Tiele people - Knowledge

1688:

country, he erected a high platform and placed his two daughters on the top, saying: "Oh Heaven, please come and receive them yourself!" After three years, their mother wanted to bring them back but the Chanyu said: "You may not, their time is not up yet." After another year, there was an old wolf who guarded the platform day and night, howling. It dug a hole underneath the platform and would not leave for a long time. The younger daughter said: "Our father put us here, wanting to give us to Heaven. Now this wolf came here, it is probably a heavenly being, sent by Heaven." She was about to descend and approach the wolf but her elder sister said in horror: "This is a beast! Do not bring disgrace to our parents." The younger sister did not listen to her, she descended and became the wolf's wife and gave birth to children. Later on, they multiplied and formed a state. This is why their people like to sing long-songs with a drawn-out voice, similar to the howling of wolves.

1287: 136: 2678:, began to appease the subjected Tiele. Tonyukuk was born in China and was considered a wise statesman in both Turkic and Chinese accounts. Meanwhile, a friendly relationship was built with the Chinese. Till the end of the Second Eastern Qaghanate only one raid in 720 was made on the Chinese border. Bilge Khan started to call for a return of the former members of the Tiele tribes who had settled in China. He had risen in status among the tribal chiefs, especially the Uyghur within the Qaghanate. 2549:(袁纥). Under the leadership of Pusa (菩萨), son of chief Tejian (特健), the Uyghur co-operated with the Xueyantuo to make a stand against the Eastern Qaghanate. Soon after his death, his successor Tumidu (吐迷度) formed a new alliance with the Chinese and turned against his former ally. Thereafter, Tumidu was granted a Chinese title like the rest of the Tiele chiefs, and carried the title of qaghan among the other tribes, who now annually donated furs to the Chinese to fulfill their tax obligations. 2627:

allied themselves with Ashina Funian (阿史那伏念) for a new rebellion. Funian declared himself qaghan in 681, but his revolt did not succeed and more than fifty participants were executed on November 16 at the Chinese capital. The remaining rebellious Göktürks formed the Second Turkic Eastern Qaghanate under Ilteris Sad and his 5,000 supporters. They were mostly active in the southern region bordering China at mount Čoγay (总材山). Over the decade they held countless raids across the Chinese border.

4709: 1294: 2556:, the ruler of the Eastern Qaghanate at the northern Altai, who now held hegemony over the surrounding tribes, including the Qarluq. This alerted the Chinese, and Wuhe was assassinated by a ruse upon receiving his uncle's position from the Chinese deputy in the north. Later Juluobo was detained by the Chinese. On November 17, Porun (婆闰) was granted his fathers title. 2204: 1921:, son of Futu, defeated Mietu, and in reprisal had him towed to death by a horse. The Fufuluo went for several years into exile under the refuge of the Hephthalites. In 520, Chounu was repulsed by his younger brother Yifu (伊匐) who restored the realm. After his defeat, Chounu returned to the east, where he was killed in a coup in which the ruling clan of 2646:, the Göktürks made five out of forty-seven attacks on the Tiele who were led by Ilteris. Among them, four seem to have been mere raids while the last attack could be seen as their re-subjection on the northern steppe. The estimated date for the Tiele submission to the Göktürks would be around 687, probably without much resistance. 2200:, often viewed Inner Asian tribes, "as forming a single entity regardless of their linguistic affiliation" commonly used Turk as a generic name for Inner Asians (whether Turkic- or Mongolic-speaking). Only in modern era do modern historians use term Turks to describe an ethno-cultural collection of various Turkic groups. 2282:, close to Ade river, there were Hedie (訶咥, CE hɑ-tet), Hejie (曷嶻, CE ɦɑt-dzɑt), Bohu (撥忽, CE pʷɑt-huot), Bigan (比干, CE pi-kɑn), Juhai (具海, CE gju-həi), Hebixi (曷比悉, CE ɦɑt-pi-sit), Hecuosu (何嵯蘇, CE ɦɑ-ʣɑ-suo), Bayewei (拔也未, CE bʷɑt-jja-mʷɨi), Keda (渴達, CE khɑt-thɑt) and so on, which have an army of more than 30,000 men. 2693:, while minor insurgencies had occurred throughout the process. Among the returning Tiele tribes was the Uyghur, specifically the Yaoluoge, who had escaped into China until 727. The Yaoluoge consisted one of nine clans of Uyghur, and had dominated probably for six generations since the fall of Xueyantuo. 2626:

In 679 a major rebellion was led by three Göktürk nobles. Among them, Ashina Nishufu (阿史那泥熟匐), a direct descendant of Illig, was chosen as their qaghan. They were quickly subdued by the Chinese and their leader was betrayed and killed by his own troops. The rest of the Göktürks managed to escape and

2486:

and forced him to escape to China. The return of Shekui marked the end of the rebellion, although exactly when the rebels were put down is uncertain. One Chinese account indicated that the Gaochang kingdom still remained under their vassal until the year 612. They were most likely subdued after this

2666:

and elsewhere, while others like the Bayegu had revolted in 707. These revolts continued until 716 and Qapagan, on his way back from suppressing revolts by the Uyghur, Tongluo, Baixi, Bayegu and Pugu, was ambushed and killed by a Bayegu tribesman named Xiezhilue (颉质略) on July 22. In conclusion, not

2571:

During those campaigns, visits would be paid to restrain the tribes. In 658 such a visit was repelled, a revolt broke out in 660 starting with the Sijie (思结), Bayegu (拔野古), Pugu (仆骨) and Tongluo (同罗), and it was joined by the other 5 tribes later. The reason for this revolt is unclear, perhaps due

2240:

river, there were Boqut (Pugu, 僕骨, MC buk-kuot), Toŋra (Tongluo, 同羅, MC duŋ-lɑ), Uyγur (Weihe, 韋紇, MC ɦʷɨi- ɦet), Bayirqu (Bayegu, 拔也古, MC bʷɑt-jja-kuo) and Fuluo (覆羅, MC phək-lɑ), whose leaders were all called Irkin (Sijin, 俟斤, MC ɖʐɨ-kɨn) by themselves. And there were other clans such as Mengchen

2451:

succeeded him in the Western Qaghanate, levying heavy taxes on the Tiele. To prevent a revolt he gathered several hundreds of chiefs and murdered them. In 605 an alliance among the Tiele under the Qibi (契苾) and Xueyantuo (薛延陀) tribes was formed to overthrow him. They captured most of the Dzungaria

1687:

According to legends, the Xiongnu Chanyu had two daughters, both extremely beautiful. The people of the country all thought them to be spirits. The Chanyu said: "How could I find husbands for my daughters! I am going to give them to Heaven." Thereupon, at a desolate place in the north part of the

1720:

in retaliation, but reportedly suffered a serious defeat in 399, and was forced to flee westward. Here Shelun defeated the Hulu (斛律) tribe and subjugated them. With the aid of a Hulu named Chiluohou (叱洛侯), Shelun conquered most of the Gaoche tribes and proclaimed himself Kaghan of the Rouran on

2314:

separately. They lived in unsettled places, and moved along with the water and grass. They were good at shooting on horseback, and were fierce and cruel, especially greedy. They live on plundering. The clans close to the west do several kinds of cultivating, and breed more cattle and sheep than

2649:

The establishment of a second Göktürk capital at the foot of the sacred mountain Ötüken (於都斤山) brought unrest to the Tiele tribes. After the Uyghur chief was killed, they were recruited for their annual raiding campaigns over the Chinese border after 694. These raids were halted in 708, as the

1767:

The greater part of the latter two possibly fled back to the steppe and were not heard of after 524 and 445 respectively. The Western Chile (mainly the Hulu and Tiele related to Fufuluo's Qifuli (泣伏利) clan) being caused by a horse race, by which south and north were eventually assimilated.

1204:. Initially they had been called Dili. Northerners take them as Chile. Chinese take them as Gaoche Dingling. Their language, in brief, and Xiongnu are the same yet occasionally there are small differences. Or one may say that they are the junior relatives of the Xiongnu in former times. 2443:, who sided with the Chinese. However, he was unsuccessful and was assassinated during his battles with the Chinese. His partner Tardu took over and launched a revolt against the Qaghanate. In 603 he was revolted against by the Tiele tribes, provoked by the Chinese, and fled to the 2043:

appeared in Chinese literature from the 6th century to 8th century, and most scholars agree that Tiele is simply different Chinese characters used to describe the same Turkic word as Chile, although some scholars disagree on what the specific original Turkic word may be:

2219:. Around 250,000 of them were then incorporated into his army. In 552, Bumin Khan sent his army and defeated Anagui just north of the Chinese border. Two years before his death, he eliminated the remnants of the Rouran to the north and subjugated the Tiele. 2630:

Exactly when or how the Tiele came under their subjection is unclear. However, during this period, a number of pro-Chinese Tiele groups who had earlier cooperated with the Chinese against them, such as Uyghur, Qibi, Sijie and Hun (浑), escaped into the

2340:

The Tiele were a large tribal group, however it is unlikely they would have been under a unified leadership. References of the tribes in the remote areas west of the Pamir Mountains were sparse and mentioned only in passing, some tribes like the

2559:

Since their submission, the Tiele (mainly the Uyghur) had participated in several campaigns under Chinese leadership. Under the command of Ashina Sheer (阿史那社尔), Yuan Lichen (元礼臣), Gao Kan (高侃), Liang Jianfang (梁建方), Cheng Zhijie (程知节),

3159:

Original text: "俗云匈奴單于生二女，姿容甚美，國人皆以為神。單于曰：「吾有此女，安可配人，將以與天。」乃於國北無人之地，築高臺，置二女其上，曰：「請天自迎之。」經三年，其母欲迎之，單于曰：「不可，未徹之間耳。」復一年，乃有一老狼晝夜守臺嘷呼，因穿臺下為空穴，經時不去。其小女曰：「吾父處我於此，欲以與天，而今狼來，或是神物，天使之然。」將下就之。其姊大驚曰：「此是畜生，無乃辱父母也！」妹不從，下為狼妻而產子，後遂滋繁成國，故其人好引聲長歌，又似狼嘷。"

1736:

and drove them to the south. In the east they raided the Northern Wei before they were defeated on June 16, 429. Afterwards, as many as 1.5 million Gaoche were said to have been captured and settled to areas adjacent to the capital

2423:

Tiele allied themselves in a rebellion against the Göktürks during the turmoil between 599 and 603. This might have already started as early as in 582, when rumor was spread about a revolt in the north when a raiding campaign led

2587:

In 669 similar unsuccessful revolts had been made by the Xueyantuo, but the details of these are vague. The last revolt was mentioned in 686, led by the Pugu and Tongluo to join with the Ashina clan, who had formed the

2521:

Shortly after 646, the Uyghur and the rest of the twelve Tiele chiefs (and subsequently the far-away Guligan and Dubo) arrived at the Chinese court. They were bestowed either with the title of commander-in-chief (都督

1840:

After a disagreement, A-Fuzhiluo betrayed him, and in 487, together with his younger cousin Qiongqi (穷奇), they managed their clans of over 100,000 yurts to escape from the pursuing armies, led by Dulun and his uncle

2349:(骨利干), Duolange (多览葛) Xijie (奚结) and Baixi (白霫) were being rewarded afterward, though a few like the Fuluo (覆罗), Mengchen (蒙陈) and Turuhe (吐如纥) disappeared. Fuluo (覆羅) were possibly linked to the 伏利(具) Fuli(-ju) in 2700:(拔悉蜜), Uyghur and Qarluq. They overthrew the Göktürks and killed the qaghan. Most of the heirs were killed subsequently. At the same time the Basmyl chief, who was approved as qaghan, was overthrown by the allies. 2622:

After the disintegration of the Eastern Qaghanate in 630, many Göktürk nobles were resettled either at the Chinese border or in the capital. Some went on to participate in frontier campaigns for the Chinese.

1209:

The Gaoche migrate in search of grass and water. They dress in skins and eat meat. Their cattle and sheep are just like those of the Rouran, but the wheel of their carts are high and have very many spokes.

2391:

Tiele are originally Xiongnu's splinter stocks. As Tujue are strong and prosperous, all Tiele districts (郡) are divided and scattered, the masses gradually dwindled and weakened. Until the beginning of

3607:

Non-Turkic, Iranian-speaking people; according to Lee & Kuang (2017) "A Comparative Analysis of Chinese Historical Sources and Y-DNA Studies with Regard to the Early and Medieval Turkic Peoples",

2584:

around 900,000 surrendered tribesmen were slaughtered, though it is certain that a large number of them were captured. After the event, a message was sent to the north to appease the restless Tiele.

2285:

In the east and west of Deyihai (得嶷海), there were Sulujie (蘇路羯, CE suoluo-kjɐt), Sansuoyan (三索咽, CE sɑm-sɑk-ʔet), Miecu (蔑促, CE met-tshjuok), Longhu (隆忽, CE ljuŋ-huot) and so on, more than 8,000 men.

1100: 3707:

Zuev, Yu.A. (1960) "Horse Tamgas from Vassal Princedoms" (Translation of Chinese composition "Tanghuiyao" of 8–10th centuries), Kazakh SSR Academy of Sciences, Alma-Ata. p. 110-111 (in Russian)

1870:

Shortly after the death of Dulun in 492, several important cities on the eastern route were taken by Fufuluo, separating the Rouran from the west. With the elimination of Rouran influence, the

2380:

on the steppe. However, Lee & Kuang (2017) state that Chinese histories did not describe the Ashina-led Göktürks as descending from the Dingling or belonging to the Tiele confederation.

