Bulgars - Knowledge

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nothing to do with objective scientific research in the field of Proto-Bulgarian Studies, could be summarized in several directions:...3)‘Aryan roots’ and the ‘enigmatic Eurasian homeland’. Meanwhile, another group of authors is looking eagerly for the supposed homeland of the ancient Bulgarians in the vast areas of Eurasia, perhaps by conscious or unconscious opposition to the pro-Western orientation of modern Bulgaria. At the same time, with little regard for consistency, they also oppose the Turkic theory, probably because this is in sharp contradiction with the anti-Turkish feelings shared by nationalistic circles.

1836: 4194:, pp. 65–66, 68–69: "The warriors who founded the Bulgar state in the Lower Danube region were culturally related to the nomads of Eurasia. Indeed, their language was Turkic, and more specifically Oğuric, as is apparent from the isolated words and phrases preserved in a number of inventory inscriptions." ... "It is generally believed that during their migration to the Balkans, the Bulgars brought with them or swept along several other groups of Eurasian nomads whose exact ethnic and linguistic affinities are impossible to determine... Sarmato-Alanian origin... Slav or Slavicized sedentary populations." 1907: 1704: 1609: 9840: 555: 3769: 2841: 2236: 1876: 2630: 2037: 2588: 33: 1785:–Zacharias Rhetor, "fled from the Khazars out of the Bulgarian mountains". In the Khazar ruler Joseph's letter is recorded "in the country in which I live, there formerly lived the Vununtur (< Vunundur < Onoğundur). Our ancestors, the Khazars warred with them. The Vununtur were more numerous, as numerous as the sand by the sea, but they could not withstand the Khazars. They left their country and fled... until they reached the river called Duna ( 10294: 907: 10050: 1958: 2591:, which can be frequently found in early medieval Bulgaria is associated with deity Tangra. However, its exact meaning and use remains unknown. The most sacred creatures to Tangra were horses and eagles, particularly white horses. Bronze amulets with representations of the Sun, horses and other animals were found at Bulgar archeological sites. This could explain the variety of Bulgars taboos, including those about animals. 2331: 10231: 1078:, when "great disturbances occurred in the range of the great Caucasus mountain, in the land of the Bulgars, many of whom migrated and came to our lands and settled south of Kokh". Both migrations are dated to the second half of the 4th century AD. The "disturbances" which caused them are believed to be the expansion of the Huns in the East-European steppes. Dimitrov recorded that the toponyms of the Bolha and 1985: 9835: 10306: 9830: 3850: 1851:, becoming a political and military elite. However, the influence of the pre-Slavic population had relatively little influence on the Slavs and Bulgars, indicating their population was reduced in previous centuries. The hinterlands of the Byzantine territory were for years occupied by many groups of Slavs. According to Theophanes, the Bulgars subjugated the so-called 2723:, which were usually entered from the south, although less often from the east. Excavations showed that Bulgars buried their dead on a north–south axis, with their heads to the north so that the deceased "faced" south. The Slavs practiced only cremation, the remains were placed in urns, and like the Bulgars, with the conversion to Christianity 7380:

Another Turkic people in the Volga area are the Chuvash, who, like the Tatars, regard themselves as descendants of the Volga Bulghars in the historical and cultural sense. It is clear that Chuvash belongs to the Oghur branch of Turkic, as the language of the Volga Bulghars did, but no direct evidence

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Bulgar language was the first fully proved Turkic language that came into direct contact with South Slavs who lived on the Balkan Peninsula at the end of the 5th century until the second half of the 7th century. They preserved their own native language and customs for about 200 years, but a bilingual

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Allegedly, the Dulo clan had the dog as its sacred animal. To this today Bulgarians still use the expression "he kills the dog" to mean "he gives the orders", a relic of the time when the Dulo Khan sacrificed a dog to the deity Tangra. Remains of dog and deer have been found in Bulgars graves, and it

1867:, to the East, while the other six tribes to the Southern and Western regions as far the boundary with the Pannonian Avars. Scholars consider that the absence of any source recording the Slavic resistance to the invasion was because it was in their interest to be liberated from the Byzantine taxation. 1493:

By the middle of the 6th century, the Bulgars momentarily fade from the sources and the Kutrigurs and Utigurs come to the front. Between 548 and 576, mostly due to Justinian I (527–565), through diplomatic persuasion and bribery the Kutrigurs and Utigurs were drawn into mutual warfare, decimating one

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king Agelmund. Scholars attribute this account to the Huns, Avars or some Bulgar groups were probably carried away by the Huns to the Central Europe. The Lombards, led by their new king Laimicho, rose up and defeated the Bulgars with great slaughter, gaining great booty and confidence as they "became

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Modern Chuvash is the only descendant language of the Ogur branch.The ancestors of its speakers left the Khazar Empire in the 8th century and migrated to the region at the confluence of the Volga and Kama rivers, where they founded the Volga Bulgarian Empire in the 10th century. In the central Volga

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When the Turkic tribes began to enter into the Pontic–Caspian steppe in the Post-Hunnic era, or as early as the 2nd century AD, their confederations incorporated an array of ethnic groups of newly joined Turkic, Caucasian, Iranian, and Finno-Ugric peoples. During their Western Eurasian migrations to

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Bulgar language persisted in Volga region until the 13th or 14th century. Volga Bulgars left some inscriptions in tombstones. There are few surviving inscriptions in the Volga Bulgar language, as the language was primarily an oral language and the Volga Bulgars did not develop a writing system until

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in the inscriptions, was often mentioned together with the bearer's name. They were traditionally seen as Slavic chiefs. It seems to have meant "head of a clan-district", as among the South Slavs (Croats, Serbs) where it was more widely used, it meant "head of a tribe" with a high district and court

8136:Йорданов, Стефан. Славяни, тюрки и индо-иранци в ранното средновековие: езикови проблеми на българския етногенезис. В: Българистични проучвания. 8. Актуални проблеми на българистиката и славистиката. Седма международна научна сесия. Велико Търново, 22–23 август 2001 г. Велико Търново, 2002, 275–295. 3877:

The paleoanthropological material from all sites in Volga region, Ukraine and Moldova attributed to the Bulgars testify complex ethno-cultural processes. The material shows the assimilation between the local population and the migrating newcomers. In all sites can be traced the anthropological type

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Mahmud al-Kashgari also provides some examples of Volga Bulgar words, poems, and phrases in his dictionary, along with their equivalents in other Turkic languages. However, Mahmud al-Kashgari himself wasn't a native speaker of Volga Bulgar. Despite its limitations, Mahmud al-Kashgari's work remains

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In nomadic society the tribes were political organizations based on kinship, with diffused power. Tribes developed according to the relation with sedentary states, and only managed to conquer them when had social cohesion. If the raiding by the nomads had negative effect on the economic development

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The Oğurs and Onoğurs, in the 6th- and 7th-century sources, were mentioned mostly in connection with the Avar and Turk conquest of Western Eurasia. From the 8th century, the Byzantine sources often mention the Onoğurs in close connection with the Bulgars. Agathon (early 8th century) wrote about the

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The exact ethnic origins of the Danubian Bulgars is controversial. It is in any case most probable that they had enveloped groupings of diverse origins during their migration westwards across the Eurasian steppes, and they undoubtedly spoke a form of Turkic as their main language. The Bulgars long

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Anti-Turkish rhetoric is now reflected in the theories that challenge the thesis of Turkic origin of the Proto-Bulgars. Alongside the ‘Iranian’ or ‘Aryan’ theory, there appeared arguments favouring an autochthonous origin. The ‘parahistoric’ theories, very often politically loaded and have almost

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According to Walter Pohl, the existential fate of the tribes and their confederations depended on their ability to adapt to an environment going through rapid changes, and to give this adaptation a credible meaning rooted in tradition and ritual. Slavs and Bulgars succeeded because their form of

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Little is known about Kubrat's activities. It is considered that Onogur Bulgars remained the only steppe tribes in good relations with the Byzantines. His date of death is placed between 650 and 663 AD. According to Nikephoros I, Kubrat instructed his five sons to "never separate their place of

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in the middle of the 9th century. When the ruling class abandoned its native language and adopted Slavic, according to Jean W. Sedlar, it was so complete that no trace of Turkic speech patterns remained in Old Slavic texts. The Bulgarian Christian Church used the Slavic dialect from Macedonia.

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had strong ties with Bulgar and to modern Chuvash and refer to this extended grouping as separate Hunno-Bulgar languages. However, such speculations are not based on proper linguistic evidence, since the language of the Huns is almost unknown except for a few attested words and personal names.

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also argued, is considered debatable, showing the cultural impact of the Iranian world on communities in the Pontic–Caspian steppe. Many scholars believe that the square shape, with the north–south and east–west axis of the Bulgar sacral monuments is very similar to those of Turkic khagans in

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The pre-Christian burial customs in Bulgaria indicate diverse social, i.e. nomadic and sedentary, and cultural influences. In some necropolises specific to the Danube Bulgars, artificial deformation was found in 80% of the skulls. The Bulgars had a special type of shamanic "medicine-men" who

2564:, it represents the oldest known Turco-Mongolian word. Tengri may have originated in the Xiongnu confederacy, which settled on the frontiers of China in the 2nd century BC. The confederacy probably had both pre-Turkic and pre-Mongolian ethnic elements. In modern Turkish, the word for god, 2048:

Bulgars had the typical culture of the nomadic equestrians of Central Asia, who migrated seasonally in pursuit of good pastures, as well attraction to economic and cultural interaction with sedentary societies. Being in contact with sedentary cultures, they began mastering the crafts of

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in Bulgaria and is ideologically motivated. Since 1989, anti-Turkish rhetoric is now reflected in the theories that challenge the thesis of the proto-Bulgars' Turkic origin. Alongside the Iranian or Aryan theory, there appeared arguments favoring an autochthonous origin. According to

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approach in explaining the Bulgars origin. More recent theories view the nomadic confederacies, such as the Bulgars, as the formation of several different cultural, political and linguistic entities that could dissolve as quickly as they formed, entailing a process of ethnogenesis.

4148:, p. 253, 256: " With their Avar and Türk political heritage, they assumed political leadership over an array of Turkic groups, Iranians and Finno-Ugric peoples, under the overlordship of the Khazars, whose vassals they remained." ... "The Bulgars, whose Oguric ancestors ..." 1593:

Scholars consider it unclear how this union came about, viewing it as a long process in which a number of different groups were merged. During that time, the Bulgars may have represented a large confederation including the remnants of Onoğurs, Utigurs and Kutrigurs among others.

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Although the older Iranian tribes were enveloped by the widespread Turkic migration into the Pontic–Caspian steppe, the following centuries saw a complete disappearance of both the Iranic and Turkic languages, indicating dominance of the Slavic language among the common people.

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and to the sea, which are in the Hunnish lands. Beyond the gates live the Burgars (Bulgars), who have their language, and are people pagan and barbarian. They have towns. And the Alans – they have five towns... Avnagur (Aunagur, considered Onoğurs) are people, who live in

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Neparáczki, Endre; Maróti, Zoltán; Kalmár, Tibor; Maár, Kitti; Nagy, István; Latinovics, Dóra; Kustár, Ágnes; Pálfi, György; Molnár, Erika; Marcsik, Antónia; Balogh, Csilla; Lőrinczy, Gábor; Gál, Szilárd Sándor; Tomka, Péter; Kovacsóczy, Bernadett (12 November 2019).

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Modern genetic research on Central Asian Turkic peoples and ethnic groups related to the Bulgars points to an affiliation with Western Eurasian populations. Despite the morphological proximity, there is a visible impact of the local population, in the Volga region of

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Recent studies consider ethnonyms closely related with warrior elites who ruled over a variety of heterogeneous groups. The groups adopted new ideology and name as political designation, while the elites claimed right to rule and royal descent through origin myths.

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theorized that the titles of the steppe peoples did not reflect the ethnicity of their bearers. According to Magnus Felix Ennodius, the Bulgars did not have nobility, yet their leaders and common men became noblemen on the battle field, indicating social mobility.

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failed in the end because their model could not respond to new conditions. Pohl wrote that members of society's lower strata did not feel themselves to be part of any large-scale ethnic group; the only distinct classes were within the armies and the ruling elite.

1446:...all of them are called in general Scythians and Huns in particular according to their nation. Thus, some are Koutrigours or Outigours and yet others are Oultizurs and Bourougounds... the Oultizurs and Bourougounds were known up to the time of the Emperor 1436:(Hephthalite) ... They are described in typical phrases reserved for nomads in the ethnographic literature of the period, as people who "live in tents, earn their living on the meat of livestock and fish, of wild animals and by their weapons (plunder)". 460:(Oghur) tribes, with the ethnonym Bulgar as a "spreading" adjective. Golden considered the origin of the Kutrigurs and Utigurs to be obscure and their relationship to the Onogurs and Bulgars – who lived in similar areas at the same time – as unclear. 2648:

A piece of ethnographic evidence which has been invoked to support the belief that the Bulgars worshipped Tengri/Tangra is the relative similarity of the name "Tengri" to "Tură", the name of the supreme deity of the traditional religion of the

3934:. The comparative analysis showed large morphological proximity between the medieval and modern population of the Volga region. The examined graves in Northern Bulgaria and Southern Romania showed different somatic types, including Caucasoid- 1926:, "having crossed the river Ister, resides in Pannonia, which is now under the sway of the Avars, having made an alliance with the local peoples". Kuber later led a revolt against the Avars and with his people moved as far as the region of 2061:. The politically dominant tribe or clan usually gave its name to the tribal confederation. Such confederations were often encouraged by the Imperial powers, for whom it was easier to deal with one ruler than several tribal chieftains. 1205:) defeated 15,000 men strong Roman army led by magister militum Aristus. In 502, Bulgars again devastated Thrace as reportedly there were no Roman soldiers to oppose them. In 528–529 again invaded the region and defeated Roman generals 1279:

intercepted and defeated them in Thrace, however, another raiding party ambushed and captured two Roman generals. In 539 and 540, Procopius reported a powerful Hunnic army crossed the Danube, devastated Illyricum and reached up to the

250:, meeting and merging with the Huns, north of the Black Sea, it was a faulty theory, since the Oghurs were documented in Europe as early as 463, while the Bulgars were not mentioned until 482 – an overly short time period for any such 1170:, who somehow managed to convince the Bulgars to attack the Thracian Goths. The Bulgars were eventually defeated by Strabo in 480/481. In 486 and 488 they fought against the Goths again, first as allies of the Byzantium, according to 4238:

The name Bulgaria comes from the Bulgars, a people who are still a matter of academic dispute with respect to their origin (Turkic or Indo-European) as well as to their influence on the ethnic mixture and the language of present-day

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According to P. Golden this association is apparent from the fragments of texts and isolated words and phrases preserved in inscriptions. In addition to language, their culture and state structure retain many Central Asian features.

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Although many scholars, including linguists, had posited that the Bulgars were derived from a Turkic tribe of Central Asia (perhaps with Iranian elements), modern genetic research points to an affiliation with western Eurasian

1977:(738–753) was the last ruler from the Dulo clan, and the period until c. 768–772 was characterized by the Byzantino-Bulgar conflict and internal crisis. In the short period followed seven rulers from the Uokil and Ugain clan. 2715:

also had a special mythological significance. The Bulgars were bi-ritual, either cremating or burying their dead, and often interred them with personal objects (pottery, rarely weapons or dress), food, and sacred animals.

1777:), which neighbors with Sarmatia, attacked them with impunity. They overran all the lands lying behind the Pontos Euxeinos and penetrated to the sea. After this, having made Bayan a subject, they forced him to pay tribute. 9421: 8427:

Neparáczki, Endre; Maróti, Zoltán; Kalmár, Tibor; Kocsy, Klaudia; Maár, Kitti; Bihari, Péter; Nagy, István; Fóthi, Erzsébet; Pap, Ildikó; Kustár, Ágnes; Pálfi, György; Raskó, István; Zink, Albert; Török, Tibor (2018).

1450:(457–474) and the Romans of that time and appeared to have been strong. We, however, in this day, neither know them, nor, I think, will we. Perhaps, they have perished or perhaps they have moved off to very far place. 7261:

region three Volga Bulgarian dialects developed, and Chuvash is the descendant of the 3rd dialect of Volga Bulgarian (Agyagási 2019: 160–183). Sources refer to it as a separate language beginning with 1508

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The Bulgars, at least the Danubian Bulgars, had a well-developed clan and military administrative system of "inner" and "outer" tribes, governed by the ruling clan. They had many titles, and according to

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of rectangular plan and sedentary or seasonal lifestyle of the Slavs and autochthonous population. The Bulgar and Slavic settlements cannot be distinguished other than by the type of biritual cemeteries.

9663: 8083:Милчева, Христина. Българите са с древно-ирански произход. Научна конференция "Средновековна Рус, Волжка България и северното Черноморие в контекста на руските източни връзки", Казан, Русия, 15.10.2007 8092:Бешевлиев, Веселин. Ирански елементи у първобългарите. Античное Общество, Труды Конференции по изучению проблем античности, стр. 237–247, Издательство "Наука", Москва 1967, АН СССР, Отделение Истории. 7486:

Granberg's suggestion that we should revive the term Hunno-Bulgar may well became that replacement — once it is clear that Hunnic and Bulgar were closely related and perhaps even the same language.

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of the region it could significantly slow down their own social and cultural development. In a nomadic state the nomad and sedentary integration was limited, and usually had vassal tribute system.

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If someone trouble befalls any of them or there happens any unlucky incident, they look out into the sky and summon: "Ber Tengre!". In the Turkish language, that means, "by the One and Only God!".

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for diachronic development between the two has been established. As there were several distinct Oghur languages in the Middle Ages, Volga Bulghar could represent one of these and Chuvash another.

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It is unclear whether the parting ways by brothers was caused by the internal conflicts or strong Khazar pressure. The latter is considered more likely. The Bulgars led by the first two brothers

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The language of the Danubian Bulgars is also known from a small number of loanwords in the Old Bulgarian language, as well as terms occurring in Bulgar Greek-language inscriptions, contemporary

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It is considered that the Slavic tribal organization was left intact, and paid tribute to the ruling Bulgars. According to Nikephoros I and Theophanes, an unnamed fourth brother, believed to be

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Although there is no direct evidence, a group of linguists believe that Chuvash may be descendant from a dialect of Volga Bulgar while others support the idea that Chuvash is another distinct

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army, which was defeated by the Ostrogoths, are believed to be the Bulgars. In 515, Bulgar mercenaries were listed along with others from the Goths, Scythians and Hunnic tribes as part of the

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tribe. The Pugu were mentioned in Chinese sources from 103 BC up to the 8th century AD, and later were situated among the eastern Tiele tribes, as one of the highest-ranking tribes after the

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inserted one into another, oriented towards the summer sunrise. One of these sites was transformed into a Christian church, which is taken as evidence that they served a religious function.

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seems a more likely location. Some scholars propose that the Bulgars may have been a branch or offshoot of the Huns or at least Huns seem to have been absorbed by the Onogur-Bulgars after

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D. Dimitrov has argued that the Kuban Bulgars also adopted elements of Iranian religious beliefs. He noticed Iranian influences on the cult of the former Caucasian Huns capital Varachan (

2653:, who are traditionally regarded as descendants of the Volga Bulgars. Nevertheless, the Chuvash religion today is markedly different from Tengrism and can be described as a local form of 2544:

When someone seeks the truth, God sees. And when someone lies, God sees that too. The Bulgars did many favors to the Christians (Byzantines), but the Christians forgot them. But God sees.

8145:Надпис № 21 от българското златно съкровище "Наги Сент-Миклош", студия от проф. д-р Иван Калчев Добрев от Сборник с материали от Научна конференция на ВА "Г. С. Раковски". София, 2005 г. 3866:

According to a paleo-DNA study from 2019 which examined Medieval burials in the Carpathian Basin a closest connection was found between the Y-DNA of these nomadic people and the modern

2000:. He also successfully repelled the invading force of the Byzantines, as well defeated the Pannonian Avars where additionally extended the Empire size. In 865, during the reign of Khan 9384: 3874:

show the smallest genetic distance to the entire Conqueror population" and "a direct genetic relation of the Conquerors to Onogur-Bulgar ancestors of these groups is very feasible."

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plateau and southern Dobruja. The distribution of pre-Christian burial assemblages in Bulgaria and Romania is considered as the indication of the confines of the Bulgar settlement.

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The language had strong ties to Bulgar language and to modern Chuvash, but also had some important connections, especially lexical and morphological, to Ottoman Turkish and Yakut

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crossed the river Danapros and Danastros, lived in the locale around the Ister, having occupied a place suitable for settlement, called in their language ογγλον (ogglon; Slav.

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by Movses Khorenatsi, which includes an additional comment from a 9th-century writer about the colony of the Vłĕndur Bułkar. Marquart and Golden connected these forms with the

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has been the subject of debate since around the start of the 20th century. It is generally accepted that at least the Bulgar elite spoke a language that was a member of the

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Karachanak, S.; Grugni, V.; Fornarino, S.; Nesheva, D.; Al-Zahery, N.; Battaglia, V.; Carrosa, C.; Yordanov, Y.; Torroni, A.; Galabov, A.; Toncheva, D.; Semino, O. (2015).

2004:(852–889), the Bulgars accepted Christianity as the official religion, and Eastern Orthodoxy in 879. The greatest expansion of the Empire and prosperity during the time of 9821: 1067:) to the lands "named Basen by the ancients... and which were afterwards populated by immigrants of the vh' ndur Bulgar Vund, after whose name they (the lands) were named 483:

descent. Karatay considered the Kutrigurs and Utigurs to be two related, ancestral people, and prominent tribes in the later Bulgar union, but different from the Bulgars.

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and the Bulgars over Turk patrimony and dominance in the Pontic–Caspian steppe. Some historians consider the war an extension of the Western Turks struggle, between the

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in 1223. They were eventually subdued by the Mongols in 1237. They gradually lost their identity after 1431 when their towns and region were captured by the Russians.

3732:) has been popular since the 1990s. Most proponents still assume an intermediate stance, proposing certain signs of Iranic influence on a Turkic substrate. The names 2528:

In Danube Bulgaria, Bulgar monarchs described themselves as a "ruler from God", indicating authority from a singular divine origin, and making appeals to the deity's

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Suslova; et al. (October 2012). "HLA gene and haplotype frequencies in Russians, Bashkirs and Tatars, living in the Chelyabinsk Region (Russian South Urals)".

