Henry David Thoreau

11140: 83: 4226:. There is no evidence to suggest he had physical relations with anyone, man or woman. Bronson Alcott wrote that Thoreau "seemed to have no temptations. All those strong wants that do battle with other men's nature, he knew not." Some scholars have suggested that homoerotic sentiments run through his writings and concluded that he was homosexual. The elegy "Sympathy" was inspired by the eleven-year-old Edmund Sewall, who had just spent five days in the Thoreau household in 1839. One scholar has suggested that he wrote the poem to Edmund because he could not bring himself to write it to Edmund's sister Anna, and another that Thoreau's "emotional experiences with women are memorialized under a camouflage of masculine pronouns", but other scholars dismiss this. It has been argued that the long 5334:

I was so deeply moved that I reread the work several times. I became convinced that noncooperation with evil is as much a moral obligation as is cooperation with good. No other person has been more eloquent and passionate in getting this idea across than Henry David Thoreau. As a result of his writings and personal witness, we are the heirs of a legacy of creative protest. The teachings of Thoreau came alive in our civil rights movement; indeed, they are more alive than ever before. Whether expressed in a sit-in at lunch counters; a freedom ride into Mississippi; a peaceful protest in Albany, Georgia; a bus boycott in Montgomery, Alabama; these are outgrowths of Thoreau's insistence that evil must be resisted and that no moral man can patiently adjust to injustice.

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pertinent. Some have asked what I got to eat; if I did not feel lonesome; if I was not afraid; and the like. Others have been curious to learn what portion of my income I devoted to charitable purposes; and some, who have large families, how many poor children I maintained. ... Unfortunately, I am confined to this theme by the narrowness of my experience. Moreover, I, on my side, require of every writer, first or last, a simple and sincere account of his own life, and not merely what he has heard of other men's lives; ... I trust that none will stretch the seams in putting on the coat, for it may do good service to him whom it fits.

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resignation, unless it was quite necessary. I wanted to live deep and suck out all the marrow of life, to live so sturdily and Spartan-like as to put to rout all that was not life, to cut a broad swath and shave close, to drive life into a corner, and reduce it to its lowest terms, and, if it proved to be mean, why then to get the whole and genuine meanness of it, and publish its meanness to the world; or if it were sublime, to know it by experience, and be able to give a true account of it in my next excursion.

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a previous state of existence, so remote is its sublimity from our conceptions. I lay down the book and go to my well for water, and lo! there I meet the servant of the Brahmin, priest of Brahma and Vishnu and Indra, who still sits in his temple on the Ganges reading the Vedas, or dwells at the root of a tree with his crust and water jug. I meet his servant come to draw water for his master, and our buckets as it were grate together in the same well. The pure Walden water is mingled with the

19337: 3774: 3030: 1901: 4675: 1877: 4267: 19325: 1865: 3333:(more like a beak, as was said); large overhanging brows above the deepest set blue eyes that could be seen, in certain lights, and in others gray,—eyes expressive of all shades of feeling, but never weak or near-sighted; the forehead not unusually broad or high, full of concentrated energy and purpose; the mouth with prominent lips, pursed up with meaning and thought when silent, and giving out when open with the most varied and unusual instructive sayings. 4685: 3939: 4110: 13393: 4664: 3005: 19313: 4029:; and hundreds of lesser-known works by explorers and literate travelers. Astonishing amounts of reading fed his endless curiosity about the peoples, cultures, religions and natural history of the world and left its traces as commentaries in his voluminous journals. He processed everything he read, in the local laboratory of his Concord experience. Among his famous aphorisms is his advice to "live at home like a traveler". 11159: 3674: 5003: 5075: 3877: 3701:, and he spent a night in jail because of this refusal. The next day Thoreau was freed when someone, likely to have been his aunt, paid the tax, against his wishes. The experience had a strong impact on Thoreau. In January and February 1848, he delivered lectures on "The Rights and Duties of the Individual in relation to Government", explaining his tax resistance at the 19289: 4238:, is an expression of conflicted desire. In some of Thoreau's writing there is the sense of a secret self. In 1840 he writes in his journal: "My friend is the apology for my life. In him are the spaces which my orbit traverses". Thoreau was strongly influenced by the moral reformers of his time, and this may have instilled anxiety and guilt over sexual desire. 5121:, in which he "loved to wander". His obituary was lumped in with others, rather than as a separate article, in an 1862 yearbook. Critics and the public continued either to disdain or to ignore Thoreau for years, but the publication of extracts from his journal in the 1880s by his friend H.G.O. Blake, and of a definitive set of Thoreau's works by the 4160:, "The practical objection to animal food in my case was its uncleanness; and besides, when I had caught and cleaned and cooked and eaten my fish, they seemed not to have fed me essentially. It was insignificant and unnecessary, and cost more than it came to. A little bread or a few potatoes would have done as well, with less trouble and filth." 4094:. He wrote letters and journal entries until he became too weak to continue. His friends were alarmed at his diminished appearance and were fascinated by his tranquil acceptance of death. When his aunt Louisa asked him in his last weeks if he had made his peace with God, Thoreau responded, "I did not know we had ever quarreled." 3930:

regenerate after fire or human destruction, through the dispersal of seeds by winds or animals. In this lecture, first presented to a cattle show in Concord, and considered his greatest contribution to ecology, Thoreau explained why one species of tree can grow in a place where a different tree did previously. He observed that

3868:. He jested that all he got from this adventure "was a cold". In fact, this proved an opportunity to contrast American civic spirit and democratic values with a colony apparently ruled by illegitimate religious and military power. Whereas his own country had had its revolution, in Canada history had failed to turn. 9091:"Les anarchistes individualistes du début du siècle l'avaient bien compris, et intégraient le naturisme dans leurs préoccupations. Il est vraiment dommage que ce discours se soit peu à peu effacé, d'antan plus que nous assistons, en ce moment, à un retour en force du puritanisme (conservateur par essence)." 9294:

Now Thoreau's content and ecstasy in living was, we may say, like a plant that he had watered and tended with womanish solicitude; for there is apt to be something unmanly, something almost dastardly, in a life that does not move with dash and freedom, and that fears the bracing contact of the world.

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realm that integrates nature and culture. His philosophy required that he be a didactic arbitrator between the wilderness he based so much on and the spreading mass of humanity in North America. He decried the latter endlessly but felt that a teacher needs to be close to those who needed to hear what

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Here, in this courageous New Englander's refusal to pay his taxes and his choice of jail rather than support a war that would spread slavery's territory into Mexico, I made my first contact with the theory of nonviolent resistance. Fascinated by the idea of refusing to cooperate with an evil system,

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Free in this world as the birds in the air, disengaged from every kind of chains, those who practice yoga gather in Brahma the certain fruits of their works. Depend upon it that, rude and careless as I am, I would fain practice the yoga faithfully. The yogi, absorbed in contemplation, contributes in

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In the morning I bathe my intellect in the stupendous and cosmogonal philosophy of the Bhagvat Geeta since whose composition years of the gods have elapsed, and in comparison with which our modern world and its literature seem puny and trivial; and I doubt if that philosophy is not to be referred to

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I cannot believe that our factory system is the best mode by which men may get clothing. The condition of the operatives is becoming every day more like that of the English; and it cannot be wondered at, since, as far as I have heard or observed, the principal object is, not that mankind may be well

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as "a progress toward true respect for the individual" and theorized about further improvements "towards recognizing and organizing the rights of man". Echoing this belief, he went on to write: "There will never be a really free and enlightened State until the State comes to recognize the individual

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wrote, "Thoreau left Concord in 1846 for the first of three trips to northern Maine. His expectations were high because he hoped to find genuine, primeval America. But contact with real wilderness in Maine affected him far differently than had the idea of wilderness in Concord. Instead of coming out

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Thoreau left Walden Pond on September 6, 1847. At Emerson's request, he immediately moved back to the Emerson house to help Emerson's wife, Lidian, manage the household while her husband was on an extended trip to Europe. Over several years, as he worked to pay off his debts, he continuously revised

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I went to the woods because I wished to live deliberately, to front only the essential facts of life, and see if I could not learn what it had to teach, and not, when I came to die, discover that I had not lived. I did not wish to live what was not life, living is so dear; nor did I wish to practise

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Thoreau's careful observations and devastating conclusions have rippled into time, becoming stronger as the weaknesses Thoreau noted have become more pronounced ... Events that seem to be completely unrelated to his stay at Walden Pond have been influenced by it, including the national park system,

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and continued to write increasingly detailed observations on the natural history of the town, covering an area of 26 square miles (67 square kilometers), in his journal, a two-million-word document he kept for 24 years. He also kept a series of notebooks, and these observations became the source of

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as academic disciplines, several new readings of Thoreau began to emerge, showing him to have been both a philosopher and an analyst of ecological patterns in fields and woodlots. For instance, "The Succession of Forest Trees", shows that he used experimentation and analysis to explain how forests

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said of the book, "A century and a half after its publication, Walden has become such a totem of the back-to-nature, preservationist, anti-business, civil-disobedience mindset, and Thoreau so vivid a protester, so perfect a crank and hermit saint, that the book risks being as revered and unread as

