412: 8411: 8408: 8407: 8405: 8401: 8393: 8390: 8389: 8388: 8385: 8383: 8380: 8378: 8375: 8373: 8370: 8368: 8365: 8363: 8360: 8356: 8353: 8351: 8348: 8346: 8343: 8342: 8341: 8338: 8336: 8333: 8329: 8326: 8324: 8321: 8319: 8316: 8315: 8314: 8311: 8309: 8306: 8305: 8303: 8301: 8295: 8289: 8286: 8284: 8281: 8279: 8276: 8274: 8271: 8269: 8266: 8264: 8261: 8259: 8256: 8254: 8251: 8249: 8246: 8244: 8243:Railroad ties 8241: 8239: 8236: 8234: 8231: 8229: 8226: 8224: 8221: 8219: 8216: 8214: 8211: 8209: 8206: 8204: 8201: 8199: 8196: 8194: 8191: 8189: 8186: 8184: 8181: 8179: 8176: 8174: 8171: 8169: 8166: 8164: 8161: 8159: 8156: 8154: 8151: 8149: 8146: 8145: 8143: 8138: 8134: 8130: 8129:Wood products 8123: 8118: 8116: 8111: 8109: 8104: 8103: 8100: 8088: 8080: 8078: 8070: 8068: 8060: 8059: 8056: 8050: 8047: 8045: 8042: 8040: 8037: 8036: 8034: 8030: 8024: 8021: 8019: 8016: 8014: 8011: 8009: 8006: 8004: 8001: 7999: 7996: 7994: 7991: 7989: 7988:Chainsaw mill 7986: 7985: 7983: 7979: 7973: 7970: 7968: 7965: 7963: 7960: 7958: 7955: 7953: 7950: 7948: 7945: 7943: 7940: 7938: 7935: 7933: 7930: 7929: 7927: 7925:Organizations 7923: 7917: 7914: 7912: 7909: 7907: 7904: 7902: 7899: 7897: 7894: 7892: 7889: 7887: 7884: 7882: 7881:Steam bending 7879: 7877: 7874: 7872: 7869: 7867: 7864: 7862: 7859: 7857: 7854: 7852: 7851:French polish 7849: 7847: 7844: 7843: 7841: 7837: 7827: 7824: 7822: 7819: 7817: 7814: 7812: 7809: 7807: 7804: 7802: 7799: 7797: 7794: 7793: 7791: 7787: 7781: 7778: 7776: 7773: 7771: 7768: 7766: 7763: 7761: 7758: 7756: 7753: 7752: 7750: 7748: 7744: 7738: 7735: 7733: 7730: 7728: 7725: 7723: 7722:Rabbet/Rebate 7720: 7718: 7715: 7713: 7710: 7708: 7707:Mason's mitre 7705: 7703: 7700: 7698: 7695: 7693: 7690: 7688: 7685: 7683: 7680: 7678: 7675: 7673: 7670: 7668: 7665: 7663: 7660: 7658: 7655: 7653: 7650: 7648: 7645: 7643: 7640: 7638: 7635: 7633: 7630: 7628: 7625: 7624: 7622: 7620: 7616: 7613: 7609: 7599: 7596: 7594: 7591: 7589: 7586: 7584: 7581: 7579: 7576: 7574: 7571: 7569: 7566: 7564: 7561: 7559: 7556: 7554: 7553:Jointer plane 7551: 7549: 7546: 7544: 7541: 7539: 7536: 7534: 7531: 7529: 7526: 7524: 7523:Compass plane 7521: 7519: 7518:Chamfer plane 7516: 7514: 7511: 7509: 7508:Bedrock plane 7506: 7505: 7503: 7501: 7497: 7491: 7488: 7486: 7483: 7481: 7478: 7476: 7473: 7471: 7468: 7466: 7463: 7461: 7458: 7456: 7453: 7451: 7448: 7446: 7443: 7441: 7438: 7436: 7433: 7431: 7428: 7426: 7423: 7421: 7418: 7416: 7413: 7411: 7408: 7406: 7403: 7401: 7398: 7396: 7393: 7392: 7390: 7388: 7384: 7378: 7375: 7373: 7370: 7368: 7365: 7363: 7360: 7358: 7355: 7353: 7350: 7348: 7345: 7343: 7340: 7338: 7335: 7334: 7332: 7330: 7326: 7320: 7317: 7315: 7312: 7310: 7307: 7305: 7302: 7300: 7297: 7295: 7294:Veneer hammer 7292: 7290: 7287: 7285: 7282: 7279: 7278: 7274: 7270: 7266: 7262: 7257: 7254: 7252: 7249: 7247: 7244: 7242: 7239: 7237: 7234: 7232: 7229: 7227: 7224: 7222: 7219: 7217: 7214: 7212: 7209: 7207: 7206:Impact driver 7204: 7202: 7199: 7197: 7194: 7192: 7189: 7187: 7184: 7182: 7179: 7177: 7174: 7172: 7169: 7167: 7164: 7162: 7159: 7157: 7154: 7152: 7149: 7148: 7145: 7142: 7140: 7136: 7126: 7123: 7121: 7118: 7116: 7113: 7111: 7108: 7106: 7103: 7101: 7098: 7096: 7093: 7091: 7088: 7087: 7085: 7083: 7079: 7073: 7070: 7068: 7065: 7063: 7060: 7058: 