7677: 4497: 4379:, p. 151: "...ethnic symbiosis between Slavic commoners and Bulgar elites of Turkic origin, who ultimately gave their name to the Slavic-speaking Bulgarians." 8605:

Given the common Turkic genetic background of the Bulgars and Khazars, these ethnicities may be difficult to tell apart either archaeologically or genetically.

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texts, and later Slavonic Old Bulgarian texts. Most of these words designate titles and other concepts concerning the affairs of state, including the official

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HAKIMZJANOV, F. S. “NEW VOLGA BULGARIAN INSCRIPTIONS.” Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, vol. 40, no. 1, Akadémiai Kiadó, 1986, pp. 173–77,

2852:(815–831). It is written in Greek, and top two lines read: "Kanasubigi Omortag, in the land where he was born is archon by God. In the field of Pliska...". 1129:. It seems that Kutrigurs and Unigurs arrived with the initial waves of Oğuric peoples entering the Pontic steppes. The Bulgars were not mentioned in 463. 11595:) Turkmen/Turkoman minorities, who mostly adhere to an Ottoman-Turkish heritage and identity. In traditional areas of Turkish settlement (i.e. former 2382:

boilas occupied military and administrative offices in the state, as well the council where they gathered for decisions on important matters of state.

239:, considered that "to incite", "rebel", or "to produce a state of disorder", i.e. the "disturbers", was a more likely etymology for migrating nomads. 2159: 8505: 7468:

I was able to establish a Danube- Bulgarian nominative- suffix /A/ from the consonant stems. Recalling that Danube- Bulgarian was a Hunnic language.

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The Danubian Bulgars were unable to alter the predominantly Slavic character of Bulgaria, seen in the toponymy and names of the capitals Pliska and

1796:) is usually dated c. 681. The composition of the horde is unknown, and sources only mention tribal names Čakarar, Kubiar, Küriger, and clan names 298: 2712: 2683:

plate in the archaeological literature is often associated with shamanism. In the 9th century, it was recorded that before a battle the Bulgars "

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branch. They preserved the military titles, organization, and customs of Eurasian steppes as well as pagan shamanism and belief in the sky deity

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An introduction to the History of the Turkic peoples: ethnogenesis and state formation in medieval and early modern Eurasia and the Middle East

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and other tribes that had been part of the Hunnic union were attacked by the Šarağurs, one of the first Oğuric Turkic tribes that entered the

3396:. they apparently have a sacral meaning. Inscriptions sometimes included Slavic terms, thus allowing scholars to identify some of the Bulgar 935: 2578:, Tangra was the male deity connected with sky, light and the Sun. The cult incorporated Tangra's female equivalent and principle goddess, 10164: 9198: 7520: 10063: 7925: 6270:

Stepanov, Tsvetelin (March 2001), "The Bulgar title ΚΑΝΑΣΥΒΙΓΙ: reconstructing the notions of divine kingship in Bulgaria, AD 822–836",

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Because of the cult of the Sun, the Bulgars had a preference for the south. Their main buildings and shrines faced south, as well their

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Karatay, Osman. "The Bulgars in Transoxiana: Some Inferences from Early Islamic Sources." Migracijske i etničke teme 1–2 (2009): 69–88.

1685:, from which Kubrat and many Bulgar rulers originated. The Khazars were ultimately victorious and parts of the Bulgar union broke up. 11646: 11641: 10199: 6115:

Florin Curta, Roman Kovalev, “The” Other Europe in the Middle Ages: Avars, Bulgars, Khazars and Cumans ; , BRILL, 2008, p. 363,

4206:, p. 13: "Thus, the Bulgars were actually a tribal confederation of multiple Hunnic, Turkic, and Iranian groups mixed together." 3954:

and Rashev, the artificial deformation of skulls, and other types of burial artifacts in Bulgars graves, are similar to those of the

3950:. This practice had a medical application, as well as a symbolic purpose; in two cases the patient had brain problems. According to 2416: 2210:

was the second most important title in the realm, seemingly chief official. Some Bulgar inscriptions, written in Greek and later in

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Tribute-paying sedentary vassals, such as the Slavs and Greek-speaking population, formed a substantial and important part of the

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the Balkans, they also came into contact with Armenian, Semitic, Slavic, Thracian and Anatolian Greek among other populations.

207: 5873: 3400:. Altheim argued that the runes were brought into Europe from Central Asia by the Huns, and were an adapted version of the old 1742:(10th century), the Volga Bulgars were divided into three branches: "the first branch was called Bersula (Barsils), the second 862: 1494:

another. In the end, the Kutrigurs were overwhelmed by the Avars, while the Utigurs came under the rule of the Western Turks.

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is one of the variations used for the Onoğurs Bulgars, while others could be related to the ancient river names, such as the

3222:

an important source of information about the Volga Bulgar language and its place within the broader Turkic language family.

2707:

remembered that before the Christianization the Bulgars respected the Sun, Moon and the stars, and sacrificed dogs to them.

9929: 9096: 7687: 7409: 2403: 2803:

had already begun to penetrate, probably via their Slavic subjects, when it was adopted in the First Bulgarian Empire by

4437: 2826:(813–833) for the Pontic/Bosporan Bulgars, while it was officially adopted in Volga Bulgaria as a state religion in 922. 806: 257:

However, the "mixing" in question may have occurred before the Bulgars migrated from further east, and scholars such as

8430:"Mitogenomic data indicate admixture components of Central-Inner Asian and Srubnaya origin in the conquering Hungarians" 7181: 1454:

According to D. Dimitrov, scholars partially managed to identify and locate the Bulgar groups mentioned in the Armenian

986:

The first clear mention and evidence of the Bulgars was in 480, when they served as the allies of the Byzantine Emperor

10040: 9241:

Lalueza-Fox, C.; Sampietro, M. L.; Gilbert, M. T. P.; Castri, L.; Facchini, F.; Pettener, D.; Bertranpetit, J. (2004).

9184: 1183: 822: 145: 1620:

declined, finally collapsing in the middle of the 7th century, it was against Avar rule that the Bulgars, recorded as

10107: 9464: 9409: 9163: 9139: 9106: 9085: 9058: 9012: 8991: 8965: 8944: 8923: 8902: 8868: 8840: 8808: 8784: 8746: 8169: 7373: 7338: 7311: 7284: 7153: 6843: 6767: 6740: 6689: 6379: 6165: 6120: 5570: 5148: 5051: 4644: 4172: 4130: 3813:

From the 6th to 8th centuries, distinctive Bulgar monuments of the Sivashovka type were built upon ruins of the late

1751: 928: 796: 9520: 9509: 4259: 4221: 1665:

Subsequent events proved Old Great Bulgaria to be only a loose tribal union, as there emerged a rivalry between the

1201:

Julian. In 499, crossed Danube and reached Thrace where on the banks of the river Tzurta (considered a tributary of

9526: 3738: 3436: 2925: 2388:

were the lesser class of the nobility, probably a military class which also participated in the council. The title

1750:

as the official religion. They preserved their national identity well into the 13th century by repelling the first

854: 9070:"Bulgars in the Lower Danube region: A survey of the archaeological evidence and of the state of current research" 4264: 4226: 1843:

In the Balkans they merged with the Slavs and other autochthonous Romance and Greek speaking population, like the

120:

The Bulgars became semi-sedentary during the 7th century in the Pontic-Caspian steppe, establishing the polity of

11651: 11621: 10622: 5555:"New remarks on the flow of Byzantine coins in Avaria and Walachia during the second half of the seventh century" 3439:). The language became extinct in Danubian Bulgaria in the ninth century as the Bulgar nobility became gradually 2028:

held many raids into their territory, and so weakened were eventually conquered in 1018 by the Byzantine Empire.

1616:

The Turk rule weakened sometime after 600, allowing the Avars to reestablish the control over the region. As the

265:, with phonologically similar names, who were frequently described in similar terms: during the 4th century, the 89:, the Bulgar tribes absorbed other tribal groups and cultural influences in a process of ethnogenesis, including 8364:"Y-chromosome haplogroups from Hun, Avar and conquering Hungarian period nomadic people of the Carpathian Basin" 11661: 9839: 9541: 9230:"Avar Blitzkrieg, Slavic and Bulgar raiders, and Roman special ops: mobile warriors in the 6th-century Balkans" 9037: 7443: 4001: 1499: 1261: 1056: 773: 709: 133: 8102:

Schmitt, Rüdiger (1985). "Iranica Protobulgarica: Asparuch und Konsorten im Lichte der Iranischen Onomastik".

3870:. According to Hungarian archeogenetist Neparáczki Endre: "From all recent and archaic populations tested the 3773: 10072: 9944: 8755: 5869: 2298:(high, glorious); "bright, luminous, heavenly"; and more recently "(ruler) from God", from the Indo-European 2402:(hero) and was a high military rank. The Bulgarian military commander who was defeated by the Croats in the 197:

is not completely understood and difficult to trace back earlier than the 4th century AD. Since the work of

11157: 10336: 10249: 9954: 9875: 9865: 9799: 4980: 4636:

Siege Warfare and Military Organization in the Successor States (400–800 AD): Byzantium, the West and Islam

4043: 2750:

temples of fire and the Kuban Bulgar centre, Humarin citadel, situated 11 km to the north of the town

2116:

the distinction between titles which represented offices and mere ornamental dignities was somewhat vague.

1965:

The First Bulgarian Empire (681–1018) had a significant political influence in the Balkans. In the time of

921: 900: 883: 846: 768: 644: 571: 384: 3986:, are said to be descended from the Volga Bulgars, and there may have been ethnogenetic influences on the 3562: 1773:, "yard")... The people having been divided and scattered, the tribe of the Khazars, from within Berulia ( 1723:

by Byzantine and Rus sources, and became Khazar vassals. The Bulgars led by Kotrag migrated to the middle

486:

Among many other theories regarding the etymology of Bulgar, the following have also had limited support.

9973: 9870: 6732: 1575: 838: 4075: 3412:

language. The custom of stone engravings are considered to have Iranic, Turkic and Roman parallels. The

1662:

dwelling from one another, so that by being in concordance with one another, their power might thrive".

11223: 10030: 9885: 9816: 9804: 8860: 2155: 2068:

When the Bulgars arrived in the Balkans their first generations probably still lived a nomadic life in

878: 760: 717: 491: 4180:

retained many of the customs, military tactics, titles and emblems of a nomadic people of the steppes.

2945:

much later in their history. After converting to Islam, some of these inscriptions were written using

2746:. Dimitrov cited the work by V.A. Kuznetsov, who considered the resemblance between the layout of the 1158:

The defeated Bulgars then became subjects of the Lombards and later migrated in Italy with their king

609: 228: 11636: 10259: 10025: 9534: 8794: 1102: 957: 956:

steppes. Interaction with the Hunnic tribes, causing the migration, may have occurred there, but the

691: 144:, where the Bulgars became a political and military elite. They merged subsequently with established 63: 7559: 7505: 7454:(4). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Ukrainian Research Institute, Harvard University: 430. Archived from 11626: 11555: 11514: 10682: 10020: 9939: 9880: 9789: 9470: 3958:, and Sarmatized Turks or Turkicized Sarmatians of the post-Hunnic graves in the Ukrainian steppe. 2929:

had a twelve-year animal cycle, similar to the one adopted by Turkic and Mongolic peoples from the

2742:), making a religious syncretism between the principal Turkic deity Tengri and the Iranian sun god 2606:, kindred to the Bulgars, made the acceptance of Islam more natural and easier in Volga Bulgaria: 1617: 1511: 683: 617: 6371:

Post-Roman Towns, Trade and Settlement in Europe and Byzantium: Byzantium, Pliska, and the Balkans

3789: 11656: 10722: 10647: 10411: 10404: 10329: 10254: 10097: 10082: 9853: 9848: 9779: 9626: 9565: 9487: 9029: 8882: 8732: 3724:

Among Bulgarian academics, notably Petar Dobrev, a hypothesis linking the Bulgar language to the

2463:), a rank title, is cited in two inscriptions, and it derives from the Turkish term for a guide, 2117: 1839:

The Bulgar migrations and settlements after the decline of Old Great Bulgaria in the 7th century.

1835: 1328: 1253: 1138: 675: 11545: 10264: 10189: 10137: 9934: 9620: 9561: 9243:"Unravelling migrations in the steppe: Mitochondrial DNA sequences from ancient Central Asians" 5698:"The migration of the Unogundur-Bulgars of Asparukh from the lands of Azov to the Lower Danube" 3750: 2732: 1793: 1698: 1142:(8th century) says that at the beginning of the 5th century in the North-Western slopes of the 948:

The origin of the early Bulgars is still unclear. Their homeland is believed to be situated in

788: 636: 141: 9207: 8526:"ЯВЛЕНИЕ ИССКУСТВЕННОЙ ДЕФОРМАЦИИ ЧЕРЕПА У ПРОТОБОЛГАР. ПРОИСХОЖДЕНИЕ И ЗНАЧЕНИЕ. (окончание)" 7725:"Закиев М. З. Лингвоэтнические особенности волжских булгар — главного этнического корня татар" 7274: 11201: 10496: 10194: 10102: 9978: 9194: 9149: 8818: 8724: 7492: 7328: 7301: 1583: 1171: 983:-Bulgars. These conclusions remain a topic of ongoing debate and controversy among scholars. 367:

and Bulgar were linked by later Byzantine sources for reasons that are unclear.Tekin derived

232: 4254: 3716:

Golden argued that Bulgar Turkic almost disappeared with the transition to Christianity and

1981:(768–777) managed to establish a pacific policy with Byzantium, and restore imperial power. 1020:

tribes are mentioned as being in the North Caucasian-Kuban steppes. An obscure reference to

336:, which comprises several historical events of different age into one story, three mythical 297:

Another theory linking the Bulgars to a Turkic people of Inner Asia has been put forward by

11540: 10877: 10501: 10381: 10209: 10147: 9993: 9755: 9730: 9645: 9297: 9050:

The Voices of Medieval Bulgaria, Seventh-Fifteenth Century: The Records of a Bygone Culture

8594: 8593:

Mikheyev, Alexander (2019). "Diverse genetic origins of medieval steppe nomad conquerors".

8449: 8441: 8375: 4158: 2845: 2704: 2692: 2688: 2626:...gold". An Ottoman manuscript recorded that the name of God, in Bulgarian, was "Tängri". 2614:

Another mention of Tengri is on the severely damaged Greek inscription found on a presumed

2005: 1895: 1758: 730: 649: 511: 410:

There also appears to be an etymological association between the Bulgars and the preceding

129: 44: 9504: 7775: 2728: 1973:

to regain his throne, and 717–718 defeating the Arabs during the siege of Constantinople.

1912:

Khan Krum feasts with the skull cup of Nicephorus after the victory at the Varbitsa Pass,

1296:(551), the Pontic steppe beyond the Acatziri, above the Pontic Sea, as the habitat of the 1059:. The first migration is mentioned in the association with the campaign of Armenian ruler 994:. Anachronistic references about them can also be found in the 7th-century geography work 8: 11404: 10692: 10427: 10132: 10092: 10008: 9919: 9784: 9760: 9750: 9745: 8832: 7776:"Proto-Turkic/History of Proto-Turkic language – Wikibooks, open books for an open world" 7444:""The Hunnic Language of the Attila Clan" (pages 428, ..., 476), author: Omeljan Pritsak" 4028: 3931: 3854: 2849: 2816:

Answers to the Questions of the King of the Burgar addressed to him about Islam and Unity

2662: 2533: 2270: 2254: 2250: 2211: 2013: 2001: 1978: 1852: 1654: 1547: 1210: 1179: 1034: 814: 780: 735: 580: 94: 9301: 8800:

The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century

8445: 8379: 7124:

Mako, Gerald (2011). "The Islamization of the Volga Bulghars: A Question Reconsidered".

3776:, depicts a warrior with his captive. Experts cannot agree if this warrior represents a 2521:

Very little is known about the religion of the Bulgars, but it is believed to have been

11085: 10887: 10797: 10697: 10219: 10035: 9988: 9949: 9834: 9765: 9735: 9668: 9608: 9515: 9380: 9364: 9320: 9285: 9267: 9242: 8980: 8777:

Who Gets the Past?: Competition for Ancestors Among Non-Russian Intellectuals in Russia

8667: 8642: 8575: 8474: 8429: 8404: 8363: 8341: 8296: 7989: 7547: 7421: 7068: 6287: 6234: 5709: 5640: 5491: 5111: 4974: 4797: 4761: 4416: 3967: 3935: 3574: 3397: 2548:

It is traditionally assumed that the God in question was the Turkic supreme sky deity,

1966: 1931: 1637: 1603: 1324:

skin trade. In the Middle Ages, marten skin was used as a substitute for minted money.

1257: 1043: 699: 657: 628: 345: 333: 121: 8057: 1703: 1608: 463:

He noted, however, an implication that the Kutrigurs and Utigurs were related to the

282:" groups in Ancient China, were portrayed as both a "mixed race" and "troublemakers". 11243: 11142: 10603: 10461: 10077: 9998: 9983: 9968: 9704: 9460: 9456:

The Bulgars and the Steppe Empire in the Early Middle Ages: The Problem of the Others

9438: 9430: 9405: 9325: 9272: 9180: 9159: 9135: 9102: 9081: 9054: 9033: 9008: 8987: 8961: 8940: 8919: 8898: 8891: 8864: 8836: 8804: 8780: 8742: 8567: 8563: 8525: 8479: 8409: 8391: 8165: 7993: 7981: 7683: 7625: 7600: 7526: 7413: 7369: 7334: 7307: 7280: 7247: 7149: 6839: 6763: 6736: 6722: 6685: 6375: 6291: 6161: 6116: 5566: 5144: 5047: 4960: 4640: 4168: 4126: 3725: 3409: 3393: 2950: 2880: 2819: 2794: 2727:

the dead on west–east axis. The only example of a mixed Bulgar-Slavic cemetery is in

2575: 2094: 1974: 1612:

The migration of the Bulgars after the fall of Old Great Bulgaria in the 7th century.

1555: 1260:

army. In 539, two Hunnic "kinglets" defeated two Roman generals during the raid into

1194: 1048: 1001: 527: 283: 198: 75: 10230: 9556: 8631:"The Proto-Bulgarians north of the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov in the VIII–IX cc." 8579: 8207: 7828: 1934:. The fifth brother, reported by Nikephoros I and Theophanes, "settling in the five 11616: 11550: 11196: 11043: 10912: 10844: 10773: 10717: 10702: 10687: 10672: 10642: 10632: 10608: 10544: 10451: 10244: 10152: 10127: 10003: 9924: 9639: 9315: 9305: 9262: 9254: 8559: 8469: 8459: 8399: 8383: 8024: 7971: 7814: 7724: 7592: 7361: 6279: 4038: 3859: 3818: 3401: 2930: 2873: 2865: 2770: 2700: 2642: 2599: 1890: 1864: 1739: 1214: 1198: 1163: 744: 725: 667: 601: 545: 322: 102: 9829: 9426: 8716: 7959: 2761:

Kuznecov also found a connection in the plan of the Danube Bulgars sanctuaries at

1906: 1590:. All the forms show the phonetic changes typical of later Oğuric (prothetic v-). 1225:

recorded that in the battle was captured Bulgar warlord. In 535, magister militum

11560: 11167: 11078: 10917: 10897: 10802: 10792: 10778: 10707: 10667: 10662: 10627: 10528: 10482: 10456: 10298: 10269: 10142: 10087: 9909: 9310: 9174: 9129: 9112: 9069: 9048: 9023: 9002: 8955: 8934: 8913: 8854: 8798: 8772: 8736: 8712: 8464: 8159: 7815:"Лингвоэтнические особенности волжских булгар — главного этнического корня татар" 7393: 7234: 7210: 7143: 6833: 6757: 6726: 6679: 6369: 6155: 5697: 5554: 5138: 4954: 4634: 4162: 4120: 4033: 4023: 4018: 4013: 3951: 3947: 3798: 3781: 3733: 3729: 3432: 3417: 3405: 2946: 2920: 2884: 2869: 2861: 2857: 2835: 2785: 2781: 2703:

reported the worship of fire and water by the Bulgars, while in the 11th century

2680: 2398:, is found in several instances within the inscriptions. It derives from Turkish 2151:

is not mentioned on inscriptions, but is related to the legates and ambassadors.

2113: 2044:, an example of Bulgar art in Bulgaria, dated to the beginning of the 8th century 1825: 1587: 1521: 1447: 1381: 1281: 1206: 1133: 1118: 1079: 911: 279: 110: 106: 90: 86: 71: 24: 9658: 8630: 8329: 8284: 8187: 4785: 4749: 4004:

on the issue of renaming the Tatars into Bulgars, but in 2010 he lost in court.

2105: 1954:. These Bulgars preserved their speech and identity until the late 8th century. 1109:, in 463 the representatives of Šarağur, Oğur and Onoğur came to the Emperor in 554: 391:, meaning "kinship or being akin to". The terms initially were not the same, as 11596: 11479: 11228: 10983: 10907: 10849: 10768: 10712: 10677: 10652: 10637: 10568: 10395: 10360: 10352: 10310: 9794: 9698: 8878: 8850: 8387: 8155: 7139: 7056: 5628: 5479: 5134: 4000:

The President of the Bulgar National Congress, Gusman Khalilov appealed to the

3983: 3883: 3826: 3768: 3746: 3745:

Other Bulgarian scholars actively oppose the "Iranic hypothesis". According to

3389: 3381: 2840: 2766: 2755: 2747: 2743: 2650: 2634: 2291: 2235: 2162:

at Constantinople in 869–870. They were mentioned as Stasis, Cerbula, Sundica (

2097: 2017: 1728: 1694: 1245: 1230: 1167: 1110: 996: 987: 953: 559: 518:

a reconstructed but unattested early Turkic term meaning "five oğhur", such as

272: 180: 168: 56: 11365: 10763: 9354: 8599: 8111: 7222: 4444: 3878:

found in the Zlivka necropolis near the village of Ilichevki, the district of

3837:

since the 8th century were destroyed by the Pechengs during the 10th century.

