783:: in the aftermath of the failed Norman invasion, Alexios I granted the first trading privileges to the Venetians in exchange for their naval aids against Norman fleets, such as immunity from taxation and the right to set up trade colonies in certain towns including Constantinople itself. In Hellas itself Euripus, Thebes, and Athens were among those towns. Alexios' successors tried to curb these privileges with successes in part — and leading to the Venetian sacking of Euripus in 1171 in retaliation - but in 1198
63:
485:(στρατηγία, "generalcy") instead, it is almost certain that it was established from the outset as a full administrative entity, controlling those lands of the old province of Achaea that still remained under imperial control. The original extent of the theme is unclear and debated, but based on the (assumed) extent of Byzantine control, its territory must have comprised the eastern coast of the mainland (eastern Central Greece with
878:, in 1204 he captured Athens, before taking over Boeotia and Thessaly without a fight. Having become the master of a quasi-independent realm encompassing much of southern Greece he then tried to legitimize his position by marrying the daughter of the deposed Alexios III Angelos at Larissa. Following the
594:
to strengthen imperial rule and subdue the new settlers, while in the
Peloponnese it probably involved actual fighting against the Slavs. Although the local Slavs of the Peloponnese were not fully subdued at this time, the gradual strengthening of imperial authority eventually led to the splitting
651:
that reached even into the
Peloponnese and may have destroyed Thebes. Nevertheless, from the late 9th century on Hellas, along with the rest of Greece, shows evidence of increased prosperity, such as the increase in coinage, foundation of new towns and the establishment of new industries (most
424:, with the fortified towns largely remaining in the hands of the native Greek population. Nevertheless, in the first decades of the 7th century the Slavs were free to raid Thessaly and the south relatively unhindered; according to the
836:), whose costly military ventures led to a hike in taxation. Coupled with the corruption and autocratic behaviour of officials, this led to a decline in industry and the impoverishment of the peasantry, eloquently lamented by the
542:
in Hellas, who provided garrisons and crews for local naval squadrons. The number of land troops on the other hand remained rather low throughout the theme's existence, numbering perhaps 2,000, according to the estimates of
586:) was able to call upon 500 artisans from "Hellas and the islands" to Constantinople suggests a secured and regular contact between the province and the imperial centre. The anti-Slavic expedition of the minister
778:
first and foremost, began to establish their presence in the region towards the end of the century, signalling the beginning of the
Italians' ascendancy in maritime commerce and their gradual takeover of the
538:) that major land operations are recorded, and not until the early 9th century that the re-establishment of imperial control in the hinterland was completed. Thus Justinian II settled several thousand
890:, but his soldiers ran away, and he retreated to his fortress bases in the Peloponnese, from where he resisted for a few more years. Boniface divided the captured lands among his followers; the main
481:, and who thereupon rebelled against Justinian and overthrew him. Although the contemporary sources do not apply the term "theme" to Hellas until after the 8th century, using the term
590:
in 783 restored and extended imperial control once again, especially in the
Peloponnese and northern Greece. In Central Greece and Thessaly, the campaign seems to have been mostly a
711:
of Thebes and
Euripus after the middle of the 12th century. By the end of the 11th century, the joint administration of Hellas and the Peloponnese came under the control of the
349:
peninsula. It was established in the late 7th century, and was broken up into smaller districts in the late 11th/early 12th century. The theme fell to the
Crusader army led by
2816:
2780:
729:. Increasingly, however, smaller jurisdictions appeared within the boundaries of both themes. These eventually evolved into the smaller fiscal districts variously termed
505:
was the province's original capital; most likely Thebes, as it certainly filled this role in the early 10th century. In the second half of the 10th century, however, the
441:
and raided the coasts of
Thessaly and many Aegean islands, depopulating many of them. Some of the native Greeks fled to the fortified cities, to off-shore islands, or to
1574:
813:
describe central Greece during the middle of the 12th century as densely populated and prosperous, while
Benjamin records the presence of Jewish communities in Thebes,
268:
254:
240:
226:
212:
187:
173:
1455:
2806:
2760:
412:
in the north, the Slavs raided and settled almost at will. The Slavic settlement that followed the raids in the late 6th and early 7th centuries affected the
2347:
950:, and tasked with provisioning the imperial army with horses and pack animals, and seem to have functioned as military assembly points, similar to the old
717:, the commander-in-chief of the Byzantine navy. Due to the latter's absence from the province, however, the local administration remained under the local
794:) was forced to concede even more extensive ones, allowing the Venetians to create trade stations virtually in all cities situated close to the coast.
1567:
814:
366:
The ancient term "Hellas" was already in use in the 6th century to designate southern Greece in an administrative context, being employed in the
2443:
1504:
Catalogue of
Byzantine Seals at Dumbarton Oaks and in the Fogg Museum of Art, Volume 2: South of the Balkans, the Islands, South of Asia Minor
554:. During the course of the 8th century, however, imperial authority was gradually extended to the interior. The local Slavic inhabitants were
2357:
1844:
1560:
759:
in particular are only attested for Greece, and appear to have been based at
Larissa, Thebes and Euripus, Athens, Corinth, and Patras.