1925:(郁久闾) was split into two factions. In 521, the Fufuluo penetrated into the Rouran territory, but were finally repulsed by 524. Thereafter, the Fufuluo suffered a series of defeats from 2241:(蒙陳, MC muŋ-ɖin), Turuhe (吐如紇, MC thuo-ɲjɷ-ɦet), Siqit (Sijie, 斯結, MC sie-ket), Qun (Hun, 渾, MC ɦuon) and Huxue (斛薛, MC ɦuk-siɛt). These clans had a powerful army of almost 20,000 men. 2232:

The ancestors of the Tiele were the descendnts of the Xiongnu. There were many clans among the Tiele, who were compactly distributed along the valley from the east of the Western Sea.

3110:

1. Qifuli (泣伏利) 2. Tulu (吐卢) 3. Yizhan (乙旃) 4. Dalian (大连) 5. Kuhe (窟贺) 6. Dabogan (达薄干) 7. A-Lun (阿仑) 8. Moyun (莫允) 9. Qifen (俟分) 10. Fufuluo (副伏罗) 11. Qige (乞袁) 12. Youshupei (右叔沛).

2345:

were probably erroneously added. By the end of the 6th century nothing more was known about them. Those tribes in the eastern areas (north of China and near Lake Baikal), such as the

3863:

Lee & Kuang (2017) "A Comparative Analysis of Chinese Historical Sources and Y-DNA Studies with Regard to the Early and Medieval Turkic Peoples", Inner Asia 19. p. 201 of 197–239

3009:"高車，蓋古赤狄之餘種也，諸夏以為高車丁零。" tr. "Gaoju, probably the remnant stock of the ancient Red Di. The various Xia (i.e. Chinese) considered them Gaoju Dingling (i.e. Dingling with High Cart)" 1771:

With the loss of numerous subjects and vital resources, the Rouran went into a temporary decline. However, in 460 they launched new campaigns in the west, destroying the remnant of

2383:

The Tiele were ruled by the Göktürks during the mid 6th century and early 7th century. Many of their tribal chiefs were expelled and some were killed during this period. When

4407: 1783:

attacked Northern Wei across the western border. By the time of his death in 485, Yucheng had restored the Kaghanate to a status even more powerful than the times of Datan.

2715:(Uyghur) in historic records. From then on the Uyghur consisted of seven former Tiele tribes and two new tribes, while eight former Tiele tribal names had now disappeared. 1093: 3366:

Lee, Joo-Yup (2016). "The Historical Meaning of the Term Turk and the Nature of the Turkic Identity of the Chinggisid and Timurid Elites in Post-Mongol Central Asia".

1814:. Early on a Fufuluo clan known as the Yizhan (which had lived there since the mid 2nd century) allied with the Touba. In 481, the Fufuluo began to interfere with the 2324:. The differences were that the husband should stay in his wife’s family, and could not go home until the birth of his children. Also the dead were to be buried. 2604:. Earlier during the rebellion contacts between the northern protectorate and the Chinese capital were cut off, and the only way to pass was through the area of 1086: 2275:(薛延陀, CE siɛt-jiɛn-dɑ), Dieleer (咥勒兒, CE tet-lək-ɲie), Shipan (十槃, CE ʥip-bʷan), Daqi (達契, CE thɑt-khet) and so on, which have army of more than 10,000 men. 2315:

horses. Since the establishing of the Türk state, the Tiele help the Türks by participating in battles everywhere, and subdue all the groups in the North.

4266:

Sima Guang (1989). A Translation (in Vernacular Chinese) and Annotation of Zizhi Tongjian by Bo Yang (Vol.50). Taipei: Yuan-Liou Publishing Company Ltd.

4255:

Sima Guang (1988). A Translation (in Vernacular Chinese) and Annotation of Zizhi Tongjian by Bo Yang (Vol.48). Taipei: Yuan-Liou Publishing Company Ltd.

4244:

Sima Guang (1988). A Translation (in Vernacular Chinese) and Annotation of Zizhi Tongjian by Bo Yang (Vol.47). Taipei: Yuan-Liou Publishing Company Ltd.

4233:

Sima Guang (1988). A Translation (in Vernacular Chinese) and Annotation of Zizhi Tongjian by Bo Yang (Vol.46). Taipei: Yuan-Liou Publishing Company Ltd.

4222:

Sima Guang (1987). A Translation (in Vernacular Chinese) and Annotation of Zizhi Tongjian by Bo Yang (Vol.42). Taipei: Yuan-Liou Publishing Company Ltd.

4211:

Sima Guang (1987). A Translation (in Vernacular Chinese) and Annotation of Zizhi Tongjian by Bo Yang (Vol.41). Taipei: Yuan-Liou Publishing Company Ltd.

4200:

Sima Guang (1987). A Translation (in Vernacular Chinese) and Annotation of Zizhi Tongjian by Bo Yang (Vol.38). Taipei: Yuan-Liou Publishing Company Ltd.

4189:

Sima Guang (1986). A Translation (in Vernacular Chinese) and Annotation of Zizhi Tongjian by Bo Yang (Vol.30). Taipei: Yuan-Liou Publishing Company Ltd.

2303:

Although there were so many different names of the clans, they were all called Tiele as a whole. There was no ruler among them, and they belonged to the

3720:"A Brief Description of the Early and Medieval Türks" in Turkic Christians in Central Asia and China (5th – 14th Centuries), Studies in Turkic philology 2681:

During this period, many Tiele had betrayed the local Chinese authorities and fled to the north, in particular the five communities around Liang, Ling,

6294:) Turkmen/Turkoman minorities, who mostly adhere to an Ottoman-Turkish heritage and identity. In traditional areas of Turkish settlement (i.e. former 2260:(契弊, CE khet-biɛi), Boluozhi (薄落職, CE bɑk-lɑk-tɕɨk), Yidie (乙咥, CE ʔˠit-tet), Supo (蘇婆, CE suo-bʷɑ), Nahe (那曷, CE nɑ-ɦɑt), Wuhuan (烏讙, CE ʔuo-hʷjɐn), 4400: 4097:

1. Huduoge (胡咄葛) 2. Guluowu (啒罗勿) 3. Mogexiqi (貊歌息讫) 4. A-Wudi (阿勿嘀) 5. Gesa (葛萨) 6. Huwasu (斛嗢素) 7. Yaoluoge (药罗葛) 8. Xiyawu (奚牙勿) 9. Yaowuge (药勿葛).

2667:

all tribes were involved in the revolts. Two of the northernmost tribal allies, the Guligan and Dubo (都播) did not participate in any of the revolts.

1848:

After they settled, he founded a statelet (also known as the A-Fuzhiluo kingdom) under the title of Ulu Beglik (候娄匐勒, based on an interpretation of

3734: 2696:

After Bilge Khan was poisoned, there were factional struggles within the ruling clan. Within a few years, an alliance was established between the

2572:

to the Chinese repression of the surrounding tribes during the campaigns. Two years later the revolts were suppressed by the Chinese at the upper

2564:

and Xiao Siya (萧嗣业) this resulted in the capture of Chebi Khan in 650 and the end of the Western Qaghanate in 657, except for a last campaign at

1779:

in 470, the king wrote in his supplicatory letter to the Toba Emperor that all of the statelets in the west had submitted to the Rouran. In 472,

2264:(紇骨, CE ɦet-kuot), Yedie (也咥, CE jja-tet), Yunihuan (於尼讙, CE ʔuo-ɳi-hʷjɐn) and so on. These clans had powerful army of almost 20 thousands men. 135: 2711:(based on the interpretation of scholar Cen Zhongmian in the late 1950s) is not mentioned afterwards, and was probably replaced by the name 4393: 4368:

Zhang, Bibo, and Dong, Guoyao (2001). "Cultural History of Ancient Northern Ethnic Groups in China". Harbin: Heilongjiang People's Press.

2580:. The battle was short, and a massacre was said to be committed by the two leading commanders. According to one exaggerated account from 2435:

In 587 Baga Khan, heir of Ishbara, captured Apa with the help of the Chinese but died the next year on a campaign in the west. Later on,

1286: 6320: 4296:

Li, Jihe (2003). "A Research on Migration of Northwestern Minorities Between pre-Qin to Sui and Tang". Beijing: Nationalities Press.

1910: 5042: 1675: 2703:

In 745 the exiled qaghan of the Göktürks was killed by a Uyghur chief named Qutlugh Boyla, son of Hushu (护输). He founded the new

3250: 2924: 4708: 4332:

Shen, Youliang (1998). "A Research on Northern Ethnic Groups and Regimes". Beijing: Central Nationalities University Press.

2552:

In 648, Tumidu was murdered by his nephew Wuhe (乌纥) and another tribesman named Juluobo (俱罗勃). Both were sons-in-law of the

2490:

Failure to put down these uprisings led to a fatal division within the Gökturks ruling Ashina clan. Under the leadership of

4329:

Trever, Camilla (1932). "Excavations in Northern Mongolia (1924–1925)". Leningrad: J. Fedorov Printing House. OCLC 2566311.

4149:

1. Xueyantuo (薛延陀) 2. Guligan (骨利干) 3. Dubo (都播) 4. Duolange (多览葛) 5. Xijie (奚结) 6. Baixi (白霫) 7. A-Die (阿跌) 8. Huxue (斛薛).

2894:

Pulleyblank, Edwin G. (1991). "The "High Carts": An amalgamation of Mongolic and Turkic Speaking People before the Türks".

1867:

The Fufuluo allied with the Northern Wei in 490 and fought against the Rouran until 541 when they were dispersed by them.

2072:, but this was pointed out as inaccurate in 1937 by Cen Zhongmian, as Tölis applied to the Turkic title of official (突利失 2327:

In the third year of Daye (607), Tiele sent an envoy and tribute to the court, and never stopped contact from that year.

1913:(跋利延), the successor of A-Fuzhiluo, was overthrown by his tribesmen, while shortly paying tribute to the Touba. In 508, 4346:

Wang, Xiaofu (1992). "Political Relationship Between the Chinese, Tibetan and Arab". Beijing: Peking University Press.

2949: 2292:(阿蘭,CE ʔɑ-lɑn), Beirujiuli (北褥九離, CE pək-nuok-kɨu-lei), Fuwenhun (伏嗢昬, CE bɨu-ʔʷˠɛt-huon) and so on, almost 20,000 men. 2471:

as subordinate qaghan. At the same year Geleng allied with the Chinese to defeat the Tuyuhun to resolve a conflict at

2447:. Earlier, when Apa was captured, Nili took over from him, but he died after the defeat of Tardu in the east. His son 2337:

The original manuscript contains no punctuation, so different scholars read and reconstruct the ethonyms differently.

4373: 4362: 4351: 4337: 4323: 4318:

Pulleyblank, Edwin G (2002). "Central Asia and Non-Chinese Peoples of Ancient China". Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing.

4312: 4301: 4290: 4271: 4260: 4249: 4238: 4227: 4216: 4205: 4194: 4183: 3800: 3647:

ed. Th. T. Allsen, P. B. Golden, R. K. Kovalev, A. P. Martinez. 19 (2012). Harrassowitz Verlag, Wiesbaden. p. 104–108

3445: 2878: 1790:

united twelve clans and rebelled, but were defeated by the Rouran. They escaped and established a state northwest of

6325: 2942:

The Uighur empire : according to the T'ang dynastic histories : a study in Sino-Uighur relations, 744–840

3788: 6315: 5321: 2432:. He allied with Apa Khan, a qaghan at the northern Dzungaria and Khovd River, and declared himself independent. 777: 3084:

6. Hanzhi (捍蛭) 7. Heilang (黑狼) 8. Chisha (赤沙) 9. Yugang (鬱鞞) 10. Weisuo (萎莎) 11. Tutong (禿童) 12. Bomie (勃蔑) 13.

3022:

ed. Th. T. Allsen, P. B. Golden, R. K. Kovalev, A. P. Martinez. 19 (2012). Harrassowitz Verlag, Wiesbaden. p. 87

2498:

made their crossing over the Altai, and quickly founded a confederation with the rest of the Tiele at the east.

2600:. A number of them were moved to that region along with the seat of the protectorate under the jurisdiction of 4343:

Suribadalaha (1986). "New Studies of the Origins of the Mongols". Beijing: Nationalities Press. OCLC 19390448.