3566: 11610: 11524: 11329: 11299: 11233: 11172: 11064: 11057: 11004: 10892: 10882: 10657: 10477: 10204: 9442: 9286:"Y-Chromosome Diversity in Modern Bulgarians: New Clues about Their Ancestry" 8395: 7985: 7714:

Unpublished Volga Bulgarian inscriptions A. H. Khalikov and J. G. Muhametshin

7417: 7189: 6675: 6671: 3717: 3440: 2789: 1996:(803–814), the Empire doubled its size, including new lands in Macedonia and 1276: 456: 247: 125: 9368: 6283: 3424:

tradition, but its actual masonry tradition and cultural source is unknown.

2665:

origin who lived in their vicinity, with some elements borrowed from Islam.

1530:. This association was previously mirrored in Armenian sources, such as the 1121:. This tangle of events indicates that the Oğuric tribes are related to the 55:(also Bulghars, Bulgari, Bolgars, Bolghars, Bolgari, Proto-Bulgarians) were 11572: 11439: 11424: 11238: 11177: 11147: 11111: 11071: 10935: 10807: 10784: 10552: 10488: 10375: 10184: 9329: 9276: 9258: 9225: 9073: 8975: 8571: 8483: 8413: 6238: 5558: 4554: 3975: 3871: 3867: 3822: 3413: 2823: 2800: 2751: 2594:

Ravil Bukharaev believed that such an autocratic and monotheistic religion—

2314: 2184: 2041: 1970: 1927: 1886: 1813: 1674: 1222: 1126: 1114: 1083: 965: 314: 251: 236: 202: 172: 79: 67: 37: 8957:

Cumans and Tatars: Oriental Military in the Pre-Ottoman Balkans, 1185–1365

8936:

In Search of the Lost Tribe: The Origins and Making of the Croatian Nation

8503: 7586: 7365: 4552: 4550: 4548: 4546: 4544: 4542: 4540: 4538: 4536: 4534: 1284:. Such large distances covered in short time indicate they were horsemen. 211:("to stir", "to mix"; "to become mixed"), which with the consonant suffix 11576: 11459: 11454: 11398: 10902: 10818: 10745: 10614: 10595: 10418: 9603: 8886: 8203: 8190:

Quest for a Suitable Past: Myths and Memory in Central and Eastern Europe

7976: 7596: 3895: 2658: 2603: 2587: 2529: 2362:

boilas. In the 10th century, there were three classes of boyars: the six

2101: 2036: 1490:

ethnonym could be due to the dialect differentiations in their language.

1467: 1309: 1218: 1143: 830: 752: 227:

as the verb form "mixing" (i.e. rather than the adjective "mixed"). Both

220: 164: 149: 9206:, Turkish and Middle Eastern Studies, Rutgers University, archived from 8512:

Anthropology of the Ancient and Middle Age Populations of Eastern Europe

8285:"Pit graves, artificial skull deformation, Sarmatians, Northern Bactria" 7845:

Décsy - The Turkic Protolanguage - A Computational Reconstruction (1998)

7624:. Collected studies series. Aldershot, Hampshire: Ashgate. p. 336. 7425: 7397: 6508: 2797:

were inspired by the Byzantine architecture is considered indisputable.

1875: 1524:(mid-10th century) remarked that the Bulğars formerly called themselves 193: 78:, but some researchers believe that their ethnic roots can be traced to 32: 11259: 10506: 10274: 10122: 9078:

The Other Europe in the Middle Ages: Avars, Bulgars, Khazars and Cumans

8686: 8161:

Developing Cultural Identity in the Balkans: Convergence Vs. Divergence

8046:Добрев, Петър, 1995. "Езикът на Аспаруховите и Куберовите българи" 1995 7659: 7248:"A Volga Bulgarian Classifier: A Historical and Areal Linguistic Study" 7145:

Developing Cultural Identity in the Balkans: Convergence Vs. Divergence

6151: 5563:

The Other Europe in the Middle Ages: Avars, Bulgars, Khazars and Cumans

4531: 3987: 3955: 3943: 3915: 3814: 2724: 2685:

used to practice enchantments and jests and charms and certain auguries

2654: 2595: 2522: 2407: 2279: 2245: 2190: 2050: 1938:

cities became a subject of the Romans". This brother is believed to be

1859:

were re-settled from the pass of Beregaba or Veregava, most likely the

1774: 1221:(527–565) in 530, and managed to kill 5,000 Bulgars plundering Thrace. 1075: 991: 949: 480: 318: 267: 262: 171:; they preserved their identity well into the 13th century. The modern 157: 153: 20: 11444: 10588: 8507:

Antropologiya antichnovo i srednevekovo naseleniya Vostochno i Yevropy

7800: 7749: 4125:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 58–59, 150–155, 168, 204, 243. 3797:

organization proved as stable and as flexible as necessary, while the

2629: 1969:(700–721) the Bulgars helped Byzantines two times, in 705 the Emperor 364: 11474: 11464: 11411: 11378: 11264: 11050: 11012: 10993: 10973: 10948: 10854: 10388: 10214: 10049: 8828: 5067: 5065: 5063: 3991: 3971: 3887: 3428: 2676: 2489: 2427:

There are several title associations with uncertain meaning, such as

2090: 2073: 2058: 2021: 1860: 1856: 1844: 1829: 1817: 1682: 1629: 1563: 1300:, "whom the evils of our sins have made famous". In this region, the 1241: 1098: 973: 961: 476: 341: 337: 9229: 8822: 8118: 7481: 7455: 4289: 4287: 4285: 3890:

admixtures but with Bulgar males being more Mongoloid than females.

2487:

probably represented a high military rank, similar to the Byzantine

2274: 1707:

Map of the Bulgar necropolises on the Lower Danube (8–9 century AD.)

1486:

location is unclear. Dimitrov theorized that the differences in the

11584: 11429: 11373: 11359: 11344: 11319: 11309: 11279: 10968: 10955: 10941: 10522: 10239: 9153: 8766:] (in Russian). Vol. 2. Moscow: Sovetskaya Entsiklopediya. 8454: 5862:

Bulgarian Art and Culture: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives

5231: 3979: 3903: 3788:

Due to the lack of definitive evidence, modern scholarship uses an

3388:

characters, most commonly in Greek or Graeco-Bulgar, others in the

3385: 2739: 2672: 2671:

was closely connected with the old clan system, and the remains of

2668: 2638: 2622:

Omurtag, ruler from god...was...and made sacrifice to god Tangra...

2571: 2537: 2390: 2323: 1957: 1942:, who after a stay in Avar territory left and settled in Italy, in 1712: 1636:

in 619, Kubrat had been baptized in Constantinople. He founded the

1439: 1393: 1287: 1237: 1151: 1122: 1064: 1060: 1052: 591: 464: 411: 246:, if the "mixed" etymology relied on the westward migration of the 176: 5060: 4360: 4358: 2469: 2214:, refer to the Bulgarian rulers respectively with the Greek title 1113:, and explained they had been driven out of their homeland by the 11519: 11469: 11419: 11393: 11388: 11349: 11339: 11294: 11274: 11191: 11137: 11100: 11095: 10988: 10978: 10963: 10812: 10581: 10535: 10446: 10321: 9680: 7057:"The Proto-Bulgarians east of the Sea of Azov in the VIII–IX cc." 6247:] (in Bulgarian), Sofia: Izd. na Otech. front, pp. 33–34 5677: 4604: 4602: 4600: 4299: 4282: 3994: 3923: 3911: 3907: 3879: 3777: 2807: 2483: 2085: 2054: 1951: 1935: 1809: 1732: 1666: 1526: 1479: 1429: 1417: 1401: 1353: 1340: 1202: 1187: 1106: 977: 353: 291: 9234:

Eurasia in the Middle Ages. Studies in Honour of Peter B. Golden

4706: 4704: 4402: 4400: 4345: 4343: 4341: 4339: 4337: 4335: 4333: 4331: 4329: 4316: 4314: 4185: 3857:

was the first Bulgar ruler known to have claimed divine origin,

3443:

after the Old Bulgarian tongue was declared as official in 893.

2243:

There are several possible interpretations for the ruler title,

1166:

grew to 30,000-men strong, it was felt as a menace to Byzantine

1105:

as the result of migrations set off in Inner Asia. According to

356:, which would be later inhabited by the Bulgars and the Pugurs ( 215:

implies a noun meaning "mixed". Other scholars have added that

163:

The remaining Pontic Bulgars migrated in the 7th century to the

11494: 11484: 11434: 11383: 11334: 11324: 11304: 11284: 11269: 11183: 11119: 11105: 11037: 11022: 11017: 10998: 10826: 10740: 9686: 9674: 9158:. Editura Academiei Române; Editura Istros a Muzeului Brăilei. 8856:

An Ethnohistorical Dictionary of the Russian and Soviet Empires

8655: 6912: 6806: 6620: 6454: 6029: 6017: 4387: 4385: 4355: 3927: 3899: 3834: 3742:

list, for example, were established as being of Iranic origin.

3421: 2934: 2774: 2762: 2583: 2549: 2335: 2216: 2206: 2025: 1947: 1943: 1848: 1821: 1786: 1743: 1716: 1633: 1625: 1503: 1365: 1321: 1292: 1265: 1226: 1175: 1159: 1068: 435: 137: 114: 5653: 5591: 5296: 5255: 5243: 4934: 4597: 4077:

The Proto-Bulgarians: Pre-history of Asparouhian Bulgaria text

2330: 1792:

This migration and the foundation of the Danube Bulgaria (the

11592: 11489: 11449: 11354: 11314: 11032: 11027: 10859: 10574: 9710: 9692: 6852: 5665: 4701: 4397: 4326: 4311: 3919: 3830: 3561:

Unlike Volga Bulgarian and Chuvash, d'ization is seen in the

2811: 2804: 2615: 2350: 2344: 2304: 2265:

are "lord of the army", from the reconstructed Turkic phrase

2222: 2195: 1984: 1939: 1923: 1801: 1747: 1724: 1719:

remained in the Pontic steppe zone, where they were known as

1632:(610–641) against the Sasanian–Avar alliance. With his uncle 1272: 1074:

The second migration took place during the time of the ruler

1025: 349: 235:

initially advocated the "mixed race" theory, but later, like

59: 9634:

De facto independent Bulgarian states from the Second Empire

7884: 6586: 6584: 5104:

History of the Lombards: Translated by William Dudley Foulke

4987: 4382: 4055: 3817:

culture of the 2nd to 4th centuries AD, and the 6th century

2574:

apparently engaged various shamanic practices. According to

1727:

region during the 7th and 9th centuries, where they founded

1248:, in which Ennodius referred to a captured Bulgar horse as " 11588: 11580: 9740: 9155:

Studies on the Peoples and Cultures of the Eurasian Steppes

8738:

The World of the Huns: Studies in Their History and Culture

8610: 8426: 7859: 7857: 7855: 6986: 6984: 6971: 6969: 6967: 6965: 6963: 6900: 6781: 6779: 6651: 6649: 6647: 6596: 6471: 6469: 6432: 6430: 6428: 6426: 6424: 6422: 6420: 6418: 6393: 6391: 6348: 6346: 6344: 6342: 6174: 6075: 6073: 6071: 6058: 6056: 6007: 6005: 6003: 6001: 5999: 5997: 5970: 5011: 3849: 2793:

Mongolia. However, that the Bulgar residence in Pliska and

2720: 2579: 2228: 2069: 1993: 1882: 1797: 1029: 980: 969: 549: 98: 40: 8360: 8245: 7005: 7003: 7001: 6999: 6796: 6794: 6571: 6569: 5821: 5770: 5579: 5419: 2135:

is considered to be related to the royal court. The title

9375:(in Bulgarian). Sofia: Издателство на Отечествения фронт. 8853:; Pappas, Lee Brigance; Pappas, Nicholas Charles (1994). 8188:

Cristian Emilian Ghita, Claudia Florentina Dobre (2016).

7941: 7939: 7937: 7874: 7872: 7566: 6581: 6556: 6554: 6552: 6550: 6548: 6546: 6544: 6542: 6540: 6538: 6481: 6198: 5936: 5934: 5932: 5930: 5842: 5840: 5838: 5836: 5760: 5758: 5756: 5754: 5603: 5511: 5509: 5507: 5454: 5380: 4665: 4507: 4462: 4139: 2493:, of the military governor of a province. The variations 8877: 8223: 8221: 7852: 6981: 6960: 6948: 6936: 6924: 6776: 6644: 6632: 6525: 6523: 6466: 6415: 6403: 6388: 6339: 6329: 6327: 6251: 6217: 6215: 6213: 6097: 6085: 6068: 6053: 6041: 5994: 5982: 5729: 5727: 5725: 5536: 5534: 5532: 5530: 5528: 5526: 5524: 5444: 5442: 5440: 5438: 5436: 5434: 5409: 5407: 5358: 5356: 5354: 5352: 5350: 4910: 4898: 4819: 4817: 4815: 4813: 4575: 4573: 4571: 4569: 4567: 4558: 4481: 4479: 4477: 3447:

Terms borrowed from Danube Bulgar by Old Church Slavonic

2773:. The architectural similarities include two squares of 2131:

Although it was not recorded on inscriptions, the title

1961:

Trade routes of the Black Sea region, 8th–11th centuries

290:

in the Chinese sources were recorded as remnants of the

70:

between the 5th and 7th centuries. They became known as

9247:

Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

8330:"The Proto-Bulgarians in the Crimea in the VIII–IX cc." 7276:

The Uralic language family: facts, myths and statistics

7093: 7027: 7015: 6996: 6791: 6566: 6498: 6496: 6314: 6312: 6186: 5958: 5946: 5891: 5799: 5797: 5313: 5311: 5188: 5023: 4999: 4876: 4874: 4872: 4847: 4845: 4095: 4093: 4091: 4089: 4087: 2888:

Scholars generally consider Hunnish as unclassifiable.

2374:

boilas, while in the mid-9th century there were twelve

558:

A 1926 painting depicting Kubrat (in center), ruler of

340:

brothers set out on a journey from the mountain Imaon (

8705:

An Etymological dictionary of Pre-13th Century Turkish

8309: 8257: 8233: 8074:Димитров, Божидар, 2005. 12 мита в българската история 8012: 7934: 7869: 7682:. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi. pp. 30–38. 7105: 6888: 6608: 6535: 5927: 5903: 5833: 5751: 5504: 5286: 5284: 5282: 5267: 5209: 5207: 5205: 5203: 5166: 5164: 5162: 5160: 4632: 4585: 4370: 2933:, with animal names and numbers deciphered as Turkic. 2679:

were preserved even after the crossing of Danube. The

1244:

identified the Bulgars with the Huns in a 6th-century

1094:, and could confirm the Bulgar settlement of Armenia. 494:

root meaning "combative" (i.e. cognate with the Latin

8849: 8673: 8218: 7081: 6864: 6520: 6442: 6324: 6297: 6210: 5915: 5809: 5739: 5722: 5629:"The Proto-Bulgarians and the Saltovo-Majack culture" 5521: 5431: 5404: 5392: 5368: 5347: 5323: 4922: 4886: 4810: 4689: 4677: 4653: 4564: 4474: 1820:. They re-settled in North-Eastern Bulgaria, between 9404:] (in Bulgarian). Sofia: Ivan Vazov Publishers. 8210:, in Lester K. Little; Barbara H. Rosenwein (eds.), 8208:"Conceptions of Ethnicity in Early Medieval Studies" 6876: 6493: 6309: 5794: 5335: 5308: 4869: 4857: 4842: 4084: 3380:

Danubian Bulgar inscriptions were written mostly in

9337:Zimonyi, István (1990). Klára Szõnyi-Sándor (ed.). 9240: 8504:Gerasimova M.M.; Rud' N.M.; Yablonsky L.T. (1987). 8000: 7960:"Turkic lexical elements in the Bulgarian language" 7957: 7705:

A Volga Bulgarıan Inscription From 1307 A. Róna-tas

7482:"Proto-Bulgarian/Danube Bulgar/Hunno-Bulgar Bekven" 5279: 5219: 5200: 5176: 5157: 3970:there is some "rivalry for the Bulgar legacy" (see 2618:stone near Madara, tentatively deciphered as "Khan 2239:

Reconstruction of the medieval landscape of Preslav

9420: 9283: 8979: 8893:Late Antiquity: A Guide to the Postclassical World 8890: 8030: 7591:. Central European University Press. p. 208. 6684:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 315, 331. 5782: 4750:"Bulgars, Unogundurs, Onogurs, Utigurs, Kutrigurs" 4614: 4519: 4197: 3569:argues that this sound corresponds to the initial 2810:in 865 as a state religion. There was interest in 1812:, secured to the West and North by Danube and its 1320:(believed to be the Onoğurs) were notable for the 1252:". In 505, the alleged 10,000 Hun horsemen in the 294:confederation, and had strong Caucasian elements. 219:might also imply "stir", "disturb", "confuse" and 9131:East Central Europe in the Middle Ages, 1000–1500 8635:Prabylgarite po severnoto i zapadnoto Chernomorie 8334:Prabylgarite po severnoto i zapadnoto Chernomorie 8289:Prabylgarite po severnoto i zapadnoto Chernomorie 7930:(in Turkish). Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi. 7644:New Volga Bulgarian Inscriptions F. S. Hakimjanov 7061:Prabylgarite po severnoto i zapadnoto Chernomorie 5702:Prabylgarite po severnoto i zapadnoto Chernomorie 5633:Prabylgarite po severnoto i zapadnoto Chernomorie 5484:Prabylgarite po severnoto i zapadnoto Chernomorie 4959:. 2013: Cambridge University Press. p. 123. 4790:Prabylgarite po severnoto i zapadnoto Chernomorie 4754:Prabylgarite po severnoto i zapadnoto Chernomorie 3749:, the Iranian theory is rooted in the periods of 3332:-ruvı/rüvi (<*-dugı), -tuvı/tüvi (<*-tugı) 2501:are considered to be officers at the head of the 2342:Members of the upper social class bore the title 1051:speaks about two migrations of the Bulgars, from 183:claim to have originated from the Volga Bulgars. 11608: 9359:(in Bulgarian). Sofia: Nauka i Izkustvo, Vekove. 8982:Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500–1250 7958:Khayrullina-Valieva, Albina G. (31 March 2020). 6160:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 334–335. 2016:(927–969) their power declined. The Hungarians, 1681:tribes, which some scholars associated with the 375:. Generally, modern scholars consider the terms 201:(1873), it is generally said to be derived from 9385:"Proto-Bulgarian Epigraphic Monuments (images)" 9236:. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz. pp. 69–89. 8731: 8661: 8124: 7186:Studia Protobulgarica et Mediaevalia Europensia 6918: 6670: 6626: 6035: 6023: 5302: 5261: 5249: 5237: 5143:. University of California Press. p. 276. 5071: 4940: 4608: 4502:Etymological Dictionary of the Altaic Languages 3708:Preslav. According to linguist and academician 1624:, reappeared. They revolted under their leader 156:, thus becoming one of the ancestors of modern 9646:Despotate of Dobruja (Principality of Karvuna) 9000: 8499: 8497: 8495: 8493: 8062:TEMPORA INCOGNITA НА РАННАТА БЪЛГАРСКА ИСТОРИЯ 7588:Hungarians and Europe in the Early Middle Ages 6240:Прабългарската обществена и държавна структура 5683: 5671: 4349: 4320: 4305: 4293: 4061: 2872:and the solitary survivor of these languages, 2204:) was also common in Bulgar inscriptions. The 2182:). The ruler title in Bulgar inscriptions was 1746:, and the third Bulgar". In 922 they accepted 1566:(10th century) and Hungarian name for Belgrad 1178:, according to Paul the Deacon. However, when 140:, and established the Danubian Bulgaria – the 10337: 9542: 8212:Debating the Middle Ages: Issues and Readings 7904:"Photios and the Bulgar Language (τῶγα, tuğ)" 7353: 5133: 4249: 4247: 1808:where Bulgars settled is considered northern 1628:(c. 635), who seems to have been prepared by 1182:with Ostrogoths parted for Italy in 489, the 929: 9391:(in Bulgarian). Sofia: Izd. na Otech. front. 9176:Multicultural China in the Early Middle Ages 8696: 7841: 7050: 7048: 7046: 7044: 7042: 5046:(in German). Stuttgart: Theiss. p. 14. 4406: 4118: 3844: 2249:, mentioned in six inscriptions by the Khan 479:these were Hunnish tribal unions, of partly 10165:Architecture of the Tarnovo Artistic School 9232:. In Zimonyi István; Osman Karatay (eds.). 8770: 8628: 8490: 8327: 8282: 7679:Volga Bulgar kitabeleri ve Volga Bulgarcası 7354:Johanson, Lars; Csató, Éva Á, eds. (2021). 7272: 7054: 6858: 6363: 6361: 5695: 5626: 5477: 5044:Die Langobarden. Archäologie und Geschichte 4783: 4747: 4391: 4167:. Cambridge University Press. p. 229. 4157: 3713:period was recorded since the 9th century. 124:c. 630–635, which was defeated by the 85:During their westward migration across the 10344: 10330: 9549: 9535: 9379: 9363: 8647:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 8346:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 8301:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 8278: 8276: 8274: 8272: 7330:Studies in Turkic and Mongolic linguistics 7175: 7173: 7171: 7169: 7167: 7165: 7073:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 6721: 6717: 6715: 6713: 6711: 6709: 6707: 6705: 6703: 6701: 6666: 6664: 6245:Proto-Bulgarian public and state structure 6233: 5714:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 5645:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 5622: 5620: 5618: 5496:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 5129: 5127: 5116:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4802:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4779: 4777: 4766:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4743: 4741: 4739: 4504:(2003). Leiden: Brill Academic Publishers. 4421:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4244: 4073: 2641:period has seven fingers representing the 1041:According to D. Dimitrov, the 5th-century 936: 922: 9319: 9309: 9266: 9094: 8616: 8598: 8473: 8463: 8453: 8403: 7975: 7890: 7863: 7039: 6990: 6975: 6954: 6942: 6930: 6906: 6831: 6827: 6825: 6823: 6821: 6812: 6785: 6759:Khazaria in the Ninth and Tenth Centuries 6655: 6602: 6409: 6397: 6352: 6257: 6103: 6047: 5988: 5976: 4737: 4735: 4733: 4731: 4729: 4727: 4725: 4723: 4721: 4719: 4209: 4191: 3336:كُوَجڔوُي (küveč-rüvi), بلطُوى (bal-tuvı) 2410:, which is actually a title comprised by 2008:(893–927) is considered as the Bulgarian 1155:bolder in undertaking the toils of war." 475:; "white oğhurs"), and that according to 9452: 9001:Waldman, Carl; Mason, Catherine (2006). 8711: 8592: 8558:(5). Blackwell Publishing Ltd: 375–392. 8543: 8055: 7919: 7917: 7915: 7584: 7525:. Oxford University Press. p. 448. 7518: 7441: 7398:"The Hunnic Language of the Attila Clan" 7245: 6436: 6358: 6269: 6146: 6144: 6142: 6140: 6138: 6136: 6134: 6132: 6130: 6128: 6091: 6079: 6062: 6011: 5473: 5471: 5469: 4786:"Sabirs, Barsils, Belendzheris, Khazars" 3848: 3767: 2895:Military and hierarchical terms such as 2839: 2628: 2329: 2317:noted the resemblance in the use of the 2234: 2084: 2035: 1983: 1956: 1834: 1702: 1688: 1607: 781:Establishment of the Bulgarian Exarchate 553: 505:– a Roman term mercenaries stationed in 344:) in Asia and reached the river Tanais ( 31: 10170:Painting of the Tarnovo Artistic School 9352: 9336: 9067: 8932: 8754: 8721:A history of the First Bulgarian Empire 8702: 8552:International Journal of Immunogenetics 8549: 8269: 8148: 8114:: Academie Bulgare des Sciences: 13–38. 8101: 7750:"Category:Bulgar numerals – Wiktionary" 7671: 7669: 7667: 7654: 7652: 7650: 7392: 7326: 7303:Encyclopedia of the languages of Europe 7188:, Veliko Tarnovo: 23–33, archived from 7182:"On the origin of the Proto-Bulgarians" 7162: 7099: 7033: 7021: 7009: 6882: 6800: 6755: 6698: 6661: 6575: 6374:. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 618–619. 6367: 5964: 5952: 5776: 5764: 5615: 5552: 5515: 5124: 5041: 4928: 4916: 4774: 4659: 4591: 4513: 4500:in Starostin et al. "Turkic Etymology" 4485: 4376: 2269:(army master) paralleling the attested 1162:. When the army of Ostrogoth chieftain 186: 11609: 9488:"Some remarks on the Chinese 'Bulgar'" 9395: 9193: 9148: 9127: 9046: 8953: 8817: 8315: 8263: 8251: 8239: 8227: 8214:, Blackwell Publishers, pp. 13–24 8183: 8181: 8154: 8018: 7945: 7878: 7701: 7699: 7572: 7179: 7138: 7111: 6894: 6870: 6818: 6638: 6614: 6560: 6514: 6502: 6487: 6475: 6460: 6448: 6333: 6318: 6192: 6180: 5940: 5921: 5909: 5897: 5846: 5827: 5803: 5745: 5733: 5659: 5609: 5597: 5585: 5540: 5460: 5448: 5425: 5413: 5398: 5386: 5374: 5362: 5341: 5329: 5317: 5101: 5029: 5017: 5005: 4993: 4956:The Huns, Rome and the Birth of Europe 4904: 4892: 4880: 4863: 4851: 4823: 4716: 4710: 4579: 4468: 4364: 4145: 4122:The Huns, Rome and the Birth of Europe 4099: 2957:Numbers and Vocabulary in Volga Bulgar 2257:. Among the proposed translations for 2089:The symbol ıYı is associated with the 1229:defeated the Bulgar army at the river 62:warrior tribes that flourished in the 10325: 9530: 9224: 9021: 8974: 8911: 8196: 7923: 7912: 7675: 7619: 7299: 7087: 6590: 6529: 6303: 6221: 6204: 6157:A History of the Eastern Roman Empire 6125: 5466: 5290: 5273: 5225: 5213: 5194: 5182: 5170: 4435: 4429: 4203: 4114: 4112: 4110: 4108: 3291:هِيرِ (hīr-i), اِلغِجِڛِ (ılğıčı-sı) 2194:. A counterpart of the Greek phrase 2143:, which derives from the old Turkish 1597: 1339:The land Bazgun... extends up to the 1335:(c. 555) in Western Eurasia records: 1271:A Roman army led by magister militum 148:, as well as with previously settled 9179:. University of Pennsylvania Press. 9172: 8793: 8202: 8058:"ИЗВОРИ И ИНТЕРПРЕТАЦИИ – І–ІІ ЧАСТ" 8006: 7708: 7664: 7647: 7410:Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute 7333:. Taylor & Francis. p. 38. 7293: 7239: 7123: 6150: 5815: 5788: 4695: 4683: 4671: 4620: 4525: 3590:Danube Bulgar / Old Church Slavonic 3456:Danube Bulgar / Old Church Slavonic 2754:, where the pottery belonged to the 1478:and as such could be related to the 1217:, offered allegiance to the Emperor 972:continued under Ernak, becoming the 9485: 9369:"Прабългарски епиграфски паметници" 9356:Образуване на българската народност 9030:Rowman & Littlefield Publishers 8915:Count Marcellinus and His Chronicle 8773:"The Rivalry for the Bulgar legacy" 8178: 7696: 7522:Chuvash and the Bulgharic Languages 7519:Savelyev, Alexander (27 May 2020). 7320: 7266: 5106:. University of Pennsylvania Press. 4952: 3833:-based culture) settlements in the 3772:The jug golden medallion, from the 3298:Definition of verbs in Volga Bulgar 3257:اَغَان (ağā-n), يغقوُتن (yaquut-ın) 2919:appear to be of Turkic origin. The 2080: 539: 13: 10351: 10229: 10062: 10048: 10041:Uprising of Konstantin and Fruzhin 9346: 9134:. University of Washington Press. 8741:, University of California Press, 4217:"Bulgaria: Arrival of the Bulgars" 4164:The New Cambridge Medieval History 4105: 3565:sounds at the beginning of words. 2552:. In the Chinese transcription as 2321:with the Byzantine name and title 14: 11673: 9498: 9339:The Origins of the Volga Bulghars 8676:, pp. 79–81, 84–87, 114–115. 7585:RÓNA-TAS, ANDRÁS (1 March 1999). 7479: 6838:. Routledge. pp. 80–82, 83. 6835:Islam in Russia: The Four Seasons 6517:, pp. 9–10, 37–38, 448, 508. 4409:The History of the Jewish khazars 2735:, on the coast of the Black Sea. 2354:). The nobility was divided onto 1816:, and bounded to the East by the 11647:Romania in the Early Middle Ages 11642:Moldova in the Early Middle Ages 11587:, distinct from Levantine (i.e. 10304: 10292: 10067:Tetraevangelia of Ivan Alexander 9930:Croatian–Bulgarian battle of 854 9838: 9833: 9828: 9429:; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; 9004:Encyclopedia of European Peoples 8803:. University of Michigan Press. 8679: 8622: 8586: 8564:10.1111/j.1744-313X.2012.01117.x 8518: 8420: 8354: 8321: 8139: 8130: 8095: 8086: 8077: 8068: 8049: 8040: 7951: 7896: 7835: 7821: 7807: 7793: 7768: 7742: 7717: 7638: 7613: 7578: 7512: 7473: 7435: 7386: 7347: 7279:. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 167. 7227: 7215: 7203: 7132: 7117: 6749: 6263: 6227: 6109: 5858: 5852: 3437:Nominalia of the Bulgarian Khans 3349:طَنَان (tan-an), سَوَان (sev-en) 2926:Nominalia of the Bulgarian khans 2883:language. Some scholars suggest 2586: 2582:, the deity of fertility. Their 2158:listed Bulgarian legates at the 1905: 1874: 905: 590: 403:was "tribe, clan", and the verb 10115:Prominent writers and scholars: 9098:Byzantium and Bulgaria, 775–831 8779:. Woodrow Wilson Center Press. 8771:Shnirelʹman, Viktor A. (1987). 7408:(4). Cambridge, Massachusetts: 7306:. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 88. 6762:. Brill. pp. 78, 80, 112. 5689: 5546: 5095: 5086: 5077: 5035: 4953:Kim, Hyun Jin (18 April 2013). 4946: 4829: 4633:Leif Inge Ree Petersen (2013). 4626: 4491: 3946:of the skull, usually near the 3577:and is pronounced close to it. 2404:Battle of the Bosnian Highlands 2338:, the first capital of Bulgaria 2072:, but they quickly adopted the 1804:, Ermiyar, Ugain and Duar. The 1757:The third and most famous son, 1677:, who led the Khazars, and the 1502:(early 9th century) noted that 1348:Then he records 13 tribes, the 1117:, who had been attacked by the 1028:being an offspring of Biblical 399:meant "offspring, child, son", 301:, who identified them with the 261:have noted analogous groups in 9521:Encyclopædia Britannica Online 9510:Encyclopædia Britannica Online 9437:(3rd ed.). Brill Online. 8986:. Cambridge University Press. 8960:. Cambridge University Press. 8717:"§ Appendix V – Bulgar titles" 7622:Studies in medieval inner Asia 4839:(1987). Türk Dil Kurumu. p. 66 4260:Encyclopædia Britannica Online 4222:Encyclopædia Britannica Online 4151: 4067: 4002:European Court of Human Rights 2657:, due to pagan beliefs of the 2568:, derives from the same root. 2505:. Curta interpreted the title 1885:defeats the Byzantine Emperor 823:Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising 407:meant "to be like, resemble". 191:The etymology of the ethnonym 1: 9945:Battle of the Gates of Trajan 5870:University of Texas at Austin 5083:Hist. gentis Lang., Ch. XVII. 4559:Bowersock, Brown, Grabar 1999 4265:Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 4227:Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 3710:Albina G. Khayrullina-Valieva 3473:БЕЛЕГ (beleg), БИЛЕГ (bileg) 1761:, according to Nikephoros I: 1304:divided into two tribes: the 1174:, and later as allies of the 621: 43:pursue the Byzantines at the 11632:Medieval history of Bulgaria 9453:Stepanov, Tsvetelin (2010). 9402:The Unknown Ancient Bulgaria 9398:Nepoznatata drevna Bălgarija 9311:10.1371/journal.pone.0056779 8897:. Harvard University Press. 8764:Myths of the world's peoples 8465:10.1371/journal.pone.0205920 7273:Marcantonio, Angela (2002). 7126:Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi 5872:. p. 21. Archived from 5137:; Dunlap, Thomas J. (1990). 4438:"The Origins of the Bulgars" 4436:Gurov, Dilian (March 2007). 4049: 4044:Turkic tribal confederations 3763: 3556: 2868:, alongside the now extinct 2691:reported that Baian, son of 2012:. However, from the time of 1384:, also known as the Avars), 1308:(who trade and live next to 1190:were open for Bulgar raids. 498:), according to D. Detschev; 450:; "thirty" in Proto-Bulgar; 387:, to be derived from Turkic 385:Turkic tribal confederations 101:tribes. The Bulgars spoke a 7: 9341:. Studia Uralo-Altaica, 32. 9080:. Brill. pp. 151–236. 8918:. Oxford University Press. 6733:Jessica Kingsley Publishers 4443:. p. 3. Archived from 4007: 3938:and less often East Asian. 3825:and Slavs. Early medieval 3774:Treasure of Nagyszentmiklós 3269:مَسجِذڛَمنَ (mesčidsem-ne) 2829: 2598:, as seen in the report by 2516: 2511:tarqan of (all the) zhupans 1891:battle of the Varbitsa Pass 1781:Asparukh, according to the 1769:, "angle", "corner"; Turk. 1498:nation of Onoğurs Bulğars. 1213:. However, Gothic general, 1197:, they defeated and killed 1082:rivers, tributaries of the 16:Turkic tribal confederation 10: 11678: 10031:Uprising of Asen and Peter 9022:Brook, Kevin Alan (2006). 8861:Greenwood Publishing Group 8733:Maenchen-Helfen, Otto John 8674:Olson, Pappas, Pappas 1994 8388:10.1038/s41598-019-53105-5 8164:. Peter Lang. p. 29. 7927:Tuna Bulgarları ve Dilleri 7801:"Category:Bulgar numerals" 7442:Archived, Article (1982). 7148:. Peter Lang. p. 29. 4837:Tuna Bulgarları ve Dilleri 4074:Gi︠u︡zelev, Vasil (1979). 2844:The reconstructed copy of 2833: 2814:as well, seen in the book 2196: 2156:Anastasius Bibliothecarius 2031: 1692: 1601: 1327:The Syriac translation of 543: 534: 430:; "nine" in Proto-Bulgar; 18: 11569: 11533: 11507: 11252: 11210: 11156: 11128: 10926: 10868: 10835: 10754: 10731: 10688:Meskhetian (Ahiska) Turks 10561: 10515: 10470: 10439: 10368: 10359: 10287: 10200:Holy Forty Martyrs Church 10026:Uprising of Georgi Voyteh 9572: 9419:Golden, Peter B. (2011). 9353:Angelov, Dimitŭr (1971). 9095:Sophoulis, Panos (2011). 9076:; Kovalev, Roman (eds.). 8697:General and cited sources 8687:"Татары — это не болгары" 8600:10.1101/2019.12.15.876912 8056:Stamatov, Atanas (1997). 7402:Harvard Ukrainian Studies 7300:Price, Glanville (2000). 6832:Bukharaev, Ravil (2014). 6368:Henning, Joachim (2007). 5561:; Kovalev, Roman (eds.). 5042:Menghin, Wilfred (1985). 4411:. New Jersey. p. 34. 