664:, who occupied Thessaly in 986 and launched several devastating raids into Central Greece and the Peloponnese until his defeat at the
2493:
755:) in the 12th century, while the old themes of Hellas and the Peloponnese gradually withered away as administrative entities. The
2811:
2426:
2725:
2515:
2181:
1463:
2503:
2478:
2653:
2367:
874:
and Corinth, and launched raids into Attica. Taking advantage of the preoccupation of the imperial authorities with the
2668:
421:
331:
805:. The local silk industry survived, however, and was revived, partly if not mostly with Jewish workers as attested by
2186:
1552:
1542:
1512:
1487:
1438:
350:
2337:
2151:
862:
At the turn of the 13th century the Byzantine Empire's decay was in full swing. In the northwestern Peloponnese,
17:
448:
The creation of the theme of Hellas is dated to sometime between 687 and 695, during the first reign of Emperor
2520:
2399:
1837:
1429:
656:
in Thebes). The Saracen threat receded during the 10th century and was practically ended as the result of the
2610:
2530:
2525:
879:
657:
523:, the theme was originally probably oriented mostly towards the sea and comprised the coastal areas that the
2448:
2372:
2116:
2066:
936:
were large domains allocated for the support of individuals, noble houses or churches and monasteries. The
671:
During the 10th and 11th centuries, Hellas was often governed jointly with the Peloponnese under a single
2680:
2573:
2414:
762:
The 11th century was largely a period of peace for southern Greece, interrupted only by raids during the
721:, a position often held during this period by senior and distinguished officials like the legal scholars
426:
401:
45:
489:
and parts of Thessaly), possibly including the eastern Peloponnese, as well as some Aegean islands like
2552:
2510:
2468:
2215:
2166:
2106:
2051:
1894:
1583:
771:
675:, and as the civilian administration rose in importance, the same practice appears there as well, with
624:
323:
192:
693:
being appointed for both themes. Thessaly appears to have been detached from Hellas and joined to the
2821:
2621:
2409:
2061:
2031:
1830:
767:
726:
2146:
2071:
2056:
2036:
763:
575:; imperial possessions appear not to have been greatly affected, and the fact that in 766, Emperor
2765:
2498:
2377:
2156:
1869:
903:
899:
377:
219:
205:
178:
2595:
2394:
2322:
2317:
2121:
911:
883:
837:
572:
551:
478:
261:
2755:
2745:
2695:
2685:
2483:
2433:
2171:
2011:
845:
2141:
2645:
2563:
2458:
2362:
2131:
2126:
2041:
2001:
1909:
1749:
694:
665:
648:
548:
528:
8:
2473:
2463:
2438:
2352:
2307:
2205:
1919:
1914:
1779:
1767:
1761:
1666:
1654:
1498:
784:
596:
587:
647:
in 911/2. In 918 and again in 923, the area was subjected to Bulgarian raids under Tsar
564:. This process was interrupted, but not halted, by another wave of Slavic settlement in
2453:
2200:
2176:
2111:
1874:
1714:
1619:
907:
806:
798:
775:
661:
644:
643:. Ten ships from Hellas also participated in the failed attempt to recover Crete under
417:
233:
1582:
886:
led a crusader army into Thessaly. Leo Sgouros tried to confront the Crusaders at the
2740:
2663:
2605:
2568:
2327:
2240:
2195:
2081:
2016:
1924:
1899:
1773:
1737:
1696:
1678:
1648:
1538:
1508:
1483:
1459:
1434:
1424:
841:
826:
780:
722:
442:
1815:
Thrace and Macedonia were counted among the Eastern themes for hierarchical purposes
882:
by the Crusaders in April 1204, however, the situation changed: in the same autumn,
558:
and subjected to Byzantine authority, often in autonomous districts under their own
459:), probably as a direct result of his 688/689 campaign against the Slavs. The first
2750:
2658:
2404:
2387:
2382:
2312:
2161:
1853:
1803:
1690:
1672:
1630:
1587:
940:
were districts tasked with the maintenance of warships and crews for the navy. The
636:
632:
620:
555:
544:
393:
381:
315:
68:
49:
2710:
2700:
2690:
2675:
2600:
2583:
2558:
2266:
2230:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2076:
1981:
1904:
1879:
1797:
1743:
1532:
1502:
1477:
1449:
895:
409:
405:
247:
2785:
2421:
2281:
2235:
2220:
2210:
2101:
2046:
1785:
1731:
1702:
1615:
1609:
1473:
875:
653:
524:
502:
474:
373:
299:
2136:
2800:
2775:
2770:
2705:
2615:
2588:
2548:
1950:
1889:
1708:
1592:
946:
871:
677:
591:
576:
62:
400:
and southern Greece. Aided by the Byzantine Empire's preoccupation with the
2286:
2256:
2225:
1991:
1976:
891:
822:
766:(1040–1041), a raid by the Turkic Uzes tribe in 1064, and the unsuccessful
494:
449:
128:
2720:
2640:
2026:
2021:
1966:
1791:
887:
863:
413:
346:
2730:
1929:
1623:
1248:
1246:
1244:
747:
713:
701:
valley remained part of Hellas—until sometime in the 12th century. The
698:
520:
368:
1971:
1642:
810:
640:
539:
461:
1241:
2487:
2291:
2006:
1986:
1945:
1938:
1934:
1822:
1684:
1636:
1127:
958:
818:
466:
438:
397:
380:. During the late 6th and early 7th centuries, the collapse of the
335:
1507:. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection.
