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alter them substantially. For example, no new evidence will demonstrate that the Earth does not orbit around the sun (heliocentric theory), or that living things are not made of cells (cell theory), that matter is not composed of atoms, or that the surface of the Earth is not divided into solid plates that have moved over geological timescales (the theory of plate tectonics) ... One of the most useful properties of scientific theories is that they can be used to make predictions about natural events or phenomena that have not yet been observed.
794:. The specific mathematical aspects of classical electromagnetic theory are termed "laws of electromagnetism", reflecting the level of consistent and reproducible evidence that supports them. Within electromagnetic theory generally, there are numerous hypotheses about how electromagnetism applies to specific situations. Many of these hypotheses are already considered adequately tested, with new ones always in the making and perhaps untested.
2556:, "Thus if every intellectual activity is either practical or productive or speculative (θεωρητική), physics (φυσικὴ) will be a speculative science." So Aristotle actually made a three way distinction between practical, theoretical and productive or technical—or between doing, contemplating or making. All three types involve thinking, but are distinguished by what causes the objects of thought to move or change.
584:
application of the theory, but more often theories are corrected to conform to new observations, by restricting the class of phenomena the theory applies to or changing the assertions made. An example of the former is the restriction of classical mechanics to phenomena involving macroscopic length scales and particle speeds much lower than the speed of light.
667:
with respect to those phenomena. Theories are improved (or replaced by better theories) as more evidence is gathered, so that accuracy in prediction improves over time; this increased accuracy corresponds to an increase in scientific knowledge. Scientists use theories as a foundation to gain further
263:
changed the word to mean "the passionless contemplation of rational, unchanging truth" of mathematical knowledge, because he considered this intellectual pursuit the way to reach the highest plane of existence. Pythagoras emphasized subduing emotions and bodily desires to help the intellect function
169:
and nature of health and sickness, while the practical side of medicine is trying to make people healthy. These two things are related but can be independent, because it is possible to research health and sickness without curing specific patients, and it is possible to cure a patient without knowing
913:
A field of study is sometimes named a "theory" because its basis is some initial set of assumptions describing the field's approach to the subject. These assumptions are the elementary theorems of the particular theory, and can be thought of as the axioms of that field. Some commonly known examples
606:
where there is a task of translating research knowledge to be application in practice, and ensuring that practitioners are made aware of it. Academics have been criticized for not attempting to transfer the knowledge they produce to practitioners. Another framing supposes that theory and knowledge
684:
The formal scientific definition of "theory" is quite different from the everyday meaning of the word. It refers to a comprehensive explanation of some aspect of nature that is supported by a vast body of evidence. Many scientific theories are so well established that no new evidence is likely to
358:
that are thought to be true statements about the subject under consideration. However, the truth of any one of these statements is always relative to the whole theory. Therefore, the same statement may be true with respect to one theory, and not true with respect to another. This is, in ordinary
802:
Certain tests may be infeasible or technically difficult. As a result, theories may make predictions that have not been confirmed or proven incorrect. These predictions may be described informally as "theoretical". They can be tested later, and if they are incorrect, this may lead to revision,
435:
statements about them. As a result, some domains of knowledge cannot be formalized, accurately and completely, as mathematical theories. (Here, formalizing accurately and completely means that all true propositions—and only true propositions—are derivable within the mathematical system.) This
583:
tentative', meaning that they are proposed as true and expected to satisfy careful examination to account for the possibility of faulty inference or incorrect observation. Sometimes theories are incorrect, meaning that an explicit set of observations contradicts some fundamental objection or
697:
A scientific theory is a well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world, based on a body of facts that have been repeatedly confirmed through observation and experiment. Such fact-supported theories are not "guesses" but reliable accounts of the real world. The theory of
698:
biological evolution is more than "just a theory." It is as factual an explanation of the universe as the atomic theory of matter or the germ theory of disease. Our understanding of gravity is still a work in progress. But the phenomenon of gravity, like evolution, is an accepted fact.
757:
is a logical framework intended to represent reality (a "model of reality"), similar to the way that a map is a graphical model that represents the territory of a city or country. In this approach, theories are a specific category of models that fulfill the necessary criteria. (See
112:") of it. Scientific theories are the most reliable, rigorous, and comprehensive form of scientific knowledge, in contrast to more common uses of the word "theory" that imply that something is unproven or speculative (which in formal terms is better characterized by the word
626:
fashion, producing results that create both new practical results as well as new theoretical models, but targeting theoretical results shared in an academic fashion. They use a metaphor of "arbitrage" of ideas between disciplines, distinguishing it from collaboration.
3243:
Zima, Peter V. (2007). "What is theory? Cultural theory as discourse and dialogue". London: Continuum (translated from: Was ist
Theorie? Theoriebegriff und Dialogische Theorie in der Kultur- und Sozialwissenschaften. Tübingen: A. Franke Verlag,
574:
of rules, sometimes as an end in itself and sometimes as a first step toward being tested or applied in a concrete situation; theorems are said to be true in the sense that the conclusions of a theorem are logical consequences of the axioms.
598:
Theory is often distinguished from practice or praxis. The question of whether theoretical models of work are relevant to work itself is of interest to scholars of professions such as medicine, engineering, law, and management.