3555:"Xueyantuo Khaganate and Kimeks. ( to Turkic ethnogeography of Central Asia in the middle of 7th century)" in 2467:

After victory, the Qibi chief Geleng (哥楞) was proclaimed as the qaghan by the tribes and the Xueyantuo chief

846: 839: 2545:

The Uyghur were prominent among the Tiele tribes next to the Xueyantuo. Their name first appeared in 390 as

5856: 5035: 2364:

According to some researchers (Onogawa, 1940; Duan, 1988; Lung, 2011; Davis, 2008; Tang, 2009; etc.), the

2944:(2nd edition revised and expanded. ed.). Canberra: Australian national university press. p. 1. 2542:) of the northern protectorate or "pacificed north" (安北府), whose seat and name changed at certain times. 3682: 2707:

under the title of Qutlugh Bilge Köl Qaghan. The name "Tiele", and the "nine allies (of Tiele)" (九姓) or

5922: 2662:

tribes between 708 and 715. By this time, some of the Tiele had escaped into China and were settled in

4560: 1917:

attacked the Fufuluo and gained a victory, but was killed by Mietu on his course back. Later in 516,

1264:(巳尼陂). However, their relationship with the rest of the Gaoche and its tribal components is unclear. 60: 3850: 3643:

Cheng, Fangyi. "The Research on the Identification between the Tiele (鐵勒) and the Oğuric tribes" in

3343: 3018:

Cheng, Fangyi. "The Research on the Identification between the Tiele (鐵勒) and the Oğuric tribes" in

6254: 6213: 5381: 3774: 2994:

time, they were also called Gaoju (i.e. High-Cart) tribe. Or called Chile, or mistakenly as Tiele."

2308: 2304: 1041: 687: 666: 5421: 5346: 5110: 5103: 5028: 4115:

1. Huihe (回纥) 2. Pugu (仆骨) 3. Hun (浑) 4. Bayegu (拔野古) 5. Tongluo (同罗) 6. Sijie (思结) 7. Qibi (契苾).

3128:

Li, "A Research on Migration of Northwestern Minorities Between pre-Qin to Sui and Tang", p. 113.

2589: 695: 4379: 3747:

Rachel Lung, Interpreters in Early Imperial China, John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2011, p.48

3670: 3449: 3065: 3006: 2854: 6244: 2983: 1162: 992: 857: 658: 1233:. Because, customarily, they ride high-wheeled carts. They were also called Gaoche during the 5900: 5195: 4106:

Chief names, Tumidu (吐迷度)－Porun (婆闰)－Bisudu (比粟毒)－Dujiezhi (独解支)－Fudipu (伏帝匍)－Chengzong (承宗).

3837: 3330: 3240: 2914: 2868: 2439:

took over his reign and in 599 he, together with Tardu, launched a civil war against his son

2393: 2109: 1587: 571: 1885:

uninterruptedly sent eighteen embassies with gifts (朝献/朝贡) to the Chinese courts (twelve to

6239: 5576: 5200: 5080: 4555: 4134: 1853: 1277: 345: 2065: 1721:

March 11, 402. Many Gaoche, such as Chiluohou, were promoted to establish better control.

8: 6103: 5391: 5126: 4861: 1849: 1811: 825: 435: 3531:

Zuev (2004:12) compares this tribe to the Zabender who also fled to Avars from Göktürks.

5784: 5586: 5496: 5396: 3728: 3092:(賀賴) 15. Zhongqin (鐘跂) 16. Dalou (大樓), 17. Yongqu (雍屈) 18. Zhenshu (真樹) 19. Lijie (力羯) 1463: 1170: 942: 813: 4385: 4285:

Duan, Lianqin (1988). "Dingling, Gaoju and Tiele". Shanghai: Shanghai People's Press.

3696: 1780: 5942: 5841: 5302: 5160: 4936: 4793: 4735: 4507: 4369: 4358: 4357:

Xue, Zongzheng (1992). "A History of Turks". Beijing: Chinese Social Sciences Press.

4347: 4333: 4319: 4308: 4297: 4286: 4267: 4256: 4245: 4234: 4223: 4212: 4201: 4190: 4179: 3796: 3246: 2945: 2920: 2874: 2577: 2211:

In 546 the remainder of the Fufuluo, now called Tiele, rebelled and were defeated by

1360: 801: 567: 498: 4307:

Lu, Simian (1996). "A History of Ethnic Groups in China". Beijing: Oriental Press.

1926: 1918: 1830: 1713: 6249: 5895: 5742: 5611: 5543: 5472: 5416: 5401: 5386: 5371: 5341: 5331: 5307: 5243: 5150: 4475: 3379: 3375: 3052:

Pulleyblank, "Central Asia and Non-Chinese Peoples of Ancient China", p. VII 21–26.

2987: 2731: 2704: 2617: 2185: 2181: 2169: 1826: 1819: 1663: 1474: 1334: 1226: 919: 789: 612: 515: 426: 417: 408: 381: 336: 327: 310: 73: 4174:(1985). A Translation (in Vernacular Chinese) and Annotation of Zizhi Tongjian by 3101:

1. Di (狄) 2. Yuanhe (袁纥) 3. Hulu (斛律) 4. Jiepi (解批) 5. Hugu (护骨) 6. Yiqijin (异奇斤).

2189: 1842: 1725: 6259: 5866: 5777: 5616: 5596: 5501: 5491: 5477: 5406: 5366: 5361: 5326: 5227: 5181: 5155: 3515: 2965: 2650:

Chinese constructed fortifications along the Ordos. Raids continued elsewhere as

2593: 2453: 2444: 2428:

away from the capital. Among the rivals of Ishbara in the west was Tardu, son of

2245: 2069: 1909:

earlier in the west, the Hephthalites helped Mietu. He returned to his realm and

1321: 1006: 978: 676: 489: 480: 462: 399: 372: 363: 48: 1922: 1914: 1154: 6295: 6178: 5927: 5682: 5606: 5548: 5467: 5411: 5376: 5351: 5336: 5267: 5094: 5059: 5051: 4998: 4967: 4829: 4798: 2682: 2510: 2425: 2377: 2268: 2261: 2193: 2184:. In contrast, medieval Muslim writers, including like Ottoman historians like 2157: 1772: 1485: 1165:

in 357 and 363 respectively. However, the protagonists were also addressed as "

1126: 999: 598: 588: 471: 453: 444: 390: 354: 148: 124: 113: 6064: 5462: 4465: 3890:

Bo Yang, "Zizhi Tongjian", p. 10,680 (Vol.41) 10,795, 10,805, 10,857 (Vol.42).

3304:"The Research on the Identification Between Tiele (鐵勒) and the Oghuric Tribes" 3242:

Hunnic Peoples in Central and South Asia: Sources for their Origin and History

3170:

Hunnic Peoples in Central and South Asia: Sources for their Origin and History

6309: 6223: 6028: 5998: 5932: 5871: 5763: 5756: 5703: 5591: 5581: 5356: 5176: 4870: 4846: 4836: 4814: 4760: 4755: 4640: 3519: 2849: 2762: 2643: 2632: 2573: 2483: 2384: 2373: 2365: 2321: 2311: 2177: 1898: 1890: 1806:

The Fufuluo (副伏罗) were a Gaoche tribe of twelve clans, dwelling close to the

1795: 1794:

in 487. From then on, little is known about the rest of the Gaoche until the

1185: 1066: 1055: 905: 648: 247: 4460: 3816: 3620: 2452:

and defeated his occupying army, taking several important cities, including

1874:, kindred steppe nomads, for the first time extended their domain as far as 6271: 6123: 5937: 5876: 5846: 5810: 5770: 5634: 5506: 5483: 5251: 5187: 5074: 4977: 4522: 4512: 4139:

ChinaKnowledge.de – An Encyclopaedia on Chinese History, Literature and Art

2991: 2651: 2636: 2561: 2502: 2491: 2448: 2436: 2369: 1948: 1886: 1882: 1834: 1753: 1749: 1709: 1639: 1535: 1450: 1347: 1234: 1134: 1130: 1029: 741: 708: 202: 2401: 1929:

before being annihilated in 541. During the final decade, they helped the

6275: 6158: 6153: 6097: 5601: 5517: 5444: 5313: 5294: 5117: 4941: 4824: 4750: 4745: 4517: 4500: 4417: 3830:"The Research on the Identification Between Tiele and the Oghuric Tribes" 3795:. Translated by Davis, Richard L. Columbia University Press. p. 39. 3323:"The Research on the Identification Between Tiele and the Oghuric Tribes" 2980: 2581: 2535: 2468: 2414: 2405: 2350: 1934: 1930: 1894: 1871: 1384: 1371: 1273: 1261: 1243: 1181: 680: 166: 44: 3559:, Oriental Studies Institute, Almaty (2004), No. 1 pp 11–21 (in Russian) 2372:

clan were descended from the Tiele tribe by ancestral lineage. Like the

1818:

and deposed one of their kings. The Fufuluo were then subjugated by the

5958: 5205: 4951: 4946: 4783: 4730: 4667: 4575: 4470: 4171: 3773:'s statement "當是時，西突厥有鐵勒，延陀、阿史那之類為最大" into "Among the Tie'le tribes of 3770: 3089: 2870:

Tang China and the Collapse of the Uighur Empire: A Documentary History

2671: 2553: 2506: 2354: 2257: 2237: 2212: 2149: 1952: 1421: 1410: 1397: 1257: 1158: 1017: 966: 893: 753: 6143: 5287: 4025:

Bo Yang, "Zizhi Tongjian", p. 12,265, 12,273, 12,284, 12,292 (Vol.48).

2840:

Duan, "Dingling, Gaoju and Tiele", map. 4, 6, 13, 16, 17 (no page.no).

2228:, the Tiele consisted of over 40 tribes divided into seven locations: 1878:, where Qiongqi was killed and his son Mietu (弥俄突) was taken hostage. 765: 6173: 6163: 6110: 6077: 5963: 5749: 5711: 5692: 5672: 5647: 5553: 5087: 4885: 4767: 4539: 3552: 2495: 2461: 2397: 2358: 2279: 2272: 2253: 2249: 2216: 2197: 2077: 1970: 1875: 1861: 1857: 1729: 1561: 881: 729: 553: 529: 301: 211: 89: 56: 3634:

Suribadalaha, "New Studies of the Origins of the Mongols", p. 46–47.

2659: 2596:

in 682. They were immediately suppressed by an army dispatched from

2501:

The Xueyantuo founded a short-lived Qaghanate over the steppe under

2429: 1293: 6283: 6128: 6072: 6058: 6043: 6018: 6008: 5978: 5667: 5654: 5640: 5221: 4672: 4645: 4590: 3829: 3718: 3666: 3322: 3303: 3119:

Suribadalaha,"New Studies of the Origins of the Mongols", p. 34–35.

2690: 2675: 2663: 2565: 2479: 2472: 2457: 2346: 1906: 1815: 1807: 1791: 1786:

During these wars, a southwestern Gaoche tribal group known as the

1680:

The Gaoju (Gaoche) Turks and contemporary Asian polities circa 500.

1652: 1626: 1166: 1142: 954: 623: 525: 238: 175: 105: 93: 85: 52: 2080:

qaghan. Some scholars (Haneda, Onogawa, Geng, etc.) proposed that

1860:

in 605, the Fufuluo divided their rule between north and south at

1196:

domination, the Gaoche comprised six tribes and twelve clans (姓).

543: 6218: 6168: 6118: 6092: 6087: 6048: 6038: 5993: 5988: 5973: 5890: 5836: 5799: 5794: 5687: 5677: 5662: 5511: 5280: 5234: 5145: 5020: 5003: 4880: 4856: 4851: 4819: 4788: 4740: 4689: 4662: 4655: 4633: 4628: 4595: 4495: 4490: 4175: 3777:, at the time, the Yantuo and Ashina were the largest subgroups". 3085: 2686: 2655: 2605: 2601: 1902: 1600: 1574: 1522: 1441: 1230: 1189: 1138: 930: 717: 292: 256: 220: 193: 184: 157: 109: 1937:

in a civil war. After defeat, the nobility surrendered to them.

1708:

In 391 the Rouran chief, Heduohan (曷多汗) was killed by the Tuoba

6193: 6183: 6133: 6082: 6033: 6023: 6003: 5983: 5968: 5882: 5818: 5804: 5736: 5721: 5716: 5697: 5525: 5439: 4993: 4972: 4907: 4902: 4677: 4650: 4607: 4585: 4534: 4529: 4485: 4480: 4455: 4439: 3514:

Zuev (2004:12) compares this tribe to the Tarniakh who fled to

3003: 2739: 2697: 2296: 2224: 1776: 1738: 1694: 1613: 1509: 1312: 1301: 1215: 1193: 283: 274: 265: 2528: 2288:

In the east of Fulin (拂菻), there were Enqu (恩屈, CE ʔən-kjut),

1137:, emerging after the disintegration of the confederacy of the 6291: 6188: 6148: 6053: 6013: 5731: 5726: 5558: 5273: 4897: 4890: 4694: 4682: 4623: 4600: 4580: 4570: 3274:

Duan, "Dingling, Gaoju and Tiele", p. 216, 226, 229–230, 252.

3077: 2597: 2440: 2342: 2289: 1760:(东部敕勒), between Wuzhou (武周) and the capital suburbs, and the 1733: 1717: 1548: 1432: 1201: 869: 557: 539: 229: 6287: 6279: 4841: 4565: 3265:

Duan, "Dingling, Gaoju and Tiele", p. 38, 217–219, 366–367.

2513:, the last of which eventually surrendered to the Chinese. 1237:

times, or also called Chile, mistakenly rendered as Tiele.

1157:) first appear in Chinese records during the campaigns of 2990:. Because, customarily, they ride high-wheeled carts. In 2396:, there have been Xueyantuo, Qibi, Huihe, Dubo, Guligan, 4043:

Duan, "Dingling, Gaoju and Tiele", p. 484, 501–505, 523.

3926:

Duan, "Dingling, Gaoju and Tiele", p. 186, 451, 453–457.

2487:

year as Shekui restored order in the Western Qaghanate.

