4282:
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42:
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1530:, Germany, found a 2.33°C increase persisted in surface water during the winter and a 2.04°C increase persisted in deep water during the summer, with marginal increases throughout the water column in both winter and summer. Stratification and water temperature differences due to thermal pollution seem to correlate with nutrient cycling of phosphorus and nitrogen, as oftentimes water bodies that receive coolant will shift toward
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leads to different effects on a seasonal basis. In the summer, thermal pollution has been seen to increase deeper water temperature more dramatically than surface water, though stratification still exists, while in the winter surface water temperatures see a larger increase. Stratification is reduced
1361:
activity, resulting in these organisms consuming more food in a shorter time than if their environment were not changed. An increased metabolic rate may result in fewer resources; the more adapted organisms moving in may have an advantage over organisms that are not used to the warmer temperature. As
1537:
Similar to effects seen in aquatic systems due to climatic warming of water, thermal pollution has also been seen to increase surface temperatures in the summer. This can create surface water temperatures that lead to releases of warm air into the atmosphere, increasing air temperature. It therefore
1509:
effects. Much of this research is on the long term effects of nuclear power plants on lakes after a nuclear power plant has been removed. Overall, there is support for thermal pollution leading to an increase in water temperatures. When power plants are active, short term water temperature increases
1261:
As water stratifies within man-made dams, the temperature at the bottom drops dramatically. Many dams are constructed to release this cold water from the bottom into the natural systems. This may be mitigated by designing the dam to release warmer surface waters instead of the colder water at the
1117:
composition. Fish and other organisms adapted to particular temperature range can be killed by an abrupt change in water temperature (either a rapid increase or decrease) known as "thermal shock". Warm coolant water can also have long term effects on water temperature, increasing the overall
1541:
Spacial and climatic factors can impact the severity of water warming due to thermal pollution. High wind speeds tend to increase the impact of thermal pollution. Rivers and large bodies of water also tend to lose the effects of thermal pollution as they progress from the source.
1496:
When a power plant first opens or shuts down for repair or other causes, fish and other organisms adapted to particular temperature range can be killed by the abrupt change in water temperature, either an increase or decrease, known as "thermal shock".
1471:
In limited cases, warm water has little deleterious effect and may even lead to improved function of the receiving aquatic ecosystem. This phenomenon is seen especially in seasonal waters. An extreme case is derived from the aggregational habits of the
1233:(OTC) systems which do not reduce temperature as effectively as the above systems. A large power plant may withdraw and export as many as 500 million gallons per day. These systems produce water 10°C warmer on average. For example, the
1118:
temperature of water bodies, including deep water. Seasonality effects how these temperature increases are distributed throughout the water column. Elevated water temperatures decrease oxygen levels, which can kill fish and alter
1456:. Increased water temperature can also increase the solubility and kinetics of metals, which can increase the uptake of heavy metals by aquatic organisms. This can lead to toxic outcomes for these species, as well as build up of
1488:, where many rivers have warmer temperature regimes, native fish species have been eliminated, and macroinvertebrate fauna have been drastically altered. Survival rates of fish have dropped up to 75% due to cold water releases.
1513:
When warm water from power plant coolant enters systems, it often mixes leading to general increases in water temperature throughout the water body, including deep cooler water. Specifically in lakes and similar water bodies,
1252:
Converting facilities from once-through cooling to closed-loop systems can significantly decrease the thermal pollution emitted. These systems release water at a temperature more comparable to the natural environment.
1248:
Temperatures can be taken through remote sensing techniques to continually monitor plants' pollution. This aids in quantifying each plants' specific effects, and allows for tighter regulation of thermal pollution.
1282:
During warm weather, urban runoff can have significant thermal impacts on small streams. As storm water passes over hot rooftops, parking lots, roads and sidewalks it absorbs some of the heat, an effect of the
1510:
are correlated with electrical needs, with more coolant released during the winter months. Water warming has also been seen to persist in systems for long periods of time, even after plants have been removed.
1299:, reduce these thermal effects by allowing the water more time to release excess heat before entering the aquatic environment. These related systems for managing runoff are components of an expanding
1545:
Rivers present a unique problem with thermal pollution. As water temperatures are elevated upstream, power plants downstream receive warmer waters. Evidence of this effect has been seen along the
1549:, as power plants are forced to use warmer waters as their coolants. This reduces the efficiency of the plants and forces the plants to use more water and produce more thermal pollution.
1919:
Chen, Chuqun; Shi, Ping; Mao, Qingwen (2003-08-01). "Application of Remote
Sensing Techniques for Monitoring the Thermal Pollution of Cooling-Water Discharge from Nuclear Power Plant".
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can be seen as a contributor to global warming. Many ecological effects will be compounded by climate change as well, as ambient temperature rises in water bodies.
1313:(stormwater ponds) tend to be less effective at reducing runoff temperature, as the water may be heated by the sun before being discharged to a receiving stream.
1106:
can also be a source of thermal pollution. Thermal pollution can also be caused by the release of very cold water from the base of reservoirs into warmer rivers.
1051:, Germany, received coolant discharge from the nuclear power plant Rheinsberg starting in the 1960s. The plant was operational for 24 years, closing in June 1990.
4436:
1476:, which often uses power plant discharge sites during winter. Projections suggest that manatee populations would decline upon the removal of these discharges.
2334:"Primary production of phytoplankton and nutrient metabolism during and after thermal pollution in a deep, oligotrophic lowland lake (Lake Stechlin, Germany)"
1484:
Releases of unnaturally cold water from reservoirs can dramatically change the fish and macroinvertebrate fauna of rivers, and reduce river productivity. In
5033:
1448:
within the quaternary structure of the enzymes. Decreased enzyme activity in aquatic organisms can cause problems such as the inability to break down
1366:
of the old and new environments may be compromised. Some fish species will avoid stream segments or coastal areas adjacent to a thermal discharge.
4466:
1245:
approximately 10 °C (20 °F) above the ambient bay temperature. Over 1,200 facilities in the United States use OTC systems as of 2014.
1161:
In the United States about 75 to 80 percent of thermal pollution is generated by power plants. The remainder is from industrial sources such as
3862:
2039:
953:
1590:
3958:
2426:
Verones, Francesca; Hanafiah, Marlia Mohd; Pfister, Stephan; Huijbregts, Mark A. J.; Pelletier, Gregory J.; Koehler, Annette (2010-12-15).