1115:
1069:
1067:
962:. They also apparently correspond with areas of Slavic settlement.
2735:
2715:
2271:
1996:
1660:
952:
867:
825:). The situation began to change towards the end of the reign of
802:
683:
628:
608:
513:
1389:
705:
of Hellas is still attested for much of the 11th century, and a
2276:
2261:
1064:
689:
560:
498:
490:
486:
385:
327:
286:
79:
1103:
607:
During the 9th and early 10th centuries, Hellas suffered from
547:. The fleet of Hellas played a prominent role during the anti-
616:
612:
389:
304:
83:
1401:
809:
in his visit in 1165. Both Benjamin and the Arab geographer
660:
in 960–961, but the Bulgarian threat was renewed under Tsar
2578:
1270:
1258:
477:, who had fallen into disgrace following his defeat at the
1526:(in Italian). Rome, Italy: Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana.
1379:
1377:
1350:
1340:
1338:
1313:
1311:
1309:
1231:
1229:
1190:
1168:
1166:
1151:
1139:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1034:
1019:
1007:
707:
1294:
1456:
Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften
1374:
1362:
1335:
1323:
1306:
1282:
1226:
1214:
1202:
1178:
1163:
2761:
Paleochristian and Byzantine monuments of Thessaloniki
1451:
Tabula Imperii Byzantini, Band 1: Hellas und Thessalia
1031:
995:
2817:
States and territories established in the 7th century
1091:
1052:
894:
states formed in the former area of Hellas were the
623:. Among the major such events, in the 880s the Arab
1537:. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press.
801:plundered Thebes, carrying off its silk workers to
527:was able to control. It was not until the reign of
1496:
1252:
1133:
1073:
465:(military governor) of Hellas is attested in 695:
2798:
1433:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
392:invasions and settlements to occur all over the
855:), who sent the capable Nikephoros Prosouch as
71:c. 900, with the themes and major settlements.
2807:States and territories disestablished in 1205
1838:
1568:
635:, and in 902 the Saracens under the renegade
844:. This decline was temporarily halted under
35:
1845:
1831:
1575:
1561:
1479:The Empire of Manuel I Komnenos, 1143–1180
117:• Dissolution into smaller districts
61:
1530:
1482:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1472:
1448:Koder, Johannes; Hild, Friedrich (1976).
1447:
1407:
1395:
1383:
1368:
1356:
1344:
1329:
1317:
1300:
1288:
1276:
1264:
1235:
1220:
1208:
1196:
1184:
1172:
1157:
1145:
1121:
1109:
1046:
1025:
1013:
1001:
619:in the 820s and the establishment of the
1524:Constantino Porfirogenito: De Thematibus
611:raids, especially after the conquest of
2427:Battle of the Olive Grove of Kountouras
1521:
1097:
1085:
1058:
859:, but resumed after Andronikos' fall.
697:from the early 11th century—though the
420:in the north far more than Thessaly or
14:
2799:
2726:Monastery of Saint John the Theologian
2182:Byzantine bureaucracy and aristocracy
1826:
1556:
985:
983:
981:
979:
977:
602:
1852:
361:
992:, "Hellas" (T. E. Gregory), p. 911.
599:around or soon after the year 800.
24:
1430:The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium
974:
25:
2833:
2516:Siege of Thessalonica (1422–1430)
2494:Byzantine–Genoese War (1348–1349)
2187:Byzantine scholars in Renaissance
595:off of the Peloponnese to form a
396:. From 578, Slavic raids reached
330:. The theme encompassed parts of
2504:Byzantine civil war of 1341–1347
2479:Byzantine civil war of 1321–1328
1534:Byzantium and Its Army, 284–1081
770:into Thessaly in 1082–1083. The
266:
252:
238:
224:
210:
185:
171:
27:Province of the Byzantine Empire
2368:Siege of Thessalonica (676–678)
2152:Alexios Angelos Philanthropenos
1423:
989:
850:
831:
789:
581:
533:
519:Given its lack of depth in the
454:
372:as an alternative name for the
2812:Themes of the Byzantine Empire
2521:Battle of the Echinades (1427)
2400:Byzantine conquest of Bulgaria
1253:Nesbitt & Oikonomides 1994
1134:Nesbitt & Oikonomides 1994
1079:
1074:Nesbitt & Oikonomides 1994
944:were districts placed under a
13:
1:
2611:Eastern Orthodox Christianity
2531:Ottoman conquest of the Morea
2444:Under the Palaiologos dynasty
2388:Byzantine reconquest of Crete
1531:Treadgold, Warren T. (1995).