3961: 3845:Anthropology and genetics 3581:Comparison of initial /j/ 3541:САНЬ (san'), САМЬ (sam') 2941:) was their supreme god. 2695:(893–927), could through 2602:(10th century) about the 968:however, argues that the 167:, where they founded the 11556:Turkish Cypriot diaspora 11224:Bulgarian Crimean Tatars 10021:Uprising of Peter Delyan 9876:Bulgarian–Hungarian wars 9866:Byzantine–Bulgarian wars 9128:Sedlar, Jean W. (2011). 8703:Clauson, Gerard (1972). 7480:Ramer, Alexis Manaster. 7327:Clauson, Gerard (2002). 6463:, pp. 8, 10, 34–35. 5662:, pp. 245, 253–258. 5600:, pp. 103, 236–237. 4979:: CS1 maint: location ( 4367:, p. 145, 158, 196. 3368:Third person imperative 3285:Third person possessive 2074:sunken-featured building 1618:Western Turkic Khaganate 128:in 668 AD. In 681, Khan 19:Not to be confused with 10713:Syrian Turkmen/Turkoman 10369:Azerbaijani communities 10098:Preslav Literary School 10083:Early Cyrillic alphabet 9962:Second Bulgarian Empire 9915:Siege of Constantinople 9871:Croatian–Bulgarian wars 9773:Second Bulgarian Empire 9627:Second Bulgarian Empire 9566:Second Bulgarian Empire 9007:. Infobase Publishing. 8954:Vásáry, István (2005). 8933:Karatay, Osman (2003). 8104:Linguistique Balkanique 6756:Zhivkov, Boris (2015). 6284:10.1111/1468-0254.00077 5553:Somogyi, Péter (2008). 5102:Peters, Edward (2003). 3433:12-year cyclic calendar 3342:Adjective form of verb 3277:-ran, -ren; -tan, -ten 2858:language of the Bulgars 2699:transform into a wolf. 2220:, or the Slavic titles 1329:Pseudo-Zacharias Rhetor 1290:described, in his work 1139:History of the Lombards 676:Second Bulgarian Empire 454:in Common Turkic) – as 383:, as generic terms for 371:from the Altaic suffix 278:), a component of the " 11652:Saltovo-Mayaki culture 11622:Extinct Turkic peoples 11546:Crimean Tatar diaspora 10723:Western Thracian Turks 10658:Iraqi Turkmen/Turkoman 10265:Archbishopric of Ohrid 10235: 10138:Constantine of Preslav 10068: 10053: 9935:Battle of Southern Buh 9903:First Bulgarian Empire 9891:Bulgarian–Serbian wars 9886:Bulgarian–Ottoman wars 9724:First Bulgarian Empire 9621:First Bulgarian Empire 9562:First Bulgarian Empire 9516:Arrival of the Bulgars 9435:Encyclopaedia of Islam 9396:Dobrev, Petăr (2001). 9259:10.1098/rspb.2004.2698 9173:Chen, Sanping (2012). 9047:Petkov, Kiril (2008). 8819:Golden, Peter Benjamin 8725:George Bell & Sons 8064:. MGU Sv. Ivan Rilski. 7964:Litteraria Copernicana 7500:Cite journal requires 7252:University of Debrecen 7180:Rashev, Rasho (1992), 6728:Bulgarian Folk Customs 5565:. Brill. p. 104. 5480:""Old Great Bulgaria"" 4996:, pp. 92–93, 103. 4639:. Brill. p. 369. 4080:. pp. 15, 33, 38. 3863: 3785: 3761: 3751:anti-Turkish sentiment 3416:resembles work of the 3392:which is a variant of 3280:ڊنيَاڔَان (dönyā-ran) 2866:Turkic language family 2853: 2645: 2612: 2546: 2339: 2240: 2178:), and Alexius Hunno ( 2108: 2045: 1989: 1962: 1840: 1794:First Bulgarian Empire 1779: 1708: 1699:First Bulgarian Empire 1613: 1538:, and the 5th century 1534:, which refers to the 1482:(Kocho). However, the 1452: 1372:(Burğa, i.e. Bulgar), 1346: 1333:Ecclesiastical History 990:(474–491) against the 889:Struggle for Macedonia 718:Fragmentation and fall 710:Recovery and expansion 637:First Bulgarian Empire 563: 434:in Common Turkic) and 348:), the country of the 152:, and were eventually 142:First Bulgarian Empire 48: 11662:Turkic nomadic tribes 11253:Extinct Turkic groups 11211:Turkic minorities in 11158:Turkic minorities in 11129:Turkic minorities in 10927:Turkic minorities in 10405:Georgian Azerbaijanis 10233: 10103:Ohrid Literary School 10066: 10052: 9979:Battle of Klokotnitsa 9955:Battle of Dyrrhachium 9068:Fiedler, Uwe (2008). 8912:Croke, Brian (2001). 8795:Fine, John V. Antwerp 8514:]. Moscow: Наука. 7924:Tekin, Talât (1987). 7676:Tekin, Talât (1988). 7620:Sinor, Denis (1997). 7366:10.4324/9781003243809 7246:Agyagási, K. (2020). 6815:, pp. 83–84, 86. 6272:Early Medieval Europe 5020:, pp. 92–93, 97. 4407:D. M. Dunlop (1967). 4159:McKitterick, Rosamond 4119:Hyun Jin Kim (2013). 3852: 3771: 3756: 3226:Cases in Volga Bulgar 3047:بل (bl), بيال (byel) 2949:while the use of the 2843: 2661:, forest dwellers of 2632: 2608: 2542: 2333: 2290:to be related to the 2238: 2100:groups as well as an 2088: 2039: 1987: 1960: 1838: 1763: 1706: 1693:Further information: 1689:Subsequent migrations 1611: 1444: 1337: 1193:In 493, according to 1172:Magnus Felix Ennodius 1103:Ponto-Caspian steppes 1022:Ziezi ex quo Vulgares 958:Pontic–Caspian steppe 807:Third Bulgarian State 557: 544:Further information: 395:meant "arrow", while 233:Peter Benjamin Golden 146:Byzantine populations 64:Pontic–Caspian steppe 35: 11571:Central Asian (i.e. 11541:Azerbaijani diaspora 10878:Iranian Azerbaijanis 10516:Turkmen communities 10412:Western Azerbaijanis 10382:Iranian Azerbaijanis 10159:Art and architecture 10073:Bulgarian literature 9994:Battle of Rusokastro 9974:Battle of Adrianople 9881:Bulgarian–Latin wars 9025:The Jews of Khazaria 8662:Maenchen-Helfen 1973 8629:D. Dimitrov (1987). 8328:D. Dimitrov (1987). 8283:D. Dimitrov (1987). 8127:, pp. 384, 443. 8125:Maenchen-Helfen 1973 7977:10.12775/LC.2020.015 7829:"Numbers in Chuvash" 7597:10.7829/j.ctv280b77f 7357:The Turkic Languages 7055:D. Dimitrov (1987). 6919:Maenchen-Helfen 1973 6627:Maenchen-Helfen 1973 6183:, pp. 7, 12–13. 6036:Maenchen-Helfen 1973 6024:Maenchen-Helfen 1973 5696:D. Dimitrov (1987). 5627:D. Dimitrov (1987). 5588:, pp. 236, 245. 5478:D. Dimitrov (1987). 5428:, pp. 100, 103. 5303:Maenchen-Helfen 1973 5262:Maenchen-Helfen 1973 5250:Maenchen-Helfen 1973 5240:, pp. 164, 220. 5238:Maenchen-Helfen 1973 5140:History of the Goths 5072:Maenchen-Helfen 1973 4941:Maenchen-Helfen 1973 4784:D. Dimitrov (1987). 4748:D. Dimitrov (1987). 4674:, p. 92–95, 97. 4609:Maenchen-Helfen 1973 3736:and Bezmer from the 3626:ДОХЬТОРЬ (dox'tor') 3507:ДОХЬТОРЬ (dox'tor') 3355:Adverb form of verb 2846:Chatalar Inscription 2705:Theophylact of Ohrid 2689:Liutprand of Cremona 2536:'s inscription from 1992:During the reign of 1514:referred to them as 1506:was the lord of the 1442:(c. 579–582) wrote: 1086:river, are known as 515:(G. A. Keramopulos); 187:Etymology and origin 136:, opening access to 45:Battle of Versinikia 10562:Turkish communities 10428:Javanshir Qizilbash 10299:Bulgaria portal 10133:Chernorizets Hrabar 10093:Old Church Slavonic 10009:Battle of Nicopolis 9999:Battle of Chernomen 9920:Battle of Marcellae 9664:Great Boyar Council 9389:protobulgarians.com 9381:Beshevliev, Veselin 9365:Beshevliev, Veselin 9302:2013PLoSO...856779K 8446:2018PLoSO..1305920N 8380:2019NatSR...916569N 8254:, pp. 392–398. 7970:(1(33)/): 205–211. 6593:, pp. 161–162. 6235:Beshevliev, Veselin 6207:, pp. 162–163. 5830:, pp. 247–248. 5779:, pp. 154–156. 5686:, pp. 107–108. 5684:Waldman, Mason 2006 5672:Waldman, Mason 2006 5612:, pp. 245–246. 5463:, pp. 244–245. 5389:, pp. 100–102. 5074:, pp. 127–129. 4350:Waldman, Mason 2006 4321:Waldman, Mason 2006 4306:Waldman, Mason 2006 4294:Waldman, Mason 2006 4062:Waldman, Mason 2006 4029:History of Bulgaria 3932:Seven Slavic tribes 3882:, of brachiocranic 3374:طَنْطُرْ (tan-tur) 2414:(considered Turkic 2174:), Praestizisunas ( 1853:Seven Slavic tribes 1655:Ravenna Cosmography 1586:by the Khazar King 1578:(11th century) and 1510:; his contemporary 1180:Theoderic the Great 1097:Around 463 AD, the 1035:Chronography of 354 912:Bulgaria portal 815:Serbo-Bulgarian War 72:nomadic equestrians 11086:Siberian Bukharans 10888:Chaharmahali Turks 10869:Turkic minorities 10836:Turkic minorities 10755:Turkic minorities 10471:Kyrgyz communities 10440:Kazakh communities 10311:History portal 10260:Bulgarian Orthodox 10236: 10148:Evtimiy of Tarnovo 10069: 10054: 10036:Uprising of Ivaylo 9989:Battle of Velbazhd 9950:Battle of Kleidion 9940:Battle of Achelous 9669:Council of Preslav 9609:Old Great Bulgaria 9425:. In Fleet, Kate; 8756:Tokarev, Sergei A. 8368:Scientific Reports 7893:, pp. 45, 83. 7842:Allan R. Bomhard. 7575:, pp. 88, 89. 6735:. pp. 21–22. 6723:MacDermott, Mercia 6490:, pp. 10, 13. 5197:, pp. 23, 68. 4471:, p. 103–104. 4450:on 14 October 2017 4308:, p. 108–109. 4296:, p. 106–107. 3968:ethnic nationalism 3864: 3786: 3671:ΔΟΥΑΡΗⲤ (dovaris) 3490:БЕЛЬЧҮГ (bel'çug) 3311:Examples in words 3034:тăваттă (tăvattă) 2854: 2646: 2437:kana boila qolovur 2340: 2241: 2202:ho ek Theou archon 2109: 2046: 1990: 1963: 1914:Manasses Chronicle 1896:Manasses Chronicle 1841: 1709: 1638:Old Great Bulgaria 1614: 1604:Old Great Bulgaria 1598:Old Great Bulgaria 1044:History of Armenia 700:Darman and Kudelin 668:Byzantine Bulgaria 658:Cometopuli dynasty 632:7th cent., 632–668 629:Old Great Bulgaria 564: 334:Michael the Syrian 122:Old Great Bulgaria 49: 11604: 11603: 11503: 11502: 11414: 11407: 11368: 11244:Tatars of Romania 11217: 11186: 11143:Mongolian Kazakhs 11114: 11088: 11081: 11074: 11067: 11060: 11053: 11046: 10958: 10951: 10944: 10821: 10787: 10698:Palestinian Turks 10693:Montenegrin Turks 10617: 10598: 10591: 10584: 10577: 10547: 10538: 10531: 10491: 10462:Mongolian Kazakhs 10430: 10421: 10414: 10407: 10398: 10391: 10384: 10319: 10318: 10282: 10281: 10078:Glagolitic script 9984:Battle of Skafida 9969:Battle of Tryavna 9822:Bulgarian economy 9817:Bulgarian coinage 9253:(1542): 941–647. 9200:Oq and Oğur~Oğuz* 8833:Otto Harrassowitz 8760:Mify narodov mira 8619:, pp. 68–69. 7754:en.wiktionary.org 7631:978-0-86078-632-0 7606:978-963-386-572-9 7532:978-0-19-880462-8 7448:Ukrainian Studies 6909:, pp. 86–89. 6861:, pp. 30–31. 6681:Asian Mythologies 6641:, pp. 12–13. 6605:, pp. 84–86. 6478:, pp. 34–35. 5979:, pp. 69–70. 5879:on 10 August 2007 5818:, pp. 67–69. 5276:, pp. 75–76. 5032:, pp. 93–95. 5008:, pp. 92–93. 4966:978-1-107-00906-6 4907:, p. 97, 99. 4698:, pp. 92–97. 4686:, pp. 83–90. 4516:, p. 24, 27. 3703: 3702: 3554: 3553: 3378: 3377: 3305:Tenses and moods 3295: 3294: 3288:-i, -ı; -si, -sı 3240:Examples in words 3219: 3218: 2795:Palace of Omurtag 2788:influence, which 2643:Classical planets 2576:Mercia MacDermott 2406:(926) was called 1646:Onoğundur–Bulğars 1644:), also known as 1622:Onoğundur–Bulğars 1516:Onoğundur–Bulğars 1195:Marcellinus Comes 1049:Movses Khorenatsi 1002:Anania Shirakatsi 946: 945: 684:Second Golden Age 528:Zeki Velidi Togan 509:("forts") on the 328:According to the 284:Peter A. Boodberg 76:Volga-Ural region 11669: 11637:Migration Period 11551:Turkish diaspora 11410: 11403: 11364: 11215: 11197:Karategin Uzbeks 11182: 11110: 11084: 11077: 11070: 11063: 11056: 11049: 11044:Astrakhan Tatars 11042: 11007: 10954: 10947: 10940: 10913:Iranian Turkmens 10845:Crimean Karaites 10817: 10783: 10683:Macedonian Turks 10648:Dodecanese Turks 10613: 10594: 10587: 10580: 10573: 10545:Iranian Turkmens 10543: 10534: 10527: 10487: 10426: 10417: 10410: 10403: 10394: 10387: 10380: 10366: 10365: 10346: 10339: 10332: 10323: 10322: 10309: 10308: 10307: 10297: 10296: 10295: 10255:Eastern Orthodox 10250:Christianisation 10177:Famous examples: 10153:Gregory Tsamblak 10128:Clement of Ohrid 10004:Siege of Tarnovo 9925:Battle of Pliska 9842: 9837: 9832: 9800:Michael Shishman 9718:Important rulers 9648:(1337/1346–1413) 9642:(1371–1396/1422) 9640:Tsardom of Vidin 9629:(1185–1396/1422) 9575: 9574: 9551: 9544: 9537: 9528: 9527: 9494: 9492: 9482: 9480: 9478: 9469:. Archived from 9446: 9424: 9415: 9392: 9376: 9373:promacedonia.org 9360: 9342: 9333: 9323: 9313: 9280: 9270: 9237: 9221: 9220: 9218: 9213:on 19 April 2015 9212: 9205: 9195:Golden, Peter B. 9190: 9169: 9150:Golden, Peter B. 9145: 9124: 9122: 9120: 9111:. Archived from 9091: 9064: 9043: 9018: 8997: 8985: 8971: 8950: 8939:. Ayse Demiral. 8929: 8908: 8896: 8874: 8846: 8814: 8790: 8767: 8751: 8728: 8713:Runciman, Steven 8708: 8691: 8690: 8689:. November 2000. 8683: 8677: 8671: 8665: 8659: 8653: 8652: 8646: 8638: 8626: 8620: 8614: 8608: 8607: 8602: 8590: 8584: 8583: 8547: 8541: 8540: 8538: 8536: 8522: 8516: 8515: 8501: 8488: 8487: 8477: 8467: 8457: 8440:(10): e0205920. 8424: 8418: 8417: 8407: 8358: 8352: 8351: 8345: 8337: 8325: 8319: 8313: 8307: 8306: 8300: 8292: 8280: 8267: 8261: 8255: 8249: 8243: 8237: 8231: 8225: 8216: 8215: 8200: 8194: 8193: 8185: 8176: 8175: 8152: 8146: 8143: 8137: 8134: 8128: 8122: 8116: 8115: 8099: 8093: 8090: 8084: 8081: 8075: 8072: 8066: 8065: 8053: 8047: 8044: 8038: 8028: 8022: 8016: 8010: 8004: 7998: 7997: 7979: 7955: 7949: 7943: 7932: 7931: 7921: 7910: 7907:Byzantinoslavica 7900: 7894: 7888: 7882: 7876: 7867: 7861: 7850: 7849: 7839: 7833: 7832: 7825: 7819: 7818: 7811: 7805: 7804: 7797: 7791: 7790: 7788: 7786: 7780:en.wikibooks.org 7772: 7766: 7765: 7763: 7761: 7746: 7740: 7739: 7737: 7735: 7721: 7715: 7712: 7706: 7703: 7694: 7693: 7689:978-9-751600-660 7673: 7662: 7656: 7645: 7642: 7636: 7635: 7617: 7611: 7610: 7582: 7576: 7570: 7564: 7563: 7557: 7553: 7551: 7543: 7541: 7539: 7516: 7510: 7509: 7503: 7498: 7496: 7488: 7477: 7471: 7470: 7465: 7463: 7458:on 23 April 2023 7439: 7433: 7432: 7394:Pritsak, Omeljan 7390: 7384: 7383: 7351: 7345: 7344: 7324: 7318: 7317: 7297: 7291: 7290: 7270: 7264: 7263: 7243: 7237: 7231: 7225: 7219: 7213: 7207: 7201: 7200: 7199: 7197: 7177: 7160: 7159: 7136: 7130: 7129: 7121: 7115: 7109: 7103: 7097: 7091: 7085: 7079: 7078: 7072: 7064: 7052: 7037: 7031: 7025: 7019: 7013: 7007: 6994: 6988: 6979: 6973: 6958: 6952: 6946: 6940: 6934: 6928: 6922: 6916: 6910: 6904: 6898: 6892: 6886: 6880: 6874: 6868: 6862: 6859:Shnirelʹman 1996 6856: 6850: 6849: 6829: 6816: 6810: 6804: 6798: 6789: 6783: 6774: 6773: 6753: 6747: 6746: 6719: 6696: 6695: 6668: 6659: 6653: 6642: 6636: 6630: 6624: 6618: 6612: 6606: 6600: 6594: 6588: 6579: 6573: 6564: 6558: 6533: 6527: 6518: 6512: 6506: 6500: 6491: 6485: 6479: 6473: 6464: 6458: 6452: 6446: 6440: 6434: 6413: 6407: 6401: 6395: 6386: 6385: 6365: 6356: 6350: 6337: 6331: 6322: 6316: 6307: 6301: 6295: 6294: 6267: 6261: 6255: 6249: 6248: 6231: 6225: 6219: 6208: 6202: 6196: 6195:, pp. 8–12. 6190: 6184: 6178: 6172: 6171: 6148: 6123: 6113: 6107: 6101: 6095: 6089: 6083: 6077: 6066: 6060: 6051: 6045: 6039: 6033: 6027: 6021: 6015: 6009: 5992: 5986: 5980: 5974: 5968: 5962: 5956: 5950: 5944: 5938: 5925: 5919: 5913: 5907: 5901: 5900:, pp. 5–10. 5895: 5889: 5888: 5886: 5884: 5878: 5867: 5856: 5850: 5844: 5831: 5825: 5819: 5813: 5807: 5801: 5792: 5786: 5780: 5774: 5768: 5762: 5749: 5743: 5737: 5731: 5720: 5719: 5713: 5705: 5693: 5687: 5681: 5675: 5669: 5663: 5657: 5651: 5650: 5644: 5636: 5624: 5613: 5607: 5601: 5595: 5589: 5583: 5577: 5576: 5550: 5544: 5538: 5519: 5513: 5502: 5501: 5495: 5487: 5475: 5464: 5458: 5452: 5446: 5429: 5423: 5417: 5411: 5402: 5396: 5390: 5384: 5378: 5372: 5366: 5360: 5345: 5339: 5333: 5327: 5321: 5315: 5306: 5300: 5294: 5288: 5277: 5271: 5265: 5259: 5253: 5247: 5241: 5235: 5229: 5223: 5217: 5211: 5198: 5192: 5186: 5180: 5174: 5168: 5155: 5154: 5131: 5122: 5121: 5115: 5107: 5099: 5093: 5090: 5084: 5081: 5075: 5069: 5058: 5057: 5039: 5033: 5027: 5021: 5015: 5009: 5003: 4997: 4991: 4985: 4984: 4978: 4970: 4950: 4944: 4938: 4932: 4926: 4920: 4919:, p. 24–29. 4914: 4908: 4902: 4896: 4890: 4884: 4878: 4867: 4861: 4855: 4849: 4840: 4833: 4827: 4821: 4808: 4807: 4801: 4793: 4781: 4772: 4771: 4765: 4757: 4745: 4714: 4708: 4699: 4693: 4687: 4681: 4675: 4669: 4663: 4657: 4651: 4650: 4630: 4624: 4618: 4612: 4606: 4595: 4589: 4583: 4577: 4562: 4556: 4529: 4523: 4517: 4511: 4505: 4495: 4489: 4483: 4472: 4466: 4460: 4459: 4457: 4455: 4449: 4442: 4433: 4427: 4426: 4420: 4412: 4404: 4395: 4394:, p. 22–35. 4392:Shnirelʹman 1996 4389: 4380: 4374: 4368: 4362: 4353: 4347: 4324: 4318: 4309: 4303: 4297: 4291: 4280: 4279: 4273: 4271: 4251: 4242: 4241: 4235: 4233: 4213: 4207: 4201: 4195: 4189: 4183: 4182: 4155: 4149: 4143: 4137: 4136: 4116: 4103: 4097: 4082: 4081: 4071: 4065: 4059: 4039:Turkic migration 3906:, in Ukraine of 3860:Madrid Skylitzes 3819:Penkovka culture 3726:Iranic languages 3607:ДИЛОМЬ (dilom') 3585: 3584: 3564: 3451: 3450: 3435:(as used in the 3402:Sogdian alphabet 3302: 3301: 3274:Dative-locative 3230: 3229: 3143:جِيِرم (ciyirm) 3114:тӑххӑр (tăhhăr) 3098:саккӑр (sakkăr) 3050:пиллӗк (pillĕk) 2961: 2960: 2780:The view of the 2701:Clement of Ohrid 2600:Ahmad ibn Fadlan 2590: 2556:, and Turkic as 2370:boilas, and the 2199: 2198: 2081:Social structure 1909: 1878: 1865:Balkan Mountains 1740:Ahmad ibn Rustah 1735:as its capital. 