2203: 2064:. The name "Tiele" was first interpreted as "Tölis" by 4415: 3217:

Duan, "Dingling, Gaoju and Tiele", p. 272–273, 315–320.

4124:

1. A-Busi (阿布思, related to Sijie) 2. Gulunwugu (骨倫屋骨).

3741: 3656:

Duan, "Dingling, Gaoju and Tiele", p. 47–49, 330–339.

3630: 3628: 3080:(屠各) 2. Xianzhi (鮮支) 3. Koutou (寇頭) 4. Wutan (烏譚) 5. 2387:' power peaked, at least 15 Tiele tribes were named: 4178:(Vol.27). Taipei: Yuan-Liou Publishing Company Ltd. 3750: 1200:

The Gaoche are probably remnants of the ancient Red

4061:

Duan, "Dingling, Gaoju and Tiele", p. 509–511, 515.

4052:

Duan, "Dingling, Gaoju and Tiele", p. 434, 505–509.

3944:

Duan, "Dingling, Gaoju and Tiele", p. 459–470, 493.

3881:

Duan, "Dingling, Gaoju and Tiele", p. 344, 349–352.

3401:

Bo Yang, "Zizhi Tongjian", p. 9,958–9,959 (Vol.38).

3199:

Duan, "Dingling, Gaoju and Tiele", p. 213–214, 228.