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Miara, Ariel; Vörösmarty, Charles J; Macknick, Jordan E; Tidwell, Vincent C; Fekete, Balazs; Corsi, Fabio; Newmark, Robin (2018-03-01).
1391:) are affected by warm water because higher water temperature increases plant growth rates, resulting in a shorter lifespan and species
1109:
When water used as a coolant is returned to the natural environment at a higher temperature, the sudden change in temperature decreases
4051:
1534:. No clear data has been obtained on this though, as it is difficult to differentiate influences from other industry and agriculture.
2311:"Effects of thermal pollution and nutrient discharges on a spring phytoplankton bloom in the industrial area of the Lagoon of Venice"
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212:
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2655:
2628:
Edinger, J.E.; Geyer, J.C (1965). Heat
Exchange in the Environment (Report). New York: Edison Electric Institute. 65-902.
1858:"Thermal effluent from the power sector: an analysis of once-through cooling system impacts on surface water temperature"
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levels when there is ample food supply. Many aquatic species will fail to reproduce at elevated temperatures.
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Statistical
Prediction of Dynamic Thermal Equilibrium Temperatures using Standard Meteorological Data Bases
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A large increase in temperature can lead to the denaturing of life-supporting enzymes by breaking down
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224:
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Water warming effects, as opposed to water cooling effects, have been the most studied with regard to
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3079:
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California
Environmental Protection Agency. San Francisco Bay Regional Water Quality Control Board.
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and of water, as gases are less soluble in hotter liquids. This can harm aquatic animals such as
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349:
1414:
effects. Principal adverse changes can include rendering cell walls less permeable to necessary
4534:
4524:
4226:
4211:
3760:
3150:
2254:"Modeling of thermal pollution in coastal area and its economical and environmental assessment"
1515:
912:
399:
1634:"Consequences of thermal pollution from a nuclear plant on lake temperature and mixing regime"
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2007:
1988:. Parramatta NSW: Department of Primary Industries, New South Wales Government. 27 April 2016
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8:
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2792:
2493:"Thermal pollution impacts on rivers and power supply in the Mississippi River watershed"
1225:, a process where waste heat is recycled for domestic and/or industrial heating purposes.
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109:
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Koschel, R. H.; Gonsiorczyk, T.; Krienitz, L.; Padisák, J.; Scheffler, W. (2017-12-01).
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2169:"Can the impacts of cold-water pollution on fish be mitigated by thermal plasticity?"
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169:
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74:
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Internationale
Vereinigung für theoretische und angewandte Limnologie: Verhandlungen
1964:
1763:
Technical
Development Document for the Final Section 316(b) Existing Facilities Rule
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2428:"Characterization Factors for Thermal Pollution in Freshwater Aquatic Environments"
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Vallero, D.A. (2019). "Thermal
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High temperature limits oxygen dispersion into deeper waters, contributing to
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62:
2614:(Report). Environmental Protection Technology Series. EPA. EPA 660/2-73-003.
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1784:
Technical
Development Document for the Final Section 316(b) Phase III Rule
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4004:
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3285:
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3223:
2753:
2623:(Report). Water Pollution Control Research Series. EPA. EPA 830-R-71-001.
2573:
1520:
1363:
1288:
1287:. Storm water management facilities that absorb runoff or direct it into
1192:
1091:
1067:
779:
477:
457:
94:
1102:
discharged to surface waters from rooftops, roads, and parking lots—and
1070:. Thermal pollution is the rise or drop in the temperature of a natural
4875:
4810:
4599:
4579:
4363:
4336:
4121:
4034:
3816:
3433:
2748:
2741:
2724:
2709:
2277:
2040:
Preliminary Data
Summary of Urban Storm Water Best Management Practices
1465:
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1410:
can cause significant changes in organism metabolism and other adverse
1350:
1213:
1209:
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1119:
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89:
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3619:
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3155:
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2286:
1684:. Washington, D.C.: EPA. February 2003. Fact Sheet. EPA 841-F-03-003.
1587:"Brayton Point Station Power Plant, Somerset, MA: Final NPDES Permit"
1485:
1396:
1354:
1353:
and other aquatic organisms. Thermal pollution may also increase the
1346:
1200:
1114:
1103:
897:
852:
814:
764:
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605:
69:
31:
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2812:
1378:
269:
2167:
Parisi, M A; Cramp, R L; Gordos, M A; Franklin, C E (2020-01-01).
1526:
A study looking at the effect of a removed nuclear power plant in
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4820:
4790:
4768:
4388:
4176:
4076:
3351:
2854:
2832:
2719:
2714:
2595:. Pollution Monitoring Series. London: Elsevier Applied Science.
2331:
1909:
Order No. R2-2006-0032; NPDES Permit No. CA0005657. May 10, 2006.
1519:
in winter months due to thermal pollution, often eliminating the
1473:
1419:
1415:
1407:
1178:
1087:
4609:
3979:
2610:
Hogan, Michael; Patmore, Leda C.; Seidman, Harry (August 1973).
2425:
1632:
Kirillin, Georgiy; Shatwell, Tom; Kasprzak, Peter (2013-07-24).
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3735:
3629:
3304:
2797:
2156:. Jacksonville, FL: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2016-06-21.
1449:
1423:
1358:
1110:
1086:. A common cause of thermal pollution is the use of water as a
907:
887:
794:
784:
492:
2490:
1044:
3765:
3707:
3048:
2980:
2878:
2770:
2258:
International
Journal of Environmental Science and Technology
1805:
Profile of the Fossil Fuel Electric Power Generation Industry
1430:
917:
862:
254:
16:
Water temperature changes resulting in degraded water quality
2633:
2621:
Effect of Geographical Location on Cooling Pond Requirements
4341:
3740:
2861:
2849:
2765:
2045:(Report). EPA. August 1999. p. 5-58. EPA 821-R-99-012.
1395:. The increased temperature can also change the balance of
1133:
892:
139:
134:
99:
4403:
4393:
2166:
1811:
1810:(Report). Office of Compliance, Sector Notebook Project.
1790:
1769:
1229:
One of the largest contributors to thermal pollution are
1631:
1184:
Heated water from these sources may be controlled with:
2627:
2128:. Amsterdam: Elsevier Academic Press. pp. 381–88.
1581:
1579:
1341:
Elevated temperature typically decreases the level of
2308:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1619:
2100:. Marine Science Series. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
1851:
1849:
1814:. 1997. p. 24. EPA 310-R-97-007. Archived from
1738:(4th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
1674:
1468:, increasing human exposures via dietary ingestion.