968:
658:Byzantine reconquest of Crete
565:
437:the Slavic tribes even built
431:
388:frontier allowed large-scale
339:
2449:Reconquest of Constantinople
2373:Siege of Patras (805 or 807)
2067:Nikephoros I Komnenos Doukas
924:
457: 685–695, 705–711
318:military-civilian province (
7:
2681:Church of the Parigoritissa
2654:Church of the Holy Apostles
2574:Miracles of Saint Demetrius
2415:Sack of Thessalonica (1185)
2358:Under the Heraclian dynasty
797:In 1148, the Normans under
427:Miracles of Saint Demetrius
37:Ἑλλάς, Ἑλλάδα, θέμα Ἑλλάδος
10:
2838:
2469:Battle of Pharsalus (1277)
2216:Eustathius of Thessalonica
2167:Constantine XI Palaiologos
2107:Andronikos III Palaiologos
2052:Michael II Komnenos Doukas
1724:Western or European themes
1416:
772:Italian maritime republics
408:in the east, and with the
356:
305:
193:Macedonia (Roman province)
2633:
2541:
2526:Morea revolt of 1453–1454
2336:
2300:
2249:
2062:John I Doukas of Thessaly
2032:Michael I Komnenos Doukas
1959:
1862:
1813:
1723:
1601:
1124:, pp. 26, 66–69, 72.
870:, had already taken over
727:Nicholas Hagiotheodorites
303:
282:
150:
146:
142:
138:
125:
115:
105:
101:
93:
89:
75:
60:
55:
44:
36:
32:
2781:Saints Theodoroi, Serres
2383:Muslim conquest of Crete
2072:Thomas I Komnenos Doukas
2057:Michael VIII Palaiologos
2037:Theodore Komnenos Doukas
1915:Theme of the Peloponnese
917:
764:uprising of Petar Delyan
639:sacked the port city of
512:seat was transferred to
497:. It is unclear whether
2766:Panagia Ekatontapiliani
2746:Old Metropolis of Veria
2499:Zealots of Thessalonica
2348:Persecution of paganism
2301:Greek states after 1204
2157:Theodore II Palaiologos
1602:Eastern or Asian themes
1398:, pp. 162ff., 234.
904:Kingdom of Thessalonica
900:Marquisate of Bodonitsa
220:Marquisate of Bodonitsa
206:Kingdom of Thessalonica
179:Achaia (Roman province)
2596:Byzantine architecture
2511:Byzantine–Ottoman Wars
2395:Macedonian Renaissance
2323:Despotate of the Morea
2318:Empire of Thessalonica
2122:Stephen Gabrielopoulos
912:Triarchy of Negroponte
884:Boniface of Montferrat
880:sack of Constantinople
838:Metropolitan of Athens
479:Battle of Sebastopolis
351:Boniface of Montferrat
326:) located in southern
262:Triarchy of Negroponte
2756:Panagia Kontariotissa
2686:Didymoteicho Fortress
2484:Hesychast controversy
2434:Battle of Klokotnitsa
2410:Byzantine–Norman wars
2172:Demetrios Palaiologos
2147:Esau de' Buondelmonti
2012:Nikephoros Melissenos
1910:Theme of Thessalonica
1863:Provinces and regions
1454:(in German). Vienna:
1384:Koder & Hild 1976
1369:Koder & Hild 1976
1357:Koder & Hild 1976
1345:Koder & Hild 1976
1330:Koder & Hild 1976
1318:Koder & Hild 1976
1289:Koder & Hild 1976
1277:Koder & Hild 1976
1265:Koder & Hild 1976
1236:Koder & Hild 1976
1221:Koder & Hild 1976
1209:Koder & Hild 1976
1197:Koder & Hild 1976
1185:Koder & Hild 1976
1173:Koder & Hild 1976
1158:Koder & Hild 1976
1146:Koder & Hild 1976
1112:, pp. 57, 59–60.
1110:Koder & Hild 1976
1047:Koder & Hild 1976
1026:Koder & Hild 1976
1014:Koder & Hild 1976
1002:Koder & Hild 1976
846:Andronikos I Komnenos
695:theme of Thessalonica
2646:Angelokastro (Corfu)
2564:Byzantine literature
2459:Battle of Makryplagi
2363:Byzantine Iconoclasm
2132:Manuel Kantakouzenos
2127:Nikephoros II Orsini
2042:Demetrios Chomatenos
2002:Nikephoros II Phokas
1920:Theme of Cephallenia
1522:Pertusi, A. (1952).