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philosophy advocated by Emerson, Fuller, and Alcott. They held that an ideal spiritual state transcends, or goes beyond, the physical and empirical, and that one achieves that insight via personal intuition rather than religious doctrine. In their view, Nature is the outward sign of inward spirit,

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I should not obtrude my affairs so much on the notice of my readers if very particular inquiries had not been made by my townsmen concerning my mode of life, which some would call impertinent, though they do not appear to me at all impertinent, but, considering the circumstances, very natural and

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I am refreshed and expanded when the freight train rattles past me, and I smell the stores which go dispensing their odors all the way from Long Wharf to Lake Champlain, reminding me of foreign parts, of coral reefs, and Indian oceans, and tropical climes, and the extent of the globe. I feel more

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offered it to graduates "who proved their physical worth by being alive three years after graduating, and their saving, earning, or inheriting quality or condition by having Five Dollars to give the college". He commented, "Let every sheep keep its own skin", a reference to the tradition of using

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had mixed feelings about Thoreau. He noted that "He is a keen and delicate observer of nature—a genuine observer—which, I suspect, is almost as rare a character as even an original poet; and Nature, in return for his love, seems to adopt him as her especial child, and shows him secrets which few

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Thoreau's political writings had little impact during his lifetime, as "his contemporaries did not see him as a theorist or as a radical", viewing him instead as a naturalist. They either dismissed or ignored his political essays, including "Civil Disobedience". The only two complete books (as

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as temptation to passivity, writing: "Let not our Peace be proclaimed by the rust on our swords, or our inability to draw them from their scabbards; but let her at least have so much work on her hands as to keep those swords bright and sharp." Furthermore, in a formal lyceum debate in 1841, he

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he wanted to tell them. The wildness he enjoyed was the nearby swamp or forest, and he preferred "partially cultivated country". His idea of being "far in the recesses of the wilderness" of Maine was to "travel the logger's path and the Indian trail", but he also hiked on pristine land.

3181:'That government is best which governs not at all;' and when men are prepared for it, that will be the kind of government which they will have.... But, to speak practically and as a citizen, unlike those who call themselves no-government men, I ask for, not at once no government, but 5095:

the British labor movement, the creation of India, the civil rights movement, the hippie revolution, the environmental movement, and the wilderness movement. Today, Thoreau's words are quoted with feeling by liberals, socialists, anarchists, libertarians, and conservatives alike.

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his degree to creation; he breathes a divine perfume, he hears wonderful things. Divine forms traverse him without tearing him, and united to the nature which is proper to him, he goes, he acts as animating original matter. To some extent, and at rare intervals, even I am a yogi.

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People—very wise in their own eyes—who would have every man's life ordered according to a particular pattern, and who are intolerant of every existence the utility of which is not palpable to them, may pooh-pooh Mr. Thoreau and this episode in his history, as unpractical and

3906:. He kept detailed observations on Concord's nature lore, recording everything from how the fruit ripened over time to the fluctuating depths of Walden Pond and the days certain birds migrated. The point of this task was to "anticipate" the seasons of nature, in his word. 4121:

planned the service and read selections from Thoreau's works, and Channing presented a hymn. Emerson wrote the eulogy spoken at the funeral. Thoreau was buried in the Dunbar family plot; his remains and those of members of his immediate family were eventually moved to

5311:. The essay galvanized Gandhi, who wrote and published a synopsis of Thoreau's argument, calling what he termed its "incisive logic ... unanswerable" and referring to Thoreau as "one of the greatest and most moral men America has produced." He told American reporter 3714:'s expulsion from Carolina, his own imprisonment in Concord Jail for refusal to pay his tax, Mr. Hoar's payment of mine when taken to prison for a similar refusal, were all pertinent, well considered, and reasoned. I took great pleasure in this deed of Thoreau's. 3934:

often carry nuts far from the tree from which they fell to create stashes. These seeds are likely to germinate and grow should the squirrel die or abandon the stash. He credited the squirrel for performing a "great service ... in the economy of the universe."

9562: 3386:", the first recorded student protest in the American colonies. David Henry was named after his recently deceased paternal uncle, David Thoreau. He began to call himself Henry David after he finished college; he never petitioned to make a legal name change. 3764:

in 1839. Thoreau did not find a publisher for the book and instead printed 1,000 copies at his own expense; fewer than 300 were sold. He self-published on the advice of Emerson, using Emerson's publisher, Munroe, who did little to publicize the book.