1429:. These cellular level effects can adversely affect
2609:
2309:Socal, Giorgio; Bianchi, F.; Alberighi, L. (1999).
1921:
Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A
1576:
1241:(closed in 2011), used OTC and discharged water to
1191:, man-made bodies of water designed for cooling by
1757:
1755:
1616:
2247:
2245:
1976:
1974:
1846:
1704:. New Delhi: New Age International. p. 179.
54:until 2011. The plant was shut down in June 2017.
5020:
2550:"Physical effects of thermal pollution in lakes"
1855:
2618:
2058:"Power plant has no plans to stop killing fish"
1752:
1406:Temperature changes of even one to two degrees
2242:
1971:
1835:. Cambridge, MA: Union of Concerned Scientists
1727:
1725:
1723:
1721:
1403:which reduce dissolved oxygen concentrations.
4242:Stable isotope analysis in aquatic ecosystems
3952:
2649:
1702:Water Pollution - Causes, Effects and Control
1606:"Mass. says goodbye to coal power generation"
1591:United States Environmental Protection Agency
1025:
50:in Massachusetts discharged heated water to
2619:Thackston, E.L.; Parker, F.L. (March 1971).
1682:"Protecting Water Quality from Urban Runoff"
1273:cell for treating urban runoff in California
5034:Environmental impact of the energy industry
4307:Freshwater environmental quality parameters
2098:Ecology of Estuaries: Anthropogenic Effects
1718:
3959:
3945:
2656:
2642:
2119:
2117:
1918:
1066:by any process that changes ambient water
1032:
1018:
40:
2516:
2459:
2381:"Thermal pollution causes global warming"
2285:
2251:
2200:
1883:
1856:Madden, N.; Lewis, A.; Davis, M. (2013).
1793:. June 2006. EPA 821-R-06-003. Chapter 2.
1500:
2592:Ecological effects of thermal discharges
2588:
2228:. Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett.
2154:North Florida Ecological Services Office
1603:
1320:
1264:
1156:
1137:
1134:Sources and control of thermal pollution
1043:
3797:Pollutant release and transfer register
2378:
2123:
2114:
2095:
2089:
1735:Aquatic Pollution: An Introductory Text
1377:conditions. This can lead to increased
5021:
3966:
2432:Environmental Science & Technology
2223:
2217:
2005:
1695:
1693:
1691:
1082:, results in a change in the physical
4495:
4494:
3978:
3940:
2637:
2547:
2055:
1833:"Freshwater Use by U.S. Power Plants"
1827:
1825:
1336:
3887:
3128:Electromagnetic radiation and health
2076:"Potrero Power Plant: Site Overview"
1731:
1699:
4570:Oceanic physical-biological process
4432:List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF)
3903:
3895:
2986:Radium and radon in the environment
1688:
260:Radium and radon in the environment
13:
2484:
2006:Mollyo, Fran (15 September 2015).
1822:
14:
5055:
5003:
5002:
4990:
4976:
4608:
4280:
4097:Colored dissolved organic matter
3921:
3911:
3902:
3894:
3886:
3874:
3873:
2150:"Florida Manatee Recovery Facts"
2126:Waste: A Handbook for Management
2008:"A happier environment for fish"
1491:
999:
987:
4442:Latin America and the Caribbean
2700:Atmospheric dispersion modeling
2419:
2372:
2325:
2302:
2160:
2142:
2078:. Pacific Gas & Electric Co
2068:
2049:
2032:
2026:"What is Green Infrastructure?"
2018:
1999:
1912:
1892:
1604:Finucane, Martin (2017-06-01).
1332:. The plant was closed in 2011.
1277:
80:Atmospheric dispersion modeling
4924:Ecological values of mangroves
4467:North Pacific Subtropical Gyre
2497:Environmental Research Letters
2350:10.1080/03680770.2001.11901781
1863:Environmental Research Letters
1797:
1776:
1597:
1399:growth, including the rate of
1370:can be decreased as a result.
1094:and industrial manufacturers.
949:Least polluted cities by PM2.5
1:
3188:Electrical resistance heating
2663:
2589:Langford, Terry E.L. (1990).
2405:10.1016/S0921-8181(03)00113-9
1772:. May 2014. EPA 821-R-14-002.
1660:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2013.05.023
1569:
1479:
1328:discharged heated water into
1256:
1126:, and foster invasion by new
420:Electrical resistance heating
4944:Marine conservation activism
4929:Fisheries and climate change
2840:Persistent organic pollutant
2096:Kennish, Michael J. (1992).
2056:Selna, Robert (2009-01-02).
1885:10.1088/1748-9326/8/3/035006
1357:rate of aquatic animals, as
1147:Gustav Knepper Power Station
1122:composition, reduce species
1078:. Thermal pollution, unlike
130:Persistent organic pollutant
7:
4939:Human impact on marine life
4816:Davidson Seamount § Ecology
4052:Aquatic population dynamics
3850:Least polluted cities by PM
2385:Global and Planetary Change
1552:
1216:through evaporation and/or
48:Brayton Point Power Station
10:
5060:
3792:Pollution haven hypothesis
3715:Brain health and pollution
2953:Ecological light pollution
2783:Internal combustion engine
2548:Vinnå, Love Råman (2017).
2379:Nordell, Bo (2003-09-01).
2224:Chiras, Daniel D. (2012).
1986:Fishing/Habitat management
1326:Potrero Generating Station
1316:
1235:Potrero Generating Station
4970:
4909:
4781:
4717:
4679:
4626:
4617:
4606:
4555:Marine primary production
4507:
4503:
4490:
4449:List of marine ecoregions
4424:
4289:
4278:
3992:
3988:
3974:
3871:
3825:
3774:
3723:
3690:
3595:Nonpoint source pollution
3523:
3515:War and environmental law
3462:
3424:
3406:
3206:
3141:
3078:
3004:
2973:
2938:
2922:
2887:
2874:Volatile organic compound
2680:
2671:
1303:approach commonly called
1062:", is the degradation of
675:War and environmental law
295:Health effects from noise
145:Volatile organic compound
4801:Coastal biogeomorphology
4796:Marine coastal ecosystem
3054:Marine mammals and sonar
2965:Radio spectrum pollution
2554:Water Resources Research
2518:10.1088/1748-9326/aaac85
1732:Laws, Edward A. (2017).
1262:bottom of the reservoir.
