47:
276:
296:
1341:
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201:). The second and subsequent registers contain portions of royal annals for pharaohs of the First to Fourth Dynasties, that is lists of the key events in each year of the reign of each king, arranged chronologically. The second register on the Palermo Stone begins with the final year entries for a king of the
372:
There are uncertainties regarding the date of the
Palermo Stone and of the Royal Annals it records. It is unknown whether the inscription was done all at once or whether it was added to over time. It is also unknown whether or not it dates from the latest period it describes (i.e. from no later than
388:
Various parts of the ancient text are in widely varying states of preservation, which makes the text difficult to decipher. If the text is a later copy, rather than a Fifth
Dynasty original, errors and invention may have crept in during the copying process.
377:(747–656 BCE). It seems clear from the content of the inscription that even if the Royal Annals, as preserved by the Palermo Stone and other fragments, were not carved during, or soon after, the period they describe, they are directly based on an
336:
The
Palermo Stone was purchased by a Sicilian lawyer, Ferdinand Guidano, in 1859 and it has been in Palermo since 1866. On 19 October 1877, it was presented to the Palermo Archaeological Museum by the Guidano family, where it has remained since.
384:
It is also unknown whether all the surviving fragments are parts of the same stele or whether they come from separate copies. None of the smaller fragments held in Cairo have any clear provenance, and they might not all be genuine.
173:
The
Palermo Stone and other fragments of the Royal Annals preserve what is probably the oldest historical text that has survived from Ancient Egypt and form a key source for Egyptian history in the Old Kingdom.
363:
The importance of the
Palermo Stone was not recognized until it was noticed by a visiting French archaeologist in 1895. The first full publication and translation was that done in 1902 by Heinrich Schäfer.
182:
The Royal Annals stele, of which the
Palermo Stone formed part, may originally have been about 60 cm high and 2.1m wide. The fragments are composed of a compact hard black stone, probably a form of
324:
The original location of the stele is unknown and none of the surviving fragments have a secure archeological provenance. One fragment now in Cairo is said to have been found at an archaeological site at
213:. The rest of the second register is taken up with the first nine annual entries for this king's successor, who is again not named on the fragment, but is assumed to be either Aha or his successor
170:. The fragments are also sometimes described collectively as the "Cairo Annals Stone", although the term "Cairo Stone" is also used to mean only those fragments of the Royal Annals now in Cairo.
232:. From the surviving fragments, it is unclear whether the Royal Annals originally continued beyond this point in time. Where a king is named, the name of his mother is also recorded, such as
544:
names some predynastic rulers of Upper and Lower Egypt, presumably referring to a time before Egypt was unified. Identification of these kings with historical persons remains controversial.
46:
147:
2392–2283 BCE) and noted significant events in each year of their reigns. It was probably made during the Fifth
Dynasty. The Palermo Stone is held in the
551:
may have used information similar to the complete Royal Annals stele to construct his chronology of the early dynasties of Egypt, forming part of his
190:
The
Palermo Stone itself is an irregular shield-shaped fragment, 43.5 cm high, 25 cm wide and 6.5 cm thick (maximum dimensions).
987:
348:, four of which were acquired between 1895 and 1914. The fifth was purchased on the antiquities market in 1963. One small fragment is in the
197:
text running right to left. The first register lists the names of predynastic kings of Lower Egypt (identified as such by the wearing of the
148:
1013:
540:) (c. 3100 or 3000 BCE) as the first king of the First Dynasty and so credit him with unifying Egypt. However, the top register of the
162:
The term "Palermo Stone" is sometimes applied to all seven surviving fragments of the Royal Annals, including those held in museums in
1085:
401:
and, for example, preserve names of members of the royal families during the first five dynasties, which are not otherwise recorded.
1405:
1314:
1142:
279:
The Royal Annals of Egypt, showing a suggested reconstruction of the stele and the positions of the seven surviving fragments.