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told Thoreau, "Go out upon that, build yourself a hut, & there begin the grand process of devouring yourself alive. I see no other alternative, no other hope for you." Thus, on July 4, 1845, Thoreau embarked on a two-year experiment in

3994:. He was provincial in his own travels, but he read widely about travel in other lands. He devoured all the first-hand travel accounts available in his day, at a time when the last unmapped regions of the earth were being explored. He read 3509:

was "Aulus Persius Flaccus", an essay on the Roman poet and satirist, in July 1840. It consisted of revised passages from his journal, which he had begun keeping at Emerson's suggestion. The first journal entry, on October 22, 1837, reads,

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in Concord. His grandfather owned the earliest of the three buildings that were later combined. After he graduated in 1837, Thoreau joined the faculty of the Concord public school, but he resigned after a few weeks rather than administer

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Of alcohol, Thoreau wrote, "I would fain keep sober always. ... I believe that water is the only drink for a wise man; wine is not so noble a liquor. ... Of all ebriosity, who does not prefer to be intoxicated by the air he breathes?"

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Heard Thoreau's lecture before the Lyceum on the relation of the individual to the State—an admirable statement of the rights of the individual to self-government, and an attentive audience. His allusions to the Mexican War, to Mr.

4052:. As a biographer of Brown put it, "If, as Alfred Kazin suggests, without John Brown there would have been no Civil War, we would add that without the Concord Transcendentalists, John Brown would have had little cultural impact." 4076:. His health declined, with brief periods of remission, and he eventually became bedridden. Recognizing the terminal nature of his disease, Thoreau spent his last years revising and editing his unpublished works, particularly 3822:

in 1854, recounting the two years, two months, and two days he had spent at Walden Pond. The book compresses that time into a single calendar year, using the passage of the four seasons to symbolize human development. Part

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through a mutual friend. Emerson, who was 14 years his senior, took a paternal and at times patron-like interest in Thoreau, advising the young man and introducing him to a circle of local writers and thinkers, including

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Some eighteen hundred years ago Christ was crucified; this morning, perchance, Captain Brown was hung. These are the two ends of a chain which is not without its links. He is not Old Brown any longer; he is an angel of

3118:, and attention to practical detail. He was also deeply interested in the idea of survival in the face of hostile elements, historical change, and natural decay; at the same time he advocated abandoning waste and 4153:, after a ride with him, noted that "Mr. Thoreau managed the boat so perfectly, either with two paddles or with one, that it seemed instinct with his own will, and to require no physical effort to guide it." 9779: 9641: 3446:

The traditional professions open to college graduates—law, the church, business, medicine—did not interest Thoreau, so in 1835 he took a leave of absence from Harvard, during which he taught at a school in

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others are allowed to witness." On the other hand, he also wrote that Thoreau "repudiated all regular modes of getting a living, and seems inclined to lead a sort of Indian life among civilized men".

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at first won few admirers, but later critics have regarded it as a classic American work that explores natural simplicity, harmony, and beauty as models for just social and cultural conditions.

3548:. There, from 1841 to 1844, he served as the children's tutor; he was also an editorial assistant, repairman and gardener. For a few months in 1843, he moved to the home of William Emerson on 8770:"Although he was practicing civil disobedience before he read Thoreau's essay, Gandhi was quick to point out the debt he owed to Thoreau and other thinkers like him". Shawn Chandler Bingham, 8291: 7699: 8412: 4044:", which was uncompromising in its defense of Brown and his actions. Thoreau's speech proved persuasive: the abolitionist movement began to accept Brown as a martyr, and by the time of the 9682: 3590:

Once back in Concord, Thoreau went through a restless period. In April 1844 he and his friend Edward Hoar accidentally set a fire that consumed 300 acres (120 hectares) of Walden Woods.

19592: 7037: 4776:", Thoreau described the words and deeds of John Brown as noble and an example of heroism. In addition, he lamented the newspaper editors who dismissed Brown and his scheme as "crazy". 10215: 7937:

She was in Watertown when Henry wrote to her with his own proposal, probably in early November ...'I wrote to H. T. that evening. I never felt so badly at sending a letter in my life.'

7648: 3552:, and tutored the family's sons while seeking contacts among literary men and journalists in the city who might help publish his writings, including his future literary representative 3464:

in Concord, in 1838. They introduced several progressive concepts, including nature walks and visits to local shops and businesses. The school closed when John became fatally ill from

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Weisman, Adam Paul (Autumn 1995). "Postcolonialism in North America: Imaginative Colonization in Henry David Thoreau's 'A Yankee in Canada' and Jacques Poulin's 'Volkswagen Blues'".

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The development theory implies a greater vital force in Nature, because it is more flexible and accommodating, and equivalent to a sort of constant new creation. (A quote from

10798: 5453:, and an annotated collection of Thoreau's essays on slavery. The United States Postal Service issued a commemorative stamp honoring Thoreau on May 23, 2017, in Concord, MA. 3177:'That government is best which governs least;' and I should like to see it acted up to more rapidly and systematically. Carried out, it finally amounts to this, which also I 4822:

had been reduced, in his view, to a perpetual childlike state. Ignoring the recent rebellions, he argued that there would be no revolution in the St. Lawrence River valley.

