1000:
with these good people are the wicked Moors – North
African Muslims and Arabs – and their Sultan, in Jerusalem. With the assistance of the wicked and treacherous magician, Gano of Maganz, Biancofiore is stolen from her fortress castle, and taken to become the reluctant wife of the Sultan. The catalyst for victory is the good magician, Urlubulu, who lives in a lake, and flies through the air on the back of his magic blue bird. The English translators, using the original illustrations, and the basic rhyme patterns, slightly simplify the plot, changing the Christians-versus-Muslim-Moors conflict into a battle between good and bad magicians and between golden knights and green knights. The French traitor in The Song of Roland, who is actually Roland's cowardly step-father, is Ganelon – very likely the inspiration for Luzzati's traitor and wicked magician, Gano. Orlando Furioso (literally, Furious or Enraged Orlando, or Roland), includes Orlando's cousin, the paladin Rinaldo, who, like Orlando, is also in love with Angelica, a pagan princess. Rinaldo is, of course, the Italian equivalent of Ronald. Flying through the air on the back of a magic bird is equivalent to flying on a magic
1026:. This work is more closely based on a screenplay written by Michael Eging in 2008, simply known as "Song of Roland" and first optioned to Alan Kaplan at Cine LA that same year. The book explores the untold story of how Roland finds himself at Ronceveaux, betrayed by Ganelon and facing the expansive Saragossan host. Primary characters in the novel include Charles (Charlemagne), Ganelon, Bishop Turpin, Oliver, Aude, Marsilion, Blancandarin and others recognizable from the poem. Introduced in this tale are additional characters that inject intrigue and danger to the story, including Charles oldest son, Pepin, Marsilion's treacherous son, Saleem, and the scheming Byzantine emissary, Honorius. The cover artwork was hand painted by Jordan Raskin. The authors determined when writing both the screenplay and the novel to remain in the world created by the poem; thus, Charles remains an older man near the end of his long reign rather than in 778 when the attack on the rearguard actually occurred. Further, this novel bookends the story with
938:
Saracens coming, urged Roland to blow his horn and fetch back
Charlemagne – but Roland wouldn't blow. A big brave fool. In war one always chooses the wrong hero. Oliver should have been the hero of that song, instead of being given second place with the blood-thirsty Bishop Turpin. In the Oxford version Oliver is reconciled in the end, he gives Roland his death-blow by accident, his eyes blinded by wounds. the story had been tidied up. In truth, Oliver strikes his friend down in full knowledge – because of what he has done to his men, all the wasted lives. Oliver dies hating the man he loves – the big boasting courageous fool who was more concerned with his own glory than with the victory of his faith. This makes the story tragedy, not just heroics".
144:
267:, informed in part by patriotic desires to elevate a distinctly French epic, could thus overstate the textual cohesiveness of the Roland tradition as they presented it to the public. Andrew Taylor notes, "he Roland song was, if not invented, at the very least constructed. By supplying it with an appropriate epic title, isolating it from its original codicological context, and providing a general history of minstrel performance in which its pure origin could be located, the early editors presented a 4,002 line poem as sung French epic".
40:
304:
276:
741:
1465:
328:
482:
999:
Luzzati's original verse story in
Italian is about the plight of a beautiful maiden called Biancofiore – White Flower, or Blanchefleur – and her brave hero, Captain Rinaldo, and Ricardo and his paladins – the term used for Christian knights engaged in Crusades against the Saracens and Moors. Battling
937:
forced him to become a soldier and secret agent. Throughout the book, he repeatedly compares himself and other characters with the characters of "Roland". Particularly, the book includes a full two pages of specific commentary, which is relevant to its 20th-century plot line: "Oliver, when he saw the
420:
and the
Christians are overwhelmed. Oliver pleads with Roland to blow his horn to call for help, but Roland tells him that blowing his horn in the middle of the battle would be an act of cowardice. If Roland continues to refuse, Oliver will not let Roland see his sister again whom Roland loves the
546:
The story moves at a fast pace, occasionally slowing down and recounting the same scene up to three times but focusing on different details or taking a different perspective each time. The effect is similar to a film sequence shot at different angles so that new and more important details come to
460:
The Franks discover
Ganelon's betrayal and keep him in chains until his trial, where Ganelon argues that his action was legitimate revenge, not treason. While the council of barons assembled to decide the traitor's fate is initially swayed by this claim, partially out of fear of Ganelon's friend
432:
Roland's Franks fight well, but are outnumbered, until almost all his men are dead and he knows that
Charlemagne's army can no longer save them. Despite this, he blows his olifant to summon revenge, blowing so hard that his temples start to bleed. After a few more fights, Roland succumbs to his
448:
of
Babylon, has arrived in Spain to help Marsile. His army encounters that of Charlemagne at Roncesvalles, where the Christians are burying and mourning their dead. The Franks fight valiantly. When Charlemagne kills Baligant, the Muslim army scatters and flees, leaving the Franks to conquer
228:, which supports a date of composition after the Crusade. Those favoring an earlier dating argue that the term is used generically to refer to "a Muslim land." It is possible that the bulk of the poem dates from before the Crusades, with a few additions from the time of the First Crusade.