2400:, Pugu, Bayegu, Tongluo, Hun, Sijie, Huxue, Xijie, 2180:by Chinese, Tibetans, and even the Turkic-speaking 2076:) in the east that also came to be attached to the 1177:("high cart") was a nickname given by the Chinese. 4158:Duan, "Dingling, Gaoju and Tiele", p. 53, 542–547. 3625: 1141:. Chinese sources associate them with the earlier 4380:The Peoples of the West, University of Washington 3540:Zuev (2004:12) reconstructs underlying ethnonym * 3031:Duan, "Dingling, Gaoju and Tiele", p. 16–18, 197. 2460:, pushing Heshana Khan further west to the lower 2357:and the Bökli-Çöligil (𐰋𐰇𐰚𐰲𐰃:𐰲𐰇𐰠𐰏𐰠) on 1188:et al., listed Chile as the fifth of 19 Southern 139:Court of Seljuk ruler Tughril III, circa 1200 CE. 6307: 4034:Duan, "Dingling, Gaoju and Tiele", p. 483, 495. 4016:Duan, "Dingling, Gaoju and Tiele", p. 481, 483. 2611: 16:4th–8th-century confederation of Turkic peoples 4088:Duan, "Dingling, Gaoju and Tiele", p. 532–539. 4079:Duan, "Dingling, Gaoju and Tiele", p. 517–520. 4070:Bo Yang, "Zizhi Tongjian", p. 12,852 (Vol.50). 4007:Bo Yang, "Zizhi Tongjian", p. 11,660 (Vol.46). 3989:Duan, "Dingling, Gaoju and Tiele", p. 482–488. 3980:Duan, "Dingling, Gaoju and Tiele", p. 479–481. 3971:Duan, "Dingling, Gaoju and Tiele", p. 477–478. 3962:Duan, "Dingling, Gaoju and Tiele", p. 472–475. 3953:Bo Yang, "Zizhi Tongjian", p. 11,972 (Vol.47). 3935:Duan, "Dingling, Gaoju and Tiele", p. 457–458. 3917:Duan, "Dingling, Gaoju and Tiele", p. 445–449. 3899:Duan, "Dingling, Gaoju and Tiele", p. 352–356. 3872:Duan, "Dingling, Gaoju and Tiele", p. 346–347. 3717:Tang, Li （ University of Salzburg, Austria ）. 3392:Duan, "Dingling, Gaoju and Tiele", p. 325–326. 3292:Duan, "Dingling, Gaoju and Tiele", p. 242–254. 3283:Duan, "Dingling, Gaoju and Tiele", p. 235–239. 3181:Duan, "Dingling, Gaoju and Tiele", p. 208–211. 3150:Duan, "Dingling, Gaoju and Tiele", p. 185–186. 3141:literally means "sister's son" or "son-in-law" 2376:, the Tiele were probably one of many nomadic 5036: 4401: 3208:Bo Yang, "Zizhi Tongjian", p. 7,671 (Vol.30). 3190:Bo Yang, "Zizhi Tongjian", p. 7,105 (Vol.27). 2176:) was initially reserved exclusively for the 1829:ruler Yucheng in 485 CE, his belligerent son 1764:(北部敕勒), to the north and around the borders. 1724:During the reign of Shelun and his successor 1094: 3733:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3040:Duan, "Dingling, Gaoju and Tiele", p. 11–12. 2320:Their customs were mostly like those of the 3048: 3046: 2986:"回紇，其先匈奴也，俗多乘高輪車，元魏時亦號高車部，或曰敕勒，訛為鐵勒。" tr: " 2970:. Peter de Ridder Press. 1983. p. 111. 2893: 1744:After this settlement they were called the 5043: 5029: 4408: 4394: 3998:Duan, "Dingling, Gaoju and Tiele", p. 413. 3908:Duan, "Dingling, Gaoju and Tiele", p. 360. 3226:Duan, "Dingling, Gaoju and Tiele", p. 186. 2916:Eurasian Crossroads: A History of Xinjiang 1716:raided several tribal dependencies of the 1101: 1087: 4135:"Huihe 回紇, Huihu 回鶻, Weiwur 維吾爾, Uyghurs" 3295: 2939: 2654:turned his attention to the west and the 2295:In the South of Northern Sea, there were 2034: 1810:kingdom (likely by the Tuin River of the 3793:Historical Records of the Five Dynasties 3301: 3043: 2912: 2202: 3234: 3232: 2642:According to the Tonyukuk and Kültigin 1901:), as opposed to only one in 456. Like 6308: 3786: 3723:. Minzu University Press. p. VII. 3238: 2866: 2674:took over the reign and together with 2516: 1448: 1430: 1382: 1369: 1299: 1267: 1129:ethnic origins living to the north of 5024: 4389: 2404:, Baixi, etc. scattered north of the 1661: 1650: 1624: 1611: 1507: 1494: 1483: 1472: 1461: 1439: 1419: 1408: 1395: 1358: 1345: 1310: 1290: 1153:The names "Chile" (敕勒) and "Gaoche" ( 4279: 3229: 1756:known as the Hexi Chile (河西敕勒), the 1703: 1598: 1585: 1559: 1546: 1533: 1520: 1332: 1319: 39:Regions with significant populations 3365: 1940: 1833:fought more wars against the Touba 1748:(西部敕勒), including a section of the 1637: 1572: 1148: 13: 5050: 4164: 3710: 1728:, the Rouran pushed as far as the 1698:, 103; translated by Inaba Minoru. 134: 14: 6337: 3827: 3320: 2494:in 628, grandson of Yishibo, the 1256:(东部高车) probably dwelled from the 1125:, were a tribal confederation of 6321:Ethnic groups in Chinese history 6286:, distinct from Levantine (i.e. 4707: 4152: 4143: 4127: 4118: 4109: 3789:"Annals IV: Basic Annal of Tang" 3716: 3239:Balogh, Dániel (12 March 2020). 2482:and grandson of Tardu, attacked 1292: 1285: 4100: 4091: 4082: 4073: 4064: 4055: 4046: 4037: 4028: 4019: 4010: 4001: 3992: 3983: 3974: 3965: 3956: 3947: 3938: 3929: 3920: 3911: 3902: 3893: 3884: 3875: 3866: 3857: 3821: 3809: 3780: 3763: 3701: 3687: 3675: 3659: 3650: 3637: 3614: 3601: 3588: 3575: 3562: 3546: 3534: 3525: 3508: 3495: 3454: 3437: 3404: 3395: 3386: 3359: 3350: 3314: 3286: 3277: 3268: 3259: 3220: 3211: 3202: 3193: 3184: 3175: 3162: 3153: 3144: 3131: 3122: 3113: 3104: 3095: 3070: 3055: 3034: 3025: 3012: 2997: 2974: 2958: 2867:Drompp, Michael Robert (2005). 2812: 1192:tribes (種). By the time of the 3380:10.13173/centasiaj.59.1-2.0101 2933: 2906: 2887: 2860: 2843: 2834: 2799: 2755: 2744: 2725: 2478:In 611, Shekui, a qaghan from 2299:(都波, CE tuo-pʷɑ) and so forth. 2104:all transliterated underlying 1: 4382:, from the Weilue, by Yu Huan 3168:Balogh, Dániel (ed.) (2020). 2919:. Hurst. p. 42, note 2. 2828: 2568:which probably killed Porun. 125:History of the Turkic peoples 3787:Ouyang, Xiu (3 March 2004). 3645:Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi 3308:Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi 3245:. Barkhuis. pp. 74–77. 3020:Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi 2967:Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi 2902:(1). Academia Sinica: 21–22. 2635:and eventually resettled to 2612:Rise of the Uyghur Khaganate 2529: 2256:(Bai Mountain), there were 1775:. During a campaign against 7: 3769:Davis (2008:39) translates 2913:Millward, James A. (2007). 2873:. BRILL. p. 41, n. 7. 2271:(Jin Mountain), there were 2136:while Tujue transliterated 1856:). Like the later Qibi and 931:Cuman–Kipchak Confederation 778:Kimek–Kipchak Confederation 10: 6342: 2615: 1963:Family name and given name 1801: 1732:, where they defeated the 538:Chief gods and goddesses: 6268: 6232: 6206: 5951: 5909: 5855: 5827: 5625: 5567: 5534: 5453: 5430: 5387:Meskhetian (Ahiska) Turks 5260: 5214: 5169: 5138: 5067: 5058: 4986: 4960: 4929: 4922: 4807: 4776: 4723: 4716: 4705: 4616: 4548: 4448: 4432: 4425: 3758:Dingling, Gaoju and Tiele 2940:Mackerras, Colin (1972). 2819: 2806: 2794: 2786: 2778: 2770: 2735: 2353:, the 匐利(羽) Fuli(-yu) in 1961: 959:11th century–13th century 104: 99: 84: 79: 72: 67: 43: 38: 27: 6255:Turkish Cypriot diaspora 5923:Bulgarian Crimean Tatars 2718: 2029: 1169:" in the records of the 1042:Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo) 688:Eastern Turkic Khaganate 667:Western Turkic Khaganate 613:Yenisei Kyrgyz Khaganate 6326:History of Central Asia 5412:Syrian Turkmen/Turkoman 5068:Azerbaijani communities 3368:Central Asiatic Journal 2590:Second Turkic Khaganate 2156:(OT: 𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰚) (whence 1825:After the death of the 1252:One group known as the 696:Second Turkic Khaganate 6316:Turkic peoples of Asia 6245:Crimean Tatar diaspora 5422:Western Thracian Turks 5357:Iraqi Turkmen/Turkoman 3845:Cite journal requires 3356:Cheng (2012), p. 84–87 3338:Cite journal requires 2421: 2335: 2252:(Yanqi), and close to 2208: 2035:Emergence of the Tiele 1701: 1250: 1222: 1206: 858:Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom 659:First Turkic Khaganate 140: 5952:Extinct Turkic groups 5910:Turkic minorities in 5857:Turkic minorities in 5828:Turkic minorities in 5626:Turkic minorities in 5104:Georgian Azerbaijanis 3611:19. p. 201 of 197–239 3460:Chronological names: 3410:Chronological names: 2389: 2230: 2206: 1712:. Heduohan's brother 1685: 1223: 1207: 1198: 967:Atabegs of Azerbaijan 599:Yenisei Kyrgyz People 138: 100:Related ethnic groups 61:Pontic–Caspian steppe 6270:Central Asian (i.e. 6240:Azerbaijani diaspora 5577:Iranian Azerbaijanis 5215:Turkmen communities 5111:Western Azerbaijanis 5081:Iranian Azerbaijanis 2855:Encyclopædia Iranica 2267:In the Southwest of 2236:In the North of the 2207:Lineage of the Tiele 1957:Durations of reigns 1676:class=notpageimage| 1278:Gaoche's origin myth 1225:The predecessors of 5261:Turkish communities 5127:Javanshir Qizilbash 2517:Chinese subjugation 1850:Shiratori Kurakichi 1845:by defeating them. 1268:Mythological origin 847:Eastern Kara-Khanid 840:Western Kara-Khanid 826:Kara-Khanid Khanate 24: 5785:Siberian Bukharans 5587:Chaharmahali Turks 5568:Turkic minorities 5535:Turkic minorities 5454:Turkic minorities 5170:Kyrgyz communities 5139:Kazakh communities 3172:. Barkhuis. p. 111 2248:(Yiwu) , North of 2209: 2144:. The appellation 1171:Southern Dynasties 943:Khwarazmian Empire 814:Karluk Yabgu State 552:Epics and heroes: 141: 22: 6303: 6302: 6202: 6201: 6113: 6106: 6067: 5943:Tatars of Romania 5916: 5885: 5842:Mongolian Kazakhs 5813: 5787: 5780: 5773: 5766: 5759: 5752: 5745: 5657: 5650: 5643: 5520: 5486: 5397:Palestinian Turks 5392:Montenegrin Turks 5316: 5297: 5290: 5283: 5276: 5246: 5237: 5230: 5190: 5161:Mongolian Kazakhs 5129: 5120: 5113: 5106: 5097: 5090: 5083: 5018: 5017: 5014: 5013: 4918: 4917: 4703: 4702: 4280:Secondary sources 3760:. 1988, pp. 39–41 3252:978-94-93194-01-4 3066:section "Xiongnu" 2926:978-1-84904-067-9 2526:) or prefect (刺史 2066:Édouard Chavannes 2027: 2026: 1704:Rouran Domination 1111: 1110: 1076: 1075: 1072: 1047: 1035: 1023: 1018:Qarlughid Kingdom 984: 972: 960: 948: 936: 911: 899: 887: 882:Pecheneg Khanates 875: 863: 831: 819: 807: 802:Oghuz Yabgu State 795: 783: 771: 766:Türgesh Khaganate 759: 747: 735: 723: 700: 692: 671: 663: 629: 604: 579: 578: 506: 505: 318: 317: 129: 119: 118: 6333: 6250:Turkish diaspora 6109: 6102: 6063: 5914: 5896:Karategin Uzbeks 5881: 5809: 5783: 5776: 5769: 5762: 5755: 5748: 5743:Astrakhan Tatars 5741: 5706: 5653: 5646: 5639: 5612:Iranian Turkmens 5544:Crimean Karaites 5516: 5482: 5382:Macedonian Turks 5347:Dodecanese Turks 5312: 5293: 5286: 5279: 5272: 5244:Iranian Turkmens 5242: 5233: 5226: 5186: 5125: 5116: 5109: 5102: 5093: 5086: 5079: 5065: 5064: 5045: 5038: 5031: 5022: 5021: 4927: 4926: 4721: 4720: 4711: 4430: 4429: 4420:peoples in China 4410: 4403: 4396: 4387: 4386: 4159: 4156: 4150: 4147: 4141: 4131: 4125: 4122: 4116: 4113: 4107: 4104: 4098: 4095: 4089: 4086: 4080: 4077: 4071: 4068: 4062: 4059: 4053: 4050: 4044: 4041: 4035: 4032: 4026: 4023: 4017: 4014: 4008: 4005: 3999: 3996: 3990: 3987: 3981: 3978: 3972: 3969: 3963: 3960: 3954: 3951: 3945: 3942: 3936: 3933: 3927: 3924: 3918: 3915: 3909: 3906: 3900: 3897: 3891: 3888: 3882: 3879: 3873: 3870: 3864: 3861: 3855: 3854: 3848: 3843: 3841: 3833: 3825: 3819: 3813: 3807: 3806: 3784: 3778: 3767: 3761: 3754: 3748: 3745: 3739: 3738: 3732: 3724: 3714: 3708: 3705: 3699: 3691: 3685: 3679: 3673: 3663: 3657: 3654: 3648: 3641: 3635: 3632: 3623: 3618: 3612: 3605: 3599: 3592: 3586: 3579: 3573: 3566: 3560: 3550: 3544: 3538: 3532: 3529: 3523: 3512: 3506: 3499: 3493: 3458: 3452: 3441: 3435: 3408: 3402: 3399: 3393: 3390: 3384: 3383: 3363: 3357: 3354: 3348: 3347: 3341: 3336: 3334: 3326: 3318: 3312: 3311: 3299: 3293: 3290: 3284: 3281: 3275: 3272: 3266: 3263: 3257: 3256: 3236: 3227: 3224: 3218: 3215: 3209: 3206: 3200: 3197: 3191: 3188: 3182: 3179: 3173: 3166: 3160: 3157: 3151: 3148: 3142: 3135: 3129: 3126: 3120: 3117: 3111: 3108: 3102: 3099: 3093: 3074: 3068: 3059: 3053: 3050: 3041: 3038: 3032: 3029: 3023: 3016: 3010: 3001: 2995: 2978: 2972: 2971: 2962: 2956: 2955: 2937: 2931: 2930: 2910: 2904: 2903: 2898:. Third series. 