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after cutting himself while shaving. Henry David (1817–1862) died at age 44, of tuberculosis. Sophia (1819–1876) survived him by 14 years, dying at age 56, of tuberculosis.

3420:). According to legend, Thoreau refused to pay the five-dollar fee (approximately equivalent to $ 153 in 2023) for a Harvard master's diploma, which he described thus: 13546: 7502: 7241: 7573: 4825:

Although Thoreau believed resistance to unjustly exercised authority could be both violent (exemplified in his support for John Brown) and nonviolent (his own example of

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in 1835 and suffered from it sporadically afterwards. In 1860, following a late-night excursion to count the rings of tree stumps during a rainstorm, he became ill with

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and in the weeks leading up to Brown's execution, Thoreau delivered a speech to the citizens of Concord, Massachusetts, in which he compared the American government to

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factory, which he would continue to do alongside his writing and other work for most of his adult life. He resurrected the process of making good pencils with inferior

14748: 3747:" (1819), which begins with the powerful images of the unjust forms of authority of his time and then imagines the stirrings of a radically new form of social action. 9775: 9637: 7526: 6075:. "The Thoreau of these journals distrusted doctrine, and, though it is accurate I think to call him an anarchist, he was by no means doctrinaire in this either." 10267: 5747: 5495:, who criticized Thoreau as a "skulker", saying "He did not wish virtue to go out of him among his fellow-men, but slunk into a corner to hoard it for himself." 4844:

did not stem from pacifism, but rather because he considered Mexico "unjustly overrun and conquered by a foreign army" as a means to expand the slave territory.

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American Bloomsbury: Louisa May Alcott, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Margaret Fuller, Nathaniel Hawthorne, and Henry David Thoreau; Their Lives, Their Loves, Their Work

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American Bloomsbury: Louisa May Alcott, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Margaret Fuller, Nathaniel Hawthorne, and Henry David Thoreau; Their Lives, Their Loves, Their Work

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his late writings on natural history, such as "Autumnal Tints", "The Succession of Trees", and "Wild Apples", an essay lamenting the destruction of the local

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Aware he was dying, Thoreau's last words were "Now comes good sailing", followed by two lone words, "moose" and "Indian". He died on May 6, 1862, at age 44.

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family" of John Thoreau, a pencil maker, and Cynthia Dunbar. His father was of French Protestant descent. His paternal grandfather had been born on the UK

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still exists on Virginia Road in Concord. The house has been restored by the Thoreau Farm Trust, a nonprofit organization, and is now open to the public.

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Thoreau, Henry David; Bibliophile Society (Boston, Mass ); Bibliophile Society (Boston), Mass ); Sanborn, F. B. (Franklin Benjamin) (January 1, 1905).

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noted in his autobiography that his first encounter with the idea of nonviolent resistance was reading "On Civil Disobedience" in 1944 while attending

4922:, there are many overt references to the sacred texts of India. For example, in the first chapter ("Economy"), he writes: "How much more admirable the 10160:

Thoreau, Henry David; Bibliophile Society (Boston, Mass ); Bibliophile Society (Boston, Mass ); Sanborn, F. B. (Franklin Benjamin) (January 1, 1905).

5315:, " ideas influenced me greatly. I adopted some of them and recommended the study of Thoreau to all of my friends who were helping me in the cause of 19246: 11977: 8805: 4714: 1304: 10685:

Thoreau in His Own Time: A Biographical Chronicle of His Life, Drawn From Recollections, Interviews, and Memoirs by Family, Friends, and Associates.

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customs, including a diet largely consisting of rice ("It was fit that I should live on rice, mainly, who loved so well the philosophy of India."),

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Most of the luxuries and many of the so-called comforts of life are not only not indispensable, but positive hindrances to the elevation of mankind.

3864:. These would be Thoreau's only travels outside the United States. It is as a result of this trip that he developed lectures that eventually became 5428:, has opined that Thoreau was one of the "great intellectual heroes" of his movement. Thoreau was also an important influence on late 19th-century 1294: 9926: 9900: 7696: 4859:. On one hand he regarded commerce as "unexpectedly confident and serene, adventurous, and unwearied" and expressed admiration for its associated 10650: 9824: 8299: 4123: 4102: 1329: 4187:

of the woods with a deepened appreciation of the wilds, Thoreau felt a greater respect for civilization and realized the necessity of balance."