300:Marine mammals and sonar
4709:Paradox of the plankton
4520:Diel vertical migration
4414:Freshwater swamp forest
4132:GIS and aquatic science
3980:General components and
3900:WikiProject Environment
3858:Most polluted countries
3802:Polluter pays principle
3533:Agricultural wastewater
2185:10.1093/conphys/coaa005
2173:Conservation Physiology
2062:San Francisco Chronicle
775:Freshwater salinization
695:Agricultural wastewater
4535:Large marine ecosystem
4227:Shoaling and schooling
3918:Environment portal
3151:Agricultural pollution
1982:"Cold water pollution"
1501:Biogeochemical effects
1418:, coagulation of cell
1333:
1274:
1153:
1052:
994:Environment portal
4954:Marine protected area
4881:Salt pannes and pools
4656:Marine larval ecology
4631:Census of Marine Life
4515:Deep scattering layer
4472:San Francisco Estuary
4437:Africa and Madagascar
4262:Underwater camouflage
4042:Aquatic biomonitoring
3982:freshwater ecosystems
3573:Industrial wastewater
3439:Clutter (advertising)
3347:Municipal solid waste
3193:Soil guideline values
3037:Sustainable transport
2930:Information pollution
2730:Open burning of waste
2252:Abbaspour, M (2005).
2226:Environmental Science
1941:10.1081/ESE-120021487
1324:
1268:
1157:Industrial wastewater
1141:
1047:
735:Industrial wastewater
503:Municipal solid waste
425:Soil guideline values
4689:Marine bacteriophage
4651:Marine invertebrates
3845:Most polluted cities
3538:Biological pollution
3449:Overhead power lines
2574:10.1002/2016WR019686
2179:(coaa005): coaa005.
1639:Journal of Hydrology
1593:(EPA). May 21, 2021.
1422:, and alteration of
1305:green infrastructure
1231:once-through cooling
1167:pulp and paper mills
1163:petroleum refineries
1058:, sometimes called "
944:Most polluted cities
596:Overhead power lines
4565:Ocean fertilization
4374:Trophic state index
4332:Lake stratification
4062:Aquatic respiration
3908:WikiProject Ecology
3605:Ocean acidification
3510:Unexploded ordnance
3381:Post-consumer waste
3241:Foam food container
3219:Biodegradable waste
2793:Global distillation
2566:2017WRR....53.3968R
2509:2018ERL....13c4033M
2444:2010EnST...44.9364V
2397:2003GPC....38..305N
2270:2005JEST....2...13A
1933:2003JESHA..38.1659C
1876:2013ERL.....8c5006M
1700:Goel, P.K. (2006).
1652:2013JHyd..496...47K
1297:infiltration basins
1113:supply and affects
1084:properties of water
760:Ocean acidification
670:Unexploded ordnance
591:Advertising clutter
523:Post-consumer waste
468:Foam food container
453:Biodegradable waste
110:Global distillation
5044:Cooling technology
4831:Intertidal wetland
4826:Intertidal ecology
4694:Marine prokaryotes
4636:Deep-sea community
4530:Iron fertilization
4453:Specific examples
4379:Upland and lowland
4297:Freshwater biology
4162:Microbial food web
4072:Aquatic toxicology
4015:Aquatic adaptation
3968:Aquatic ecosystems
3928:Ecology portal
3812:Waste minimisation
3787:Industrial ecology
3782:Cleaner production
3600:Nutrient pollution
3477:Herbicidal warfare
3271:Construction waste
2907:Introduced species
2778:Indoor air quality
2705:Chlorofluorocarbon
2278:10.1007/BF03325853
2028:. EPA. 2021-07-29.
1905:2011-06-16 at the
1337:Warm water effects
1334:
1275:
1154:
1080:chemical pollution
1060:thermal enrichment
1053:
1006:Ecology portal
631:Herbicidal warfare
175:Introduced species
115:Indoor air quality
85:Chlorofluorocarbon
5016:
5015:
4997:Oceans portal
4966:
4965:
4962:
4961:
4841:Hydrothermal vent
4777:
4776:
4666:Seashore wildlife
4497:Marine ecosystems
4486:
4485:
4482:
4481:
4252:Thermal pollution
4217:Ramsar Convention
4157:Microbial ecology
4117:Fisheries science
4057:Aquatic predation
3934:
3933:
3807:Pollution control
3487:Nuclear holocaust
3396:Thermal treatment
3364:Plastic pollution
3281:Mercury poisoning
3234:Battery recycling
3133:Radioactive waste
2902:Genetic pollution
2897:Biological hazard
2695:Air quality index
2452:10.1021/es102260c
2438:(24): 9364–9369.
2107:978-0-8493-8041-9
1711:978-81-224-1839-2
1547:Mississippi River
1452:, which leads to
1385:Primary producers
1330:San Francisco Bay
1285:urban heat island
1243:San Francisco Bay
1208:, which transfer
1151:Dortmund, Germany
1056:Thermal pollution
1042:
1041:
977:
976:
643:Nuclear holocaust
566:Urban heat island
380:Radioactive waste
165:Biological hazard
75:Air quality index
5051:
5006:
5005:
4999:
4995:
4994:
4985:
4983:Lakes portal
4981:
4980:
4979:
4949:Marine pollution
4641:Deep-water coral
4624:
4623:
4612:
4545:Marine chemistry
4505:
4504:
4492:
4491:
4409:Freshwater marsh
4302:Freshwater biome
4284:
4000:Acoustic ecology
3990:
3989:
3976:
3975:
3961:
3954:
3947:
3938:
3937:
3926:
3925:
3924:
3916:
3915:
3906:
3905:
3898:
3897:
3890:
3889:
3877:
3876:
3751:Legacy pollution
3610:Oil exploitation
3472:Chemical warfare
3386:Waste management
3293:Industrial waste
3261:Biomedical waste
3229:Electronic waste
3214:Advertising mail
3198:Phytoremediation
3173:Land degradation
2958:Overillumination
2912:Invasive species
2658:
2651:
2644:
2635:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2615:
2606:
2585:
2560:(5): 3968–3987.
2539:
2538:
2520:
2488:
2482:
2481:
2463:
2423:
2417:
2416:
2391:(3–4): 305–312.
2376:
2370:
2369:
2329:
2323:
2322:
2306:
2300:
2299:
2289:
2249:
2240:
2239:
2221:
2215:
2214:
2204:
2164:
2158:
2157:
2146:
2140:
2139:
2121:
2112:
2111:
2093:
2087:
2086:
2084:
2083:
2072:
2066:
2065:
2053:
2047:
2046:
2044:
2036:
2030:
2029:
2022:
2016:
2015:
2003:
1997:
1996:
1994:
1993:
1978:
1969:
1968:
1927:(8): 1659–1668.