2891: 2885: 2884: 2864: 2858: 2847: 2841: 2838: 2822: 2821: 2816: 2810: 2808: 2803: 2797: 2796: 2788: 2780: 2772: 2759: 2753: 2746: 2737: 2729: 2705:Uyghur Qaghanate 2618:Uyghur Khaganate 2532: 2456:, Karashahr and 2419: 2333: 2278:In the north of 2170:standard Chinese 1945: 1944: 1941:Rulers of Gaoche 1820:Rouran Khaganate 1812:Govi-Altai range 1699: 1670: 1668: 1659: 1657: 1648: 1646: 1635: 1633: 1622: 1620: 1609: 1607: 1596: 1594: 1583: 1581: 1570: 1568: 1557: 1555: 1544: 1542: 1531: 1529: 1518: 1516: 1505: 1503: 1492: 1490: 1481: 1479: 1477:ROURAN KHAGANATE 1470: 1468: 1459: 1457: 1446: 1444: 1437: 1435: 1428: 1426: 1417: 1415: 1406: 1404: 1393: 1391: 1380: 1378: 1367: 1365: 1356: 1354: 1343: 1341: 1330: 1328: 1317: 1315: 1308: 1306: 1297: 1296: 1289: 1248: 1220: 1149:Chile and Gaoche 1103: 1096: 1089: 1070: 1045: 1033: 1021: 982: 970: 958: 946: 934: 920:Sultanate of Rum 909: 897: 894:Ghaznavid Empire 885: 873: 861: 829: 817: 805: 793: 790:Uyghur Khaganate 781: 769: 757: 745: 733: 721: 718:Khazar Khaganate 698: 690: 669: 661: 627: 602: 594: 593: 589:Pre-14th century 566:Major concepts: 521: 520: 516:Turkic Mythology 333: 332: 328:Turkic Languages 311:Crimean Karaites 248:Cherniye Klobuki 154: 153: 128:pre–14th century 127: 121: 120: 63:(by 6th century) 25: 21: 6341: 6340: 6336: 6335: 6334: 6332: 6331: 6330: 6306: 6305: 6304: 6299: 6264: 6260:Kazakh diaspora 6228: 6198: 5947: 5913: 5911: 5905: 5867:Afghan Turkmens 5858: 5851: 5829: 5823: 5778:Siberian Tatars 5702: 5627: 5621: 5617:Iranian Kazakhs 5597:Khorasani Turks 5569: 5563: 5536: 5530: 5473:Chinese Kazakhs 5455: 5449: 5432: 5431:Turkic peoples 5426: 5327:Bulgarian Turks 5303:Abkhazian Turks 5256: 5228:Afghan Turkmens 5210: 5165: 5156:Iranian Kazakhs 5151:Chinese Kazakhs 5134: 5054: 5049: 5019: 5010: 4982: 4956: 4914: 4803: 4772: 4712: 4699: 4612: 4544: 4444: 4421: 4416:Historical non- 4414: 4282: 4277: 4167: 4165:Primary sources 4162: 4157: 4153: 4148: 4144: 4132: 4128: 4123: 4119: 4114: 4110: 4105: 4101: 4096: 4092: 4087: 4083: 4078: 4074: 4069: 4065: 4060: 4056: 4051: 4047: 4042: 4038: 4033: 4029: 4024: 4020: 4015: 4011: 4006: 4002: 3997: 3993: 3988: 3984: 3979: 3975: 3970: 3966: 3961: 3957: 3952: 3948: 3943: 3939: 3934: 3930: 3925: 3921: 3916: 3912: 3907: 3903: 3898: 3894: 3889: 3885: 3880: 3876: 3871: 3867: 3862: 3858: 3846: 3844: 3835: 3834: 3828:Cheng, Fangyi. 3826: 3822: 3814: 3810: 3803: 3785: 3781: 3768: 3764: 3755: 3751: 3746: 3742: 3726: 3725: 3715: 3711: 3706: 3702: 3692: 3688: 3680: 3676: 3664: 3660: 3655: 3651: 3642: 3638: 3633: 3626: 3619: 3615: 3606: 3602: 3593: 3589: 3580: 3576: 3567: 3563: 3551: 3547: 3539: 3535: 3530: 3526: 3516:Pannonian Avars 3513: 3509: 3500: 3496: 3459: 3455: 3442: 3438: 3409: 3405: 3400: 3396: 3391: 3387: 3374:(1–2): 101–32. 3364: 3360: 3355: 3351: 3339: 3337: 3328: 3327: 3321:Cheng, Fangyi. 3319: 3315: 3300: 3296: 3291: 3287: 3282: 3278: 3273: 3269: 3264: 3260: 3253: 3237: 3230: 3225: 3221: 3216: 3212: 3207: 3203: 3198: 3194: 3189: 3185: 3180: 3176: 3167: 3163: 3158: 3154: 3149: 3145: 3136: 3132: 3127: 3123: 3118: 3114: 3109: 3105: 3100: 3096: 3075: 3071: 3060: 3056: 3051: 3044: 3039: 3035: 3030: 3026: 3017: 3013: 3002: 2998: 2979: 2975: 2964: 2963: 2959: 2952: 2938: 2934: 2927: 2911: 2907: 2892: 2888: 2881: 2865: 2861: 2848: 2844: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2826: 2825: 2817: 2813: 2804: 2800: 2760: 2756: 2730: 2726: 2721: 2620: 2614: 2594:Ilterish Qaghan 2519: 2420: 2412: 2334: 2331: 2244:In the west of 2132:transliterated 2070:Vilhelm Thomsen 2037: 2032: 1943: 1889:, three to the 1881:After 507, the 1804: 1706: 1700: 1692: 1684: 1683: 1682: 1681: 1678: 1672: 1671: 1664: 1662: 1660: 1655: 1653: 1651: 1649: 1640: 1638: 1636: 1627: 1625: 1623: 1614: 1612: 1610: 1601: 1599: 1597: 1588: 1586: 1584: 1575: 1573: 1571: 1562: 1560: 1558: 1549: 1547: 1545: 1536: 1534: 1532: 1523: 1521: 1519: 1510: 1508: 1506: 1500: 1497: 1495: 1493: 1486: 1484: 1482: 1475: 1473: 1471: 1464: 1462: 1460: 1454: 1451: 1449: 1447: 1442: 1440: 1438: 1433: 1431: 1429: 1422: 1420: 1418: 1413: 1411: 1409: 1407: 1398: 1396: 1394: 1388: 1385: 1383: 1381: 1375: 1372: 1370: 1368: 1361: 1359: 1357: 1351: 1348: 1346: 1344: 1338: 1335: 1333: 1331: 1325: 1322: 1320: 1318: 1313: 1311: 1309: 1304: 1302: 1300: 1298: 1291: 1270: 1249: 1241: 1221: 1213: 1151: 1107: 1078: 1077: 1007:Tughlaq dynasty 979:Delhi Sultanate 677:Tokhara Yabghus 638:Tiele (Gaoche) 603:202 BCE–13th CE 591: 581: 580: 524:Belief system: 518: 508: 507: 463:Karachay-Balkar 330: 320: 319: 151: 49:Altai Mountains 34: 20: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6339: 6329: 6328: 6323: 6318: 6301: 6300: 6269: 6266: 6265: 6263: 6262: 6257: 6252: 6247: 6242: 6236: 6234: 6230: 6229: 6227: 6226: 6221: 6216: 6210: 6208: 6204: 6203: 6200: 6199: 6197: 6196: 6191: 6186: 6181: 6179:Yenisei Kyrgyz 6176: 6171: 6166: 6161: 6156: 6151: 6146: 6141: 6136: 6131: 6126: 6121: 6116: 6115: 6114: 6107: 6095: 6090: 6085: 6080: 6075: 6070: 6069: 6068: 6056: 6051: 6046: 6041: 6036: 6031: 6026: 6021: 6016: 6011: 6006: 6001: 5996: 5991: 5986: 5981: 5976: 5971: 5966: 5961: 5955: 5953: 5949: 5948: 5946: 5945: 5940: 5935: 5930: 5928:Finnish Tatars 5925: 5919: 5917: 5907: 5906: 5904: 5903: 5898: 5893: 5888: 5887: 5886: 5874: 5869: 5863: 5861: 5853: 5852: 5850: 5849: 5844: 5839: 5833: 5831: 5825: 5824: 5822: 5821: 5816: 5815: 5814: 5802: 5797: 5792: 5791: 5790: 5789: 5788: 5774: 5767: 5760: 5753: 5746: 5734: 5729: 5724: 5719: 5714: 5709: 5708: 5707: 5695: 5690: 5685: 5680: 5675: 5670: 5665: 5660: 5659: 5658: 5651: 5644: 5631: 5629: 5623: 5622: 5620: 5619: 5614: 5609: 5604: 5599: 5594: 5589: 5584: 5579: 5573: 5571: 5565: 5564: 5562: 5561: 5556: 5551: 5549:Crimean Tatars 5546: 5540: 5538: 5532: 5531: 5529: 5528: 5523: 5522: 5521: 5509: 5504: 5499: 5494: 5492:Chinese Uzbeks 5489: 5488: 5487: 5478:Chinese Kyrgyz 5475: 5470: 5468:Chinese Tatars 5465: 5459: 5457: 5451: 5450: 5448: 5447: 5442: 5436: 5434: 5428: 5427: 5425: 5424: 5419: 5417:Tunisian Turks 5414: 5409: 5404: 5402:Romanian Turks 5399: 5394: 5389: 5384: 5379: 5374: 5372:Lebanese Turks 5369: 5364: 5359: 5354: 5352:Egyptian Turks 5349: 5344: 5339: 5334: 5332:Croatian Turks 5329: 5324: 5319: 5318: 5317: 5308:Algerian Turks 5305: 5300: 5299: 5298: 5291: 5284: 5277: 5264: 5262: 5258: 5257: 5255: 5254: 5249: 5248: 5247: 5240: 5239: 5238: 5218: 5216: 5212: 5211: 5209: 5208: 5203: 5198: 5193: 5192: 5191: 5182:Chinese Kyrgyz 5179: 5173: 5171: 5167: 5166: 5164: 5163: 5158: 5153: 5148: 5142: 5140: 5136: 5135: 5133: 5132: 5131: 5130: 5123: 5122: 5121: 5107: 5100: 5099: 5098: 5091: 5071: 5069: 5062: 5056: 5055: 5052:Turkic peoples 5048: 5047: 5040: 5033: 5025: 5016: 5015: 5012: 5011: 5009: 5008: 5007: 5006: 5001: 4990: 4988: 4984: 4983: 4981: 4980: 4975: 4970: 4968:Khalkha Mongol 4964: 4962: 4958: 4957: 4955: 4954: 4949: 4944: 4939: 4933: 4931: 4924: 4920: 4919: 4916: 4915: 4913: 4912: 4911: 4910: 4900: 4895: 4894: 4893: 4888: 4883: 4873: 4868: 4867: 4866: 4865: 4864: 4859: 4854: 4849: 4834: 4833: 4832: 4822: 4817: 4811: 4809: 4805: 4804: 4802: 4801: 4796: 4791: 4786: 4780: 4778: 4774: 4773: 4771: 4770: 4765: 4764: 4763: 4758: 4748: 4743: 4738: 4733: 4727: 4725: 4718: 4714: 4713: 4706: 4704: 4701: 4700: 4698: 4697: 4692: 4687: 4686: 4685: 4675: 4670: 4665: 4660: 4659: 4658: 4653: 4648: 4638: 4637: 4636: 4626: 4620: 4618: 4614: 4613: 4611: 4610: 4605: 4604: 4603: 4598: 4593: 4583: 4578: 4573: 4568: 4563: 4558: 4552: 4550: 4546: 4545: 4543: 4542: 4537: 4532: 4527: 4526: 4525: 4515: 4510: 4505: 4504: 4503: 4498: 4493: 4488: 4483: 4478: 4473: 4468: 4463: 4452: 4450: 4446: 4445: 4443: 4442: 4436: 4434: 4427: 4423: 4422: 4413: 4412: 4405: 4398: 4390: 4384: 4383: 4377: 4366: 4355: 4344: 4341: 4330: 4327: 4316: 4305: 4294: 4281: 4278: 4276: 4275: 4264: 4253: 4242: 4231: 4220: 4209: 4198: 4187: 4168: 4166: 4163: 4161: 4160: 4151: 4142: 4126: 4117: 4108: 4099: 4090: 4081: 4072: 4063: 4054: 4045: 4036: 4027: 4018: 4009: 4000: 3991: 3982: 3973: 3964: 3955: 3946: 3937: 3928: 3919: 3910: 3901: 3892: 3883: 3874: 3865: 3856: 3847:|journal= 3820: 3808: 3801: 3779: 3762: 3749: 3740: 3709: 3700: 3686: 3674: 3671:vol. 199 Tiele 3658: 3649: 3636: 3624: 3613: 3600: 3587: 3574: 3561: 3545: 3533: 3524: 3507: 3501:烏尼護 Wunihu in 3494: 3453: 3436: 3403: 3394: 3385: 3358: 3349: 3340:|journal= 3313: 3302:Cheng Fangyi. 3294: 3285: 3276: 3267: 3258: 3251: 3228: 3219: 3210: 3201: 3192: 3183: 3174: 3161: 3152: 3143: 3130: 3121: 3112: 3103: 3094: 3069: 3054: 3042: 3033: 3024: 3011: 2996: 2973: 2957: 2951:978-0708104576 2950: 2932: 2925: 2905: 2886: 2879: 2859: 2842: 2832: 2830: 2827: 2824: 2823: 2811: 2809:, "High Carts" 2798: 2793:(Chinese: 2785:(Chinese: 2777:(Chinese: 2769:(Chinese: 2763:transliterated 2754: 2723: 2722: 2720: 2717: 2616:Main article: 2613: 2610: 2518: 2515: 2511:Yitewushi Khan 2426:Ishbara Qaghan 2410: 2378:Turkic peoples 2329: 2301: 2300: 2293: 2286: 2283: 2276: 2269:Altai Mountain 2265: 2242: 2158:Middle Chinese 2152:: 𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰰) ~ 2112:proposed that 2036: 2033: 2031: 2028: 2025: 2024: 2021: 2017: 2016: 2013: 2009: 2008: 2005: 2001: 2000: 1997: 1993: 1992: 1989: 1985: 1984: 1981: 1977: 1976: 1973: 1966: 1965: 1959: 1958: 1955: 1942: 1939: 1803: 1800: 1773:Northern Liang 1762:Northern Chile 1741:in the south. 1705: 1702: 1690: 1679: 1674: 1673: 1284: 1283: 1282: 1276:preserved the 1269: 1266: 1254:Eastern Gaoche 1239: 1211: 1184:, compiled by 1150: 1147: 1109: 1108: 1106: 1105: 1098: 1091: 1083: 1080: 1079: 1074: 1073: 1062: 1061: 1060: 1059: 1049: 1048: 1037: 1036: 1025: 1024: 1013: 1012: 1011: 1010: 1003: 1000:Khalji dynasty 996: 993:Mamluk dynasty 986: 985: 974: 973: 962: 961: 955:Kerait Khanate 950: 949: 938: 937: 926: 925: 924: 923: 913: 912: 901: 900: 889: 888: 877: 876: 865: 864: 853: 852: 851: 850: 843: 833: 832: 821: 820: 809: 808: 797: 796: 785: 784: 773: 772: 761: 760: 749: 748: 737: 736: 725: 724: 713: 712: 704: 703: 702: 701: 693: 673: 672: 664: 653: 652: 644: 643: 642: 641: 631: 630: 619: 618: 617: 616: 606: 605: 592: 587: 586: 583: 582: 577: 576: 574: 563: 562: 560: 549: 548: 546: 535: 534: 532: 519: 514: 513: 510: 509: 504: 503: 501: 495: 494: 492: 486: 485: 483: 477: 476: 474: 468: 467: 465: 459: 458: 456: 450: 449: 447: 441: 440: 438: 432: 431: 429: 423: 422: 420: 414: 413: 411: 405: 404: 402: 396: 395: 393: 387: 386: 384: 378: 377: 375: 369: 368: 366: 360: 359: 357: 351: 350: 348: 342: 341: 339: 331: 326: 325: 322: 321: 316: 315: 313: 307: 306: 304: 298: 297: 295: 289: 288: 286: 280: 279: 277: 271: 270: 268: 262: 261: 259: 253: 252: 250: 244: 243: 241: 235: 234: 232: 226: 225: 223: 217: 216: 214: 208: 207: 205: 199: 198: 196: 190: 189: 187: 181: 180: 178: 172: 171: 169: 163: 162: 160: 152: 149:Turkic peoples 147: 146: 143: 142: 131: 130: 117: 116: 114:Turkic peoples 102: 101: 97: 96: 82: 81: 77: 76: 70: 69: 65: 64: 45:Northern China 41: 40: 36: 35: 28: 18: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6338: 6327: 6324: 6322: 6319: 6317: 6314: 6313: 6311: 6298:territories). 