948:
816:
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1008:
251:
Information recorded in the Royal Annals (as preserved on the
Palermo Stone) includes measurements of the height of the
224:
The text continues on the "back" (verso) of the
Palermo Stone, cataloguing events during the reigns of pharaohs down to
980:
1097:
928:
913:
899:
863:
741:
721:
643:
1415:
1250:
1018:
397:
The Palermo Stone and the other associated fragments of the Royal Annals are a vital source for the history of the
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The inscription on the "front" (recto) of the Palermo Stone consists of six horizontal bands or registers of
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1122:
572:. These may be mythical kings preserved through oral tradition, or may even be completely fictitious.
1245:
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217:. The remainder of the inscription on this side continues with royal annals down to the kings of the
1425:
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1277:
1117:
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229:
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140:
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the Fifth Dynasty). It has been suggested that the stele was made much later, perhaps in the
17:
1334:
1292:
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880:
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1956, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag. Untersuchungen zur Geschichte und Altertumskunde Ă„gyptens 18
517:
252:
194:
124:
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most closely related to his work (as preserved by later ancient and later writers) is the
8:
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The surviving Royal Annals fragments contains the names of the following pharaohs:
31:
959:
Gallery of images of Palermo Stone and Cairo fragments (and more) by J.D. Degreef
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557:(History of Egypt), written during the third century BCE, although the surviving
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27:
Fragment of a stele known as the Royal Annals of the Old Kingdom of Ancient Egypt
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Extract of a lecture given by T.A.H. Wilkinson, University College London 2000
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485:(4th dynasty), first pharaoh using the sun symbol in a royal cartouche.
205:
whose name is not preserved, but who is generally assumed to be either
716:. p.349. Yale University Press. The Metropolitan Museum of Art. 1999.
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688:
The Palermo Stone: the Earliest Royal Inscription from Ancient Egypt
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887:, vol. I, sections 76–167. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
333:. No find site for the Palermo Stone itself has been suggested.
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690:, Altoriental. Forsch., Akademie Verlag, 37 (2010) 1, 68–89.
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The Palermo stone also mentions 9 predynastic pharaohs from
131:. The stele contained a list of the kings of Egypt from the
452:
418:
214:
830:
Untersuchungen zu Manetho und den ägyptischen Königslisten
356:, forming part of the collection of the archeologist Sir
954:
Image of London fragment and translation, Petrie Museum
843:
Was there an Old Kingdom historiography? Is it datable?
879:
Partial and dated English translation of the text in
594:
Wazner, also Wazenez, Wadjenedj and possibly Wenegbu
340:
There are five fragments of the Royal Annals in the
801:The Reconstructed Chronology of the Egyptian Kings
1387:
936:The Palermo Stone and the Archaic Kings of Egypt
784:The Palermo Stone and the Archaic Kings of Egypt
267:), taxation, sculpture, buildings, and warfare.
139:3150–2890 BCE) through to the early part of the
51:The Palermo Stone, the fragment of the Egyptian
757:. New York: Columbia University Press, p.23ff.
661:"The Palermo Stone and its unsolved mysteries"
307:, London, which is inscribed with part of the
981:
149:Regional Archeological Museum Antonio Salinas
636:The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt
894:. London: University Bookshop Publications.
858:p.85 New York: Columbia University Press).
786:. California: Paulette Pub. Co., p.113-131.
765:
763:
988:
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811:, Vol I & II, Whangarei, New Zealand.
45:
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119:is one of seven surviving fragments of a
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908:. New York: Columbia University Press.
892:The Palermo Stone: An Arithmetical View
714:Egyptian Art in the Age of the Pyramids
314:and at the bottom with a sign from the
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938:. Calif: Paulette Pub. Co, 113-131.
734:The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt
659:Schirò, Saverio (9 February 2021).
588:Thesh, also known as Tjesh and Tesh
24:
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244:mother of the Fourth Dynasty king
159:, from which it derives its name.
25:
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1098:Ancient Egyptian race controversy
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520:Egyptian king lists, such as the
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123:known as the Royal Annals of the
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736:, p.5. Oxford University Press.
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360:(and purchased by him in 1914).
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919:Wilkinson, Toby A. H. (1999).
904:Wilkinson, Toby A. H. (2000).
856:Royal Annals of Ancient Egypt.
854:Wilkinson, Toby A. H. (2000).
769:Wilkinson, Toby A. H. (1999).