1499:Oikonomides, Nicolas
666:Battle of Spercheios
529:Leo III the Isaurian
402:long and bloody wars
2474:Battle of Demetrias
2464:Battle of Neopatras
2439:Battle of Pelagonia
2378:Arab–Byzantine wars
2353:Barbarian invasions
2308:Despotate of Epirus
2206:Nicephorus Gregoras
1875:Theme of the Aegean
1410:, pp. 234–235.
785:Alexios III Angelos
107:• Established
2454:Battle of Prinitza
2201:George Akropolites
2177:Thomas Palaiologos
2142:Thomas Preljubović
2112:Michael Monomachos
1925:Theme of Nicopolis
1900:Theme of Macedonia
1895:Macedonia Province
1425:Kazhdan, Alexander
1279:, pp. 62, 66.
1267:, pp. 61, 66.
1255:, pp. 22, 62.
908:Lordship of Salona
807:Benjamin of Tudela
799:Roger II of Sicily
776:Republic of Venice
627:attacked Euripos (
603:9th–12th centuries
234:Lordship of Salona
2794:
2793:
2741:Nea Moni of Chios
2669:Soteira Lykodemou
2664:Little Metropolis
2606:Byzantine cuisine
2569:Alexander romance
2241:George Sphrantzes
2196:Niketas Choniates
2082:Demetrios Kydones
2017:Michael Choniates
1820:
1819:
1697:Cibyrrhaeot Theme
1649:Bucellarian Theme
1465:978-3-7001-0182-6
1359:, pp. 65–66.
1199:, pp. 60–61.
1160:, pp. 58–59.
1148:, pp. 57–58.
1136:, pp. 22–24.
1028:, pp. 55–56.
1016:, pp. 54–55.
842:Michael Choniates
827:Manuel I Komnenos
781:Byzantine economy
723:Alexios Aristenos
416:in the south and
362:7th–8th centuries
292:
291:
278:
277:
274:
273:
198:
197:
16:(Redirected from
2829:
2822:Byzantine Greece
2751:Panagia Episkopi
2659:Daphni Monastery
2405:East-West Schism
2340:
2313:Empire of Nicaea
2162:Gemistos Plethon
1905:Theme of Strymon
1856:
1855:Byzantine Greece
1847:
1840:
1833:
1824:
1823:
1631:Thracesian Theme
1588:Byzantine Empire
1577:
1570:
1563:
1554:
1553:
1548:
1527:
1518:
1493:
1469:
1444:
1411:
1405:
1399:
1393:
1387:
1381:
1372:
1366:
1360:
1354:
1348:
1342:
1333:
1327:
1321:
1315:
1304:
1298:
1292:
1286:
1280:
1274:
1268:
1262:
1256:
1250:
1239:
1233:
1224:
1218:
1212:
1206:
1200:
1194:
1188:
1182:
1176:
1170:
1161:
1155:
1149:
1143:
1137:
1131:
1125:
1119:
1113:
1107:
1101:
1095:
1089:
1083:
1077:
1071:
1062:
1056:
1050:
1044:
1029:
1023:
1017:
1011:
1005:
999:
993:
987:
927:
854:
853: 1182–1185
852:
835:
834: 1143–1180
833:
793:
792: 1195–1203
791:
637:Damian of Tarsus
621:Emirate of Crete
585:
583:
570:
567:
545:Warren Treadgold
537:
535:
511:
458:
456:
436:
433:
394:Balkan peninsula
382:Byzantine Empire
344:
341:
309:
308:
307:
270:
269:
256:
255:
242:
241:
228:
227:
214:
213:
202:
201:
189:
188:
175:
174:
168:
167:
152:
151:
69:Byzantine Greece
65:
50:Byzantine Empire
39:
38:
30:
29:
21:
2837:
2836:
2832:
2831:
2830:
2828:
2827:
2826:
2797:
2796:
2795:
2790:
2711:Kassiopi Castle
2701:Hexamilion wall
2691:Feraklos Castle
2676:Castle of Chios
2629:
2601:Byzantine dress
2584:Greek Anthology
2559:Byzantine music
2537:
2338:
2332:
2296:
2245:
2231:Joannes Zonaras
2097:Andronikos Asen
2092:Nicholas Orsini
2087:Catalan Company
2077:Gregory Palamas
1982:Irene of Athens
1955:
1885:Theme of Hellas
1870:Achaea Province
1858:
1854:
1851:
1821:
1816:
1809:
1798:Cherson/Klimata
1719:
1597:
1581:
1551:
1545:
1515:
1501:, eds. (1994).