776:, and was supposedly the sharpest sword in all existence. In the story of the Song of Roland, the weapon is given to Roland, and he uses it to defend himself single-handedly against thousands of Muslim attackers. According to one 12th-century legend from the French town of
1468:
283:
Certain lines of the Oxford manuscript end with the letters "AOI". The meaning of this word or annotation is unclear. Many scholars have hypothesized that the marking may have played a role in public performances of the text, such as indicating a place where a
1341:
1170:, for instance, spoke of "ultramarinarum partium gestis" ("deeds done in the lands beyond the sea", Chronicon Ghisnense et Ardense, ed. Denis-Charles Godefroy Ménilglaise, Paris 1855, pp. 215–17) when referring to the Crusades. Likewise,
390:, who counsels him to conciliate the Emperor, offering to surrender and giving hostages. Accordingly, Marsile sends out messengers to Charlemagne, promising treasure and Marsile's conversion to Christianity if the Franks will go back to
542:
The narrator gives few explanations for characters' behaviour. The warriors are stereotypes defined by a few salient traits; for example, Roland is loyal and trusting while
Ganelon, though brave, is traitorous and vindictive.
461:
Pinabel who threatens to fight anyone who judges
Ganelon guilty, one man, Thierry, argues that because Roland was serving Charlemagne when Ganelon delivered his revenge on him, Ganelon's action constitutes a betrayal.
290:
would change the tempo. Contrarily, Nathan Love believes that "AOI" marks locations where the scribe or copyist is signaling that he has deviated from the primary manuscript: ergo, the mark indicates the source is a
996:(1969). The Picture Lion paperback edition (William Collins, London, 1973) is a paperback imprint of the Hutchinson Junior Books edition (1969), which credits the English translation to Hutchinson Junior Books.
624:
and nephew of
Charlemagne. Wields the sword Durandal. Leads the rear guard of the French forces; bursts his temples by blowing his olifant-horn, wounds from which he eventually dies facing the enemy's land.
359:
from the late eighth century, the attackers were Basques seeking revenge against Charlemagne's army for the looting of Pamplona. The following is the depiction in the poem itself, not a historical account.
472:
and thirty of his relatives are hanged. Bramimonde converts to Christianity, her name changing to Juliana. While sleeping, Charlemagne is told by Gabriel to ride to help King Vivien and bemoans his life.
135:
and celebrated legendary deeds. An early version was composed around 1040 AD, with additions and alterations made up to about 1115 AD. The final poem contains about 4,000 lines.
531:
pairs. Roland proposes Ganelon for the dangerous mission to Sarrogossa; Ganelon designates Roland to man the rearguard. Charlemagne is contrasted with Baligant. Unlike later
195:
in the manuscript itself) — and that most of the alterations were completed by about 1098. Some favor the earlier dating, which allows that the narrative was inspired by the
672:
700:
688:
873:
adoption of this ballad named "RuntsivalstrĂĂ°iĂ°" (Battle of Roncevaux), and a Norwegian version called "Rolandskvadet". The ballad is one of many sung during the
780:, Roland threw the sword into a cliffside. A replication of the legendary sword can be found there, embedded into the cliff-face next to the town's sanctuary.
654:
570:, wise pagan; suggests bribing Charlemagne out of Spain with hostages and gifts, and then suggests dishonouring a promise to allow Marsile's baptism.
436:
When Charlemagne and his men reach the battlefield, they find the slaughtered bodies of Roland and his men. They pursue the Muslims into the river
421:
most. However, Archbishop Turpin intervenes and tells them that the battle will be fatal for all of them and so instructs Roland to blow his horn
539:, the poem focuses on action rather than introspection. The characters are presented through what they do, not through what they think or feel.
2075:
1300:
2330:
678:
1577:
203:, (1096–1099). Others favor a later dating based on brief passages which are interpreted as alluding to events of the First Crusade.
409:
of a way to ambush the rear guard of Charlemagne's army, led by Roland, as the Franks re-enter Francia through the mountain passes.