7055: 7053: 7050: 7048: 7045: 7043: 7040: 7038: 7035: 7033: 7030: 7028: 7025: 7023: 7022:Red Quebracho 7020: 7018: 7015: 7013: 7010: 7008: 7005: 7003: 7000: 6998: 6995: 6993: 6990: 6988: 6985: 6983: 6980: 6978: 6975: 6973: 6970: 6967: 6966: 6961: 6960: 6955: 6952: 6950: 6947: 6945: 6942: 6940: 6939: 6934: 6932: 6929: 6927: 6924: 6922: 6919: 6917: 6914: 6912: 6909: 6907: 6904: 6902: 6899: 6897: 6894: 6892: 6889: 6887: 6884: 6882: 6879: 6877: 6874: 6872: 6869: 6867: 6864: 6862: 6859: 6857: 6854: 6852: 6849: 6847: 6844: 6842: 6839: 6837: 6834: 6832: 6829: 6827: 6824: 6822: 6819: 6817: 6814: 6812: 6809: 6807: 6804: 6802: 6799: 6797: 6794: 6792: 6789: 6787: 6784: 6782: 6779: 6777: 6774: 6772: 6769: 6767: 6764: 6762: 6759: 6758: 6756: 6754: 6750: 6744: 6741: 6739: 6736: 6734: 6731: 6729: 6726: 6724: 6721: 6719: 6716: 6714: 6711: 6709: 6706: 6704: 6701: 6699: 6696: 6693: 6692: 6687: 6686: 6681: 6678: 6677: 6675: 6673: 6669: 6666: 6664: 6660: 6654: 6651: 6649: 6646: 6644: 6641: 6639: 6636: 6634: 6631: 6629: 6626: 6624: 6621: 6619: 6616: 6614: 6611: 6609: 6606: 6604: 6601: 6599: 6596: 6594: 6591: 6589: 6586: 6584: 6581: 6579: 6576: 6574: 6571: 6569: 6566: 6564: 6561: 6559: 6556: 6554: 6551: 6549: 6546: 6544: 6541: 6539: 6536: 6534: 6531: 6529: 6526: 6524: 6521: 6519: 6516: 6514: 6511: 6509: 6506: 6504: 6501: 6499: 6498:Bow and arrow 6496: 6494: 6493:Boat building 6491: 6490: 6488: 6484: 6477: 6473: 6470: 6468: 6465: 6463: 6460: 6459: 6457: 6453: 6449: 6442: 6437: 6435: 6430: 6428: 6423: 6422: 6419: 6411: 6410: 6404: 6400: 6399: 6393: 6388: 6384: 6383: 6374: 6370: 6368: 6364: 6360: 6357: 6356:9781246034189 6353: 6349: 6348:9781236011923 6345: 6341: 6337: 6333: 6331:0-575-05299-6 6327: 6323: 6319: 6315: 6314: 6310: 6309: 6299: 6297:1-874329-75-3 6293: 6289: 6284: 6281: 6280:0-7478-0215-7 6277: 6273: 6269: 6268: 6247: 6243: 6239: 6235: 6228: 6217: 6210: 6209:"Fire Safety" 6204: 6196: 6190: 6186: 6179: 6177: 6157: 6150: 6144: 6136: 6134:0-07-023851-0 6130: 6126: 6119: 6104: 6100: 6094: 6083: 6076: 6070: 6053: 6049: 6042: 6034: 6027: 6019: 6012: 6010: 6008: 5999: 5992: 5990: 5981: 5974: 5966: 5960: 5956: 5949: 5947: 5938: 5932: 5924: 5918: 5910: 5906: 5899: 5897: 5888: 5882: 5878: 5871: 5869: 5860: 5853: 5851: 5842: 5835: 5827: 5821: 5817: 5810: 5808: 5799: 5793: 5789: 5782: 5774: 5768: 5764: 5757: 5749: 5747:1-874329-75-3 5743: 5739: 5732: 5730: 5728: 5726: 5724: 5715: 5709: 5705: 5698: 5696: 5694: 5692: 5690: 5680: 5664: 5660: 5654: 5638: 5634: 5630: 5624: 5608: 5604: 5600: 5594: 5578: 5574: 5570: 5564: 5548: 5544: 5538: 5522: 5518: 5514: 5508: 5492: 5488: 5482: 5466: 5462: 5458: 5452: 5436: 5432: 5428: 5422: 5406: 5402: 5396: 5380: 5376: 5372: 5366: 5350: 5346: 5342: 5336: 5320: 5316: 5312: 5306: 5290: 5286: 5282: 5276: 5268: 5262: 5258: 5251: 5236: 5232: 5228: 5224: 5220: 5216: 5212: 5208: 5204: 5197: 5181: 5175: 5159: 5155: 5151: 5145: 5129: 5128: 5120: 5111: 5109: 5101: 5097: 5091: 5083: 5077: 5073: 5065: 5063: 5054: 5047: 5039: 5033: 5029: 5022: 5007: 5003: 4997: 4981: 4980: 4972: 4957: 4950: 4942: 4940:0-300-10910-5 4936: 4932: 4928: 4924: 4917: 4915: 4906: 4900: 4896: 4889: 4881: 4875: 4871: 4864: 4858: 4853: 4845: 4839: 4835: 4828: 4822: 4817: 4801: 4797: 4791: 4775: 4771: 4765: 4761: 4751: 4748: 