1916:
1910:
1896:
1890:
1889:
1887:
1853:
1844:
1843:
1841:
1840:
1829:
1820:
1819:
1809:
1801:
1795:
1794:
1788:
1780:
1774:
1773:
1767:
1759:
1750:
1749:
1729:
1716:
1715:
1697:
1686:
1685:
1678:
1672:
1671:
1629:
1614:
1613:
1601:
1595:
1594:
1583:
1446:disulphide bonds
1412:cellular biology
1343:dissolved oxygen
1311:Retention basins
1034:
1027:
1020:
1004:
1003:
1002:
992:
991:
923:
922:
626:Chemical warfare
528:Waste management
488:Industrial waste
463:Electronic waste
448:Advertising mail
430:Phytoremediation
405:Land degradation
345:Depleted uranium
230:Overillumination
180:Invasive species
44:
34:
19:
18:
5059:
5058:
5054:
5053:
5052:
5050:
5049:
5048:
5039:Water pollution
5029:Aquatic ecology
5019:
5018:
5017:
5012:
4989:
4988:
4977:
4975:
4974:
4958:
4919:Coral bleaching
4905:
4886:Seagrass meadow
4783:Marine habitats
4773:
4747:Coral reef fish
4713:
4699:Marine protists
4675:
4613:
4604:
4575:Ocean turbidity
4550:Marine food web
4499:
4478:
4420:
4359:River ecosystem
4312:Freshwater fish
4285:
4276:
4082:Bioluminescence
4067:Aquatic science
3984:
3970:
3965:
3935:
3930:
3922:
3920:
3910:
3867:
3853:
3821:
3770:
3719:
3686:
3625:Pharmaceuticals
3615:Oil exploration
3519:
3491:Nuclear fallout
3458:
3420:
3402:
3376:Packaging waste
3330:Deep sea mining
3256:Hazardous waste
3202:
3183:Open defecation
3137:
3103:Nuclear fallout
3098:Nuclear fission
3074:
3000:
2969:
2940:Electromagnetic
2934:
2918:
2883:
2803:Ozone depletion
2676:
2667:
2662:
2632:
2603:
2543:
2542:
2489:
2485:
2424:
2420:
2377:
2373:
2330:
2326:
2307:
2303:
2250:
2243:
2236:
2222:
2218:
2165:
2161:
2148:
2147:
2143:
2136:
2122:
2115:
2108:
2094:
2090:
2081:
2079:
2074:
2073:
2069:
2054:
2050:
2042:
2038:
2037:
2033:
2024:
2023:
2019:
2004:
2000:
1991:
1989:
1980:
1979:
1972:
1917:
1913:
1907:Wayback Machine
1897:
1893:
1854:
1847:
1838:
1836:
1831:
1830:
1823:
1807:
1803:
1802:
1798:
1786:
1782:
1781:
1777:
1765:
1761:
1760:
1753:
1746:
1730:
1719:
1712:
1698:
1689:
1680:
1679:
1675:
1630:
1617:
1602:
1598:
1585:
1584:
1577:
1572:
1564:Water pollution
1555:
1503:
1494:
1482:
1339:
1319:
1280:
1259:
1171:chemical plants
1159:
1136:
1076:human influence
1038:
1000:
998:
986:
979:
978:
878:
870:
869:
843:
835:
834:
770:Pharmaceuticals
750:Nonpoint source
690:
680:
679:
648:Nuclear fallout
621:
611:
610:
581:
571:
570:
561:
551:
550:
541:
533:
532:
518:Packaging waste
483:Hazardous waste
443:
435:
434:
395:
385:
384:
355:Nuclear fallout
350:Nuclear fission
330:
320:
319:
285:
275:
274:
250:
242:
241:
215:
213:Electromagnetic
205:
204:
195:
187:
186:
160:
150:
149:
120:Ozone depletion
65:
55:
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5057:
5047:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5014:
5013:
5011:
5010:
5000:
4986:
4971:
4968:
4967:
4964:
4963:
4960:
4959:
4957:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4921:
4915:
4913:
4907:
4906:
4904:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4873:
4868:
4863:
4858:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4838:
4833:
4828:
4823:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4787:
4785:
4779:
4778:
4775:
4774:
4772:
4771:
4766:
4765:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4737:Saltwater fish
4734:
4732:Marine reptile
4729:
4723:
4721:
4715:
4714:
4712:
4711:
4706:
4704:Marine viruses
4701:
4696:
4691:
4685:
4683:
4681:Microorganisms
4677:
4676:
4674:
4673:
4671:Wild fisheries
4668:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4627:
4621:
4615:
4614:
4607:
4605:
4603:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4585:Thorson's rule
4582:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4542:
4540:Marine biology
4537:
4532:
4527:
4522:
4517:
4511:
4509:
4501:
4500:
4488:
4487:
4484:
4483:
4480:
4479:
4477:
4476:
4475:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4451:
4446:
4445:
4444:
4439:
4428:
4426:
4422:
4421:
4419:
4418:
4417:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4399:Brackish marsh
4396:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4351:
4350:
4349:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4327:Lake ecosystem
4324:
4319:
4317:Hyporheic zone
4314:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4293:
4291:
4287:
4286:
4279:
4277:
4275:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4167:Microbial loop
4164:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4112:Eutrophication
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4092:Cascade effect
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4038:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4020:Aquatic animal
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3996:
3994:
3986:
3985:
3972:
3971:
3964:
3963:
3956:
3949:
3941:
3932:
3931:
3872:
3869:
3868:
3866:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3851:
3847:
3842:
3840:Law by country
3837:
3831:
3829:
3823:
3822:
3820:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3778:
3776:
3772:
3771:
3769:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3727:
3725:
3721:
3720:
3718:
3717:
3712:
3711:
3710:
3705:
3694:
3692:
3688:
3687:
3685:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3662:Surface runoff
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3643:
3642:
3637:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3586:
3585:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3548:Eutrophication
3545:
3540:
3535:
3529:
3527:
3521:
3520:
3518:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3505:Scorched earth
3502:
3499:nuclear winter
3495:nuclear famine
3484:
3474:
3468:
3466:
3460:
3459:
3457:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3430:
3428:
3422:
3421:
3419:
3418:
3412:
3410:
3404:
3403:
3401:
3400:
3399:
3398:
3393:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3372:
3371:
3361:
3356:
3355:
3354:
3344:
3343:
3342:
3340:Uranium mining
3337:
3332:
3327:
3325:Surface mining
3322:
3317:
3307:
3302:
3301:
3300:
3290:
3289:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3276:Lead poisoning
3273:
3268:
3266:Chemical waste
3263:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3237:
3236:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3210:
3208:
3204:
3203:
3201:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3178:Bioremediation
3175:
3170:
3169:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3147:
3145:
3139:
3138:
3136:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3093:Bioremediation
3090:
3084:
3082:
3076:
3075:
3073:
3072:
3067:
3064:
3061:
3058:
3057:
3056:
3046:
3041:
3040:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:Transportation
3010:
3008:
3002:
3001:
2999:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2977:
2975:
2971:
2970:
2968:
2967:
2962:
2961:
2960:
2955:
2944:
2942:
2936:
2935:
2933:
2932:
2926:
2924:
2920:
2919:
2917:
2916:
2915:
2914:
2904:
2899:
2893:
2891:
2885:
2884:
2882:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2870:
2869:
2859:
2858:
2857:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2836:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2788:Global dimming
2785:
2780:
2775:
2774:
2773:
2763:
2762:
2761:
2759:Diesel exhaust
2751:
2746:
2745:
2744:
2734:
2733:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2686:
2684:
2678:
2677:
2672:
2669:
2668:
2661:
2660:
2653:
2646:
2638:
2631:
2630:
2625:
2616:
2607:
2601:
2586:
2544:
2541:
2540:
2483:
2418:
2371:
2344:(2): 569–575.