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Thoreau was aware his Ganges imagery could have been factual. He wrote about ice harvesting at Walden Pond. And he knew that New England's

2940: 717: 291: 6952: 4149:, of conserving natural resources on private land, and of preserving wilderness as public land. He was himself a highly skilled canoeist; 19582: 19502: 19382: 16027: 14502: 12478: 11099: 9857: 9075:""La insumisión voluntaria. El anarquismo individualista Español durante la dictadura y la segunda República (1923–1938)" by Xavier Diez" 7752: 2497: 1931: 7774: 5376:, features "impressionistic pictures of Emerson and Thoreau", and includes a part for flute, Thoreau's instrument, in its 4th movement. 19587: 19422: 19387: 18190: 17831: 14552: 14507: 14492: 13610: 13326: 11365: 11273: 9444: 7949: 7499: 6145: 5643: 5622: 3752: 5930: 19562: 19542: 14734: 14522: 8619: 7314: 5319:. Why I actually took the name of my movement from Thoreau's essay 'On the Duty of Civil Disobedience', written about 80 years ago." 10956:

Traub, Courtney (2015). "'First-Rate Fellows': Excavating Thoreau's Radical Egalitarian Reflections in a Late Draft of "Allegash"".

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Thoreau moved out of Emerson's house in July 1848 and stayed at a house on nearby Belknap Street. In 1850, he moved into a house at

3095:" (originally published as "Resistance to Civil Government"), an argument in favor of citizen disobedience against an unjust state. 19567: 19457: 19362: 18375: 14701: 14542: 14537: 13499: 13494: 13444: 10790: 10367: 9953: 9800: 9755: 9736: 9717: 9698: 9617: 9598: 9579: 9542: 9523: 9504: 8249: 8202: 6328: 4156:

He was not a strict vegetarian, though he said he preferred that diet and advocated it as a means of self-improvement. He wrote in

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Thoreau had a distinctive appearance, with a nose that he called his "most prominent feature". Of his appearance and disposition,

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The Guide to Walden Pond: An Exploration of the History, Nature, Landscape, and Literature of One of America's Most Iconic Places

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Thoreau's books, articles, essays, journals, and poetry amount to more than 20 volumes. Among his lasting contributions are his

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who publicly opposed Darwinism in favor of a static view of nature, Thoreau was immediately enthusiastic about the theory of

4707: 4033: 3397:. None of the children married. Helen (1812–1849) died at age 37, from tuberculosis. John Jr. (1814–1842) died at age 27, of 3275:

sounded and stress on the first syllable. Among modern-day American English speakers, it is perhaps more commonly pronounced

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Many of Thoreau's works were not published during his lifetime, including his journals and numerous unfinished manuscripts.

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included Thoreau's text "Excursions" (1863) in his edited compilation of works in the anarcho-primitivist tradition titled

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like a citizen of the world at the sight of the palm-leaf which will cover so many flaxen New England heads the next summer

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by using clay as a binder. The process of mixing graphite and clay, known as the Conté process, had been first patented by

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Gionfriddo, Michael. "Thoreau, the Work of Breathing, and Building Castles in the Air: Reading Walden's 'Conclusion'."

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in his barrel", resentfully criticizing what he could not attain. Lowell's caustic analysis influenced Scottish author

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Thoreau's sexuality has long been the subject of speculation, including by his contemporaries. Critics have called him

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Lacroix, Patrick (Fall 2017). "Finding Thoreau in French Canada: The Ideological Legacy of the American Revolution".

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as a higher and independent power, from which all its power and authority are derived, and treats him accordingly."

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miles (2.5 kilometers) from his family home. Whilst there, he wrote his only extended piece of literary criticism, "

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Balthrop‐Lewis, Alda. "Exemplarist Environmental Ethics: Thoreau's Political Ascetism against Solution Thinking."

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Channing, William Ellery; Merrymount Press; Sanborn, F. B. (Franklin Benjamin); Updike, Daniel Berkeley (1902).

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Peabody, Elizabeth Palmer; Emerson, Ralph Waldo; Hawthorne, Nathaniel; Thoreau, Henry David (January 1, 1849).

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The first and last journeys of Thoreau : lately discovered among his unpublished journals and manuscripts

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The first and last journeys of Thoreau : lately discovered among his unpublished journals and manuscripts

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For the 200th anniversary of his birth, publishers released several new editions of his work: a recreation of

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incident. The house was in "a pretty pasture and woodlot" of 14 acres (5.7 hectares) that Emerson had bought,

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that had been purchased in 1821 by his uncle, Charles Dunbar. The company's other source of graphite had been

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Thoreau neither rejected civilization nor fully embraced wilderness. Instead he sought a middle ground, the

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Thoreau was a philosopher of nature and its relation to the human condition. In his early years he followed

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in particular have both derived inspiration and ecological points-of-view from the writings of Thoreau.