4746: 4743: 4741: 4738: 4736: 4733: 4729: 4726: 4725: 4724: 4721: 4717: 4714: 4712: 4709: 4708: 4707: 4704: 4702: 4699: 4697: 4694: 4692: 4689: 4687: 4684: 4682: 4679: 4677: 4676:Boat building 4674: 4672: 4669: 4668: 4659: 4655: 4651: 4647: 4643: 4640: 4636: 4632: 4628: 4625: 4621: 4617: 4613: 4609: 4605: 4601: 4600: 4595: 4591: 4588: 4584: 4581: 4578: 4577: 4572: 4571: 4566: 4563: 4560: 4557: 4554: 4551: 4548: 4545: 4542: 4539: 4535: 4534: 4533: 4530: 4525: 4522: 4518: 4514: 4509: 4506: 4494:Disadvantages 4491: 4483: 4480: 4476: 4473: 4470: 4467: 4463: 4459: 4456: 4452: 4448: 4445: 4444: 4443: 4434: 4432: 4428: 4424: 4419: 4417: 4412: 4410: 4406: 4401: 4399: 4398:Beverly Hills 4395: 4391: 4386: 4384: 4380: 4379: 4373: 4369: 4361: 4357: 4352: 4345: 4341: 4337: 4336:Dyker Heights 4333: 4328: 4319: 4317: 4313: 4309: 4301: 4292: 4290: 4286: 4282: 4278: 4274: 4264: 4262: 4258: 4248: 4245: 4243: 4238: 4236: 4231: 4226: 4224: 4218: 4214: 4209: 4205: 4199: 4197: 4192: 4188: 4184: 4182: 4181: 4176: 4174: 4170: 4166: 4165: 4160: 4158: 4153: 4150: 4146: 4142: 4138: 4134: 4130: 4126: 4122: 4112: 4110: 4106: 4102: 4098: 4097:Colonia Tovar 4094: 4088: 4078: 4076: 4072: 4065:Baltic states 4055: 4050: 4043: 4038: 4035: 4029: 4024: 4021: 4017: 4010: 4005: 4004: 4003: 4001: 3997: 3993: 3989: 3985: 3981: 3977: 3973: 3969: 3959: 3956: 3952: 3948: 3944: 3943:North Holland 3937:, Netherlands 3936: 3931: 3918: 3911: 3906: 3902: 3898: 3897:Frogner Manor 3892: 3887: 3880: 3875: 3871: 3867: 3861: 3856: 3852: 3846: 3841: 3837: 3831: 3826: 3825: 3824: 3822: 3821:urban renewal 3816: 3814: 3810: 3806: 3802: 3798: 3794: 3790: 3788: 3784: 3780: 3776: 3772: 3770: 3766: 3762: 3758: 3754: 3748: 3743: 3739: 3725: 3720: 3717: 3714: 3709: 3704: 3700: 3695: 3690: 3685: 3680: 3677: 3676: 3675: 3672: 3667: 3663: 3659: 3648: 3646: 3633: 3626: 3621: 3618: 3611: 3606: 3602: 3595: 3590: 3587: 3580: 3575: 3571: 3564: 3559: 3555: 3548: 3543: 3540: 3536: 3529: 3524: 3523: 3522: 3520: 3516: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3496: 3486: 3481:, Switzerland 3480: 3479:Hombrechtikon 3475: 3459: 3454: 3447: 3442: 3435: 3430: 3423: 3418: 3417: 3416: 3412: 3407: 3402: 3400: 3396: 3391: 3387: 3382: 3378: 3373: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3354: 3351: 3347: 3346:weatherboards 3343: 3339: 3335: 3331: 3326: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3312: 3299: 3292: 3287: 3283: 3280: 3274: 3269: 3266: 3259: 3254: 3247: 3242: 3239: 3235: 3229: 3224: 3221: 3214: 3209: 3206: 3199: 3194: 3193: 3192: 3190: 3185: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3174:Umgebindehaus 3170: 3168: 3164: 3160: 3156: 3154: 3148: 3144: 3140: 3135: 3130: 3126: 3122: 3118: 3114: 3106: 3101: 3094: 3089: 3076: 3072: 3071:Central Italy 3065: 3060: 3056: 3049: 3044: 3040: 3033: 3028: 3024: 3017: 3012: 3008: 3001: 2996: 2992: 2985: 2980: 2979: 2978: 2976: 2972: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2946: 2939: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2919: 2914: 2911: 2910:Tirschenreuth 2904: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2884: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2870:Umgebindehaus 2864: 2859: 2855: 2848: 2843: 2840: 2836: 2830: 2825: 2821: 2814: 2809: 2805: 