2324:
2301:
2241:
2234:
2216:
2159:
2141:
2134:
2113:
2106:
2088:
2067:
2048:
2031:
2017:
1998:
1970:
1911:
1891:
1845:
1821:
1818:on 2011-02-03.
1796:
1775:
1751:
1744:
1717:
1710:
1687:
1673:
1615:
1596:
1589:. Boston, MA:
1574:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1567:
1566:
1561:
1554:
1551:
1532:eutrophication
1516:stratification
1507:biogeochemical
1502:
1499:
1493:
1490:
1481:
1478:
1462:trophic levels
1393:overpopulation
1387:(e.g. plants,
1338:
1335:
1318:
1315:
1279:
1276:
1258:
1255:
1227:
1226:
1220:
1206:cooling towers
1203:
1158:
1155:
1135:
1132:
1040:
1039:
1037:
1036:
1029:
1022:
1014:
1011:
1010:
1009:
1008:
996:
981:
980:
975:
974:
973:
972:
964:
963:
959:
958:
957:
956:
951:
946:
941:
939:Law by country
936:
928:
927:
921:
920:
915:
910:
905:
900:
895:
890:
885:
879:
876:
875:
872:
871:
868:
867:
866:
865:
860:
850:
844:
841:
840:
837:
836:
833:
832:
827:
822:
817:
812:
810:Surface runoff
807:
802:
797:
792:
787:
782:
777:
772:
767:
762:
757:
752:
747:
742:
737:
732:
727:
722:
717:
712:
710:Eutrophication
707:
702:
697:
691:
686:
685:
682:
681:
678:
677:
672:
667:
665:Scorched earth
662:
661:
660:
658:Nuclear winter
655:
653:Nuclear famine
650:
640:
639:
638:
628:
622:
617:
616:
613:
612:
609:
608:
603:
598:
593:
588:
582:
577:
576:
573:
572:
569:
568:
562:
557:
556:
553:
552:
549:
548:
542:
539:
538:
535:
534:
531:
530:
525:
520:
515:
510:
505:
500:
495:
490:
485:
480:
475:
470:
465:
460:
455:
450:
444:
441:
440:
437:
436:
433:
432:
427:
422:
417:
412:
410:Bioremediation
407:
402:
396:
391:
390:
387:
386:
383:
382:
377:
372:
367:
362:
357:
352:
347:
342:
340:Bioremediation
337:
331:
326:
325:
322:
321:
318:
317:
312:
307:
302:
297:
292:
290:Transportation
286:
281:
280:
277:
276:
273:
272:
267:
262:
257:
251:
248:
247:
244:
243:
240:
239:
237:Radio spectrum
234:
233:
232:
227:
216:
211:
210:
207:
206:
203:
202:
196:
193:
192:
189:
188:
185:
184:
183:
182:
172:
167:
161:
156:
155:
152:
151:
148:
147:
142:
137:
132:
127:
122:
117:
112:
107:
105:Global dimming
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
66:
61:
60:
57:
56:
52:Mount Hope Bay
45:
37:
36:
28:
27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5056:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5026:
5024:
5009:
5001:
4998:
4993:
4987:
4984:
4973:
4972:
4969:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4916:
4914:
4912:
4908:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4891:Sponge ground
4889:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4856:Marine biomes
4854:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4788:
4786:
4784:
4780:
4770:
4767:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4757:Demersal fish
4755:
4753:
4752:Deep-sea fish
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4739:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4727:Marine mammal
4725:
4724:
4722:
4720:
4716:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4686:
4684:
4682:
4678:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4628:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4616:
4611:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4512:
4510:
4506:
4502:
4498:
4493:
4489:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4454:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4434:
4433:
4430:
4429:
4427:
4423:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4391:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4348:
4345:
4344:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4294:
4292:
4288:
4283:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4257:Trophic level
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4222:Sediment trap
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4197:Phytoplankton
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4047:Aquatic plant
4045:
4043:
4040:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4022:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4010:Anoxic waters
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3997:
3995:
3991:
3987:
3983:
3977:
3973:
3969:
3962:
3957:
3955:
3950:
3948:
3943:
3942:
3939:
3929:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3901:
3893:
3884:
3880:
3870:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3832:
3830:
3828:
3824:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3779:
3777:
3773:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3728:
3726:
3722:
3716:
3713:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3700:
3699:
3696:
3695:
3693:
3689:
3683:
3682:Water quality
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3632:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3584:
3581:
3580:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3530:
3528:
3526:
3522:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3488:
3485:
3482:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3469:
3467:
3465:
3461:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3444:Traffic signs
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3431:
3429:
3427:
3423:
3417:
3414:
3413:
3411:
3409:
3405:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3388:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3370:
3369:Microplastics
3367:
3366:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3359:Nanomaterials
3357:
3353:
3350:
3349:
3348:
3345:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3312:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3299:
3298:Lead smelting
3296:
3295:
3294:
3291:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3258:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3235:
3232:
3231:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3211:
3209:
3205:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3153:
3152:
3149:
3148:
3146:
3144:
3140:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3118:Radioactivity
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3085:
3083:
3081:
3077:
3071:
3070:Noise control
3068:
3065:
3062:
3059:
3055:
3052:
3051:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3017:
3016:
3015:
3012:
3011:
3009:
3007:
3003:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2978:
2976:
2972:
2966:
2963:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2950:
2949:
2946:
2945:
2943:
2941:
2937:
2931:
2928:
2927:
2925:
2921:
2913:
2910:
2909:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2894:
2892:
2890:
2886:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2868:
2865:
2864:
2863:
2860:
2856:
2853:
2852:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2818:Metal working
2816:
2814:
2811:
2810:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2772:
2769:
2768:
2767:
2764:
2760:
2757:
2756:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2743:
2740:
2739:
2738:
2735:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2712:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2687:
2685:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2670:
2666:
2659:
2654:
2652:
2647:
2645:
2640:
2639:
2636:
2626:
2622:
2617:
2613:
2608:
2604:
2602:1-85166-451-3
2598:
2594:
2593:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2546:
2545:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2503:(3): 034033.