1403:
DiVanna, Isabel N. "Politicizing national literature: the scholarly debate around La chanson de Roland in the nineteenth century."
694:
666:
405:
as messenger. Ganelon, who fears being murdered by the enemy and accuses Roland of intending this, takes revenge by informing the
2285:
1095:
397:
Charlemagne and his men, tired of fighting, accept his peace offer and select a messenger to Marsile's court. The protagonist
1197:
933:, published in 1939. The book's protagonist had been a Medieval scholar specialising in this work, until the outbreak of the
2325:
952:
231:
After two manuscripts were found in 1832 and 1835 and published in 1837, the Song of Roland became recognized as France's
1514:
596:, treacherous lord and Roland's stepfather who encourages Marsile to attack the French army. Wields the sword Murgleis.
17:
1479:
1262:
800:(often known as "The Pseudo-Turpin") even earlier. Around 1170, a version of the French poem was translated into the
214:) occurs three times in the text in reference to named Muslims who came to fight in Spain and France. The Old French
468:. By divine intervention, Thierry kills Pinabel. By this the Franks are convinced of Ganelon's treason. Thus, he is
2320:
2068:
1496:
1227:
815:). In his translation Konrad replaces French topics with generically Christian ones. The work was translated into
2119:
1457:
911:
907:
1992:
1493:, discussion of Oxford, Bodleian Library MS Digby 23, audio clip, and discussion of the manuscript's provenance.
1570:
1547:
2315:
2280:
2146:
790:
367:
185:
Scholars estimate that the poem was written between approximately 1040 and 1115 — possibly by a poet named
1356:
1251:
2275:
2265:
2061:
1541:
196:
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series in which Roland Deschain wishes to save the Dark Tower from the Crimson King, itself inspired by
660:
BĂ©rengier, one of the twelve paladins killed by Marsile's troops; kills Estramarin; killed by Grandoyne.
2305:
2290:
256:
in many different versions with varying material and episodes, which were fixed and harmonized in the
182:. There are eight additional manuscripts and three fragments of other poems on the subject of Roland.
2335:
2295:
2127:
1563:
199:
campaigns of the 1030s and that the poem was established early enough to be a major influence in the
112:. It exists in various manuscript versions, which testify to its enormous and enduring popularity in
33:
429:
to Francia. Charlemagne and his noblemen gallop back even though Count Ganelon tries to trick them.
425:(an elephant tusk hunting horn) to call for help from the Frankish army. The emperor hears the call
412:
As Ganelon predicted, Roland leads the rear guard, with the wise and moderate Oliver and the fierce
2300:
2101:
320:
101:
2167:
1340:", Part 1, Ch. 2, quoted in "Graham Greene: an approach to the novels" by Robert Hoskins, p. 122
942:
663:
Besgun, chief cook of Charlemagne's army; guards Ganelon after Ganelon's treachery is discovered.
685:
King Capuel; kills Gerin, Gerier, Berenger, Guy St. Antoine, and Duke Astorge; killed by Roland.
2013:
1337:
929:
532:
117:
52:
1959:
1487:
1013:, by Bungie, in the 13th level. Durandal is also the name of the main antagonist of the game.
2310:
2153:
1508:
1445:
1171:
1027:
1009:
796:
675:, standard bearer of Charlemagne; brother of Thierry, Charlemagne's defender against Pinabel.
179:
1555:
2270:
1999:
1933:
1796:
1746:
1716:
1666:
765:
631:
422:
175:
1099:
8:
2006:
1771:
1676:
1630:
1369:
1174:, writing about a century later, also used the "outremer" reference as self-explanatory (
627:
500:. The lines are decasyllabic (containing ten syllables), and each is divided by a strong
113:
2160:
2020:
840:
697:, Frankish commander of one of the first divisions against Baligant; killed by Baligant.
2085:
2027:
1985:
1811:
1058:
1031:
988:, which translates literally as "The Paladins of France or the treachery of Ganelon of
801:
587:
316:
257:
225:
1741:
1531:
1440:
1258:
1193:
1167:
966:
934:
808:
355:
109:
1152:
984:, in 1960, was turned into the children's picture-story book, with verse narrative,
894:(1782), the most popular of Haydn's operas during his lifetime, is based loosely on
744:
The replication of the sword found in the cliff-face next to Rocamadour's sanctuary.
709:, a Dane who leads the third column in Charlemagne's army against Baligant's forces.