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all spoke of being strongly affected by Thoreau's work, particularly "Civil Disobedience", as did "

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approach by rejecting views of God as separate from the world", also a characteristic of Hinduism.

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Thoreau's writings went on to influence many public figures. Political leaders and reformers like

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It is on this basis that Thoreau could so strongly inveigh against the British administration and

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expressing the "radical correspondence of visible things and human thoughts", as Emerson wrote in

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Thoreau's work and career received little attention from his contemporaries until 1865, when the

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debated the subject "Is it ever proper to offer forcible resistance?", arguing the affirmative.

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The Environmental Imagination: Thoreau, Nature Writing, and the Formation of American Culture

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Hendrick, George. "The Influence of Thoreau's 'Civil Disobedience' on Gandhi's Satyagraha."

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edited by Walter Harding and Carl Bode (Washington Square: New York University Press, 1958)

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Myerson, Joel (1994). "Barzillai Frost's Funeral Sermon on the Death of John Thoreau Jr".

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In an 1849 letter to his friend H.G.O. Blake, he wrote about yoga and its meaning to him:

8: 19532: 19203: 19083: 19053: 18973: 18439: 17760: 17680: 17174: 16680: 16600: 16542: 16425: 16320: 16050: 15877: 15617: 15602: 15551: 15224: 15104: 15079: 15019: 14959: 14909: 14894: 14656: 14364: 14334: 14294: 14243: 14228: 13987: 13884: 13869: 13775: 13585: 13568: 13346: 13231: 13221: 13206: 13186: 13181: 13161: 13141: 13136: 13101: 13096: 13086: 13066: 13021: 13001: 12921: 12911: 12841: 12628: 12509: 12423: 12386: 12361: 12326: 12301: 12268: 12257: 12077: 12067: 11982: 11950: 11863: 11792: 11337: 10831: 9452: 9395: 8628: 7377: 6318: 6094:"On the Duty of Civil Disobedience, 1849, original title: Resistance to Civil Government" 5843: 5591: 5498: 5409: 5274: 5270: 5160: 5118: 4474: 4394: 4354: 4281: 4266: 4204: 4150: 4118: 3987: 3744: 3489: 3485: 3472: 3457: 3194: 3130: 2903: 2839: 2254: 2189: 1881: 1849: 1747: 1674: 760: 755: 619: 579: 559: 534: 524: 401: 18247: 11112: 10144: 9664: 8488:

Miller, Barbara S. "Why Did Henry David Thoreau Take the Bhagavad-Gita to Walden Pond?"

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Nathaniel Hawthorne, Passages From the American Note-Books, entry for September 2, 1842.

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and actively supported the abolitionist movement. He participated as a conductor in the

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Analysis and Notes on Walden: Henry Thoreau's Text with Adjacent Thoreauvian Commentary

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Analysis and Notes on Walden: Henry Thoreau's Text with Adjacent Thoreauvian Commentary

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Analysis and Notes on Walden: Henry Thoreau's Text with Adjacent Thoreauvian Commentary

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Thoreau, Henry David; Thoreau, Sophia E.; Channing, William Ellery (January 1, 1864).

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Thoreau read contemporary works in the new science of biology, including the works of

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His face, once seen, could not be forgotten. The features were quite marked: the nose

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style interweaves close observation of nature, personal experience, pointed rhetoric,

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Civilizing Thoreau: Human Ecology and the Emerging Social Sciences in the Major Works

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of about 1,000 members inspired by the life of Henry Thoreau. Thoreau and his fellow

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wrote a biography of Thoreau in 1890, which popularized Thoreau's ideas in Britain:

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four times, and Maine three times; these landscapes inspired his "excursion" books,

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wrote of Thoreau, "In one book ... he surpasses everything we have had in America."

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meanings, and historical lore, while displaying a poetic sensibility, philosophical

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Thoreau's Late Career and The Dispersion of Seeds: The Saunterer's Synoptic Vision

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Smith, David C. "The Transcendental Saunterer: Thoreau and the Search for Self."

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Thoreau's Reading: A Study in Intellectual History with Bibliographical Catalogue

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were among those who became Thoreau enthusiasts as a result of Salt's advocacy.

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Faith in a Seed: The Dispersion of Seeds and Other Late Natural History Writings

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Appletons' annual cyclopaedia and register of important events of the year: 1862

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Emerson urged Thoreau to contribute essays and poems to a quarterly periodical,

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and philosophy, in which he anticipated the methods and findings of ecology and

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later influenced the political thoughts and actions of notable figures such as

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Thoreau, Henry David; Blake, H. G. O. (Harrison Gray Otis) (January 1, 1884).