1546:(*Uluġundur) of 1199:magister militum 1164:Theodoric Strabo 938: 931: 924: 910: 909: 908: 893: 884:Military history 879:List of monarchs 867: 859: 851: 843: 835: 827: 819: 811: 801: 793: 785: 765: 761:National Revival 757: 749: 745:Ottoman Bulgaria 722: 714: 704: 696: 688: 680: 672: 662: 654: 645:Christianization 641: 633: 625: 623: 614: 606: 602:Odrysian kingdom 594: 584: 566: 565: 546:Turkic migration 540:Turkic migration 492:Eastern Germanic 11677: 11676: 11672: 11671: 11670: 11668: 11667: 11666: 11627:History of Ural 11607: 11606: 11605: 11600: 11565: 11561:Kazakh diaspora 11529: 11499: 11248: 11214: 11212: 11206: 11168:Afghan Turkmens 11159: 11152: 11130: 11124: 11079:Siberian Tatars 11003: 10928: 10922: 10918:Iranian Kazakhs 10898:Khorasani Turks 10870: 10864: 10837: 10831: 10774:Chinese Kazakhs 10756: 10750: 10733: 10732:Turkic peoples 10727: 10628:Bulgarian Turks 10604:Abkhazian Turks 10557: 10529:Afghan Turkmens 10511: 10466: 10457:Iranian Kazakhs 10452:Chinese Kazakhs 10435: 10355: 10350: 10320: 10315: 10305: 10303: 10293: 10291: 10283: 10245:Slavic Paganism 10228: 10180: 10161: 10143:John the Exarch 10118: 10088:Cyrillic script 10061: 10046: 10017: 10015:Major uprisings 9910:Battle of Ongal 9899: 9862: 9827: 9813: 9720: 9655: 9617: 9595: 9568: 9555: 9501: 9490: 9486:Sanping, Chen. 9476: 9474: 9473:on 30 July 2017 9467: 9431:Rowson, Everett 9418: 9412: 9349: 9347:Further reading 9216: 9214: 9210: 9203: 9187: 9166: 9142: 9118: 9116: 9109: 9088: 9061: 9040: 9015: 8994: 8968: 8947: 8926: 8905: 8879:Bowersock, Glen 8871: 8851:Olson, James S. 8843: 8811: 8787: 8749: 8699: 8694: 8685: 8684: 8680: 8672: 8668: 8660: 8656: 8640: 8639: 8627: 8623: 8615: 8611: 8591: 8587: 8548: 8544: 8534: 8532: 8530:www.iriston.com 8524: 8523: 8519: 8502: 8491: 8425: 8421: 8359: 8355: 8339: 8338: 8326: 8322: 8314: 8310: 8294: 8293: 8281: 8270: 8262: 8258: 8250: 8246: 8238: 8234: 8226: 8219: 8201: 8197: 8186: 8179: 8172: 8156:Detrez, Raymond 8153: 8149: 8144: 8140: 8135: 8131: 8123: 8119: 8100: 8096: 8091: 8087: 8082: 8078: 8073: 8069: 8054: 8050: 8045: 8041: 8029: 8025: 8017: 8013: 8005: 8001: 7956: 7952: 7944: 7935: 7922: 7913: 7909:79 (2021) 41–58 7901: 7897: 7889: 7885: 7877: 7870: 7862: 7853: 7840: 7836: 7827: 7826: 7822: 7817:. 14 July 2022. 7813: 7812: 7808: 7803:. 20 June 2022. 7799: 7798: 7794: 7784: 7782: 7774: 7773: 7769: 7759: 7757: 7748: 7747: 7743: 7733: 7731: 7723: 7722: 7718: 7713: 7709: 7704: 7697: 7690: 7674: 7665: 7657: 7648: 7643: 7639: 7632: 7618: 7614: 7607: 7583: 7579: 7571: 7567: 7555: 7554: 7545: 7544: 7537: 7535: 7533: 7517: 7513: 7501: 7499: 7490: 7489: 7478: 7474: 7461: 7459: 7440: 7436: 7391: 7387: 7376: 7352: 7348: 7341: 7325: 7321: 7314: 7298: 7294: 7287: 7271: 7267: 7244: 7240: 7233:Runciman 1930: 7232: 7228: 7220: 7216: 7208: 7204: 7195: 7193: 7192:on 18 July 2012 7178: 7163: 7156: 7140:Detrez, Raymond 7137: 7133: 7122: 7118: 7110: 7106: 7098: 7094: 7086: 7082: 7066: 7065: 7053: 7040: 7032: 7028: 7020: 7016: 7008: 6997: 6989: 6982: 6974: 6961: 6953: 6949: 6941: 6937: 6929: 6925: 6917: 6913: 6905: 6901: 6893: 6889: 6881: 6877: 6869: 6865: 6857: 6853: 6846: 6830: 6819: 6811: 6807: 6799: 6792: 6784: 6777: 6770: 6754: 6750: 6743: 6720: 6699: 6692: 6669: 6662: 6654: 6645: 6637: 6633: 6625: 6621: 6613: 6609: 6601: 6597: 6589: 6582: 6574: 6567: 6559: 6536: 6528: 6521: 6513: 6509: 6501: 6494: 6486: 6482: 6474: 6467: 6459: 6455: 6447: 6443: 6435: 6416: 6408: 6404: 6396: 6389: 6382: 6366: 6359: 6351: 6340: 6332: 6325: 6317: 6310: 6302: 6298: 6268: 6264: 6256: 6252: 6232: 6228: 6220: 6211: 6203: 6199: 6191: 6187: 6179: 6175: 6168: 6149: 6126: 6114: 6110: 6102: 6098: 6090: 6086: 6078: 6069: 6061: 6054: 6046: 6042: 6034: 6030: 6022: 6018: 6010: 5995: 5987: 5983: 5975: 5971: 5963: 5959: 5951: 5947: 5939: 5928: 5920: 5916: 5912:, pp. 5–6. 5908: 5904: 5896: 5892: 5882: 5880: 5876: 5865: 5857: 5853: 5845: 5834: 5826: 5822: 5814: 5810: 5802: 5795: 5787: 5783: 5775: 5771: 5763: 5752: 5744: 5740: 5732: 5723: 5707: 5706: 5694: 5690: 5682: 5678: 5670: 5666: 5658: 5654: 5638: 5637: 5625: 5616: 5608: 5604: 5596: 5592: 5584: 5580: 5573: 5551: 5547: 5539: 5522: 5514: 5505: 5489: 5488: 5476: 5467: 5459: 5455: 5447: 5432: 5424: 5420: 5412: 5405: 5397: 5393: 5385: 5381: 5373: 5369: 5361: 5348: 5340: 5336: 5328: 5324: 5316: 5309: 5301: 5297: 5289: 5280: 5272: 5268: 5260: 5256: 5248: 5244: 5236: 5232: 5224: 5220: 5212: 5201: 5193: 5189: 5181: 5177: 5169: 5158: 5151: 5135:Wolfram, Herwig 5132: 5125: 5109: 5108: 5100: 5096: 5091: 5087: 5082: 5078: 5070: 5061: 5054: 5040: 5036: 5028: 5024: 5016: 5012: 5004: 5000: 4992: 4988: 4972: 4971: 4967: 4951: 4947: 4939: 4935: 4927: 4923: 4915: 4911: 4903: 4899: 4891: 4887: 4879: 4870: 4862: 4858: 4850: 4843: 4834: 4830: 4822: 4811: 4795: 4794: 4782: 4775: 4759: 4758: 4746: 4717: 4709: 4702: 4694: 4690: 4682: 4678: 4670: 4666: 4658: 4654: 4647: 4631: 4627: 4619: 4615: 4607: 4598: 4590: 4586: 4578: 4565: 4557: 4532: 4524: 4520: 4512: 4508: 4496: 4492: 4484: 4475: 4467: 4463: 4453: 4451: 4447: 4440: 4434: 4430: 4414: 4413: 4405: 4398: 4390: 4383: 4375: 4371: 4363: 4356: 4348: 4327: 4319: 4312: 4304: 4300: 4292: 4283: 4269: 4267: 4253: 4252: 4245: 4231: 4229: 4215: 4214: 4210: 4202: 4198: 4190: 4186: 4175: 4156: 4152: 4144: 4140: 4133: 4117: 4106: 4098: 4085: 4072: 4068: 4060: 4056: 4052: 4034:Oghur languages 4024:Eurasian nomads 4019:Bulgar language 4014:Bulgar calendar 4010: 3964: 3952:Maenchen-Helfen 3948:sagittal suture 3847: 3799:Pannonian Avars 3766: 3691:جىَاتِ (čyeti) 3674:يوارى (yuwāri) 3559: 3319:-ti/tı, -ri/rı 3162:вӑтӑр (văt̬ăr) 3079:جىَاتِ (cyeti) 2921:Bulgar calendar 2856:The origin and 2838: 2836:Bulgar language 2832: 2637:dated from the 2519: 2473:, also once as 2278:. Runciman and 2197:ὁ ἐκ Θεοῦ ἄρχων 2128:s maintenance. 2118:Maenchen-Helfen 2114:Steven Runciman 2083: 2034: 2020:Slavs, as well 1920: 1919: 1918: 1917: 1916: 1910: 1901: 1900: 1899: 1879: 1855:, of which the 1701: 1691: 1650:Patria Onoguria 1606: 1600: 1568:Nándor Fejérvár 1562:(*Wulundur) of 1554:(*Wunundur) of 1522:Constantine VII 1282:Anastasian Wall 1134:Paul the Deacon 1132:The account by 954:North Caucasian 942: 906: 904: 903: 891: 865: 857: 849: 841: 833: 825: 817: 809: 799: 791: 783: 763: 755: 747: 720: 712: 702: 694: 692:Mongol invasion 686: 678: 670: 660: 652: 639: 631: 620: 612: 604: 582: 575: 552: 542: 537: 286:noted that the 189: 107:Bulgar language 103:Turkic language 87:Eurasian Steppe 36:Bulgars led by 28: 25:Bulgarian Turks 17: 12: 11: 5: 11675: 11665: 11664: 11659: 11657:Turkic peoples 11654: 11649: 11644: 11639: 11634: 11629: 11624: 11619: 11602: 11601: 11570: 11567: 11566: 11564: 11563: 11558: 11553: 11548: 11543: 11537: 11535: 11531: 11530: 11528: 11527: 11522: 11517: 11511: 11509: 11505: 11504: 11501: 11500: 11498: 11497: 11492: 11487: 11482: 11480:Yenisei Kyrgyz 11477: 11472: 11467: 11462: 11457: 11452: 11447: 11442: 11437: 11432: 11427: 11422: 11417: 11416: 11415: 11408: 11396: 11391: 11386: 11381: 11376: 11371: 11370: 11369: 11357: 11352: 11347: 11342: 11337: 11332: 11327: 11322: 11317: 11312: 11307: 11302: 11297: 11292: 11287: 11282: 11277: 11272: 11267: 11262: 11256: 11254: 11250: 11249: 11247: 11246: 11241: 11236: 11231: 11229:Finnish Tatars 11226: 11220: 11218: 11208: 11207: 11205: 11204: 11199: 11194: 11189: 11188: 11187: 11175: 11170: 11164: 11162: 11154: 11153: 11151: 11150: 11145: 11140: 11134: 11132: 11126: 11125: 11123: 11122: 11117: 11116: 11115: 11103: 11098: 11093: 11092: 11091: 11090: 11089: 11075: 11068: 11061: 11054: 11047: 11035: 11030: 11025: 11020: 11015: 11010: 11009: 11008: 10996: 10991: 10986: 10981: 10976: 10971: 10966: 10961: 10960: 10959: 10952: 10945: 10932: 10930: 10924: 10923: 10921: 10920: 10915: 10910: 10905: 10900: 10895: 10890: 10885: 10880: 10874: 10872: 10866: 10865: 10863: 10862: 10857: 10852: 10850:Crimean Tatars 10847: 10841: 10839: 10833: 10832: 10830: 10829: 10824: 10823: 10822: 10810: 10805: 10800: 10795: 10793:Chinese Uzbeks 10790: 10789: 10788: 10779:Chinese Kyrgyz 10776: 10771: 10769:Chinese Tatars 10766: 10760: 10758: 10752: 10751: 10749: 10748: 10743: 10737: 10735: 10729: 10728: 10726: 10725: 10720: 10718:Tunisian Turks 10715: 10710: 10705: 10703:Romanian Turks 10700: 10695: 10690: 10685: 10680: 10675: 10673:Lebanese Turks 10670: 10665: 10660: 10655: 10653:Egyptian Turks 10650: 10645: 10640: 10635: 10633:Croatian Turks 10630: 10625: 10620: 10619: 10618: 10609:Algerian Turks 10606: 10601: 10600: 10599: 10592: 10585: 10578: 10565: 10563: 10559: 10558: 10556: 10555: 10550: 10549: 10548: 10541: 10540: 10539: 10519: 10517: 10513: 10512: 10510: 10509: 10504: 10499: 10494: 10493: 10492: 10483:Chinese Kyrgyz 10480: 10474: 10472: 10468: 10467: 10465: 10464: 10459: 10454: 10449: 10443: 10441: 10437: 10436: 10434: 10433: 10432: 10431: 10424: 10423: 10422: 10408: 10401: 10400: 10399: 10392: 10372: 10370: 10363: 10357: 10356: 10353:Turkic peoples 10349: 10348: 10341: 10334: 10326: 10317: 10316: 10314: 10313: 10301: 10288: 10285: 10284: 10280: 10279: 10278: 10277: 10272: 10270:Roman Catholic 10267: 10262: 10257: 10252: 10247: 10242: 10224: 10223: 10222: 10217: 10212: 10207: 10202: 10197: 10192: 10190:Great Basilica 10187: 10173: 10172: 10167: 10157: 10156: 10155: 10150: 10145: 10140: 10135: 10130: 10125: 10111: 10110: 10108:Royal charters 10105: 10100: 10095: 10090: 10085: 10080: 10075: 10057: 10055: 10044: 10043: 10038: 10033: 10028: 10023: 10013: 10012: 10011: 10006: 10001: 9996: 9991: 9986: 9981: 9976: 9971: 9958: 9957: 9952: 9947: 9942: 9937: 9932: 9927: 9922: 9917: 9912: 9895: 9894: 9893: 9888: 9883: 9878: 9873: 9868: 9858: 9857: 9856: 9854:Bulgarian navy 9851: 9849:Bulgarian army 9844: 9825: 9824: 9819: 9809: 9808: 9807: 9805:Ivan Alexander 9802: 9797: 9795:Konstantin Tih 9792: 9787: 9782: 9769: 9768: 9763: 9758: 9753: 9748: 9743: 9738: 9733: 9716: 9715: 9714: 9708: 9702: 9696: 9690: 9684: 9678: 9671: 9666: 9661: 9653:Administration 9651: 9650: 9649: 9643: 9631: 9630: 9624: 9613: 9612: 9611: 9606: 9601: 9591: 9588: 9587: 9585: 9582: 9579: 9573: 9570: 9569: 9554: 9553: 9546: 9539: 9531: 9525: 9524: 9513: 9500: 9499:External links 9497: 9496: 9495: 9483: 9465: 9450: 9447: 9427:Krämer, Gudrun 9416: 9410: 9393: 9377: 9361: 9348: 9345: 9344: 9343: 9334: 9281: 9238: 9222: 9191: 9186:978-0812206289 9185: 9170: 9164: 9146: 9140: 9125: 9115:on 18 May 2015 9107: 9092: 9086: 9065: 9059: 9044: 9038: 9019: 9013: 8998: 8992: 8972: 8966: 8951: 8945: 8930: 8924: 8909: 8903: 8875: 8869: 8847: 8841: 8815: 8809: 8791: 8785: 8768: 8752: 8747: 8729: 8709: 8698: 8695: 8693: 8692: 8678: 8666: 8664:, p. 443. 8654: 8621: 8617:Sophoulis 2011 8609: 8585: 8542: 8517: 8489: 8455:10.1101/250688 8419: 8353: 8320: 8318:, p. 261. 8308: 8268: 8266:, p. 383. 8256: 8244: 8242:, p. 392. 8232: 8217: 8195: 8192:. p. 142. 8177: 8170: 8147: 8138: 8129: 8117: 8094: 8085: 8076: 8067: 8048: 8039: 8023: 8021:, p. 268. 8011: 7999: 7950: 7948:, p. 424. 7933: 7911: 7902:Rance, Philip, 7895: 7891:Sophoulis 2011 7883: 7881:, p. 425. 7868: 7864:Sophoulis 2011 7851: 7834: 7820: 7806: 7792: 7767: 7756:. 31 July 2021 7741: 7729:bulgarizdat.ru 7716: 7707: 7695: 7688: 7663: 7646: 7637: 7630: 7612: 7605: 7577: 7565: 7556:|website= 7531: 7511: 7502:|journal= 7472: 7434: 7385: 7374: 7346: 7339: 7319: 7312: 7292: 7285: 7265: 7238: 7226: 7221:Angelov 1971: 7214: 7202: 7161: 7154: 7131: 7128:(18): 199–223. 7116: 7114:, p. 252. 7104: 7102:, p. 196. 7092: 7090:, p. 160. 7080: 7038: 7036:, p. 159. 7026: 7024:, p. 158. 7014: 7012:, p. 157. 6995: 6991:Sophoulis 2011 6980: 6976:Sophoulis 2011 6959: 6955:Sophoulis 2011 6947: 6943:Sophoulis 2011 6935: 6931:Sophoulis 2011 6923: 6921:, p. 268. 6911: 6907:Sophoulis 2011 6899: 6897:, p. 141. 6887: 6875: 6863: 6851: 6844: 6817: 6813:Sophoulis 2011 6805: 6803:, p. 208. 6790: 6786:Sophoulis 2011 6775: 6768: 6748: 6741: 6697: 6690: 6676:Doniger, Wendy 6672:Bonnefoy, Yves 6660: 6656:Sophoulis 2011 6643: 6631: 6629:, p. 273. 6619: 6617:, p. 141. 6607: 6603:Sophoulis 2011 6595: 6580: 6578:, p. 207. 6565: 6563:, p. 250. 6534: 6532:, p. 164. 6519: 6507: 6492: 6480: 6465: 6453: 6441: 6439:, p. 285. 6414: 6410:Sophoulis 2011 6402: 6398:Sophoulis 2011 6387: 6380: 6357: 6353:Sophoulis 2011 6338: 6323: 6308: 6306:, p. 163. 6296: 6262: 6258:Sophoulis 2011 6250: 6226: 6224:, p. 162. 6209: 6197: 6185: 6173: 6166: 6124: 6108: 6104:Sophoulis 2011 6096: 6094:, p. 288. 6084: 6082:, p. 287. 6067: 6065:, p. 286. 6052: 6048:Sophoulis 2011 6040: 6038:, p. 199. 6028: 6026:, p. 383. 6016: 6014:, p. 284. 5993: 5989:Sophoulis 2011 5981: 5977:Sophoulis 2011 5969: 5967:, p. 200. 5957: 5955:, p. 201. 5945: 5943:, p. 118. 5926: 5914: 5902: 5890: 5851: 5849:, p. 248. 5832: 5820: 5808: 5793: 5781: 5769: 5767:, p. 154. 5750: 5748:, p. 247. 5738: 5736:, p. 246. 5721: 5688: 5676: 5674:, p. 107. 5664: 5652: 5614: 5602: 5590: 5578: 5571: 5545: 5543:, p. 245. 5520: 5518:, p. 152. 5503: 5465: 5453: 5451:, p. 145. 5430: 5418: 5416:, p. 244. 5403: 5401:, p. 102. 5391: 5379: 5377:, p. 100. 5367: 5365:, p. 144. 5346: 5334: 5332:, p. 254. 5322: 5307: 5305:, p. 431. 5295: 5278: 5266: 5264:, p. 421. 5254: 5252:, p. 164. 5242: 5230: 5218: 5199: 5187: 5175: 5156: 5149: 5123: 5094: 5085: 5076: 5059: 5052: 5034: 5022: 5010: 4998: 4986: 4965: 4945: 4943:, p. 168. 4933: 4921: 4909: 4897: 4895:, p. 140. 4885: 4868: 4856: 4841: 4835:Tekin, Talat, 4828: 4826:, p. 103. 4809: 4773: 4715: 4713:, footnote 37. 4700: 4688: 4676: 4664: 4652: 4645: 4625: 4613: 4611:, p. 384. 4596: 4594:, p. 337. 4584: 4582:, p. 143. 4563: 4561:, p. 354. 4530: 4518: 4506: 4490: 4473: 4461: 4428: 4396: 4381: 4369: 4354: 4352:, p. 108. 4325: 4323:, p. 109. 4310: 4298: 4281: 4243: 4208: 4196: 4192:Sophoulis 2011 4184: 4173: 4150: 4138: 4131: 4104: 4102:, p. 104. 4083: 4066: 4064:, p. 106. 4053: 4051: 4048: 4047: 4046: 4041: 4036: 4031: 4026: 4021: 4016: 4009: 4006: 3990:(Magyars) and 3984:Chuvash people 3963: 3960: 3846: 3843: 3827:Saltovo-Mayaki 3782:Pannonian Avar 3765: 3762: 3747:Raymond Detrez 3701: 3700: 3695: 3694:ҫиччӗ (śiččĕ) 3692: 3689: 3686: 3682: 3681: 3678: 3675: 3672: 3669: 3663: 3662: 3657: 3654: 3651: 3648: 3644: 3643: 3633: 3632:ҫытар (śïtar) 3630: 3627: 3624: 3620: 3619: 3614: 3613:ҫӗлен (śílen) 3611: 3608: 3605: 3601: 3600: 3599:Common Turkic 3597: 3594: 3591: 3588: 3558: 3555: 3552: 3551: 3548: 3545: 3542: 3539: 3535: 3534: 3531: 3528: 3525: 3522: 3518: 3517: 3514: 3511: 3510:ҫытар (śïtar) 3508: 3505: 3501: 3500: 3497: 3494: 3491: 3488: 3484: 3483: 3480: 3477: 3476:палӑк (palăk) 3474: 3471: 3467: 3466: 3465:Common Turkic 3463: 3460: 3457: 3454: 3390:Kuban alphabet 3376: 3375: 3372: 3369: 3365: 3364: 3362:بَرسَ (bar-sa) 3359: 3356: 3352: 3351: 3346: 3343: 3339: 3338: 3333: 3330: 3326: 3325: 3323:وَلتِ (vel-ti) 3320: 3317: 3313: 3312: 3309: 3306: 3293: 3292: 3289: 3286: 3282: 3281: 3278: 3275: 3271: 3270: 3267: 3264: 3260: 3259: 3254: 3247: 3243: 3242: 3237: 3234: 3217: 3216: 3211: 3208: 3205: 3201: 3200: 3195: 3192: 3189: 3185: 3184: 3179: 3178:хӗрӗх (hĕrĕh) 3176: 3173: 3169: 3168: 3163: 3160: 3157: 3153: 3152: 3147: 3146:ҫирӗм (śirĕm) 3144: 3141: 3137: 3136: 3131: 3130:вуннӑ (vunnă) 3128: 3125: 3121: 3120: 3115: 3112: 3111:طُخِڔ (tuxïr) 3109: 3105: 3104: 3099: 3096: 3095:ڛَكِڔ (sekir) 3093: 3089: 3088: 3083: 3082:ҫиччӗ (śiččĕ) 3080: 3077: 3073: 3072: 3067: 3066:улттӑ (ulttă) 3064: 3061: 3057: 3056: 3051: 3048: 3045: 3041: 3040: 3035: 3032: 3031:تُوات (tüvet) 3029: 3025: 3024: 3019: 3018:виççӗ (viççĕ) 3016: 3013: 3009: 3008: 3003: 3000: 2997: 2993: 2992: 2987: 2984: 2978: 2974: 2973: 2970: 2967: 2964: 2947:Arabic letters 2864:branch of the 2834:Main article: 2831: 2828: 2767:Veliki Preslav 2756:Saltovo-Mayaki 2651:Chuvash people 2635:Pliska rosette 2624:itchurgu boila 2518: 2515: 2441:bagatur bagain 2170:), Vestranna ( 2082: 2079: 2033: 2030: 1911: 1904: 1903: 1902: 1880: 1873: 1872: 1871: 1870: 1869: 1752:Mongol attacks 1729:Volga Bulgaria 1695:Volga Bulgaria 1690: 1687: 1642:Magna Bulgaria 1602:Main article: 1599: 1596: 1556:Hudud al-'Alam 1550:(c. 820), the 1536:Olxontor Błkar 1532:Ashkharatsuyts 1470:(Kuphis). The 1460:Olxontor Błkar 1456:Ashkharatsuyts 1250:equum Huniscum 1246:literary topos 1111:Constantinople 1016:and immigrant 1014:Olxontor Błkar 997:Ashkharatsuyts 944: 943: 941: 940: 933: 926: 918: 915: 914: 897: 896: 895: 894: 886: 881: 873: 872: 871: 870: 869: 868: 863:Transition era 860: 852: 844: 836: 828: 820: 804: 803: 802: 797:Liberation War 794: 789:April Uprising 786: 778: 777: 776: 771: 758: 742: 741: 740: 739: 738: 733: 728: 715: 707: 706: 705: 689: 673: 665: 664: 663: 655: 647: 634: 626: 615: 607: 605:460 BC – 46 AD 596: 595: 587: 586: 577: 576: 569: 560:Great Bulgaria 541: 538: 536: 533: 532: 531: 516: 499: 299:Boris Simeonov 280:Five Barbarian 273:Middle Chinese 188: 185: 181:Chuvash people 169:Volga Bulgaria 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11674: 11663: 11660: 11658: 11655: 11653: 11650: 11648: 11645: 11643: 11640: 11638: 11635: 11633: 11630: 11628: 11625: 11623: 11620: 11618: 11615: 11614: 11612: 11599:territories). 