6297: 6293: 6289: 6285: 6281: 6277: 6273: 6267: 6261: 6258: 6256: 6253: 6251: 6248: 6246: 6243: 6241: 6238: 6237: 6235: 6231: 6225: 6222: 6220: 6217: 6215: 6212: 6211: 6209: 6205: 6195: 6192: 6190: 6187: 6185: 6182: 6180: 6177: 6175: 6172: 6170: 6167: 6165: 6162: 6160: 6157: 6155: 6152: 6150: 6147: 6145: 6142: 6140: 6137: 6135: 6132: 6130: 6127: 6125: 6122: 6120: 6117: 6112: 6108: 6105: 6101: 6100: 6099: 6096: 6094: 6091: 6089: 6086: 6084: 6081: 6079: 6076: 6074: 6071: 6066: 6062: 6061: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6052: 6050: 6047: 6045: 6042: 6040: 6037: 6035: 6032: 6030: 6027: 6025: 6022: 6020: 6017: 6015: 6012: 6010: 6007: 6005: 6002: 6000: 5999:Black Klobuks 5997: 5995: 5992: 5990: 5987: 5985: 5982: 5980: 5977: 5975: 5972: 5970: 5967: 5965: 5962: 5960: 5957: 5956: 5954: 5950: 5944: 5941: 5939: 5936: 5934: 5931: 5929: 5926: 5924: 5921: 5920: 5918: 5915:(exc. Russia) 5908: 5902: 5901:Afghan Kyrgyz 5899: 5897: 5894: 5892: 5889: 5884: 5880: 5879: 5878: 5875: 5873: 5870: 5868: 5865: 5864: 5862: 5860: 5854: 5848: 5845: 5843: 5840: 5838: 5835: 5834: 5832: 5826: 5820: 5817: 5812: 5808: 5807: 5806: 5803: 5801: 5798: 5796: 5793: 5786: 5782: 5781: 5779: 5775: 5772: 5768: 5765: 5761: 5758: 5757:Mishar Tatars 5754: 5751: 5747: 5744: 5740: 5739: 5738: 5735: 5733: 5730: 5728: 5725: 5723: 5720: 5718: 5715: 5713: 5710: 5705: 5701: 5700: 5699: 5696: 5694: 5691: 5689: 5686: 5684: 5681: 5679: 5676: 5674: 5671: 5669: 5666: 5664: 5661: 5656: 5652: 5649: 5645: 5642: 5638: 5637: 5636: 5633: 5632: 5630: 5624: 5618: 5615: 5613: 5610: 5608: 5605: 5603: 5600: 5598: 5595: 5593: 5590: 5588: 5585: 5583: 5580: 5578: 5575: 5574: 5572: 5566: 5560: 5557: 5555: 5552: 5550: 5547: 5545: 5542: 5541: 5539: 5533: 5527: 5524: 5519: 5515: 5514: 5513: 5510: 5508: 5505: 5503: 5500: 5498: 5495: 5493: 5490: 5485: 5481: 5480: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5471: 5469: 5466: 5464: 5461: 5460: 5458: 5452: 5446: 5443: 5441: 5438: 5437: 5435: 5433:in Uzbekistan 5429: 5423: 5420: 5418: 5415: 5413: 5410: 5408: 5407:Serbian Turks 5405: 5403: 5400: 5398: 5395: 5393: 5390: 5388: 5385: 5383: 5380: 5378: 5375: 5373: 5370: 5368: 5367:Kosovan Turks 5365: 5363: 5362:Israeli Turks 5360: 5358: 5355: 5353: 5350: 5348: 5345: 5343: 5342:Cypriot Turks 5340: 5338: 5335: 5333: 5330: 5328: 5325: 5323: 5322:Bosnian Turks 5320: 5315: 5311: 5310: 5309: 5306: 5304: 5301: 5296: 5292: 5289: 5285: 5282: 5278: 5275: 5271: 5270: 5269: 5266: 5265: 5263: 5259: 5253: 5250: 5245: 5241: 5236: 5232: 5231: 5229: 5225: 5224: 5223: 5220: 5219: 5217: 5213: 5207: 5204: 5202: 5199: 5197: 5196:Afghan Kyrgyz 5194: 5189: 5185: 5184: 5183: 5180: 5178: 5175: 5174: 5172: 5168: 5162: 5159: 5157: 5154: 5152: 5149: 5147: 5144: 5143: 5141: 5137: 5128: 5124: 5119: 5115: 5114: 5112: 5108: 5105: 5101: 5096: 5092: 5089: 5085: 5084: 5082: 5078: 5077: 5076: 5073: 5072: 5070: 5066: 5063: 5061: 5057: 5053: 5046: 5041: 5039: 5034: 5032: 5027: 5026: 5023: 5005: 5002: 5000: 4997: 4996: 4995: 4992: 4991: 4989: 4985: 4979: 4976: 4974: 4971: 4969: 4966: 4965: 4963: 4959: 4953: 4950: 4948: 4945: 4943: 4940: 4938: 4935: 4934: 4932: 4928: 4925: 4921: 4909: 4906: 4905: 4904: 4901: 4899: 4896: 4892: 4889: 4887: 4884: 4882: 4879: 4878: 4877: 4874: 4872: 4869: 4863: 4860: 4858: 4855: 4853: 4850: 4848: 4847:Khamag Mongol 4845: 4844: 4843: 4840: 4839: 4838: 4835: 4831: 4828: 4827: 4826: 4823: 4821: 4818: 4816: 4813: 4812: 4810: 4806: 4800: 4797: 4795: 4792: 4790: 4787: 4785: 4782: 4781: 4779: 4775: 4769: 4766: 4762: 4759: 4757: 4754: 4753: 4752: 4749: 4747: 4744: 4742: 4739: 4737: 4734: 4732: 4729: 4728: 4726: 4722: 4719: 4715: 4710: 4696: 4693: 4691: 4688: 4684: 4681: 4680: 4679: 4676: 4674: 4671: 4669: 4666: 4664: 4661: 4657: 4654: 4652: 4649: 4647: 4644: 4643: 4642: 4639: 4635: 4632: 4631: 4630: 4627: 4625: 4622: 4621: 4619: 4615: 4609: 4606: 4602: 4599: 4597: 4594: 4592: 4589: 4588: 4587: 4584: 4582: 4579: 4577: 4574: 4572: 4569: 4567: 4564: 4562: 4559: 4557: 4554: 4553: 4551: 4547: 4541: 4538: 4536: 4533: 4531: 4528: 4524: 4521: 4520: 4519: 4516: 4514: 4511: 4509: 4506: 4502: 4499: 4497: 4494: 4492: 4489: 4487: 4484: 4482: 4479: 4477: 4474: 4472: 4469: 4467: 4464: 4462: 4459: 4458: 4457: 4454: 4453: 4451: 4447: 4441: 4438: 4437: 4435: 4431: 4428: 4424: 4419: 4411: 4406: 4404: 4399: 4397: 4392: 4391: 4388: 4381: 4378: 4375: 4374:7-207-03325-7 4371: 4367: 4364: 4363:7-5004-0432-8 4360: 4356: 4353: 4352:7-301-01962-9 4349: 4345: 4342: 4339: 4338:7-81056-131-6 4335: 4331: 4328: 4325: 4324:0-86078-859-8 4321: 4317: 4314: 4313:7-5060-0735-5 4310: 4306: 4303: 4302:7-105-05908-7 4299: 4295: 4292: 4291:7-208-00110-3 4288: 4284: 4283: 4273: 4272:957-32-0810-5 4269: 4265: 4262: 4261:957-32-0871-7 4258: 4254: 4251: 4250:957-32-0881-4 4247: 4243: 4240: 4239:957-32-0870-9 4236: 4232: 4229: 4228:957-32-0865-2 4225: 4221: 4218: 4217:957-32-0864-4 4214: 4210: 4207: 4206:957-32-0808-3 4203: 4199: 4196: 4195:957-32-0804-0 4192: 4188: 4185: 4184:957-32-0847-4 4181: 4177: 4173: 4170: 4169: 4155: 4146: 4140: 4136: 4133:Theobald, U. 4130: 4121: 4112: 4103: 4094: 4085: 4076: 4067: 4058: 4049: 4040: 4031: 4022: 4013: 4004: 3995: 3986: 3977: 3968: 3959: 3950: 3941: 3932: 3923: 3914: 3905: 3896: 3887: 3878: 3869: 3860: 3852: 3839: 3831: 3824: 3818: 3812: 3804: 3802:9780231502283 3798: 3794: 3790: 3783: 3776: 3775:Western Tujue 3772: 3766: 3759: 3753: 3744: 3736: 3730: 3722: 3721: 3713: 3704: 3698: 3695: 3690: 3684: 3678: 3672: 3669: 3668: 3662: 3653: 3646: 3640: 3631: 3629: 3622: 3617: 3610: 3604: 3597: 3591: 3584: 3581:Biqian 比千 in 3578: 3571: 3565: 3558: 3554: 3549: 3543: 3537: 3528: 3521: 3517: 3511: 3504: 3498: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3467: 3463: 3457: 3451: 3448: 3447: 3440: 3433: 3429: 3425: 3421: 3417: 3413: 3407: 3398: 3389: 3381: 3377: 3373: 3369: 3362: 3353: 3345: 3332: 3324: 3317: 3309: 3305: 3298: 3289: 3280: 3271: 3262: 3254: 3248: 3244: 3243: 3235: 3233: 3223: 3214: 3205: 3196: 3187: 3178: 3171: 3165: 3156: 3147: 3140: 3134: 3125: 3116: 3107: 3098: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3073: 3067: 3063: 3058: 3049: 3047: 3037: 3028: 3021: 3015: 3008: 3007:Vol 103 Gaoju 3005: 3000: 2993: 2989: 2985: 2982: 2977: 2969: 2968: 2961: 2953: 2947: 2943: 2936: 2928: 2922: 2918: 2917: 2909: 2901: 2897: 2890: 2882: 2880:90-04-14129-4 2876: 2872: 2871: 2863: 2857: 2856: 2851: 2846: 2837: 2833: 2818:Chinese: 2815: 2805:Chinese: 2802: 2792: 2784: 2776: 2768: 2764: 2758: 2751: 2747: 2741: 2733: 2728: 2724: 2716: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2701: 2699: 2694: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2679: 2677: 2673: 2668: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2647: 2645: 2644:Orkhon script 2640: 2638: 2634: 2633:Hexi Corridor 2628: 2624: 2619: 2609: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2585: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2574:Selenge River 2569: 2567: 2563: 2557: 2555: 2550: 2548: 2543: 2541: 2537: 2536:loose control 2533: 2531: 2525: 2514: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2499: 2497: 2493: 2488: 2485: 2481: 2476: 2474: 2470: 2465: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2433: 2431: 2427: 2417: 2416: 2409: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2388: 2386: 2381: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2362: 2361:inscription. 2360: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2338: 2328: 2325: 2323: 2318: 2316: 2313: 2310: 2306: 2298: 2294: 2291: 2287: 2284: 2281: 2277: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2234: 2233: 2229: 2227: 2226: 2222:According to 2220: 2218: 2214: 2205: 2201: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2190:Evliya Çelebi 2188:and explorer 2187: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2042: 2022: 2019: 2018: 2014: 2011: 2010: 2006: 2003: 2002: 1998: 1995: 1994: 1990: 1987: 1986: 1982: 1979: 1978: 1974: 1972: 1968: 1967: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1954: 1950: 1947: 1946: 1938: 1936: 1933:to fight the 1932: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1899:Northern Zhou 1896: 1892: 1891:Liang dynasty 1888: 1884: 1879: 1877: 1873: 1868: 1865: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1846: 1844: 1838: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1823: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1799: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1784: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1769: 1765: 1763: 1759: 1758:Eastern Chile 1755: 1752:south of the 1751: 1747: 1746:Western Chile 1742: 1740: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1722: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1697: 1696: 1689: 1677: 1669: 1667: 1658: 1647: 1645: 1644: 1634: 1632: 1631: 1621: 1619: 1618: 1608: 1606: 1605: 1595: 1593: 1592: 1582: 1580: 1579: 1569: 1567: 1566: 1556: 1554: 1553: 1543: 1541: 1540: 1530: 1528: 1527: 1517: 1515: 1514: 1504: 1502: 1491: 1489: 1480: 1478: 1469: 1467: 1458: 1456: 1445: 1436: 1427: 1425: 1416: 1405: 1403: 1402: 1392: 1390: 1379: 1377: 1366: 1364: 1355: 1353: 1342: 1340: 1329: 1327: 1316: 1307: 1295: 1288: 1281: 1279: 1275: 1265: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1246: 1245: 1238: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1218: 1217: 1210: 1205: 1203: 1197: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1186:Fang Xuanling 1183: 1178: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1146: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1117:, also named 1116: 1104: 1099: 1097: 1092: 1090: 1085: 1084: 1082: 1081: 1069: 1068: 1067:Ottoman State 1064: 1063: 1058: 1057: 1056:Bahri dynasty 1053: 1052: 1051: 1050: 1044: 1043: 1039: 1038: 1032: 1031: 1027: 1026: 1020: 1019: 1015: 1014: 1009: 1008: 1004: 1002: 1001: 997: 995: 994: 990: 989: 988: 987: 981: 980: 976: 975: 969: 968: 964: 963: 957: 956: 952: 951: 945: 944: 940: 939: 933: 932: 928: 927: 922: 921: 917: 916: 915: 914: 908: 907: 906:Seljuk Empire 903: 902: 896: 895: 891: 890: 884: 883: 879: 878: 872: 871: 867: 866: 860: 859: 855: 854: 849: 848: 844: 842: 841: 837: 836: 835: 834: 828: 827: 823: 822: 816: 815: 811: 810: 804: 803: 799: 798: 792: 791: 787: 786: 780: 779: 775: 774: 768: 767: 763: 762: 756: 755: 751: 750: 744: 743: 739: 738: 732: 731: 727: 726: 720: 719: 715: 714: 711: 710: 709:Sabiri People 706: 705: 697: 694: 689: 686: 685: 684: 682: 678: 668: 665: 660: 657: 656: 655: 654: 651: 650: 646: 645: 640: 639: 635: 634: 633: 632: 626: 625: 621: 620: 615: 614: 610: 609: 608: 607: 601: 600: 596: 595: 590: 585: 584: 575: 573: 569: 565: 564: 561: 559: 555: 551: 550: 547: 545: 541: 537: 536: 533: 531: 527: 523: 522: 517: 512: 511: 502: 500: 497: 496: 493: 491: 488: 487: 484: 482: 479: 478: 475: 473: 470: 469: 466: 464: 461: 460: 457: 455: 452: 