2802:Buildings in 2798: 2793: 2790: 2787:Buildings in 2783: 2778: 2775: 2771: 2764: 2759: 2755: 2748: 2743: 2740: 2733: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2713: 2708: 2707: 2706: 2704: 2700: 2695: 2692: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2647: 2645: 2640: 2637: 2633: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2621: 2619: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2605: 2603: 2599: 2598: 2597: 2594: 2591: 2586: 2584: 2580: 2579: 2574: 2570: 2565: 2562: 2559: 2554: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2501:(home of the 2500: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2483: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2464:Saxony-Anhalt 2461: 2457: 2453: 2451: 2445: 2437: 2434:at the river 2433: 2429: 2428:Spitzhäuschen 2424: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2399: 2389: 2382: 2377: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2359: 2354: 2350: 2343: 2338: 2334: 2327: 2322: 2318: 2311: 2306: 2302: 2295: 2290: 2286: 2279: 2274: 2270: 2263: 2258: 2254: 2247: 2242: 2238: 2231: 2226: 2225: 2224: 2222: 2220: 2214: 2212: 2206: 2201: 2199: 2197: 2191: 2189: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2142: 2133: 2129: 2127: 2121: 2119: 2115: 2113: 2107: 2105: 2104:'cruck frame' 2096: 2092: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2077: 2071: 2070: 2067: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2040: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2020: 2015: 2011: 2004: 1999: 1995: 1988: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1969: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1950: 1945: 1941: 1934: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1918:Farmhouse in 1914: 1909: 1908: 1907: 1905: 1901: 1896: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1865: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1842: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1827: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1812: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1797:Great Britain 1791: 1787: 1783: 1778: 1769: 1767: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1721: 1709: 1706: 1702: 1699: 1698:masons' marks 1695: 1691: 1687: 1684: 1680: 1675: 1674: 1673: 1665: 1663: 1662: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1639: 1637: 1632: 1630: 1626: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1610: 1606: 1604: 1598: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1532: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1513: 1503: 1499: 1496: 1492: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1476: 1474: 1469: 1466: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1444: 1436: 1427: 1419: 1415: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1394: 1386: 1377: 1375: 1373: 1367: 1366: 1361: 1357: 1350: 1346: 1344: 1337: 1332: 1329: 1324: 1318: 1313: 1312: 1311: 1300: 1297: 1294: 1291: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1277: 1276: 1275: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1258: 1255: 1251: 1250: 1249: 1244:of the roof). 