2502:
2498:
2494:
2487:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2422:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2375:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2328:
2320:
2316:
2315:Vie et Milieu
2312:
2305:
2297:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2248:
2246:
2237:
2235:9781449614867
2231:
2227:
2220:
2212:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2163:
2155:
2151:
2145:
2137:
2135:9780128150603
2131:
2127:
2120:
2118:
2109:
2103:
2099:
2092:
2077:
2071:
2063:
2059:
2052:
2041:
2035:
2027:
2021:
2013:
2009:
2002:
1987:
1983:
1977:
1975:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1915:
1908:
1904:
1901:
1895:
1886:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1870:(3): 035006.
1869:
1865:
1864:
1859:
1852:
1850:
1834:
1828:
1826:
1817:
1813:
1806:
1800:
1792:
1785:
1779:
1771:
1764:
1758:
1756:
1747:
1745:9781119304500
1741:
1737:
1736:
1728:
1726:
1724:
1722:
1713:
1707:
1703:
1696:
1694:
1692:
1683:
1677:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1640:
1635:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1620:
1611:
1607:
1600:
1592:
1588:
1582:
1580:
1575:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1559:Water cooling
1557:
1556:
1550:
1548:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1533:
1529:
1528:Lake Stechlin
1524:
1522:
1517:
1511:
1508:
1498:
1492:Thermal shock
1489:
1487:
1477:
1475:
1469:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1438:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1404:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1389:cyanobacteria
1386:
1382:
1380:
1376:
1371:
1369:
1365:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1314:
1312:
1308:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1272:
1267:
1263:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1244:
1240:
1239:San Francisco
1236:
1232:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1218:heat transfer
1215:
1211:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1189:cooling ponds
1187:
1186:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1143:Cooling tower
1140:
1131:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1116:
1112:
1107:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1072:body of water
1069:
1065:
1064:water quality
1061:
1057:
1050:
1049:Lake Stechlin
1046:
1035:
1030:
1028:
1023:
1021:
1016:
1015:
1013:
1012:
1007:
997:
995:
990:
985:
984:
983:
982:
971:
968:
967:
966:
965:
961:
960:
955:
952:
950:
947:
945:
942:
940:
937:
935:
932:
931:
930:
929:
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831:
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826:
825:Water quality
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601:Traffic signs
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508:Nanomaterials
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370:Radioactivity
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315:Soundproofing
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310:Noise control
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305:Noise barrier
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35:
30:
29:
25:
21:
20:
4911:Conservation
4762:Pelagic fish
4742:Coastal fish
4646:Marine fungi
4384:Water garden
4267:Water column
4251:
4212:Productivity
4187:Pelagic zone
4147:Macrobenthos
4137:Hydrobiology
4107:Ecohydrology
3761:Point source
3703:Heavy metals
3677:Urban runoff
3666:
3657:Sulfur water
3635:Septic tanks
3481:Agent Orange
3335:Mining waste
3161:Manure waste
2991:Volcanic ash
2867:Black carbon
2823:Oil refining
2808:Particulates
2737:Construction
2591:
2557:
2553:
2500:
2496:
2486:
2435:
2431:
2421:
2388:
2384:
2374:
2341:
2337:
2327:
2318:
2314:
2304:
2264:(1): 13–26.
2261:
2257:
2225:
2219:
2176:
2172:
2162:
2153:
2144:
2125:
2097:
2091:
2080:. Retrieved
2070:
2061:
2051:
2034:
2020:
2011:
2001:
1990:. Retrieved
1985:
1924:
1920:
1914:
1894:
1867:
1861:
1837:. Retrieved
1816:the original
1799:
1778:
1734:
1701:
1676:
1643:
1637:
1610:Boston Globe
1609:
1599:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1525:
1512:
1504:
1495:
1483:
1470:
1458:heavy metals
1454:malnutrition
1439:
1435:reproduction
1405:
1401:algae blooms
1383:
1372:
1368:Biodiversity
1340:
1309:
1301:urban design
1295:systems and
1293:bioretention
1281:
1278:Urban runoff
1271:bioretention
1260:
1251:
1247:
1230:
1228:
1223:cogeneration
1183:
1160:
1128:thermophilic
1124:biodiversity
1108:
1096:Urban runoff
1092:power plants
1059:
1055:
1054:
913:Point source
858:Heavy metals
820:Urban runoff
805:Sulfur water
780:Septic tanks
636:Agent Orange
558:
546:Space debris
400:Agricultural
265:Volcanic ash
125:Particulates
4896:Sponge reef
4871:Rocky shore
4866:Oyster reef
4836:Kelp forest
4719:Vertebrates
4619:Marine life
4595:Viral shunt
4560:Marine snow
4462:Maharashtra
4369:Stream pool
4272:Zooplankton
4192:Photic zone
4152:Meiobenthos
4005:Algal bloom
3731:Area source
3640:Pit latrine
3563:Groundwater
3320:Gold mining
3315:Coal mining
3286:Toxic waste
3251:Green waste
3224:Brown waste
3207:Solid waste
2754:Exhaust gas
2321:(1): 19–31.
2014:. ScienceX.