1497:Nesbitt, John;
1490:
1474:Magdalino, Paul
1466:
1441:
1419:
1414:
1406:
1402:
1394:
1390:
1382:
1375:
1367:
1363:
1355:
1351:
1343:
1336:
1328:
1324:
1316:
1307:
1299:
1295:
1287:
1283:
1275:
1271:
1263:
1259:
1251:
1242:
1234:
1227:
1219:
1215:
1207:
1203:
1195:
1191:
1183:
1179:
1171:
1164:
1156:
1152:
1144:
1140:
1132:
1128:
1120:
1116:
1108:
1104:
1096:
1092:
1084:
1080:
1072:
1065:
1057:
1053:
1045:
1032:
1024:
1020:
1012:
1008:
1000:
996:
988:
975:
971:
966:
963:
920:
902:, parts of the
896:Duchy of Athens
849:
830:
821:, and Zetouni (
788:
605:
580:
568:
552:revolt of 726/7
532:
509:
453:
434:
406:Sassanid Persia
364:
359:
342:
296:Theme of Hellas
267:
253:
248:Duchy of Athens
239:
225:
211:
186:
172:
131:
118:
108:
66:
40:
33:Theme of Hellas
28:
23:
22:
18:Theme of Hellas
15:
12:
11:
5:
2835:
2825:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2792:
2791:
2789:
2788:
2786:Trikala Castle
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2696:Gardiki Castle
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2672:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2648:
2643:
2637:
2635:
2631:
2630:
2628:
2627:
2626:
2625:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2592:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2561:
2556:
2553:Macedonian art
2545:
2543:
2539:
2538:
2536:
2535:
2534:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2508:
2507:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2430:
2429:
2422:Fourth Crusade
2419:
2418:
2417:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2391:
2390:
2385:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2344:
2342:
2334:
2333:
2331:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2304:
2302:
2298:
2297:
2295:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2253:
2251:
2247:
2246:
2244:
2243:
2238:
2236:George Kodinos
2233:
2228:
2223:
2221:Michael Glykas
2218:
2213:
2211:John Scylitzes
2208:
2203:
2198:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2102:John II Orsini
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2047:John Apokaukos
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1963:
1961:
1957:
1956:
1954:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1942:
1941:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1890:Theme of Samos
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1866:
1864:
1860:
1859:
1850:
1849:
1842:
1835:
1827:
1818:
1817:
1814:
1811:
1810:
1808:
1807:
1800:
1794:
1788:
1782:
1776:
1770:
1764:
1758:
1752:
1746:
1740:
1734:
1727:
1725:
1721:
1720:
1718:
1717:
1711:
1705:
1699:
1693:
1687:
1681:
1675:
1669:
1663:
1657:
1651:
1645:
1639:
1637:Opsician Theme
1633:
1627:
1616:Armeniac Theme
1612:
1610:Anatolic Theme
1605:
1603:
1599:
1598:
1580:
1579:
1572:
1565:
1557:
1550:
1549:
1543:
1528:
1519:
1513:
1494:
1488:
1470:
1464:
1445:
1439:
1427:, ed. (1991).
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1412:
1408:Magdalino 2002
1400:
1396:Magdalino 2002
1388:
1373:
1361:
1349:
1334:
1322:
1305:
1303:, p. 234.
1301:Magdalino 2002
1293:
1281:
1269:
1257:
1240:
1225:
1213:
1201:
1189:
1177:
1162:
1150:
1138:
1126:
1122:Treadgold 1995
1114:
1102:
1100:, p. 172.
1090:
1088:, p. 171.
1078:
1063:
1061:, p. 170.