451: 448: 446: 443: 442: 439: 437: 434: 433: 430: 428: 425: 424: 421: 419: 416: 415: 412: 410: 407: 406: 403: 401: 398: 397: 394: 392: 389: 388: 385: 383: 380: 379: 376: 374: 371: 370: 367: 365: 362: 361: 358: 356: 353: 352: 349: 347: 344: 343: 340: 338: 335: 334: 329: 324: 323: 314: 312: 309: 308: 305: 303: 300: 299: 296: 294: 291: 290: 287: 285: 282: 281: 278: 276: 273: 272: 269: 267: 264: 263: 260: 258: 255: 254: 251: 249: 246: 245: 242: 240: 237: 236: 233: 231: 228: 227: 224: 222: 219: 218: 215: 213: 210: 209: 206: 204: 201: 200: 197: 195: 192: 191: 188: 186: 183: 182: 179: 177: 174: 173: 170: 168: 165: 164: 161: 159: 156: 155: 150: 145: 144: 137: 133: 132: 126: 123: 122: 115: 111: 107: 103: 98: 95: 91: 87: 83: 78: 75: 71: 66: 62: 58: 54: 50: 46: 42: 37: 32: 26: 6138: 5938:Lipka Tatars 5811:Tozhu Tuvans 5771:Volga Tatars 5484:Akto Turkmen 5377:Libyan Turks 5337:Cretan Turks 5252:Akto Turkmen 5201:Tajik Kyrgyz 5188:Akto Turkmen 5075:Azerbaijanis 4923:Early Modern 4875: 4154: 4145: 4138: 4129: 4120: 4111: 4102: 4093: 4084: 4075: 4066: 4057: 4048: 4039: 4030: 4021: 4012: 4003: 3994: 3985: 3976: 3967: 3958: 3949: 3940: 3931: 3922: 3913: 3904: 3895: 3886: 3877: 3868: 3859: 3838:cite journal 3823: 3811: 3792: 3782: 3765: 3757: 3752: 3743: 3719: 3712: 3703: 3693: 3689: 3677: 3665: 3661: 3652: 3644: 3639: 3616: 3608: 3603: 3595: 3590: 3582: 3577: 3569: 3568:Hejie 曷截 in 3564: 3556: 3548: 3541: 3536: 3527: 3510: 3502: 3497: 3489: 3485: 3481: 3477: 3473: 3469: 3465: 3461: 3456: 3444: 3439: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3415: 3411: 3406: 3397: 3388: 3371: 3367: 3361: 3352: 3331:cite journal 3316: 3307: 3297: 3288: 3279: 3270: 3261: 3241: 3222: 3213: 3204: 3195: 3186: 3177: 3169: 3164: 3155: 3146: 3138: 3133: 3124: 3115: 3106: 3097: 3081: 3072: 3061: 3057: 3036: 3027: 3019: 3014: 2999: 2976: 2966: 2960: 2941: 2935: 2915: 2908: 2899: 2895: 2889: 2869: 2862: 2853: 2845: 2836: 2814: 2801: 2790: 2782: 2774: 2766: 2757: 2749: 2748:, Mongolian 2743: 2727: 2712: 2708: 2702: 2695: 2680: 2669: 2648: 2641: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2586: 2570: 2562:Su Ding Fang 2558: 2551: 2546: 2544: 2539: 2534:) under the 2527: 2523: 2520: 2503:Zhenzhu Khan 2500: 2492:Zhenzhu Khan 2489: 2477: 2466: 2449:Heshana Khan 2434: 2422: 2418:, 199, lower 2413: 2390: 2382: 2363: 2339: 2336: 2326: 2319: 2317: 2302: 2231: 2223: 2221: 2210: 2173: 2165: 2161: 2153: 2145: 2141: 2140:, plural of 2137: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2073: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2040: 2038: 1962: 1949:Family names 1915:Yujiulü Futu 1905:and his son 1887:Northern Wei 1883:Hephthalites 1880: 1872:Hephthalites 1869: 1866: 1847: 1839: 1835:Northern Wei 1824: 1805: 1787: 1785: 1770: 1766: 1761: 1757: 1754:Yellow River 1750:Ordos Desert 1745: 1743: 1723: 1710:Northern Wei 1707: 1693: 1686: 1665: 1642: 1641: 1629: 1628: 1616: 1615: 1603: 1602: 1590: 1589: 1577: 1576: 1564: 1563: 1551: 1550: 1538: 1537: 1525: 1524: 1512: 1511: 1498: 1496: 1487: 1476: 1466:HEPHTHALITES 1465: 1452: 1423: 1400: 1399: 1386: 1373: 1362: 1349: 1336: 1323: 1271: 1253: 1251: 1242: 1224: 1214: 1208: 1199: 1179: 1174: 1152: 1135:Central Asia 1131:China proper 1122: 1118: 1114: 1112: 1065: 1054: 1040: 1030:Golden Horde 1028: 1016: 1005: 998: 991: 977: 965: 953: 941: 929: 918: 904: 892: 880: 868: 856: 845: 838: 824: 812: 800: 788: 776: 764: 752: 742:Kangar Union 740: 728: 716: 707: 674: 647: 637: 636: 622: 611: 597: 112:, and later 30: 19:Ethnic group 6159:Toquz Oghuz 6098:Oghuz Turks 6065:Sir-Kıvchak 5859:Afghanistan 5602:Qarai Turks 5518:Tor Uyghurs 5497:Fuyu Kyrgyz 5445:Karakalpaks 5314:Kouloughlis 5118:Karapapakhs 3694:Tang Huiyao 3594:謁達 Yeda in 3553:Zuev Yu. A. 3443:烏護 Wuhu in 2981:Xin Tangshu 2582:Tang Huiyao 2509:and nephew 2469:Yiedie Khan 2415:Jiu Tangshu 2351:Book of Sui 2192:as well as 2186:Mustafa Âlî 2108:; however, 1980:跋利延 Bálìyán 1935:Western Wei 1931:Eastern Wei 1897:and one to 1895:Western Wei 1854:Pulleyblank 1274:Book of Wei 1262:Lake Baikal 1244:Xin Tangshu 1182:Book of Jin 1173:. The name 681:Turk Shahis 628:71 BC–?? AD 346:Azerbaijani 167:Oghuz Turks 6310:Categories 5206:Van Kyrgyz 5088:Shahsevans 4784:Karakhanid 4172:Sima Guang 3771:Ouyang Xiu 3609:Inner Asia 3088:(羌渠), 14. 3082:Chile (赤勒) 2896:Asia Major 2829:References 2709:Toquz Oguz 2672:Bilge Khan 2554:Chebi Khan 2507:Duomi Khan 2505:, his son 2368:' leading 2355:Tanghuiyao 2332:Suishu, 84 2213:Bumin Khan 2196:scientist 2150:Old Turkic 1988:彌俄突 Mí'étú 1953:given name 1424:ZHANGZHUNG 1258:Onon River 1159:Former Yan 754:Turk Shahi 436:Karakalpak 59:) and the 6233:Diasporas 6174:Xueyantuo 6164:Uriankhai 6111:Pechenegs 6104:Turkomans 6078:Kutrigurs 5750:Kryashens 5712:Kumandins 5693:Karachays 5673:Besermyan 5648:Telengits 5554:Krymchaks 5537:in Crimea 5502:Ili Turks 5095:Küresünni 4886:Xueyantuo 4794:Khotanese 4576:Tocharian 3729:cite book 3585:, vol. 99 3572:, Vol. 99 3505:, Vol. 99 3310:: 81–114. 2984:vol. 217a 2637:Liangzhou 2496:Xueyantuo 2462:Ili River 2359:Kul Tigin 2280:Samarkand 2273:Xueyantuo 2250:Karashahr 2217:Dzungaria 2198:Ulugh Beg 2166:tɦut-kyat 2162:dwət-kuɑt 2078:Xueyantuo 2039:The term 1971:Āfúzhìluó 1893:, two to 1876:Karashahr 1862:Dzungaria 1858:Xueyantuo 1739:Pingcheng 1730:Issyk Kul 1565:Kutrigurs 1337:BYZANTINE 1071:1299–1922 1046:1250–1517 1034:1242–1502 1022:1224–1266 983:1206–1526 971:1136–1225 947:1077–1231 935:1067–1239 910:1037–1194 730:Xueyantuo 572:Grey wolf 554:Ergenekon 530:Shamanism 302:Krymchaks 212:Kutrigurs 90:Shamanism 68:Languages 57:Dzungaria 6284:Turkmens 6272:Turkmeni 6129:Saragurs 6073:Kurykans 6059:Kipchaks 6044:Keraites 6029:Göktürks 6019:Dughlats 6009:Dingling 5979:Berendei 5830:Mongolia 5800:Tofalars 5764:Nağaybäk 5668:Bashkirs 5655:Tubalars 5641:Chelkans 5635:Altaians 5456:in China 5288:Tahtacıs 5281:Muhacirs 5222:Turkmens 4961:Northern 4930:Southern 4808:Northern 4724:Southern 4717:Medieval 4673:Shanrong 4646:Dingling 4617:Northern 4591:Quanrong 4476:Lạc Việt 4449:Southern 3815:Suishu, 3667:Tongdian 3520:Göktürks 3490:Xiajiasi 3325:: 83–84. 3064:vol. 97 2992:Yuan Wei 2752:" Carts" 2691:Bingzhou 2676:Tonyukuk 2664:Lingzhou 2566:Goguryeo 2480:Tashkent 2473:Dunhuang 2464:by 607. 2458:Gaochang 2411:— 2398:Duolange 2385:Göktürks 2374:Göktürks 2366:Göktürks 2330:— 2178:Göktürks 2128:, & 2118:Dingling 2100:, & 2090:Dingling 2023:540–541 2020:去賓 Qùbīn 2015:536–540 2012:比造 Bǐzào 2007:524–536 2004:越居 Yuèjū 1999:516–524 1991:505–516 1983:503–505 1975:487–503 1907:Kavadh I 1816:Gaochang 1808:Gaochang 1796:Göktürks 1792:Gaochang 1691:— 1630:Bashkirs 1374:SOUTHERN 1350:NORTHERN 1324:SASANIAN 1240:— 1235:Yuan Wei 1212:— 1167:Dingling 1143:Dingling 898:963–1186 886:860–1091 874:856–1335 862:848–1036 830:840–1212 806:750–1055 782:743–1035 722:618–1048 649:Göktürks 624:Dingling 526:Tengrism 499:Krymchak 239:Kipchaks 176:Saragurs 106:Dingling 94:Buddhism 86:Tengrism 80:Religion 53:Xinjiang 6296:Ottoman 6280:Iranian 6276:Afghani 6224:Mughals 6219:Hazaras 6169:Utigurs 6144:Türgesh 6119:Onogurs 6093:Nushibi 6088:Naimans 6049:Khazars 6039:Karluks 5994:Chigils 5989:Bulgars 5974:Barsils 5912:Europe 5891:Ansarlu 5837:Khotons 5795:Teleuts 5688:Dolgans 5683:Chuvash 5678:Chulyms 5663:Balkars 5607:Qashqai 5592:Khalajs 5570:in Iran 5512:Uyghurs 5235:Ansarlu 5146:Kazakhs 5060:Peoples 5004:Khoshut 4999:Dzungar 4987:Western 4852:Khereid 4830:Jurchen 4820:Kumo Xi 4799:Tibetan 4777:Western 4741:Cuanman 4690:Xianyun 4663:Guifang 4656:Xianbei 4634:Xiongnu 4629:Chunwei 4596:Xianyun 4549:Western 4496:Yangyue 4491:Shanyue 4471:Dong'ou 4466:Âu Việt 4433:Eastern 4426:Ancient 4176:Bo Yang 3817:Vol. 84 3697:vol. 72 3683:Vol. 51 3681:Suishu 3598:Vol. 99 3488:(纥扢斯), 3486:Hejiesi 3466:Jiankun 3450:Vol. 99 3086:Qiangqu 2988:Uyghurs 2750:*Tegreg 2732:Chinese 2656:Turgesh 2652:Qapagan 2602:Ganzhou 2578:Khangai 2576:around 2445:Tuyuhun 2347:Guligan 2309:Western 2305:Eastern 2194:Timurid 2182:Uyghurs 2074:Tulishi 1996:伊匐 Yīfú 1923:Yujiulu 1911:Biliyan 1903:Peroz I 1802:Fufuluo 1788:Fufuluo 1781:Yucheng 1604:Ugrians 1591:Finnish 1578:Venedae 1526:Magyars 1488:Kyrgyzs 1443:TUYUHUN 1231:Xiongnu 1190:Xiongnu 1139:Xiongnu 1133:and in 818:756–940 794:744–840 770:699–766 758:665-850 746:659–750 734:628–646 699:682–744 691:581–650 670:581–657 662:552–581 427:Qasgqai 418:Chuvash 409:Bashkir 382:Turkmen 337:Turkish 293:Dolgans 257:Uyghurs 221:Karluks 194:Bulgars 185:Utigurs 158:Onogurs 110:Xiongnu 6292:Syrian 6214:Abdals 6207:Others 6194:Yabaku 6184:Yueban 6134:Shatuo 6124:Sabirs 6083:Merkit 6034:Kangly 6024:Esegel 6004:Cumans 5984:Bulaqs 5969:Basmyl 5933:Gagauz 5883:Timuri 5877:Aimaqs 5872:Afshar 5819:Yakuts 5805:Tuvans 5737:Tatars 5732:Soyots 5722:Nogais 5717:Kumyks 5704:Koibal 5698:Khakas 5628:Russia 5582:Afshar 5526:Yugurs 5440:Uzbeks 5295:Yörüks 5177:Kyrgyz 4994:Oirats 4973:Manchu 4908:Shatuo 4903:Yueban 4881:Uyghur 4871:Tangut 4857:Naiman 4837:Shiwei 4815:Khitan 4789:Karluk 4761:Zhuang 4756:Bouyei 4678:Sushen 4651:Wuhuan 4641:Donghu 4608:Yuezhi 4586:Xirong 4535:Yelang 4530:Nanman 4486:Nanyue 4481:Minyue 4461:Âu Lạc 4456:Baiyue 4440:Dongyi 4372: 4361: 4350: 4336: 4322: 4311: 4300: 4289: 4270: 4259: 4248: 4237: 4226: 4215: 4204: 4193: 4182: 3799: 3756:Duan: 3621:Suishu 3596:Beishi 3583:Beishi 3570:Beishi 3557:Shygys 3503:Beishi 3492:(黠戛斯). 3484:(护骨), 3480:(纥骨), 3476:(契骨), 3472:(结骨), 3468:(坚昆), 3464:(鬲昆), 3446:Beishi 3430:(回纥), 3426:(韦纥), 3422:(乌纥), 3418:(乌护), 3414:(袁纥), 3412:Yuanhe 3249: 3062:Jinshu 3004:Weishu 2948: 2923: 2877: 2850:"Ḡozz" 2742:: 2740:pinyin 2734:: 2698:Basmyl 2689:, and 2670:Soon, 2660:Qarluq 2606:Suzhou 2592:under 2547:Yuanhe 2484:Chuluo 2430:Istämi 2406:desert 2370:Ashina 2254:Aqtagh 2225:Suishu 2164:> * 2138:Türküt 2134:Tegrek 2110:Golden 2062:Tägräg 2058:Tegreg 1927:Anagui 1827:Rouran 1777:Khotan 1714:Shelun 1695:Weishu 1617:Yakuts 1539:Sabirs 1513:Yueban 1455:EMPIRE 1412:TOCHA- 1401:Nezaks 1387:Alchon 1363:HYMYAR 1339:EMPIRE 1326:EMPIRE 1216:Weishu 1194:Rouran 1175:Gaoche 1127:Turkic 1119:Gaoche 490:Karaim 481:Gagauz 400:Kyrgyz 373:Uyghur 364:Kazakh 284:Yakuts 275:Kumyks 266:Tatars 74:Turkic 31:Tegreg 6288:Iraqi 6189:Yagma 6154:Torks 6149:Tuhsi 6139:Tiele 6054:Kimek 6014:Duolu 5847:Dukha 5727:Shors 5559:Urums 5507:Salar 5274:Gajal 5268:Turks 4978:Nivkh 4898:Tujue 4891:Yugur 4876:Tiele 4862:Tatar 4695:Xunyu 4683:Yilou 4624:Beidi 4601:Xunyu 4581:Wusun 4571:Sumpa 4561:Qiang 4523:Hmong 3542:Tarki 3518:from 3470:Jiegu 3462:Gekun 3434:(回鹘). 3432:Huihu 3428:Huihe 3424:Weihe 3139:shēng 3090:Helai 3078:Chuge 2783:Zhile 2775:Chile 2761:Also 2745:Tiělè 2719:Notes 2713:Huihu 2598:Juyan 2530:cishi 2454:Kumul 2441:Qimin 2437:Dulan 2343:Alans 2322:Türks 2312:Türks 2174:Tūjué 2168:> 2146:Türük 2130:Tiele 2122:Chile 2102:Tujue 2094:Chile 2082:Tiele 2056:, or 2050:Töliš 2046:Tölöš 2041:Tiele 2030:Tiele 1969:阿伏至羅 1843:Nagai 1831:Dulun 1734:Wusun 1726:Datan 1718:Tuoba 1666:AKSUM 1654:GOGU- 1643:Antes 1552:Alans 1501:Turks 1499:Gaoju 1453:GUPTA 1434:FUNAN 1414:RIANS 1303:CHAM- 1247:, 232 1229:were 1227:Huihe 1219:, 103 1123:Gaoju 1115:Tiele 870:Qocho 568:Sheka 558:Asena 544:Ülgen 540:Kayra 472:Tuvan 454:Kumyk 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