753:Wilkinson, Toby A. H. (2000),
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501:), founder of the 5th dynasty.
475:(4th dynasty), builder of the
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1:
906:Royal Annals of Ancient Egypt
755:Royal Annals of Ancient Egypt
638:, p.62. Thames & Hudson,
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287:are the Cairo fragments, and
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845:1996, Orientalia 65: 197-208
7:
1411:Ancient Egyptian King lists
1283:Egypt–Mesopotamia relations
1103:Population history of Egypt
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532:, 1294–1279 BCE), identify
524:(13th century BCE) and the
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890:St. John, Michael (1999).
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579:Hsekiu, alternatively Seka
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585:Tiu, also known as Teyew
55:housed in Palermo, Italy
30:Not to be confused with
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701:Commentary on Herodotus
699:Lloyd, Alan B. (1988),
1421:Fifth Dynasty of Egypt
1401:24th-century BC steles
1396:25th-century BC steles
547:The ancient historian
321:
292:
291:is the London fragment
283:is the Palermo Stone,
271:Archaeological history
1009:Glossary of artifacts
934:O'Mara, P.F. (1979).
923:. London: Routledge.
782:O'Mara, P.F. (1979).
771:Early Dynastic Egypt.
634:Dodson, Aidan (2004)
477:Great Pyramid of Giza
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228:, third ruler of the
921:Early Dynastic Egypt
375:Twenty-fifth Dynasty
303:, on display at the
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1128:Funerary practices
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795:Tetley, C. (2014)
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299:A fragment of the
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1108:Prehistoric Egypt
817:978-0-473-29338-3
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1184:Literature
1076:Chronology
883:, (1906).
622:References
554:Aegyptiaca
536:(probably
528:(reign of
489:Shepseskaf
261:inundation
88:Discovered
1209:Mythology
1133:Geography
1123:Dynasties
1071:Astronomy
559:king list
431:Semerkhet
257:Nilometer
238:Semerkhet
199:Red Crown
1345:Category
1266:District
1261:Capitals
1246:Religion
1229:Titulary
1219:Pharaohs
1199:Military
1194:Medicine
1177:Hieratic
1167:Language
1093:Clothing
1047:Obelisks
841:O'Mara,
804:Archived
605:See also
483:Djedefre
437:Nynetjer
319:register
312:register
285:nos. 1-5
246:Seneferu
1365:Outline
1355:Commons
1315:Museums
1251:Scribes
1241:Pottery
1172:Demotic
1162:History
1113:Cuisine
1042:Revival
874:Sources
828:Helck,
549:Manetho
495:Userkaf
463:Sneferu
409:Hor-Aha
327:Memphis
317:Sneferu
259:), the
234:Betrest
153:Palermo
100:Palermo
83:2338 BC
77:Created
64:43.5 cm
1214:People
1081:Cities
999:topics
927:
912:
898:
862:
815:
740:
720:
677:Dodson
642:
538:Narmer
530:Seti I
505:Sahure
207:Narmer
185:basalt
168:London
145:
137:
104:Sicily
61:Height
1278:Trade
1256:Sites
1204:Music
1118:Dance
1052:Pylon
1014:Index
591:Neheb
582:Khayu
534:Menes
473:Khufu
346:Cairo
255:(see
164:Cairo
157:Italy
121:stele
108:Italy
72:25 cm
69:Width
18:Thesh
1224:List
1143:List
1086:List
925:ISBN
910:ISBN
896:ISBN
860:ISBN
813:ISBN
738:ISBN
718:ISBN
640:ISBN
597:Mekh
453:Huni
419:Djer
240:and
215:Djer
166:and
115:The
1059:Art
576:…pu
425:Den
352:of
344:in
211:Aha
209:or
143:(c.
135:(c.
127:of
1392::
762:^
663:.
651:^
600:…a
565:.
469:).
459:).
443:).
415:).
248:.
221:.
187:.
155:,
106:,
102:,
81:c.
989:e
982:t
975:v
961:.
931:.
916:.
866:.
744:.
667:.
646:.
497:(
479:.
465:(
455:(
439:(
411:(
289:L
281:P
34:.
20:)
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