1051:
1030:
1018:
1006:
994:
972:
970:
967:
965:
964:
921:
919:
916:
876:Fourth Crusade
768:Norman attacks
743:chartoularaton
625:emir of Tarsus
604:
601:
597:separate theme
584: 741–775
536: 717–741
525:Byzantine navy
475:Anatolic Theme
422:Central Greece
410:Avar Khaganate
374:Roman province
363:
360:
358:
355:
332:Central Greece
312:Thema Hellados
290:
289:
284:
280:
279:
276:
275:
272:
271:
264:
258:
257:
250:
244:
243:
236:
230:
229:
222:
216:
215:
208:
199:
196:
195:
190:
182:
181:
176:
164:
163:
158:
148:
147:
144:
143:
140:
139:
136:
135:
132:
129:Latin Conquest
126:
123:
122:
119:
116:
113:
112:
109:
106:
103:
102:
99:
98:
95:
94:Historical era
91:
90:
87:
86:
77:
73:
72:
58:
57:
56:687/695 – 1205
53:
52:
42:
41:
34:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2834:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2804:
2802:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2776:Porta Panagia
2774:
2772:
2771:Patras Castle
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2706:Hosios Loukas
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2651:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2638:
2636:
2632:
2624:
2623:
2619:
2618:
2617:
2616:Byzantine law
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2590:
2589:Acritic songs
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2566:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2554:
2550:
2549:Byzantine art
2547:
2546:
2544:
2540:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2513:
2512:
2509:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2489:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2446:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2428:
2425:
2424:
2423:
2420:
2416:
2413:
2412:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2380:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2345:
2343:
2341:
2335:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2305:
2303:
2299:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2254:
2252:
2250:Major centres
2248:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1964:
1962:
1958:
1952:
1951:Great Vlachia
1949:
1947:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1933:
1932:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1867:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1848:
1843:
1841:
1836:
1834:
1829:
1828:
1825:
1812:
1805:
1801:
1799:
1795:
1793:
1789:
1787:
1783:
1781:
1777:
1775:
1771:
1769:
1765:
1763:
1759:
1757:
1753:
1751:
1747:
1745:
1741:
1739:
1735:
1733:
1729:
1728:
1726:
1722:
1716:
1712:
1710:
1706:
1704:
1700:
1698:
1694:
1692:
1688:
1686:
1682:
1680:
1676:
1674:
1670:
1668:
1664:
1662:
1658:
1656:
1652:
1650:
1646:
1644:
1640:
1638:
1634:
1632:
1628:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1611:
1607:
1606:
1604:
1600:
1595:
1594:
1593:De Thematibus
1590:according to
1589:
1585:
1578:
1573:
1571:
1566:
1564:
1559:
1558:
1555:
1546:
1544:0-8047-3163-2
1540:
1536:
1535:
1529:
1525:
1520:
1516:
1514:0-88402-226-9
1510:
1506:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1491:
1489:0-521-52653-1
1485:
1481:
1480:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1452:
1446:
1442:
1440:0-19-504652-8
1436:
1432:
1431:
1426:
1422:
1421:
1409:
1404:
1397:
1392:
1386:, p. 69.
1385:
1380:
1378:
1371:, p. 68.
1370:
1365:
1358:
1353:
1347:, p. 65.
1346:
1341:
1339:
1332:, p. 64.
1331:
1326:
1320:, p. 67.
1319:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1302:
1297:
1291:, p. 66.
1290:
1285:
1278:
1273:
1266:
1261:
1254:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1238:, p. 63.
1237:
1232:
1230:
1223:, p. 62.
1222:
1217:
1211:, p. 61.
1210:
1205:
1198:
1193:
1187:, p. 60.
1186:
1181:
1175:, p. 59.
1174:
1169:
1167:
1159:
1154:
1147:
1142:
1135:
1130:
1123:
1118:
1111:
1106:
1099:
1094:
1087:
1082:
1076:, p. 22.
1075:
1070:
1068:
1060:
1055:
1049:, p. 57.
1048:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1027:
1022:
1015:
1010:
1004:, p. 52.
1003:
998:
991:
986:
984:
982:
980:
978:
973:
961:
960:
955:
954:
949:
948:
947:chartoularios
943:
942:chartoularata
939:
935:
931:
926:
923:
922:
915:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
860:
858:
847:
843:
839:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
795:
786:
782:
777:
773:
769:
765:
760:
758:
754:
750:
749:
744:
740:
739:chartoularata
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
715:
710:
709:
704:
700:
696:
692:
691:
686:
685:
680:
679:
678:protonotarioi
674:
669:
667:
663:
659:
655:
654:silk industry
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
600:
598:
593:
592:show of force
589:
578:
577:Constantine V
574:
563:
562:
557:
556:Christianized
553:
550:
546:
541:
530:
526:
522:
517:
515:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
463:
451:
446:
444:
440:
429:
428:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
370:
354:
352:
348:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
301:
297:
288:
285:
283:Today part of
281:
265:
263:
260:
259:
251:
249:
246:
245:
237:
235:
232:
231:
223:
221:
218:
217:
209:
207:
204:
203:
200:
194:
191:
184:
183:
180:
177:
170:
169:
166:
165:
162:
159:
157:
154:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
130:
124:
120:
114:
110:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
70:
64:
59:
54:
51:
47:
43:
31:
19:
2620:
2257:Thessaloniki
2226:Anna Komnene
2191:
2117:John Angelos
1992:Nikephoros I
1977:Justinian II
1884:
1755:
1750:Thessalonica
1591:
1533:
1523:
1503:
1478:
1450:
1428:
1403:
1391:
1364:
1352:
1325:
1296:
1284:
1272:
1260:
1216:
1204:
1192:
1180:
1153:
1141:
1129:
1117:
1105:
1098:Pertusi 1952
1093:
1086:Pertusi 1952
1081:
1059:Pertusi 1952
1054:
1021:
1009:
997:
957:
951:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
861:
856:
796:
761:
756:
752:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
718:
712:
706:
702:
688:
682:
676:
672:
670:
652:notably the
633:was defeated
606:
569: 746/7
559:
518:
506:
482:
470:
460:
450:Justinian II
447:
425:
367:
365:
319:
311:
306:θέμα Ἑλλάδος
295:
293:
161:Succeeded by
160:
155:
121:12th century
2721:Mount Athos
2641:Acrocorinth
2137:Simeon Uroš
2027:Leo Gabalas
2022:Leo Sgouros
1967:Justinian I
1792:Longobardia
1780:Dyrrhachium
1768:Cephallenia
1762:Peloponnese
1667:Mesopotamia
1655:Paphlagonia
934:episkepseis
888:Thermopylae
866:, ruler of
864:Leo Sgouros
817:, Euripus,
774:, with the
748:episkepseis
469:, formerly
414:Peloponnese
347:Peloponnese
338:and, until
156:Preceded by
97:Middle Ages
2801:Categories
2731:Monemvasia
2622:Hexabiblos
2192:Historians
1930:Sclaviniae
1802:(omitted:
1715:Aegean Sea
1624:Charsianon
1620:Cappadocia
969:References
932: The
910:, and the
753:episkepsis
714:megas doux
699:Spercheios
588:Staurakios
549:iconoclast
521:hinterland
435: 615
369:Synekdemos
343: 800
2634:Monuments
1972:Heraclius
1774:Nicopolis
1738:Macedonia
1679:Sebasteia
1643:Optimates
1476:(2002) .