11598: 11594: 11590: 11586: 11582: 11578: 11574: 11568: 11562: 11559: 11557: 11554: 11552: 11549: 11547: 11544: 11542: 11539: 11538: 11536: 11532: 11526: 11523: 11521: 11518: 11516: 11513: 11512: 11510: 11506: 11496: 11493: 11491: 11488: 11486: 11483: 11481: 11478: 11476: 11473: 11471: 11468: 11466: 11463: 11461: 11458: 11456: 11453: 11451: 11448: 11446: 11443: 11441: 11438: 11436: 11433: 11431: 11428: 11426: 11423: 11421: 11418: 11413: 11409: 11406: 11402: 11401: 11400: 11397: 11395: 11392: 11390: 11387: 11385: 11382: 11380: 11377: 11375: 11372: 11367: 11363: 11362: 11361: 11358: 11356: 11353: 11351: 11348: 11346: 11343: 11341: 11338: 11336: 11333: 11331: 11328: 11326: 11323: 11321: 11318: 11316: 11313: 11311: 11308: 11306: 11303: 11301: 11300:Black Klobuks 11298: 11296: 11293: 11291: 11288: 11286: 11283: 11281: 11278: 11276: 11273: 11271: 11268: 11266: 11263: 11261: 11258: 11257: 11255: 11251: 11245: 11242: 11240: 11237: 11235: 11232: 11230: 11227: 11225: 11222: 11221: 11219: 11216:(exc. Russia) 11209: 11203: 11202:Afghan Kyrgyz 11200: 11198: 11195: 11193: 11190: 11185: 11181: 11180: 11179: 11176: 11174: 11171: 11169: 11166: 11165: 11163: 11161: 11155: 11149: 11146: 11144: 11141: 11139: 11136: 11135: 11133: 11127: 11121: 11118: 11113: 11109: 11108: 11107: 11104: 11102: 11099: 11097: 11094: 11087: 11083: 11082: 11080: 11076: 11073: 11069: 11066: 11062: 11059: 11058:Mishar Tatars 11055: 11052: 11048: 11045: 11041: 11040: 11039: 11036: 11034: 11031: 11029: 11026: 11024: 11021: 11019: 11016: 11014: 11011: 11006: 11002: 11001: 11000: 10997: 10995: 10992: 10990: 10987: 10985: 10982: 10980: 10977: 10975: 10972: 10970: 10967: 10965: 10962: 10957: 10953: 10950: 10946: 10943: 10939: 10938: 10937: 10934: 10933: 10931: 10925: 10919: 10916: 10914: 10911: 10909: 10906: 10904: 10901: 10899: 10896: 10894: 10891: 10889: 10886: 10884: 10881: 10879: 10876: 10875: 10873: 10867: 10861: 10858: 10856: 10853: 10851: 10848: 10846: 10843: 10842: 10840: 10834: 10828: 10825: 10820: 10816: 10815: 10814: 10811: 10809: 10806: 10804: 10801: 10799: 10796: 10794: 10791: 10786: 10782: 10781: 10780: 10777: 10775: 10772: 10770: 10767: 10765: 10762: 10761: 10759: 10753: 10747: 10744: 10742: 10739: 10738: 10736: 10734:in Uzbekistan 10730: 10724: 10721: 10719: 10716: 10714: 10711: 10709: 10708:Serbian Turks 10706: 10704: 10701: 10699: 10696: 10694: 10691: 10689: 10686: 10684: 10681: 10679: 10676: 10674: 10671: 10669: 10668:Kosovan Turks 10666: 10664: 10663:Israeli Turks 10661: 10659: 10656: 10654: 10651: 10649: 10646: 10644: 10643:Cypriot Turks 10641: 10639: 10636: 10634: 10631: 10629: 10626: 10624: 10623:Bosnian Turks 10621: 10616: 10612: 10611: 10610: 10607: 10605: 10602: 10597: 10593: 10590: 10586: 10583: 10579: 10576: 10572: 10571: 10570: 10567: 10566: 10564: 10560: 10554: 10551: 10546: 10542: 10537: 10533: 10532: 10530: 10526: 10525: 10524: 10521: 10520: 10518: 10514: 10508: 10505: 10503: 10500: 10498: 10497:Afghan Kyrgyz 10495: 10490: 10486: 10485: 10484: 10481: 10479: 10476: 10475: 10473: 10469: 10463: 10460: 10458: 10455: 10453: 10450: 10448: 10445: 10444: 10442: 10438: 10429: 10425: 10420: 10416: 10415: 10413: 10409: 10406: 10402: 10397: 10393: 10390: 10386: 10385: 10383: 10379: 10378: 10377: 10374: 10373: 10371: 10367: 10364: 10362: 10358: 10354: 10347: 10342: 10340: 10335: 10333: 10328: 10327: 10324: 10312: 10302: 10300: 10290: 10289: 10286: 10276: 10273: 10271: 10268: 10266: 10263: 10261: 10258: 10256: 10253: 10251: 10248: 10246: 10243: 10241: 10238: 10237: 10234:Saint Theodor 10232: 10227: 10221: 10218: 10216: 10213: 10211: 10208: 10206: 10205:Boyana Church 10203: 10201: 10198: 10196: 10193: 10191: 10188: 10186: 10183: 10182: 10181: 10179: 10178: 10171: 10168: 10166: 10163: 10162: 10160: 10154: 10151: 10149: 10146: 10144: 10141: 10139: 10136: 10134: 10131: 10129: 10126: 10124: 10121: 10120: 10119: 10117: 10116: 10109: 10106: 10104: 10101: 10099: 10096: 10094: 10091: 10089: 10086: 10084: 10081: 10079: 10076: 10074: 10071: 10070: 10065: 10060: 10056: 10051: 10047: 10042: 10039: 10037: 10034: 10032: 10029: 10027: 10024: 10022: 10019: 10018: 10016: 10010: 10007: 10005: 10002: 10000: 9997: 9995: 9992: 9990: 9987: 9985: 9982: 9980: 9977: 9975: 9972: 9970: 9967: 9966: 9965: 9964: 9963: 9956: 9953: 9951: 9948: 9946: 9943: 9941: 9938: 9936: 9933: 9931: 9928: 9926: 9923: 9921: 9918: 9916: 9913: 9911: 9908: 9907: 9906: 9905: 9904: 9898: 9897:Major battles 9892: 9889: 9887: 9884: 9882: 9879: 9877: 9874: 9872: 9869: 9867: 9864: 9863: 9861: 9855: 9852: 9850: 9847: 9846: 9845: 9843: 9841: 9836: 9831: 9823: 9820: 9818: 9815: 9814: 9812: 9806: 9803: 9801: 9798: 9796: 9793: 9791: 9788: 9786: 9783: 9781: 9778: 9777: 9776: 9775: 9774: 9767: 9764: 9762: 9759: 9757: 9754: 9752: 9749: 9747: 9744: 9742: 9739: 9737: 9734: 9732: 9729: 9728: 9727: 9726: 9725: 9719: 9712: 9709: 9706: 9703: 9700: 9697: 9694: 9691: 9688: 9685: 9682: 9679: 9676: 9672: 9670: 9667: 9665: 9662: 9660: 9657: 9656: 9654: 9647: 9644: 9641: 9638: 9637: 9636: 9635: 9628: 9625: 9622: 9619: 9618: 9616: 9610: 9607: 9605: 9602: 9600: 9597: 9596: 9594: 9590: 9589: 9586: 9583: 9580: 9577: 9576: 9571: 9567: 9563: 9559: 9552: 9547: 9545: 9540: 9538: 9533: 9532: 9529: 9523: 9522: 9517: 9514: 9512: 9511: 9506: 9503: 9502: 9489: 9484: 9472: 9468: 9466:9789004180017 9462: 9458: 9457: 9451: 9448: 9444: 9440: 9436: 9432: 9428: 9423: 9417: 9413: 9411:954-604-121-1 9407: 9403: 9399: 9394: 9390: 9386: 9382: 9378: 9374: 9370: 9366: 9362: 9358: 9357: 9351: 9350: 9340: 9335: 9331: 9327: 9322: 9317: 9312: 9307: 9303: 9299: 9296:(3): e56779. 9295: 9291: 9287: 9282: 9278: 9274: 9269: 9264: 9260: 9256: 9252: 9248: 9244: 9239: 9235: 9231: 9227: 9226:Curta, Florin 9223: 9209: 9202: 9201: 9196: 9192: 9188: 9182: 9178: 9177: 9171: 9167: 9165:9789732721520 9161: 9157: 9156: 9151: 9147: 9143: 9141:9780295800646 9137: 9133: 9132: 9126: 9114: 9110: 9108:9789004206960 9104: 9100: 9099: 9093: 9089: 9087:9789004163898 9083: 9079: 9075: 9074:Curta, Florin 9071: 9066: 9062: 9060:9789004168312 9056: 9052: 9051: 9045: 9041: 9035: 9031: 9027: 9026: 9020: 9016: 9014:9781438129181 9010: 9006: 9005: 8999: 8995: 8993:9780521815390 8989: 8984: 8983: 8977: 8976:Curta, Florin 8973: 8969: 8967:9781139444088 8963: 8959: 8958: 8952: 8948: 8946:9789756467077 8942: 8938: 8937: 8931: 8927: 8925:9780198150015 8921: 8917: 8916: 8910: 8906: 8904:9780674511736 8900: 8895: 8894: 8888: 8884: 8880: 8876: 8872: 8870:9780313274978 8866: 8862: 8858: 8857: 8852: 8848: 8844: 8842:9783447032742 8838: 8834: 8830: 8826: 8825: 8820: 8816: 8812: 8810:9780472081493 8806: 8802: 8801: 8796: 8792: 8788: 8786:9780801852213 8782: 8778: 8774: 8769: 8765: 8761: 8757: 8753: 8750: 8748:9780520015968 8744: 8740: 8739: 8734: 8730: 8726: 8722: 8718: 8714: 8710: 8706: 8701: 8700: 8688: 8682: 8675: 8670: 8663: 8658: 8650: 8644: 8636: 8632: 8625: 8618: 8613: 8606: 8601: 8596: 8589: 8581: 8577: 8573: 8569: 8565: 8561: 8557: 8553: 8546: 8531: 8527: 8521: 8513: 8509: 8508: 8500: 8498: 8496: 8494: 8485: 8481: 8476: 8471: 8466: 8461: 8456: 8451: 8447: 8443: 8439: 8435: 8431: 8423: 8415: 8411: 8406: 8401: 8397: 8393: 8389: 8385: 8381: 8377: 8373: 8369: 8365: 8357: 8349: 8343: 8335: 8331: 8324: 8317: 8312: 8304: 8298: 8290: 8286: 8279: 8277: 8275: 8273: 8265: 8260: 8253: 8248: 8241: 8236: 8230:, p. 55. 8229: 8224: 8222: 8213: 8209: 8205: 8199: 8191: 8184: 8182: 8173: 8171:9789052012971 8167: 8163: 8162: 8157: 8151: 8142: 8133: 8126: 8121: 8113: 8109: 8105: 8098: 8089: 8080: 8071: 8063: 8059: 8052: 8043: 8036: 8034: 8027: 8020: 8015: 8009:, p. 69. 8008: 8003: 7995: 7991: 7987: 7983: 7978: 7973: 7969: 7965: 7961: 7954: 7947: 7942: 7940: 7938: 7929: 7928: 7920: 7918: 7916: 7908: 7905: 7899: 7892: 7887: 7880: 7875: 7873: 7866:, p. 45. 7865: 7860: 7858: 7856: 7848:. p. 70. 7847: 7846: 7838: 7830: 7824: 7816: 7810: 7802: 7796: 7781: 7777: 7771: 7755: 7751: 7745: 7730: 7726: 7720: 7711: 7702: 7700: 7691: 7685: 7681: 7680: 7672: 7670: 7668: 7660: 7655: 7653: 7651: 7641: 7633: 7627: 7623: 7616: 7608: 7602: 7598: 7594: 7590: 7589: 7581: 7574: 7569: 7561: 7549: 7534: 7528: 7524: 7523: 7515: 7507: 7494: 7487: 7483: 7476: 7469: 7457: 7453: 7449: 7445: 7438: 7431: 7427: 7423: 7419: 7415: 7411: 7407: 7403: 7399: 7395: 7389: 7382: 7377: 7375:9781003243809 7371: 7367: 7363: 7360:. Routledge. 7359: 7358: 7350: 7342: 7340:0-415-29772-9 7336: 7332: 7331: 7323: 7315: 7313:0-631-22039-9 7309: 7305: 7304: 7296: 7288: 7286:0-631-23170-6 7282: 7278: 7277: 7269: 7262: 7257: 7253: 7249: 7242: 7236: 7230: 7224: 7218: 7212: 7209:Petrov 1981: 7206: 7191: 7187: 7183: 7176: 7174: 7172: 7170: 7168: 7166: 7157: 7155:9789052012971 7151: 7147: 7146: 7141: 7135: 7127: 7120: 7113: 7108: 7101: 7096: 7089: 7084: 7076: 7070: 7062: 7058: 7051: 7049: 7047: 7045: 7043: 7035: 7030: 7023: 7018: 7011: 7006: 7004: 7002: 7000: 6993:, p. 67. 6992: 6987: 6985: 6978:, p. 66. 6977: 6972: 6970: 6968: 6966: 6964: 6957:, p. 80. 6956: 6951: 6945:, p. 83. 6944: 6939: 6933:, p. 82. 6932: 6927: 6920: 6915: 6908: 6903: 6896: 6891: 6884: 6879: 6873:, p. 11. 6872: 6867: 6860: 6855: 6847: 6845:9781136807930 6841: 6837: 6836: 6828: 6826: 6824: 6822: 6814: 6809: 6802: 6797: 6795: 6788:, p. 88. 6787: 6782: 6780: 6771: 6769:9789004294486 6765: 6761: 6760: 6752: 6744: 6742:9781853024856 6738: 6734: 6730: 6729: 6724: 6718: 6716: 6714: 6712: 6710: 6708: 6706: 6704: 6702: 6693: 6691:9780226064567 6687: 6683: 6682: 6677: 6673: 6667: 6665: 6658:, p. 84. 6657: 6652: 6650: 6648: 6640: 6635: 6628: 6623: 6616: 6611: 6604: 6599: 6592: 6587: 6585: 6577: 6572: 6570: 6562: 6557: 6555: 6553: 6551: 6549: 6547: 6545: 6543: 6541: 6539: 6531: 6526: 6524: 6516: 6511: 6504: 6499: 6497: 6489: 6484: 6477: 6472: 6470: 6462: 6457: 6451:, p. 10. 6450: 6445: 6438: 6437:Runciman 1930 6433: 6431: 6429: 6427: 6425: 6423: 6421: 6419: 6412:, p. 75. 6411: 6406: 6400:, p. 73. 6399: 6394: 6392: 6383: 6381:9783110183580 6377: 6373: 6372: 6364: 6362: 6355:, p. 74. 6354: 6349: 6347: 6345: 6343: 6336:, p. 59. 6335: 6330: 6328: 6320: 6315: 6313: 6305: 6300: 6293: 6289: 6285: 6281: 6277: 6273: 6266: 6260:, p. 72. 6259: 6254: 6246: 6242: 6241: 6236: 6230: 6223: 6218: 6216: 6214: 6206: 6201: 6194: 6189: 6182: 6177: 6169: 6167:9781108083218 6163: 6159: 6158: 6153: 6152:Bury, John B. 6147: 6145: 6143: 6141: 6139: 6137: 6135: 6133: 6131: 6129: 6122: 6121:9789004163898 6118: 6112: 6106:, p. 71. 6105: 6100: 6093: 6092:Runciman 1930 6088: 6081: 6080:Runciman 1930 6076: 6074: 6072: 6064: 6063:Runciman 1930 6059: 6057: 6050:, p. 70. 6049: 6044: 6037: 6032: 6025: 6020: 6013: 6012:Runciman 1930 6008: 6006: 6004: 6002: 6000: 5998: 5991:, p. 69. 5990: 5985: 5978: 5973: 5966: 5961: 5954: 5949: 5942: 5937: 5935: 5933: 5931: 5924:, p. 54. 5923: 5918: 5911: 5906: 5899: 5894: 5875: 5871: 5864: 5863: 5859:Hart, Nancy. 5855: 5848: 5843: 5841: 5839: 5837: 5829: 5824: 5817: 5812: 5806:, p. 16. 5805: 5800: 5798: 5791:, p. 68. 5790: 5785: 5778: 5773: 5766: 5761: 5759: 5757: 5755: 5747: 5742: 5735: 5730: 5728: 5726: 5717: 5711: 5703: 5699: 5692: 5685: 5680: 5673: 5668: 5661: 5656: 5648: 5642: 5634: 5630: 5623: 5621: 5619: 5611: 5606: 5599: 5594: 5587: 5582: 5574: 5572:9789004163898 5568: 5564: 5560: 5559:Curta, Florin 5556: 5549: 5542: 5537: 5535: 5533: 5531: 5529: 5527: 5525: 5517: 5512: 5510: 5508: 5499: 5493: 5485: 5481: 5474: 5472: 5470: 5462: 5457: 5450: 5445: 5443: 5441: 5439: 5437: 5435: 5427: 5422: 5415: 5410: 5408: 5400: 5395: 5388: 5383: 5376: 5371: 5364: 5359: 5357: 5355: 5353: 5351: 5344:, p. 97. 5343: 5338: 5331: 5326: 5320:, p. 98. 5319: 5314: 5312: 5304: 5299: 5293:, p. 76. 5292: 5287: 5285: 5283: 5275: 5270: 5263: 5258: 5251: 5246: 5239: 5234: 5228:, p. 70. 5227: 5222: 5216:, p. 75. 5215: 5210: 5208: 5206: 5204: 5196: 5191: 5185:, p. 53. 5184: 5179: 5173:, p. 69. 5172: 5167: 5165: 5163: 5161: 5152: 5150:9780520069831 5146: 5142: 5141: 5136: 5130: 5128: 5119: 5113: 5105: 5098: 5089: 5080: 5073: 5068: 5066: 5064: 5055: 5053:9783806203646 5049: 5045: 5038: 5031: 5026: 5019: 5014: 5007: 5002: 4995: 4990: 4982: 4976: 4968: 4962: 4958: 4957: 4949: 4942: 4937: 4931:, p. 28. 4930: 4925: 4918: 4913: 4906: 4901: 4894: 4889: 4883:, p. 99. 4882: 4877: 4875: 4873: 4866:, p. 96. 4865: 4860: 4854:, p. 96. 4853: 4848: 4846: 4838: 4832: 4825: 4820: 4818: 4816: 4814: 4805: 4799: 4791: 4787: 4780: 4778: 4769: 4763: 4755: 4751: 4744: 4742: 4740: 4738: 4736: 4734: 4732: 4730: 4728: 4726: 4724: 4722: 4720: 4712: 4707: 4705: 4697: 4692: 4685: 4680: 4673: 4668: 4662:, p. 25. 4661: 4656: 4648: 4646:9789004254466 4642: 4638: 4637: 4629: 4623:, p. 97. 4622: 4617: 4610: 4605: 4603: 4601: 4593: 4588: 4581: 4576: 4574: 4572: 4570: 4568: 4560: 4555: 4553: 4551: 4549: 4547: 4545: 4543: 4541: 4539: 4537: 4535: 4528:, p. 96. 4527: 4522: 4515: 4510: 4503: 4499: 4494: 4488:, p. 24. 4487: 4482: 4480: 4478: 4470: 4465: 4446: 4439: 4432: 4424: 4418: 4410: 4403: 4401: 4393: 4388: 4386: 4378: 4373: 4366: 4361: 4359: 4351: 4346: 4344: 4342: 4340: 4338: 4336: 4334: 4332: 4330: 4322: 4317: 4315: 4307: 4302: 4295: 4290: 4288: 4286: 4278: 4266: 4262: 4261: 4256: 4250: 4248: 4240: 4228: 4224: 4223: 4218: 4212: 4205: 4200: 4193: 4188: 4181: 4176: 4174:9780521362924 4170: 4166: 4165: 4160: 4154: 4147: 4142: 4134: 4132:9781107009066 4128: 4124: 4123: 4115: 4113: 4111: 4109: 4101: 4096: 4094: 4092: 4090: 4088: 4079: 4078: 4070: 4063: 4058: 4054: 4045: 4042: 4040: 4037: 4035: 4032: 4030: 4027: 4025: 4022: 4020: 4017: 4015: 4012: 4011: 4005: 4003: 3998: 3996: 3993: 3989: 3985: 3981: 3977: 3973: 3969: 3959: 3957: 3953: 3949: 3945: 3939: 3937: 3936:Mediterranean 3933: 3929: 3925: 3921: 3917: 3913: 3909: 3905: 3901: 3897: 3891: 3889: 3885: 3881: 3875: 3873: 3869: 3862: 3861: 3856: 3851: 3842: 3838: 3836: 3832: 3828: 3824: 3820: 3816: 3811: 3807: 3803: 3800: 3794: 3791: 3783: 3779: 3775: 3770: 3760: 3755: 3752: 3748: 3743: 3741: 3740: 3735: 3731: 3727: 3722: 3719: 3718:Slavicisation 3714: 3711: 3706: 3699: 3696: 3693: 3690: 3687: 3684: 3683: 3679: 3676: 3673: 3670: 3668: 3665: 3664: 3661: 3658: 3655: 3652: 3649: 3646: 3645: 3641: 3637: 3634: 3631: 3628: 3625: 3622: 3621: 3618: 3615: 3612: 3609: 3606: 3603: 3602: 3598: 3595: 3593:Volga Bulgar 3592: 3589: 3587: 3586: 3583: 3582: 3578: 3576: 3572: 3568: 3549: 3546: 3543: 3540: 3537: 3536: 3532: 3529: 3526: 3523: 3520: 3519: 3515: 3512: 3509: 3506: 3503: 3502: 3498: 3495: 3492: 3489: 3486: 3485: 3481: 3478: 3475: 3472: 3470:token, trace 3469: 3468: 3464: 3461: 3458: 3455: 3453: 3452: 3449: 3448: 3444: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3430: 3425: 3423: 3419: 3415: 3411: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3395: 3394:Orkhon script 3391: 3387: 3383: 3373: 3370: 3367: 3366: 3363: 3360: 3357: 3354: 3353: 3350: 3347: 3344: 3341: 3340: 3337: 3334: 3331: 3329:Past tense 2 3328: 3327: 3324: 3321: 3318: 3315: 3314: 3310: 3308:Volga Bulgar 3307: 3304: 3303: 3300: 3299: 3290: 3287: 3284: 3283: 3279: 3276: 3273: 3272: 3268: 3265: 3262: 3261: 3258: 3255: 3252: 3248: 3245: 3244: 3241: 3238: 3236:Volga Bulgar 3235: 3232: 3231: 3228: 3227: 3223: 3215: 3212: 3209: 3206: 3203: 3202: 3199: 3196: 3193: 3190: 3187: 3186: 3183: 3180: 3177: 3174: 3171: 3170: 3167: 3164: 3161: 3158: 3155: 3154: 3151: 3148: 3145: 3142: 3139: 3138: 3135: 3132: 3129: 3126: 3123: 3122: 3119: 3116: 3113: 3110: 3107: 3106: 3103: 3100: 3097: 3094: 3091: 3090: 3087: 3084: 3081: 3078: 3075: 3074: 3071: 3068: 3065: 3063:اَلطِ (altï) 3062: 3059: 3058: 3055: 3052: 3049: 3046: 3043: 3042: 3039: 3036: 3033: 3030: 3027: 3026: 3023: 3020: 3017: 3014: 3011: 3010: 3007: 3004: 3001: 2998: 2995: 2994: 2991: 2988: 2985: 2982: 2979: 2976: 2975: 2972:Proto-Turkic 2971: 2968: 2966:Volga Bulgar 2965: 2963: 2962: 2959: 2958: 2954: 2952: 2951:Orkhon script 2948: 2942: 2940: 2939:Tangra/Tengre 2936: 2932: 2928: 2927: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2893: 2889: 2886: 2882: 2877: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2851: 2847: 2842: 2837: 2827: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2796: 2791: 2790:Franz Altheim 2787: 2783: 2778: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2759: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2736: 2734: 2731:near ancient 2730: 2726: 2722: 2717: 2714: 2708: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2631: 2627: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2611: 2607: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2592: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2545: 2541: 2540:(837) states: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2526: 2524: 2514: 2512: 2508: 2507:zhupan tarqan 2504: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2491: 2486: 2485: 2479: 2476: 2472: 2471: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2429:boila kavkhan 2425: 2423: 2420:; chief) and 2419: 2418: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2392: 2387: 2383: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2352: 2347: 2346: 2337: 2334:The ruins of 2332: 2328: 2326: 2325: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2306: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2276: 2272: 2271:Orkhon Turkic 2268: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2247: 2237: 2233: 2231: 2230: 2225: 2224: 2219: 2218: 2213: 2209: 2208: 2203: 2193: 2192: 2187: 2186: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2152: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2129: 2127: 2122: 2119: 2115: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2096: 2092: 2087: 2078: 2075: 2071: 2066: 2062: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2051:blacksmithing 2043: 2038: 2029: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1988:Europe in 814 1986: 1982: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1959: 1955: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1915: 1908: 1898: 1897: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1877: 1868: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1837: 1833: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1790: 1788: 1784: 1778: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1762: 1760: 1755: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1738:According to 1736: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1721:Black Bulgars 1718: 1714: 1705: 