284:
involves thinking, but always with an aim to desired actions, whereby humans cause change or movement themselves for their own ends. Any human movement that involves no conscious choice and thinking could not be an example of
782:(usually symmetries, like equality of locations in space or in time, or identity of electrons, etc.)—which is capable of producing experimental predictions for a given category of physical systems. One good example is
275:
or practice, and this contrast exists till today. For
Aristotle, both practice and theory involve thinking, but the aims are different. Theoretical contemplation considers things humans do not move or change, such as
2474:
143:
The word theory or "in theory" is sometimes used outside of science to refer to something which the speaker did not experience or test before. In science, this same concept is referred to as a
1004:
is the philosophical theory of law. Contemporary philosophy of law addresses problems internal to law and legal systems, and problems of law as a particular social institution.
65:, belong to a non-scientific discipline, or no discipline at all. Depending on the context, a theory's assertions might, for example, include generalized explanations of how
653:
predictions with consistent accuracy across a broad area of scientific inquiry, and production of strong evidence in favor of the theory from multiple independent sources (
982:
theory about the law and government. Often the term "political theory" refers to a general view, or specific ethic, political belief or attitude, thought about politics.
2470:
1012:
Most of the following are scientific theories. Some are not, but rather encompass a body of knowledge or art, such as Music theory and Visual Arts
Theories.
2552:, "it is clear that natural science (φυσικὴν ἐπιστήμην) must be neither practical (πρακτικὴν) nor productive (ποιητικὴν), but speculative (θεωρητικὴν)" and
530:
When a new theory uses new terms that do not reduce to terms of an older theory, but rather replace them because they misrepresent reality, it is called an
147:, and the word "hypothetically" is used both inside and outside of science. In its usage outside of science, the word "theory" is very often contrasted to "
690:
3255:
Eisenhardt, K. M., & Graebner, M. E. (2007). Theory building from cases: Opportunities and challenges. Academy of management journal, 50(1), 25-32.
641:
In science, the term "theory" refers to "a well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world, based on a body of facts that have been
3178:
Guillaume, Astrid (2015). « Intertheoricity: Plasticity, Elasticity and
Hybridity of Theories. Part II: Semiotics of Transferogenesis », in
132:
Theories guide the enterprise of finding facts rather than of reaching goals, and are neutral concerning alternatives among values. A theory can be a
2259:
906:. At least some of the elementary theorems of a philosophical theory are statements whose truth cannot necessarily be scientifically tested through
268:
the specific meaning that led to the classical and modern concept of a distinction between theory (as uninvolved, neutral thinking) and practice.
161:, which is opposed to theory. A "classical example" of the distinction between "theoretical" and "practical" uses the discipline of medicine:
2549:
2553:
319:
about a given subject matter. There are theories in many and varied fields of study, including the arts and sciences. A formal theory is
956:. A metatheory is a theory whose subject matter is some other theory or set of theories. In other words, it is a theory about theories.
527:
When an old and new theory are parallel in this way, we can conclude that the new one describes the same reality, only more completely.
436:
limitation, however, in no way precludes the construction of mathematical theories that formalize large bodies of scientific knowledge.
1194:
677:
1176:
660:
The strength of a scientific theory is related to the diversity of phenomena it can explain, which is measured by its ability to make
222:
derive from the original definition, but have taken on new shades of meaning, still based on the idea of a theory as a thoughtful and
214:, as opposed to more practical ways of knowing things, like that of skilled orators or artisans. English-speakers have used the word
1212:
343:. Theories may be expressed mathematically, symbolically, or in common language, but are generally expected to follow principles of
2923:
1230:
401:
is a statement that can be derived from those axioms by application of these rules of inference. Theories used in applications are
2818:
2119:
546:
is a substance released from burning and rusting material was eliminated with the new understanding of the reactivity of oxygen.
499:
because the terms of the old theory can be reduced to the terms of the new one. For instance, our historical understanding about
331:
and relationships of the actual historical world as it is unfolding). Theories in various fields of study are often expressed in
57:, or the results of such thinking. The process of contemplative and rational thinking is often associated with such processes as
3125:
821:
is used differently than its use in science ─ necessarily so, since mathematics contains no explanations of natural phenomena
3000:
2769:
1065:
1022:
420:
2849:
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1264:
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language, where statements such as "He is a terrible person" cannot be judged as true or false without reference to some
3185:
Guillaume, Astrid (2015). « The
Intertheoricity : Plasticity, Elasticity and Hybridity of Theories », in
385:. When theories are studied in mathematics, they are usually expressed in some formal language and their statements are
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2614:
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of observed phenomena and the resulting theorems provide solutions to real-world problems. Obvious examples include
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335:, but can be constructed in such a way that their general form is identical to a theory as it is expressed in the
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1304:
1295:
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has a related but different sense: it is the collection of the theorems that can be deduced from a given set of
1289:
825:, even though it may help provide insight into natural systems or be inspired by them. In the general sense, a
535:
3066:
1270:
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902:) as in philosophy. The latter are those whose subject matter consists not of empirical data, but rather of
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3017:
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458:) if a rival, inconsistent theory is at least as consistent with the evidence. Underdetermination is an
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2159:
1978:
1948:
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scientific knowledge, as well as to accomplish goals such as inventing technology or curing diseases.
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1954:
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1598:
1218:
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are abstract and conceptual, and are supported or challenged by observations in the world. They are '
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17:
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482:
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492:
280:, so it has no human aim apart from itself and the knowledge it helps create. On the other hand,
35:
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If a new theory better explains and predicts a phenomenon than an old theory (i.e., it has more
3081:
2525:"to see", literally "looking at a show". See for example dictionary entries at Perseus website.