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and honestly clad, but, unquestionably, that the corporations may be enriched.

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Finding Thoreau: The Meaning of Nature in the Making of an Environmental Icon

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Freire, João. "Anarchisme et naturisme au Portugal, dans les années 1920" in

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Comparative American Identities: Race, Sex and Nationality in the Modern Text

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Richardson, Robert D. Jr. (1993). "Introduction". In Dean, Bradley P. (ed.).

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Furthermore, in "The Pond in Winter", he equates Walden Pond with the sacred

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to the French-Canadian woodchopper Alek Therien, which includes allusions to

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and was childless. In 1840, when he was 23, he proposed to eighteen-year old

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Sullivan, Mark W. "Henry David Thoreau in the American Art of the 1950s."

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Solid Seasons: The Friendship of Henry David Thoreau and Ralph Waldo Emerson

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Thoreau, Henry David; Sanborn, F. B. (Franklin Benjamin) (January 1, 1894).

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Thoreau himself also responded to the criticism in a paragraph of his work

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Recension des articles de l'En-Dehors consacrés au naturisme et au nudisme

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Thoreau felt a need to concentrate and work more on his writing. In 1845,

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The History of Concord, Massachusetts, Vol. I, Colonial Concord, Volume 1

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and Thoreau's aunt each wrote that "Thoreau" is pronounced like the word

3169:. In his seminal essay, "Civil Disobedience", Thoreau wrote as follows: 3146: 2929: 2689: 2643: 2610: 2457: 2404: 2399: 2309: 2284: 2179: 2169: 2159: 2129: 2124: 2104: 1814: 1797: 1527: 1372: 1236: 1178: 1168: 1070: 975: 594: 494: 484: 474: 19324: 10495: 10130: 9849:

The Writings of Henry David Thoreau: Excursions, translations, and poems

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Henry David Thoreau; Bradford Torrey; Franklin Benjamin Sanborn (1863).

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I to Myself: An Annotated Selection from the Journal of Henry D. Thoreau

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Thoreau's ideas have impacted and resonated with various strains in the

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and often wrote observations on this topic into his journal. He admired

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Robbins, Paula Ivaska (September–October 2011). "The Natural Thoreau".

7131:. The Thoreau Project, Calliope Film Resources. Accessed June 11, 2007. 6886: 6572: 6540: 6119: 6050:

Seligman, Edwin Robert Anderson; Johnson, Alvin Saunders, eds. (1937).

5513:, claiming that Thoreau wanted man to "lower himself to the level of a 5509:

detested what he deemed to be the "wicked" and "heathenish" message of

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The Thoreau Log: A Documentary Life of Henry David Thoreau, 1817–1862.

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in 1842 after cutting himself while shaving. He died in Henry's arms.

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by highlighting what he felt was the irrelevance of their inquiries:

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In the summer of 1850, Thoreau and Channing journeyed from Boston to

3632:, moving to a small house he had built on land owned by Emerson in a 3160: 2982: 2886: 2389: 2114: 1864: 1792: 1183: 915: 514: 366: 16005: 10530:

Hess, Scott (2019). "Walden Pond as Thoreau's Landscape of Genius".

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Thoreau, Henry David; Blake, Harrison Gray Otis (December 3, 1892).

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Thoreau and the sociological imagination : the wilds of society

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in 1795. Thoreau made profitable use of a graphite source found in

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Picturing Thoreau: Henry David Thoreau in American Visual Culture.

9638:"A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers from Project Gutenberg" 9092: 8695: 8559: 7684:

Faith in a Seed: The First Publication of Thoreau's Last Manuscript

7359:. Richard Ruland, ed. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall. p. 8. 5488: 5449:

1902 edition with illustrations, a picture book with excerpts from

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Walden's Shore: Henry David Thoreau and Nineteenth-Century Science

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Wilderness and the American Mind: Henry David Thoreau: Philosopher

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Walden's Shore: Henry David Thoreau and Nineteenth-Century Science

6541:"Barzillai Frost's Funeral Sermon on the Death of John Thoreau Jr" 6065:

The Price of Freedom: Political Philosophy from Thoreau's Journals

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The Theory, Practice and Influence of Thoreau's Civil Disobedience

4889:. He disapproved of the subjugation of Native Americans, slavery, 4059:

Thoreau in his second and final photographic sitting, August 1861.

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Frost, Robert (1968). Letter to Wade Van Dore, June 24, 1922, in

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Thoreau, H. D., letter to Ralph Waldo Emerson, February 23, 1848.

7088:"Machine in the Wetland: Re-imagining Thoreau's Plumbago-Grinder" 5002: 4978: 4872:

On the other hand, he wrote disparagingly of the factory system:

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