1700: 1696: 1686: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1663: 1659: 1657: 1656: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1610: 1605: 1595: 1591: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1574:(*Nandur) of 1573: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1528: 1523: 1519: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1495: 1491: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1451: 1449: 1443: 1441: 1437: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1376:(Kutriğurs), 1375: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1345: 1342: 1341:Caspian Gates 1336: 1334: 1330: 1325: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1294: 1289: 1285: 1283: 1278: 1277:Constantiolus 1274: 1269: 1267: 1263: 1262:Scythia Minor 1259: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1234: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1191: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1156: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1140: 1135: 1130: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1095: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1072: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1045: 1039: 1037: 1036: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 998: 993: 989: 984: 982: 979: 975: 971: 967: 963: 959: 955: 951: 939: 934: 932: 927: 925: 920: 919: 917: 916: 913: 902: 901:Main category 899: 898: 890: 887: 885: 882: 880: 877: 876: 875: 874: 864: 861: 856: 855:Communist era 853: 848: 845: 840: 837: 832: 829: 824: 821: 816: 813: 812: 808: 805: 798: 795: 790: 787: 782: 779: 775: 772: 770: 767: 766: 762: 759: 754: 751: 750: 746: 743: 737: 734: 732: 729: 727: 724: 723: 719: 716: 711: 708: 701: 698: 697: 693: 690: 685: 682: 681: 677: 674: 669: 666: 659: 656: 651: 648: 646: 643: 642: 638: 635: 630: 627: 624:6th–7th cent. 619: 616: 611: 608: 603: 600: 599: 598: 597: 593: 589: 588: 585: 579: 578: 573: 568: 567: 561: 556: 551: 547: 529: 525: 521: 517: 514: 513: 508: 504: 500: 497: 493: 489: 488: 487: 484: 482: 478: 474: 470: 466: 461: 459: 458: 453: 449: 445: 441: 437: 433: 429: 425: 421: 417: 413: 408: 406: 402: 398: 394: 390: 386: 382: 378: 374: 370: 366: 361: 359: 355: 351: 347: 343: 339: 335: 331: 326: 324: 320: 316: 312: 308: 307:buk/buok kwət 304: 300: 295: 293: 289: 285: 281: 277: 276:b'uo-lak-kiei 274: 270: 269: 264: 260: 255: 253: 249: 245: 244:Osman Karatay 242:According to 240: 238: 234: 230: 226: 222: 218: 214: 210: 209: 204: 200: 196: 195: 184: 182: 178: 174: 170: 166: 161: 159: 155: 151: 150:Slavic tribes 147: 143: 139: 135: 134:Scythia Minor 131: 127: 126:Khazar Empire 123: 118: 116: 112: 108: 104: 100: 96: 92: 88: 83: 81: 77: 73: 69: 65: 61: 58: 54: 46: 42: 39: 34: 30: 26: 22: 11289: 11239:Lipka Tatars 11112:Tozhu Tuvans 11072:Volga Tatars 10785:Akto Turkmen 10678:Libyan Turks 10638:Cretan Turks 10553:Akto Turkmen 10502:Tajik Kyrgyz 10489:Akto Turkmen 10376:Azerbaijanis 10225: 10195:Round Church 10185:Madara Rider 10176: 10175: 10174: 10158: 10114: 10113: 10112: 10058: 10045: 10014: 9961: 9960: 9959: 9902: 9901: 9900: 9896: 9859: 9826: 9810: 9790:Ivan Asen II 9772: 9771: 9770: 9723: 9722: 9721: 9717: 9652: 9633: 9632: 9614: 9598: 9592: 9519: 9508: 9475:. Retrieved 9471:the original 9455: 9434: 9401: 9397: 9388: 9372: 9355: 9338: 9293: 9289: 9250: 9246: 9233: 9215:, retrieved 9208:the original 9199: 9175: 9154: 9130: 9117:. Retrieved 9113:the original 9097: 9077: 9049: 9024: 9003: 8981: 8956: 8935: 8914: 8892: 8887:Grabar, Oleg 8883:Brown, Peter 8855: 8823: 8799: 8776: 8763: 8759: 8737: 8720: 8704: 8681: 8669: 8657: 8634: 8624: 8612: 8604: 8588: 8555: 8551: 8545: 8533:. Retrieved 8529: 8520: 8511: 8506: 8437: 8433: 8422: 8374:(1): 16569. 8371: 8367: 8356: 8333: 8323: 8311: 8288: 8259: 8247: 8235: 8211: 8204:Pohl, Walter 8198: 8189: 8160: 8150: 8141: 8132: 8120: 8107: 8103: 8097: 8088: 8079: 8070: 8061: 8051: 8042: 8032: 8031:Karachanak, 8026: 8014: 8002: 7967: 7963: 7953: 7926: 7906: 7898: 7886: 7844: 7837: 7823: 7809: 7795: 7783:. Retrieved 7779: 7770: 7758:. Retrieved 7753: 7744: 7732:. Retrieved 7728: 7719: 7710: 7678: 7640: 7621: 7615: 7587: 7580: 7568: 7536:. Retrieved 7521: 7514: 7493:cite journal 7485: 7475: 7467: 7460:. Retrieved 7456:the original 7451: 7447: 7437: 7429: 7405: 7401: 7388: 7379: 7356: 7349: 7329: 7322: 7302: 7295: 7275: 7268: 7259: 7255: 7251: 7241: 7229: 7217: 7205: 7194:, retrieved 7190:the original 7185: 7144: 7134: 7125: 7119: 7107: 7100:Fiedler 2008 7095: 7083: 7060: 7034:Fiedler 2008 7029: 7022:Fiedler 2008 7017: 7010:Fiedler 2008 6950: 6938: 6926: 6914: 6902: 6890: 6883:Tokarev 1980 6878: 6866: 6854: 6834: 6808: 6801:Fiedler 2008 6758: 6751: 6727: 6680: 6634: 6622: 6610: 6598: 6576:Fiedler 2008 6510: 6505:, p. 9. 6483: 6456: 6444: 6405: 6370: 6321:, p. 8. 6299: 6275: 6271: 6265: 6253: 6244: 6239: 6229: 6200: 6188: 6176: 6156: 6111: 6099: 6087: 6043: 6031: 6019: 5984: 5972: 5965:Fiedler 2008 5960: 5953:Fiedler 2008 5948: 5917: 5905: 5893: 5881:. Retrieved 5874:the original 5861: 5854: 5823: 5811: 5784: 5777:Fiedler 2008 5772: 5765:Fiedler 2008 5741: 5701: 5691: 5679: 5667: 5655: 5632: 5605: 5593: 5581: 5562: 5548: 5516:Fiedler 2008 5483: 5456: 5421: 5394: 5382: 5370: 5337: 5325: 5298: 5269: 5257: 5245: 5233: 5221: 5190: 5178: 5139: 5103: 5097: 5088: 5079: 5043: 5037: 5025: 5013: 5001: 4989: 4955: 4948: 4936: 4929:Karatay 2003 4924: 4917:Karatay 2003 4912: 4900: 4888: 4859: 4836: 4831: 4789: 4753: 4691: 4679: 4667: 4660:Karatay 2003 4655: 4635: 4628: 4616: 4592:Clauson 1972 4587: 4521: 4514:Karatay 2003 4509: 4501: 4493: 4486:Karatay 2003 4464: 4452:. Retrieved 4445:the original 4431: 4408: 4377:Fiedler 2008 4372: 4301: 4277:populations. 4275: 4258: 4237: 4220: 4211: 4199: 4187: 4178: 4163: 4153: 4141: 4121: 4076: 4069: 4057: 3999: 3976:Volga Tatars 3965: 3944:trepanations 3940: 3892: 3876: 3872:Volga Tatars 3868:Volga Tatars 3865: 3858: 3839: 3812: 3808: 3804: 3795: 3790:ethnogenesis 3787: 3784:, or Bulgar. 3757: 3744: 3737: 3728:(especially 3723: 3715: 3707: 3704: 3697: 3667:An ethnicity 3666: 3659: 3650:ΔΥΑΝ (dwan) 3639: 3635: 3616: 3580: 3579: 3570: 3560: 3524:КАПЬ (kap') 3521:image, icon 3446: 3445: 3426: 3414:Madara Rider 3410:Oghur Turkic 3379: 3361: 3348: 3335: 3322: 3297: 3296: 3256: 3250: 3239: 3225: 3224: 3220: 3213: 3197: 3194:аллӑ (allă) 3181: 3165: 3149: 3133: 3117: 3101: 3085: 3069: 3053: 3037: 3021: 3005: 3002:иккӗ (ikkĕ) 2989: 2980: 2956: 2955: 2943: 2938: 2924: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2894: 2890: 2881:Oghur Turkic 2878: 2855: 2815: 2801:Christianity 2799: 2779: 2760: 2752:Karachayevsk 2737: 2718: 2709: 2696: 2684: 2667: 2647: 2623: 2619: 2613: 2609: 2593: 2570: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2547: 2543: 2527: 2523:monotheistic 2520: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2499:buliastarkan 2498: 2494: 2488: 2482: 2480: 2474: 2468: 2467:. The title 2464: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2449:setit bagain 2448: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2433:ičirgu boila 2432: 2428: 2426: 2421: 2415: 2411: 2399: 2395: 2389: 2385: 2384: 2379: 2378:boyars. The 2375: 2371: 2367: 2366:boilas, the 2363: 2359: 2355: 2349: 2343: 2341: 2322: 2318: 2315:Florin Curta 2310: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2287: 2283: 2273: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2244: 2242: 2227: 2221: 2215: 2205: 2201: 2189: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2153: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2130: 2125: 2123: 2110: 2067: 2063: 2047: 2042:Madara Rider 1991: 1971:Justinian II 1964: 1928:Thessaloniki 1921: 1913: 1894: 1887:Nicephorus I 1842: 1828:, including 1805: 1791: 1782: 1780: 1770: 1766: 1764: 1756: 1737: 1720: 1710: 1678: 1670: 1664: 1660: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1621: 1615: 1592: 1579: 1571: 1567: 1559: 1551: 1548:Ibn al-Kalbi 1543: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1525: 1520: 1515: 1507: 1500:Nikephoros I 1496: 1492: 1487: 1484:Č'dar Bulkar 1483: 1476:Kuchi Bulkar 1475: 1471: 1464:Kup'i Bulgar 1463: 1459: 1455: 1453: 1445: 1438: 1433: 1425: 1421: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1397: 1389: 1385: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1361: 1357: 1349: 1347: 1338: 1332: 1326: 1317: 1316:, while the 1313: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1291: 1286: 1270: 1249: 1235: 1223:John Malalas 1192: 1168:Emperor Zeno 1157: 1147: 1137: 1131: 1127:Tiele people 1096: 1091: 1088:Bolgaru-chaj 1087: 1073: 1042: 1040: 1033: 1032:, is in the 1021: 1018:Č'dar Bulkar 1017: 1013: 1010:Duč'i Bulkar 1009: 1006:Kup'i Bulgar 1005: 1004:, where the 995: 985: 966:Hyun Jin Kim 947: 847:World War II 810:1878–present 523: 519: 510: 506: 502: 495: 485: 472: 468: 462: 455: 451: 447: 443: 439: 431: 427: 424:*Toqur(o)ğur 423: 419: 415: 409: 404: 400: 396: 392: 388: 380: 376: 372: 368: 362: 357: 329: 327: 310: 306: 302: 296: 287: 275: 266: 259:Sanping Chen 256: 252:ethnogenesis 241: 237:Paul Pelliot 229:Gyula Németh 224: 223:interpreted 216: 212: 206: 203:Proto-Turkic 192: 190: 173:Volga Tatars 162: 119: 84: 80:Central Asia 68:Volga region 60:semi-nomadic 52: 50: 29: 11460:Toquz Oghuz 11399:Oghuz Turks 11366:Sir-Kıvchak 11160:Afghanistan 10903:Qarai Turks 10819:Tor Uyghurs 10798:Fuyu Kyrgyz 10746:Karakalpaks 10615:Kouloughlis 10419:Karapapakhs 9780:Ivan Asen I 9713:(1393–1396) 9707:(1393–1396) 9701:(1185–1393) 9659:Aristocracy 9604:South Slavs 8316:Golden 1992 8264:Golden 1992 8252:Golden 1992 8240:Golden 1992 8228:Golden 2011 8112:Saarbrücken 8019:Golden 2011 7946:Sedlar 2011 7879:Sedlar 2011 7573:Golden 1992 7112:Golden 1992 6895:Golden 1992 6871:Petkov 2008 6639:Petkov 2008 6615:Sedlar 2011 6561:Golden 1992 6515:Petkov 2008 6503:Petkov 2008 6488:Petkov 2008 6476:Petkov 2008 6461:Petkov 2008 6449:Petkov 2008 6334:Sedlar 2011 6319:Petkov 2008 6278:(1): 1–19, 6193:Petkov 2008 6181:Petkov 2008 5941:Golden 2011 5922:Golden 2011 5910:Golden 1992 5898:Golden 1992 5847:Golden 1992 5828:Golden 1992 5804:Sedlar 2011 5746:Golden 1992 5734:Golden 1992 5660:Golden 1992 5610:Golden 1992 5598:Golden 1992 5586:Golden 1992 5541:Golden 1992 5461:Golden 1992 5449:Golden 2011 5426:Golden 1992 5414:Golden 1992 5399:Golden 1992 5387:Golden 1992 5375:Golden 1992 5363:Golden 2011 5342:Golden 1992 5330:Golden 1992 5318:Golden 1992 5030:Golden 1992 5018:Golden 1992 5006:Golden 1992 4994:Golden 1992 4905:Golden 1992 4893:Golden 2011 4881:Golden 1992 4864:Golden 2012 4852:Golden 1992 4824:Golden 1992 4711:Golden 2012 4580:Golden 2011 4469:Golden 1992 4365:Golden 2011 4146:Golden 1992 4100:Golden 1992 3896:Volga Finns 3886:with small 3638:(Mongolian 3567:Talât Tekin 3316:Past tense 3263:Accusative 3207:جُور (cǖr) 2953:continued. 2937:(in Bulgar 2923:within the 2748:Zoroastrian 2663:Finno-Ugric 2659:Volga Finns 2604:Oghuz Turks 2530:omniscience 2445:biri bagain 2319:kana sybigi 2282:considered 2253:and two by 2246:kana sybigi 2018:Kievan Rus' 1679:Duolu/Tu-lu 1675:Ashina clan 1673:tribes and 1558:(982), the 1474:could read 1424:(unknown), 1408:(unknown), 1392:; possibly 1219:Justinian I 1150:killed the 1144:Carpathians 1092:Vanand-chaj 839:World War I 831:Balkan Wars 610:Roman times 581:History of 473:shara oghur 221:Talat Tekin 165:Volga River 95:Finno-Ugric 11611:Categories 10507:Van Kyrgyz 10389:Shahsevans 10275:Bogomilism 10123:Saint Naum 10059:Literature 9695:(992–1018) 9673:Capitals: 9623:(681–1018) 9422:"Bulghārs" 9039:1442203021 8723:. London: 7088:Curta 2006 6591:Curta 2006 6530:Curta 2006 6304:Curta 2006 6222:Curta 2006 6205:Curta 2006 5291:Curta 2015 5274:Curta 2015 5226:Croke 2001 5214:Curta 2015 5195:Croke 2001 5183:Croke 2001 5171:Croke 2001 4268:Retrieved 4230:Retrieved 4204:Brook 2006 3988:Hungarians 3966:In modern 3956:Sarmatians 3942:performed 3888:East Asian 3688:ЧИТ (çit) 3544:сум (sum) 3527:кап (kap) 3462:Hungarian 3441:Slavicized 3210:ҫӗр (śĕr) 3191:الو (elü) 3175:حرح (xrx) 3159:وطر (vtr) 3127:وان (van) 2986:пӗр (pĕr) 2901:kanasubigi 2711:seems the 2655:polytheism 2639:Tengristic 2596:henotheism 2495:kalutarkan 2481:The title 2478:function. 2408:Alogobotur 2394:, once as 2280:J. B. Bury 2191:kanasubigi 2010:Golden Age 1802:Ukil/Vokil 1775:Bessarabia 1648:state, or 1527:Onoğundurs 1512:Theophanes 1508:Onoğundurs 1428:(probably 1380:(probably 1306:Altziagiri 1236:Ennodius, 1076:Arshak III 1063:(probably 992:Ostrogoths 964:'s death. 950:Kazakhstan 866:since 1990 756:after 1413 753:Resistance 650:Golden Age 501:the Latin 405:oğša-/oqša 363:The names 319:Toquz Oguz 263:Inner Asia 254:to occur. 158:Bulgarians 154:Slavicized 132:conquered 21:Bulgarians 11534:Diasporas 11475:Xueyantuo 11465:Uriankhai 11412:Pechenegs 11405:Turkomans 11379:Kutrigurs 11051:Kryashens 11013:Kumandins 10994:Karachays 10974:Besermyan 10949:Telengits 10855:Krymchaks 10838:in Crimea 10803:Ili Turks 10396:Küresünni 10215:Baba Vida 10210:Tsarevets 9860:Conflicts 9705:Nicopolis 9689:(972–992) 9683:(893–972) 9677:(681–893) 9581:Military 9459:. Brill. 9443:1873-9830 9101:. Brill. 9053:. Brill. 8829:Wiesbaden 8643:cite book 8396:2045-2322 8342:cite book 8297:cite book 8007:Fine 1991 7994:241146294 7986:2392-1617 7785:24 August 7760:24 August 7734:24 August 7558:ignored ( 7548:cite book 7418:0363-5570 7196:28 August 7069:cite book 6292:154863640 5816:Fine 1991 5789:Fine 1991 5710:cite book 5641:cite book 5492:cite book 5112:cite book 5092:PD, XVII. 4975:cite book 4798:cite book 4762:cite book 4696:Chen 2012 4684:Chen 2012 4672:Chen 2012 4621:Chen 2012 4526:Chen 2012 4417:cite book 4239:Bulgaria. 4050:Citations 3992:Karachay- 3972:Bulgarism 3922:, and in 3916:Sarmatian 3884:Caucasoid 3815:Sarmatian 3764:Ethnicity 3739:Nominalia 3575:Hungarian 3573:sound in 3557:Phonology 3499:*bileçüg 3487:bracelet 3429:Byzantine 3371:-tur/tür 3246:Genitive 2824:Al-Ma'mun 2758:culture. 2677:shamanism 2490:strategos 2453:ik bagain 2417:alp, alyp 2091:Dulo clan 2059:carpentry 2022:Pechenegs 1936:Ravennate 1932:Macedonia 1930:in Greek 1861:Rish Pass 1845:Thracians 1830:Ludogorie 1818:Black Sea 1683:Dulo clan 1630:Heraclius 1580:*Wununtur 1564:Al-Masudi 1242:Procopius 1211:Baduarius 1184:Illyricum 1123:Ting-ling 1099:Akatziroi 1061:Valarshak 962:Dengizich 892:1893–1944 858:1946–1990 850:1941–1945 842:1915–1918 834:1912–1913 800:1877–1878 764:1762–1878 748:1396–1878 721:1371–1396 713:1300–1371 703:1273–1291 695:1274–1300 687:1230–1241 679:1185–1396 671:1018–1185 618:Dark Ages 481:Cimmerian 477:Procopius 469:šara oğur 448:utur/otur 401:oğuš/uğuš 342:Tian Shan 330:Chronicle 199:Tomaschek 11585:Turkmens 11573:Turkmeni 11430:Saragurs 11374:Kurykans 11360:Kipchaks 11345:Keraites 11330:Göktürks 11320:Dughlats 11310:Dingling 11280:Berendei 11131:Mongolia 11101:Tofalars 11065:Nağaybäk 10969:Bashkirs 10956:Tubalars 10942:Chelkans 10936:Altaians 10757:in China 10589:Tahtacıs 10582:Muhacirs 10523:Turkmens 10240:Tengrism 10226:Religion 9756:Simeon I 9731:Asparukh 9584:Culture 9433:(eds.). 9383:(1981). 9367:(1981). 9330:23483890 9290:PLOS ONE 9277:15255049 9228:(2015). 9217:13 April 9197:(2012), 9152:(2011). 8978:(2006). 8889:(1999). 8821:(1992). 8797:(1991). 8758:(1980). 8735:(1973), 8715:(1930). 8637:. 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Varna. 4255:"Bulgar" 4161:(1995). 4008:See also 3980:Bashkirs 3904:Kipchaks 3754:authors: 3734:Asparukh 3596:Chuvash 3459:Chuvash 3418:Sasanian 3386:Cyrillic 3204:hundred 3150:*yẹgirmi 3054:*bẹ̄ĺ(k) 3015:وج (vč) 2999:اک (ek) 2969:Chuvash 2897:khan/qan 2848:by Khan 2830:Language 2786:Sasanian 2782:Parthian 2740:Balanjar 2693:Simeon I 2673:totemism 2669:Paganism 2572:Tengrism 2538:Philippi 2517:Religion 2465:golaghuz 2324:basileus 2311:*su-baga 2294:-Turkic 2275:syubashi 2212:Slavonic 2172:iltabare 2164:vagantur 2141:iltabare 2126:khanate' 2093:and the 2006:Simeon I 1857:Severeis 1759:Asparukh 1713:Batbayan 1466:and the 1440:Agathias 1414:Bagrasir 1394:Akatziri 1360:(Oğur), 1318:Hunuguri 1288:Jordanes 1258:Vitalian 1254:Sabinian 1238:Jordanes 1148:Vulgares 1065:Varazdat 1053:Caucasus 974:Kutrigur 952:and the 661:968–1018 640:681–1018 583:Bulgaria 572:a series 570:Part of 524:*bil-gur 520:*bel-gur 503:burgaroi 420:Quturğur 416:Kuturgur 412:Kutrigur 393:oq/ogsiz 358:Puguraje 354:Barsalia 338:Scythian 177:Bashkirs 130:Asparukh 66:and the 11617:Bulgars 11597:Ottoman 11581:Iranian 11577:Afghani 11525:Mughals 11520:Hazaras 11470:Utigurs 11445:Türgesh 11420:Onogurs 11394:Nushibi 11389:Naimans 11350:Khazars 11340:Karluks 11295:Chigils 11290:Bulgars 11275:Barsils 11213:Europe 11192:Ansarlu 11138:Khotons 11096:Teleuts 10989:Dolgans 10984:Chuvash 10979:Chulyms 10964:Balkars 10908:Qashqai 10893:Khalajs 10871:in Iran 10813:Uyghurs 10536:Ansarlu 10447:Kazakhs 10361:Peoples 10220:Cherven 9811:Economy 9785:Kaloyan 9761:Peter I 9751:Boris I 9746:Omurtag 9699:Tarnovo 9681:Preslav 9599:Bulgars 9560:on the 9505:Bulgars 9321:3590186 9298:Bibcode 9268:1691686 8595:bioRxiv 8475:6193700 8450:bioRxiv 8442:Bibcode 8405:6851379 8376:Bibcode 7484:: 1 p. 7412:: 470. 7211:§A.II.1 5883:3 March 3995:Balkars 3974:). 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