2446:
2089:
1924:
1592:
1564:
791:
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theory (that is, one whose theorems form a recursively enumerable set) in which the concept of
424:
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because they make the same predictions. A pair of such theories is called indistinguishable or
360:
355:
3265:
2982:
607:
seek to understand different problems and model the world in different words (using different
3200:
2583:
2246:
2240:
1996:
1930:
1433:
1382:
1370:
1154:
664:
386:
198:, meant "looking at, viewing, beholding", but in more technical contexts it came to refer to
2968:
2952:
2501:. It is a statement of how and why particular facts are related. It is related to words for
615:). Another framing says that research does not produce theory that is relevant to practice.
100:. Such theories are described in such a way that scientific tests should be able to provide
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and experiment." Theories must also meet further requirements, such as the ability to make
118:). Scientific theories are distinguished from hypotheses, which are individual empirically
8:
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in believing that the newer theory describes reality more correctly. This is called an
445:
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105:
101:
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A theory that lacks supporting evidence is generally, more properly, referred to as a
3310:
3290:
2996:
2924:"Why Management Research Findings Are Unimplementable: An Action Science Perspective"
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2794:
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2147:
2095:
1864:
1642:
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957:
750:
636:
488:
367:
133:
129:, which are descriptive accounts of the way nature behaves under certain conditions.
89:
77:
62:
31:
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1966:
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of one or more of the axioms is also a sentence of that theory. This is called the
593:
332:
183:
148:
137:
2637:
McMurray, Foster (July 1955). "Preface to an
Autonomous Discipline of Education".
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was eliminated when a theory of heat as energy replaced it. Also, the theory that
374:, and the choice between them reduces to convenience or philosophical preference.
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2545:
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1960:
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is generally used for a mathematical framework—derived from a small set of basic
642:
428:
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of who "He" is and for that matter what a "terrible person" is under the theory.
336:
126:
2421:
2302:
2284:
2227:
2172:
2071:
1990:
1984:
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1792:
1714:
1672:
1488:
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1307:
1298:
873:
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is a branch of mathematics devoted to some specific topics or methods, such as
787:
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that put forward an understanding of heat transfer in terms of the movement of
320:
248:
240:
162:
109:
97:
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523:, respectively. These terms, which are identified with each other, are called
153:
3284:
3240:, Mayfield Publishing Company, Mountain View, California, USA, pp. 9–13.
3018:"Understanding Scientific Theories: An Assessment of Developments, 1969–1998"
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2101:
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1972:
1918:
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1001:
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308:
199:
70:
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2135:
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2009:
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1858:
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1750:
1744:
1666:
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1016:
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612:
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382:
3189:, Vol.4, N°1 (2015), éd.Walter de Gruyter, Boston, Berlin, pp. 13–29.
3182:, Vol.4, N°2 (2015), éd.Walter de Gruyter, Boston, Berlin, pp. 59–77.
2787:
From
Religion to Philosophy: a study in the origins of western speculation
2756:
From religion to philosophy: a study in the origins of western speculation
2725:
2323:
3225:
2467:
2441:
2336:
2040:
1936:
1810:
1732:
1624:
1580:
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1507:
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1283:
1182:
1148:
1099:
1081:
961:
846:
654:
646:
414:
402:
312:
264:
at the higher plane of theory. Thus, it was
Pythagoras who gave the word
85:
50:
790:(sometimes called gauge invariance) in a form of a few equations called
2342:
2310:
2166:
2083:
2016:
1942:
1894:
1822:
1611:
1527:
1041:
943:
915:
907:
830:
779:
749:, which has largely replaced the received view, theories are viewed as
618:
In the context of management, Van de Van and
Johnson propose a form of
543:
470:
406:
378:
316:
260:
239:
apparently developed special uses early in the recorded history of the
144:
122:
114:
54:
3232:, Routledge and Kegan Paul, London, UK, pp. 33–39. Reprinted in
2272:
2253:
1804:
1427:
1401:
1334:
1112:
1093:
1029:
324:
271:
Aristotle's terminology, as already mentioned, contrasts theory with
166:
3204:
3095:
3036:
2992:
2396:
2390:
2113:
1816:
1798:
1394:
1340:
1118:
608:
463:
410:
304:
119:
2366:
2059:
1514:
1075:
771:
555:
398:
252:
188:
136:, which may or may not be associated with particular explanatory
3214:
Matson, Ronald Allen, "Comparing scientific laws and theories",
3196:(Updated and expanded ed.). New York: Bantam Books, p. 15.
979:
731:
394:
344:
223:
81:
46:
622:
where scholars examine problems that occur in practice, in an
218:
since at least the late 16th century. Modern uses of the word
73:, but in modern use it has taken on several related meanings.
2517:
2508:
2502:
2498:
2034:
2003:
1242:
869:
797:
580:
567:
432:
348:
234:
193:
2597:
National
Academy of Sciences, Institute of Medicine (2008).
857:, etc., such as might be appropriate for a single textbook.