811:al-Idrisi
703:strategos
684:praetores
673:strategos
668:in 997.
641:Demetrias
561:archontes
540:Mardaites
507:strategos
483:strategia
471:strategos
462:strategos
418:Macedonia
353:in 1205.
316:Byzantine
2488:Palamism
2328:Thessaly
2292:Ioannina
2007:Basil II
1987:Danielis
1946:Tsakonia
1939:Ezeritai
1935:Melingoi
1804:Dalmatia
1691:Seleucia
1685:Lykandos
1673:Koloneia
1596:(c. 950)
819:Ravenica
645:Himerios
573:Bulgaria
467:Leontios
439:monoxyla
398:Thessaly
336:Thessaly
314:) was a
2736:Mystras
2716:Meteora
2650:Athens
2542:Culture
2339:History
2272:Mystras
2267:Corinth
1997:Basil I
1744:Strymon
1661:Chaldia
1618:(incl.
1586:of the
1417:Sources
959:aplekta
868:Nauplia
857:praetor
803:Palermo
751:(sing.
745:), and
741:(sing.
733:(sing.
719:praetor
629:Chalcis
615:by the
609:Saracen
514:Larissa
473:of the
357:History
127:•
111:687/695
76:Capital
67:Map of
48:of the
2282:Thebes
2277:Patras
2262:Athens
1960:People
1786:Sicily
1756:Hellas
1732:Thrace
1703:Cyprus
1584:Themes
1541:
1511:
1486:
1462:
1437:
953:metata
928:
906:, the
898:, the
735:horion
690:kritai
662:Samuel
649:Simeon
631:) but
503:Thebes
499:Athens
491:Skyros
487:Euboea
390:Slavic
386:Danube
378:Achaea
345:, the
328:Greece
287:Greece
84:Thebes
80:Athens
1880:Crete
1709:Samos
938:horia
918:Notes
892:Latin
872:Argos
823:Lamia
815:Krisa
757:horia
731:horia
617:Arabs
613:Crete
571:from
510:'
443:Italy
430:, in
404:with
324:theme
320:thema
300:Greek
46:Theme
2579:Suda
2287:Arta
1937:and
1796:12.
1790:11.
1784:10.
1713:17.
1707:16.
1701:15.
1695:14.
1689:13.
1683:12.
1677:11.
1671:10.
1622:and
1539:ISBN
1509:ISBN
1484:ISBN
1460:ISBN
1435:ISBN
956:and
725:and
708:doux
687:and
493:and
294:The
134:1205
1778:9.
1772:8.
1766:7.
1760:6.
1754:5.
1748:4.
1742:3.
1736:2.
1730:1.
1665:9.
1659:8.
1653:7.
1647:6.
1641:5.
1635:4.
1629:3.
1614:2.
1608:1.
990:ODB
737:),
501:or
495:Kea
384:'s
376:of
82:or
2803::
2194::
1458:.
1376:^
1337:^
1308:^
1243:^
1228:^
1165:^
1066:^
1033:^
976:^
930:a:
914:.
851:r.
840:,
832:r.
790:r.
681:,
582:r.
566:c.
534:r.
516:.
455:r.
445:.
432:c.
340:c.
334:,
322:,
310:,
302::
2555:)
2551:(
2490:)
2486:(
1846:e
1839:t
1832:v
1806:)
1626:)
1576:e
1569:t
1562:v
1547:.
1517:.
1492:.
1468:.
1443:.
848:(
829:(
787:(
579:(
531:(
452:(
298:(
20:)
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