1243: 1239: 1235: 1232: 1229: 1228: 1227: 1221: 1217: 1214: 1211: 1208: 1207: 1206: 1203: 1201: 1197: 1189: 1188:story framing 1185: 1181: 1173: 1164: 1162: 1158: 1153: 1151: 1145: 1135: 1133: 1128: 1123: 1120: 1115: 1113: 1108: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1093: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1074: 1067: 1064:Projecting (" 1062: 1055: 1050: 1041: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1023: 1018: 1009: 1007: 1006:opus incertum 1003: 999: 998: 997:Opus craticum 993: 989: 988:opus craticum 979: 977: 973: 972:juxtaposition 969: 965: 961: 957: 952: 946: 939: 934: 922: 921:Cruck framing 916: 911: 907: 900: 895: 891: 885: 880: 873: 868: 864: 857: 852: 848: 841: 836: 835: 834: 827: 823: 816: 811: 804: 799: 792: 787: 780: 775: 768: 763: 756: 751: 744: 739: 738: 737: 734: 732: 728: 724: 720: 715: 713: 709: 705: 701: 696: 694: 690: 686: 682: 678: 677: 672: 671: 666: 662: 658: 654: 653: 647: 643: 641: 637: 636:Opus craticum 633: 629: 628: 627:opus craticum 615: 610: 603: 598: 591: 586: 579: 574: 567: 562: 559: 557: 553: 552:opus craticum 550:The House of 547: 546:opus incertum 540: 535: 528: 523: 520: 513: 508: 507: 506: 498: 496: 491: 485: 480: 476: 469: 465: 461: 454: 450: 445: 436: 434: 429: 425: 421: 417: 409: 405: 400: 387: 380: 375: 371: 364: 359: 355: 348: 343: 342: 338: 336: 332: 328: 325: 321: 318: 315: 312: 309: 308: 307: 305: 301: 297: 289: 288:Herefordshire 285: 281: 276: 267: 265: 261: 257: 247: 243: 241: 237: 233: 229: 225: 221: 217: 213: 208: 206: 205:half-timbered 202: 198: 194: 190: 186: 182: 178: 174: 167: 163: 156: 152: 148: 141: 136: 126: 123: 115: 104: 101: 97: 94: 90: 87: 83: 80: 76: 73: – 72: 68: 67:Find sources: 61: 57: 51: 50: 45:This article 43: 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The term 240:woodworking 228:draw knives 140:Dornstetten 8860:Categories 8640:Historical 8621:Wood flour 8470:Paperboard 8340:Fiberboard 8298:Engineered 8158:Bressummer 8032:Techniques 7981:Conversion 7911:Wood stain 7839:Treatments 7627:Birdsmouth 7593:Spokeshave 7543:Jack plane 7533:Fore plane 7372:Pipe clamp 7337:Band clamp 7261:Carpenters 7082:Engineered 7032:Rubberwood 6881:Eucalyptus 6685:Calocedrus 6598:Pyrography 6563:Kohlrosing 6290:. Sorbus. 6265:References 5797:0906765161 5740:. 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8345:hardboard 8248:Reclaimed 8213:Panelling 8203:Log house 8198:Log cabin 7821:Parquetry 7816:Oystering 7811:Marquetry 7652:Butterfly 7319:Workbench 7251:Sandpaper 7231:Mitre box 7176:Drawknife 7166:Burnisher 7151:Abrasives 7100:Hardboard 6761:Afromosia 6643:Whittling 6593:Parquetry 6578:Marquetry 6523:Certosina 6518:Carpentry 6508:Cabinetry 6455:Overviews 6320:(1992) . 5235:162393242 5207:Britannia 4686:Carpentry 4466:drying in 4223:sleppvegg 4196:Log cabin 4137:colombage 4101:Venezuela 4093:Old Salem 3992:Wallachia 3949:-powered 3870:Kaupanger 3813:brickwork 3797:livestock 3775:Grindverk 3742:Grindverk 3671:korsvirke 3495:provinces 3406:Néobasque 3334:baserriak 3282:Mennonite 3220:Zgorzelec 3205:Bydgoszcz 3167:Bydgoszcz 3163:granaries 3139:Mennonite 3125:szachulec 2927:mühle in 2818:House in 2756:(Bavaria) 2752:House in 2663:lap-joint 2602:Franconia 2507:Bad Urach 2472:Thuringia 2388:Langonnet 2196:colombage 2132:trusses. 2055:, England 2012:, England 1996:, England 1980:, England 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