671:
27:
Supposition or system of ideas intended to explain something
2963:
2961:
2538:
cites two passages of Aristotle as examples, both from the
1501:
903:
476:
393:. A special case of this, an axiomatic theory, consists of
328:
3206:
Globalism, Nationalism, Tribalism: Bringing Theory Back In
2883:
Van De Ven, Andrew H.; Johnson, Paul E. (1 October 2006).
2850:"This is the Difference Between a Hypothesis and a Theory"
1571:
995:
602:
The gap between theory and practice has been framed as a
381:
is studied formally in mathematical logic, especially in
233:
Although it has more mundane meanings in Greek, the word
2958:
3272:
by the University of California Museum of Paleontology.
2605:. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press. p.
140:. To theorize is to develop this body of knowledge.
960:made in the metatheory about the theory are called
691:
American Association for the Advancement of Science
2753:
2666:Education and theory : strangers in paradigms
2598:
2882:
734:. In a deductive theory, any sentence which is a
3282:
327:component by applying it to some content (e.g.,
259:to mean "passionate sympathetic contemplation".
2752:Cornford, Francis Macdonald (8 November 1991).
587:
389:under application of certain procedures called
182:derives from a technical term in philosophy in
76:In modern science, the term "theory" refers to
397:(or axiom schemata) and rules of inference. A
323:in nature and is only meaningful when given a
366:Sometimes two theories have exactly the same
3153:Introduction to the philosophy of education
2698:
1195:Thermodynamic theory of polymer elasticity
803:invalidation, or rejection of the theory.
726:—that a theory's content is based on some
678:United States National Academy of Sciences
80:, a well-confirmed type of explanation of
3266:"How science works: Even theories change"
3085:
3064:
786:, which encompasses results derived from
672:Definitions from scientific organizations
417:(concepts of randomness and likelihood).
3123:
2832:
2830:
2784:
2751:
2636:
1231:Polyhedral skeletal electron pair theory
477:Intertheoretic reduction and elimination
3149:
3067:"What Scientific Theories Could Not Be"
2813:
2581:
710:or untested, but intricate hypotheses.
680:defines scientific theories as follows:
14:
3283:
2987:. National Academy of Sciences. 2008.
2663:
1310:(AGW) theories (due to human activity)
948:One form of philosophical theory is a
713:
3238:Readings in the Philosophy of Science
3209:. London, England: Sage Publications.
3199:
3015:
2878:
2876:
2874:
2872:
2870:
2827:
439:
2921:
1243:Quantum theory of atoms in molecules
2984:Science, Evolution, and Creationism
2885:"Knowledge for Theory and Practice"
2601:Science, evolution, and creationism
1265:Variational transition-state theory
570:(basic assumptions) according to a
24:
3249:
3213:
3150:Kneller, George Frederick (1964).
2867:
2723:
2693:American Museum of Natural History
2651:10.1111/j.1741-5446.1955.tb01131.x
1292:(general study of climate changes)
1213:Møller–Plesset perturbation theory
985:
722:thought of scientific theories as
706:is not appropriate for describing
549:
513:wave compressions and rarefactions
431:can be expressed, can include all
409:(abstracting concepts of number),
354:Theory is constructed of a set of
165:involves trying to understand the
25:
3322:
3259:
3156:. New York: J. Wiley. p. 93.
3124:Bradford, Alina (25 March 2015).
2838:Foundations of Mathematical Logic
1225:Frontier molecular orbital theory
1066:Kepler's laws of planetary motion
1023:Carneiro's circumscription theory
69:works. The word has its roots in
3171:Davidson Reynolds, Paul (1971).
2714:(on medium.com). 30 January 2017
2668:. Maidenhead: Open Univ. Press.
2544:and involving the definition of
879:
798:Regarding the term "theoretical"
173:
3173:A primer in theory construction
3143:
3117:
3058:
3009:
2975:
2946:
2915:
2842:
2807:
2778:
2745:
2528:
1697:Computational complexity theory
1277:Specific ion interaction theory
1177:Brønsted–Lowry acid–base theory
806:
456:indeterminacy of data to theory
2922:Beer, Michael (1 March 2001).
2717:
2682:
2657:
2630:
2590:
2575:
2483:
2460:
1054:Newton's theory of gravitation
421:Gödel's incompleteness theorem
13:
1:
2820:History of Western Philosophy
2785:Cornford, Francis M. (1991).
2563:
1271:Benson group increment theory
1161:Flory–Huggins solution theory
937:
813:List of mathematical theories
765:
630:
61:or research. Theories may be
30:For theories in science, see
2953:National Academy of Sciences
2928:Reflections: The SoL Journal
2889:Academy of Management Review
2584:"An Introduction to Science"
2568:
2407:Obsolete scientific theories
1458:Progressive education theory
1452:Multiple intelligence theory
967:
588:Theory–practice relationship
462:issue about the relation of
292:
7:
3230:Conjectures and Refutations
3220:, Kennesaw State University
3126:"What Is a Law in Science?"
2731:Online Etymology Dictionary
2414:
2179:Cognitive dissonance theory
1007:
934:are also of the same form.
554:Theories are distinct from
532:intertheoretic elimination.
299:Theory (mathematical logic)
245:From Religion to Philosophy
226:explanation of the general
157:, πρᾶξις) a Greek term for
10:
3327:
3175:. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
3164:
2969:"AAAS Evolution Resources"
2791:Princeton University Press
2762:Princeton University Press
2518:
2509:
2503:
2160:Quantum information theory
1574:: see Jurisprudence; also
989:
971:
941:
883:
810:
784:classical electromagnetism
634:
591:
536:obsolete scientific theory
525:intertheoretic identities.