1521:thermocline
1364:food chains
1289:groundwater
1193:evaporation
1175:steel mills
1068:temperature
883:Area source
725:Groundwater
478:Green waste
458:Brown waste
442:Solid waste
200:Information
95:Exhaust gas
5023:Categories
4876:Salt marsh
4811:Coral reef
4600:Whale fall
4580:Photophore
4457:Everglades
4425:Ecoregions
4364:Stream bed
4337:Macrophyte
4290:Freshwater
4122:Food chain
4035:Water bird
3883:by country
3879:Categories
3817:Zero waste
3698:Pollutants
3652:Stagnation
3590:Monitoring
3558:Freshwater
3434:Air travel
3246:Food waste
3166:Pesticides
3156:Herbicides
3060:Industrial
2889:Biological
2749:Demolition
2742:Renovation
2725:Joss paper
2710:Combustion
2461:2066/83496
2082:2012-07-17
1992:2021-04-14
1839:2021-04-14
1789:(Report).
1768:(Report).
1570:References
1480:Cold water
1466:food chain
1460:in higher
1427:metabolism
1362:a result,
1351:amphibians
1291:, such as
1257:Reservoirs
1214:atmosphere
1210:waste heat
1197:convection
1120:food chain
1104:reservoirs
1100:stormwater
1074:caused by
970:By country
962:Categories
853:Pollutants
830:Wastewater
800:Stagnation
745:Monitoring
720:Freshwater
586:Air travel
473:Food waste
415:Defecation
225:Ecological
158:Biological
90:Combustion
22:Part of a
4901:Tide pool
4806:Cold seep
4590:Upwelling
4354:Rheotaxis
4347:Fish pond
4322:Limnology
4247:Substrate
4232:Siltation
4102:Dead zone
3775:Responses
3746:Garbology
3672:Turbidity
3620:Oil spill
3553:Firewater
3454:Vandalism
3416:Satellite
3113:Poisoning
3108:Plutonium
3088:Actinides
3080:Radiation
2828:Wood dust
2690:Acid rain
2665:Pollution
2535:158536102
2527:1748-9326
2470:0013-936X
2413:0921-8181
2366:128273427
2358:0368-0770
2296:110075823
2287:1807/9111
2193:2051-1434
1949:1093-4529
1668:0022-1694
1646:: 47–56.
1486:Australia
1431:mortality
1397:microbial
1375:anaerobic
1355:metabolic
1201:radiation
1130:species.
1115:ecosystem
898:Garbology
815:Turbidity
765:Oil spill
715:Firewater
700:Biosolids
606:Vandalism
365:Poisoning
360:Plutonium
335:Actinides
328:Radiation
70:Acid rain
33:Pollution
5008:Category
4934:HERMIONE
4851:Mangrove
4661:Seagrass
4207:Pleuston
4202:Plankton
4182:Particle
4127:Food web
3863:Treaties
3835:Diseases
3647:Shipping
3543:Diseases
3391:Landfill
3066:Abstract
3063:Military
2996:Wildfire
2845:Smelting
2813:Asbestos
2582:59058852
2478:21069953
2211:32099655
2012:Phys.org
1965:35998403
1957:12929815
1903:Archived
1553:See also
1442:hydrogen
1420:proteins
1379:bacteria
1179:smelters
954:Treaties
934:Diseases
790:Shipping
755:Nutrient
705:Diseases
270:Wildfire
4861:Mudflat
4821:Estuary
4791:Bay mud
4769:Seabird
4525:f-ratio
4508:General
4389:Wetland
4177:Neuston
4142:Hypoxia
4087:Biomass
4077:Benthos
3993:General
3892:Commons
3667:Thermal
3568:Hypoxia
3352:Garbage
3123:Uranium
2974:Natural
2923:Digital
2855:Aerosol
2833:Welding
2720:Biomass
2715:Biofuel
2674:History
2562:Bibcode
2505:Bibcode
2440:Bibcode
2393:Bibcode
2266:Bibcode
2202:7026996
1929:Bibcode
1872:Bibcode
1648:Bibcode
1474:manatee
1464:in the
1416:osmosis
1408:Celsius
1317:Effects
1212:to the
1088:coolant
848:History
730:Hypoxia
559:Thermal
513:Plastic
375:Uranium
249:Natural
194:Digital
170:Genetic
4846:Lagoon
4172:Nekton
4030:Mammal
4025:Insect
3756:Midden
3736:Debris
3691:Topics
3630:Sewage
3583:debris
3578:Marine
3426:Visual
3310:Mining
3305:Litter
2798:Mining
2599:
2580:
2533:
2525:
2476:
2468:
2411:
2364:
2356:
2294:
2232:
2209:
2199:
2191:
2132:
2104:
1963:
1955:
1947:
1742:
1708:
1666:
1450:lipids
1444:- and
1424:enzyme
1359:enzyme
1199:, and
1111:oxygen
908:Midden
903:Legacy
888:Debris
842:Topics
795:Sludge
785:Sewage
740:Marine
579:Visual
498:Mining
493:Litter
24:series
4237:Spawn
3827:Lists
3766:Waste
3708:Paint
3525:Water
3408:Space
3049:Sonar
3044:Urban
3022:Water
3006:Noise
2981:Ozone
2948:Light
2879:Waste
2771:Smoke
2578:S2CID
2531:S2CID
2362:S2CID
2292:S2CID
2043:(PDF)
1961:S2CID
1808:(PDF)
1787:(PDF)
1766:(PDF)
926:Lists
918:Waste
863:Paint
688:Water
540:Space
283:Noise
255:Ozone
220:Light
4342:Pond
3741:Dust
3724:Misc
3143:Soil
3032:Rail
3018:Land
2862:Soot
2850:Smog
2766:Haze
2597:ISBN
2523:ISSN
2474:PMID
2466:ISSN
2409:ISSN
2354:ISSN
2230:ISBN
2207:PMID
2189:ISSN
2130:ISBN
2102:ISBN
1953:PMID
1945:ISSN
1740:ISBN
1706:ISBN
1664:ISSN
1433:and
1347:fish
1177:and
893:Dust
877:Misc
393:Soil
140:Soot
135:Smog
100:Haze
46:The
4404:Fen
4394:Bog
3852:2.5
3464:War
3027:Air
2682:Air
2570:doi
2513:doi
2456:hdl
2448:doi
2401:doi
2346:doi
2282:hdl
2274:doi
2197:PMC
2181:doi
1937:doi
1880:doi
1812:EPA
1791:EPA
1770:EPA
1656:doi
1644:496
1237:in
1181:.
1145:at
1090:by
619:War
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