480:
443:
423:shows that no consistent,
372:observationally equivalent
296:
235:
194:
29:
3192:Hawking, Stephen (1996).
3016:Suppe, Frederick (1998).
2901:10.5465/amr.2006.22527385
2477:12 September 2014 at the
1955:Small cancellation theory
1685:Combinatorial game theory
1599:Principles and parameters
1219:density functional theory
1036:Alpher–Bethe–Gamow theory
978:A political theory is an
817:In mathematics, the term
762:for further discussion.)
747:semantic view of theories
740:received view of theories
413:(concepts of space), and
3187:Human and Social studies
3180:Human and Social studies
3065:Halvorson, Hans (2012).
2707:Scientific Theory vs Law
2453:
2209:Self-fulfilling prophecy
1440:Critical pedagogy theory
1131:Molecular orbital theory
521:molecular kinetic energy
497:intertheoretic reduction
483:Intertheoretic reduction
3194:A Brief History of Time
2940:10.1162/152417301570383
2854:www.merriam-webster.com
2582:Schafersman, Steven D.
2497:, for example, that of
1829:Littlewood–Paley theory
1143:Transition state theory
1125:Kinetic theory of gases
890:A theory can be either
872:, given a given set of
186:. As an everyday word,
36:Theory (disambiguation)
2447:Theoretical definition
2349:Art educational theory
2090:Conformal field theory
1979:Sturm–Liouville theory
1925:Rational choice theory
1593:Government and Binding
1565:Critical legal studies
730:of logic and on basic
700:
687:
425:recursively enumerable
34:. For other uses, see
3270:Understanding Science
3074:Philosophy of Science
3025:Philosophy of Science
2664:Thomas, Gary (2007).
2471:Praeceptiones, Part 1
2247:Organizational theory
2241:Public Administration
1931:Representation theory
1434:Constructivist theory
1383:Holographic principle
1371:Supersymmetric theory
1290:Climate change theory
1155:Chemical graph theory
908:empirical observation
695:
682:
517:electromagnetic waves
511:have been reduced to
170:how the cure worked.
92:, and fulfilling the
2317:Extreme value theory
2234:Zero-based budgeting
2142:Quantum field theory
2126:Theory of relativity
1691:Computability theory
1631:Approximation theory
1414:Microeconomic theory
1408:Macroeconomic theory
1353:Loop quantum gravity
1259:Crystal field theory
1237:Baeyer strain theory
1207:Polymer field theory
886:Philosophical theory
643:repeatedly confirmed
212:natural philosophers
3306:Inductive reasoning
2297:Sociological theory
2197:Poverty of stimulus
2130:classical mechanics
2120:Perturbation theory
1901:Perturbation theory
1781:Intersection theory
1543:or 'Legal theory':
1255:Ligand field theory
1189:Debye–Hückel theory
1137:Valence bond theory
1088:Chemiosmotic theory
1000:In social science,
855:perturbation theory
827:mathematical theory
792:Maxwell's equations
736:logical consequence
720:logical positivists
714:Philosophical views
620:engaged scholarship
210:, such as those of
104:support for it, or
78:scientific theories
59:observational study
2704:David J Pfeiffer.
2639:Educational Theory
2427:Hypothesis testing
2330:Performance theory
2215:Stockholm syndrome
2203:Attribution theory
2029:Speculative reason
1913:Probability theory
1877:Obstruction theory
1703:Deformation theory
1655:Catastrophe theory
1649:Bifurcation theory
1495:Information theory
1359:Superstring theory
894:as in science, or
862:mathematical logic
843:probability theory
760:Theories as models
724:deductive theories
604:knowledge transfer
534:For instance, the
446:Underdetermination
440:Underdetermination
391:rules of inference
341:mathematical logic
251:suggests that the
206:understandings of
3276:What is a Theory?
3002:978-0-309-10586-6
2815:Russell, Bertrand
2771:978-0-691-02076-1
2724:Harper, Douglas.
2689:What is a Theory?
2385:Visual perception
2191:Object permanence
2185:Attachment theory
2148:Scattering theory
2096:Dirac hole theory
1997:Yang–Mills theory
1865:Nevanlinna theory
1643:Asymptotic theory
1605:Universal grammar
1421:Supply and demand
1377:Multiverse theory
1048:Copernican theory
751:scientific models
708:scientific models
637:Scientific theory
624:interdisciplinary
566:deductively from
489:explanatory power
368:explanatory power
178:The English word
134:body of knowledge
90:scientific method
51:abstract thinking
32:Scientific theory
16:(Redirected from
3318:
3221:
3210:
3158:
3157:
3147:
3141:
3140:
3138:
3136:
3121:
3115:
3114:
3112:
3110:
3089:
3071:
3062:
3056:
3055:
3053:
3051:
3022:
3013:
3007:
3006:
2979:
2973:
2972:
2965:
2956:
2950:
2944:
2943:
2919:
2913:
2912:
2880:
2865:
2864:
2862:
2860:
2846:
2840:
2836:Curry, Haskell,
2834:
2825:
2824:
2811:
2805:
2804:
2782:
2776:
2775:
2759:
2749:
2743:
2742:
2740:
2738:
2721:
2715:
2702:
2696:
2686:
2680:
2679:
2661:
2655:
2654:
2634:
2628:
2627:
2625:
2623:
2604:
2594:
2588:
2587:
2579:
2557:
2532:
2526:
2521:
2520:
2512:
2511:
2506:
2505:
2495:Greek philosophy
2487:
2481:
2466:See for example
2464:
2437:Predictive power
2266:Transferogenesis
2222:Public Budgeting
1967:Stability theory
1907:Potential theory
1787:Invariant theory
1709:Dimension theory
1553:Legal positivism
1446:Education theory
1347:Cosmic inflation
1316:Computer Science
1249:Collision theory
1201:Reptation theory
1119:Molecular theory
1069:Ptolemaic theory
974:Political theory
594:Praxis (process)
466:to conclusions.
379:form of theories
345:rational thought
333:natural language
249:Francis Cornford
238:
237:
197:
196:
108:contradiction ("
84:, made in a way
21:
3326:
3325:
3321:
3320:
3319:
3317:
3316:
3315:
3281:
3280:
3262:
3252:
3250:Further reading
3247:
3234:Theodore Schick
3167:
3162:
3161:
3148:
3144:
3134:
3132:
3122:
3118:
3108:
3106:
3087:10.1.1.692.8455
3069:
3063:
3059:
3049:
3047:
3020:
3014:
3010:
3003:
2981:
2980:
2976:
2967:
2966:
2959:
2951:
2947:
2920:
2916:
2881:
2868:
2858:
2856:
2848:
2847:
2843:
2835:
2828:
2812:
2808:
2801:
2793:. p. 200.
2783:
2779:
2772:
2764:. p. 198.
2750:
2746:
2736:
2734:
2722:
2718:
2712:Science Journal
2703:
2699:
2687:
2683:
2676:
2662:
2658:
2635:
2631:
2621:
2619:
2617:
2595:
2591:
2580:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2560:
2546:natural science
2533:
2529:
2488:
2484:
2479:Wayback Machine
2465:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2417:
2279:Critical theory
2260:Intertheoricity
2066:Acoustic theory
2035:Theory of truth
1961:Spectral theory
1883:Operator theory
1769:Homotopy theory
1763:Homology theory
1661:Category theory
1637:Arakelov theory
1618:Literary theory
1534:Critical theory
1521:Plate tectonics
1389:Quantum gravity
1328:Queueing theory
1322:Automata theory
1010:
998:
990:Main articles:
988:
986:Jurisprudential
976:
970:
946:
940:
928:critical theory
924:literary theory
888:
882:
874:inference rules
815:
809:
800:
768:
716:
674:
639:
633:
596:
590:
552:
550:Versus theorems
485:
479:
460:epistemological
452:underdetermined
448:
442:
429:natural numbers
337:formal language
301:
295:
176:
127:scientific laws
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3324:
3314:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3279:
3278:
3273:
3261:
3260:External links
3258:
3257:
3256:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3245:
3241:
3223:
3211:
3197:
3190:
3183:
3176:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3160:
3159:
3142:
3116:
3096:10.1086/664745
3080:(2): 183–206.
3057:
3037:10.1086/392812
3008:
3001:
2993:10.17226/11876
2974:
2957:
2945:
2914:
2895:(4): 802–821.
2866:
2841:
2826:
2806:
2799:
2777:
2770:
2744:
2716:
2697:
2681:
2674:
2656:
2645:(3): 129–140.
2629:
2616:978-0309105866
2615:
2589:
2573:
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2570:
2567:
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2562:
2559:
2558:
2527:
2482:
2458:
2457:
2455:
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2450:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2422:Falsifiability
2418:
2416:
2413:
2412:
2411:
2410:
2409:
2401:
2400:
2399:
2394:
2388:
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2321:
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2319:
2308:
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2303:Social capital
2300:
2294:
2288:
2285:Engaged theory
2282:
2270:
2269:
2268:
2263:
2251:
2250:
2249:
2238:
2237:
2236:
2231:
2228:Incrementalism
2219:
2218:
2217:
2212:
2206:
2200:
2194:
2188:
2182:
2176:
2173:Theory of mind
2164:
2163:
2162:
2157:
2151:
2145:
2139:
2133:
2128:(successor to
2123:
2117:
2111:
2105:
2099:
2093:
2087:
2081:
2075:
2072:Antenna theory
2069:
2057:
2056:
2055:
2050:
2044:
2038:
2032:
2026:
2014:
2013:
2012:
2001:
2000:
1999:
1994:
1991:Twistor theory
1988:
1985:Surgery theory
1982:
1976:
1970:
1964:
1958:
1952:
1946:
1940:
1934:
1928:
1922:
1916:
1910:
1904:
1898:
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1886:
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1868:
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1856:
1850:
1844:
1841:Measure theory
1838:
1832:
1826:
1820:
1814:
1808:
1802:
1796:
1793:Iwasawa theory
1790:
1784:
1778:
1772:
1766:
1760:
1754:
1748:
1742:
1736:
1730:
1724:
1718:
1715:Ergodic theory
1712:
1706:
1700:
1694:
1688:
1682:
1676:
1673:Choquet theory
1670:
1664:
1658:
1652:
1646:
1640:
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1622:
1621:
1620:
1609:
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1607:
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1510:
1499:
1498:
1497:
1492:
1489:Systems theory
1486:
1480:
1477:Control theory
1474:
1471:Circuit theory
1462:
1461:
1460:
1455:
1449:
1443:
1437:
1425:
1424:
1423:
1417:
1411:
1399:
1398:
1397:
1392:
1386:
1380:
1374:
1368:
1362:
1356:
1350:
1344:
1332:
1331:
1330:
1325:
1313:
1312:
1311:
1308:global warming
1302:
1299:climate change
1293:
1281:
1280:
1279:
1274:
1268:
1262:
1257:(successor to
1252:
1246:
1240:
1234:
1228:
1222:
1216:
1210:
1204:
1198:
1192:
1186:
1180:
1175:(successor to
1170:
1164:
1158:
1152:
1146:
1140:
1134:
1128:
1122:
1110:
1109:
1108:
1103:
1097:
1091:
1085:
1073:
1072:
1071:
1063:
1057:
1051:
1045:
1039:
1027:
1026:
1025:
1009:
1006:
987:
984:
972:Main article:
969:
966:
942:Main article:
939:
936:
884:Main article:
881:
878:
851:control theory
808:
805:
799:
796:
788:gauge symmetry
767:
764:
715:
712:
673:
670:
635:Main article:
632:
629:
613:epistemologies
589:
586:
551:
548:
481:Main article:
478:
475:
444:Main article:
441:
438:
361:interpretation
297:Main article:
294:
291:
255:used the word
243:. In the book
241:Greek language
208:natural things
175:
172:
163:medical theory
151:" (from Greek
98:modern science
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3323:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3288:
3286:
3277:
3274:
3271:
3267:
3264:
3263:
3254:
3253:
3242:
3239:
3236:(ed., 2000),
3235:
3231:
3227:
3224:
3219:
3218:
3212:
3208:
3207:
3202:
3198:
3195:
3191:
3188:
3184:
3181:
3177:
3174:
3170:
3169:
3155:
3154:
3146:
3131:
3127:
3120:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3068:
3061:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3031:: S102–S115.
3030:
3026:
3019:
3012:
3004:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2985:
2978:
2970:
2964:
2962:
2954:
2949:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2918:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2879:
2877:
2875:
2873:
2871:
2855:
2851:
2845:
2839:
2833:
2831:
2822:
2821:
2816:
2810:
2802:
2800:0-691-02076-0
2796:
2792:
2789:. Princeton:
2788:
2781:
2773:
2767:
2763:
2758:
2757:
2748:
2733:
2732:
2727:
2720:
2713:
2709:
2708:
2701:
2694:
2690:
2685:
2677:
2675:9780335211791
2671:
2667:
2660:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2633:
2618:
2612:
2608:
2603:
2602:
2593:
2585:
2578:
2574:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2542:
2537:
2531:
2524:
2515:
2507:"spectator",
2500:
2496:
2492:
2486:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2469:
2463:
2459:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2419:
2408:
2405:
2404:
2402:
2398:
2395:
2392:
2389:
2386:
2383:
2380:
2377:
2374:
2371:
2368:
2365:
2362:
2359:
2356:
2353:
2350:
2347:
2344:
2341:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2331:
2328:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2318:
2315:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2304:
2301:
2298:
2295:
2292:
2291:Social theory
2289:
2286:
2283:
2280:
2277:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2267:
2264:
2261:
2258:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2248:
2245:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2235:
2232:
2229:
2226:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2216:
2213:
2210:
2207:
2204:
2201:
2198:
2195:
2192:
2189:
2186:
2183:
2180:
2177:
2174:
2171:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2161:
2158:
2155:
2154:String theory
2152:
2149:
2146:
2143:
2140:
2137:
2134:
2131:
2127:
2124:
2121:
2118:
2115:
2112:
2109:
2108:Landau theory
2106:
2103:
2102:Dynamo theory
2100:
2097:
2094:
2091:
2088:
2085:
2082:
2079:
2078:Atomic theory
2076:
2073:
2070:
2067:
2064:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2054:
2053:Virtue theory
2051:
2048:
2045:
2042:
2039:
2036:
2033:
2030:
2027:
2024:
2021:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2011:
2008:
2007:
2005:
2002:
1998:
1995:
1992:
1989:
1986:
1983:
1980:
1977:
1974:
1973:Stable theory
1971:
1968:
1965:
1962:
1959:
1956:
1953:
1950:
1947:
1944:
1941:
1938:
1935:
1932:
1929:
1926:
1923:
1920:
1919:Ramsey theory
1917:
1914:
1911:
1908:
1905:
1902:
1899:
1896:
1893:
1890:
1887:
1884:
1881:
1878:
1875:
1872:
1871:Number theory
1869:
1866:
1863:
1860:
1857:
1854:
1853:Module theory
1851:
1848:
1845:
1842:
1839:
1836:
1835:Matrix theory
1833:
1830:
1827:
1824:
1821:
1818:
1815:
1812:
1809:
1806:
1803:
1800:
1797:
1794:
1791:
1788:
1785:
1782:
1779:
1776:
1773:
1770:
1767:
1764:
1761:
1758:
1755:
1752:
1749:
1746:
1743:
1740:
1737:
1734:
1731:
1728:
1727:Galois theory
1725:
1722:
1719:
1716:
1713:
1710:
1707:
1704:
1701:
1698:
1695:
1692:
1689:
1686:
1683:
1680:
1679:Coding theory
1677:
1674:
1671:
1668:
1665:
1662:
1659:
1656:
1653:
1650:
1647:
1644:
1641:
1638:
1635:
1632:
1629:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1619:
1616:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1606:
1603:
1600:
1597:
1594:
1591:
1588:
1585:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1573:
1570:
1566:
1563:
1560:
1559:Legal realism
1557:
1554:
1551:
1548:
1545:
1544:
1542:
1541:Jurisprudence
1539:
1535:
1532:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1522:
1519:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1509:
1506:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1496:
1493:
1490:
1487:
1484:
1483:Signal theory
1481:
1478:
1475:
1472:
1469:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1459:
1456:
1453:
1450:
1447:
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1426:
1422:
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1412:
1409:
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1405:
1403:
1400:
1396:
1393:
1390:
1387:
1384:
1381:
1378:
1375:
1372:
1369:
1366:
1363:
1360:
1357:
1354:
1351:
1348:
1345:
1342:
1339:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1329:
1326:
1323:
1320:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1309:
1306:
1305:anthropogenic
1303:
1300:
1297:
1296:anthropogenic
1294:
1291:
1288:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1278:
1275:
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1167:Marcus theory
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1106:Symbiogenesis
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2355:Architecture
2136:Gauge theory
2047:Value theory
2023:Proof theory
2010:Music theory
1949:Shape theory
1889:Order theory
1859:Morse theory
1847:Model theory
1775:Ideal theory
1757:Hodge theory
1751:Group theory
1745:Graph theory
1739:Gauge theory
1721:Field theory
1667:Chaos theory
1587:X-bar theory
1365:Supergravity
1173:Lewis theory
1060:Hubble's law
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3201:James, Paul
3109:14 February
3050:14 February
2541:Metaphysics
2516:"a view" +
2468:Hippocrates
2442:Testability
2379:Perspective
2361:Composition
2337:Visual Arts
2041:Type theory
1937:Ring theory
1811:Knot theory
1733:Game theory
1625:Mathematics
1581:Linguistics
1576:Case theory
1547:Natural law
1508:Film theory
1465:Engineering
1284:Climatology
1183:HSAB theory
1149:RRKM theory
1100:Germ theory
1082:Cell theory
954:meta-theory
892:descriptive
847:game theory
665:predictions
662:falsifiable
655:consilience
651:falsifiable
647:observation
415:probability
317:predictions
230:of things.
204:speculative
125:, and from
123:conjectures
3285:Categories
2564:References
2550:11.1064a17
2493:occurs in
2343:Aesthetics
2311:Statistics
2167:Psychology
2084:BCS theory
2017:Philosophy
1943:Set theory
1895:PCF theory
1823:Lie theory
1612:Literature
1528:Humanities
1042:BFH Theory
958:Statements
950:metatheory
944:Metatheory
938:Metatheory
922:; however
916:set theory
831:set theory
811:See also:
780:postulates
766:In physics
631:Scientific
609:ontologies
592:See also:
581:rigorously
544:phlogiston
491:), we are
471:hypothesis
407:arithmetic
313:explaining
307:tools for
305:analytical
289:or doing.
261:Pythagoras
145:hypothesis
115:hypothesis
86:consistent
63:scientific
55:phenomenon
3135:1 January
3082:CiteSeerX
2909:0363-7425
2569:Citations
2554:6.1025b25
2489:The word
2397:Manifolds
2273:Sociology
2254:Semiotics
1805:KK-theory
1428:Education
1402:Economics
1335:Cosmology
1113:Chemistry
1094:Evolution
1030:Astronomy
968:Political
900:normative
774:the term
702:The term
689:From the
493:justified
356:sentences
321:syntactic
293:Formality
106:empirical
102:empirical
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3291:Theories
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3104:37897853
3045:37361274
2817:(1945).
2726:"theory"
2475:Archived
2415:See also
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2114:M-theory
1817:L-theory
1799:K-theory
1395:M-theory
1343:Theory —
1341:Big Bang
1008:Examples
914:include
645:through
577:Theories
556:theorems
464:evidence
411:geometry
325:semantic
224:rational
149:practice
120:testable
94:criteria
53:about a
49:type of
47:rational
3301:Systems
3217:Biology
3165:Sources
2859:8 April
2737:18 July
2491:theoria
2403:Other:
2367:Anatomy
2324:Theatre
2060:Physics
1515:Geology
1419:Law of
1076:Biology
980:ethical
772:physics
745:In the
564:derived
560:theorem
399:theorem
257:theoria
253:Orphics
189:theoria
110:falsify
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2305:theory
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776:theory
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704:theory
568:axioms
519:, and
395:axioms
387:closed
287:praxis
282:praxis
278:nature
273:praxis
266:theory
236:θεωρία
228:nature
220:theory
216:theory
195:θεωρία
180:theory
167:causes
154:praxis
138:models
82:nature
67:nature
43:theory
3100:S2CID
3070:(PDF)
3041:S2CID
3021:(PDF)
2523:horan
2499:Plato
2454:Notes
2004:Music
904:ideas
755:model
505:light
501:sound
349:logic
329:facts
159:doing
45:is a
3137:2017
3111:2013
3052:2013
2997:ISBN
2905:ISSN
2861:2024
2795:ISBN
2766:ISBN
2739:2008
2670:ISBN
2624:2015
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2534:The
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