143:
2234:
2219:
1974:
1751:
1681:
1625:
1591:
1063:
962:
903:
890:
870:
853:
823:
648:
611:
349:
s account of the Battle of Roncesvalles is not supported by history. According to
171:
147:
93:
87:
60:
1451:
1122:
580:, King Marsile's wife; captured and converted by Charlemagne after the city falls.
2034:
1832:
1726:
948:
899:
858:
719:
635:
465:
454:
155:
132:
77:
1540:
2239:
1964:
1781:
874:
845:
706:
307:
Roland blows his olifant (ivory hunting horn) to summon help holding his sword
253:
64:
1325:
1274:
848:
is also known; such translations contributed to the awareness of the story in
2259:
1872:
924:
812:
712:
Othon, guards the Frankish dead while Charlemagne pursues the Saracen forces.
512:
sound as every other end-syllable in that laisse. The laisse is therefore an
469:
232:
200:
48:
1525:
39:
2209:
1761:
1069:
885:
816:
599:
417:
375:
336:
303:
275:
1938:
1877:
602:, Saracen king of Spain; Roland wounds him and he dies of his wound later.
2199:
2189:
1711:
1696:
1605:
1587:
773:
761:
757:
753:
583:
567:
536:
485:
387:
363:
131:, a literary form that flourished between the 11th and 16th centuries in
105:
992:" (Ugo Mursia Editore, 1962). This was then republished, in English, as
740:
703:, guards the Frankish dead while Charlemagne pursues the Saracen forces.
162:
was written centuries later. There is a single extant manuscript of the
2194:
1918:
1887:
1847:
1801:
1706:
1701:
1686:
1357:
http://www.iuniverse.com/Bookstore/BookDetail.aspx?BookId=SKU-000995830
1001:
965:(the Continental counterpart to the Arthurian legendarium known as the
777:
682:
669:, guards the Frankish dead; becomes leader of Charlemagne's 2nd column.
614:, Roland's friend; mortally wounded by Margarice. He represents wisdom.
573:
470:
torn apart by having four galloping horses tied one to each arm and leg
450:
312:
224:) was commonly used during and after the First Crusade to refer to the
167:
124:
830:, which incorporates the later, southern aesthetic into the story. An
370:. They have campaigned for seven years, and the last city standing is
2053:
1882:
1867:
1857:
1842:
1791:
1736:
1075:
1042:
1038:
831:
528:
513:
371:
481:
433:
wounds and dies a martyr's death. Angels lift his soul to Paradise.
2184:
2041:
1928:
1913:
1862:
1852:
1731:
1691:
1661:
1474:
1435:
1301:"Rocamadour: Roland's sword, Durandal, leaves for the Cluny museum"
749:
735:
590:; his forces fight the Saracens in Spain. Wields the sword Joyeuse.
577:
561:
508:. The last stressed syllable of each line in a laisse has the same
505:
441:
406:
379:
308:
286:
243:
220:
191:
1398:
Song of Roland: An Analytical Edition: Introduction and Commentary
1254:
Song of Roland: An Analytical Edition: Introduction and Commentary
657:, Frankish baron, murdered while serving as Ambassador of Marsile.
2244:
2204:
1923:
1908:
1837:
1816:
1786:
1766:
1756:
1721:
1671:
1656:
1651:
1640:
1615:
1030:'s use of the poem as a motivator for Norman forces prior to the
1016:
On 22 July 2017 Michael Eging and Steve Arnold released a novel,
769:
715:
593:
517:
501:
402:
391:
378:, who is pictured not as a Muslim, but a follower of Mahumet and
350:
327:
564:, emir of Babylon; Marsile enlists his help against Charlemagne.
279:
Detail of manuscript showing "AOI" at the end of the second line
2229:
2224:
2214:
1954:
1903:
1806:
1776:
1620:
1610:
617:
605:
497:
493:
413:
398:
383:
97:
85:
1585:
989:
862:, which deals largely with characters first described in the
849:
844:, and a translation into the artificial literary language of
509:
127:
is the first and one of the most outstanding examples of the
1511:
Catalogue record in Medieval Manuscripts of Oxford Libraries
986:
I Paladini de Francia ovvero il tradimento di Gano di Maganz
748:
According to the Song of Roland, the legendary sword called
331:
The death of Roland at the Battle of Roncevaux, illuminated
1178:, ed. Joseph BĂ©dier & Pierre Aubry, Paris 1909, p. 171)
453:, Queen of Saragossa, Charlemagne and his men ride back to
445:
437:
1370:"Chanson de Roland – dArtagnan: Lyrics & Translation"
1045:
released "Chanson de Roland", a modern adaptation of the
794:, was composed around 1120, and a Latin prose version,
725:
Thierry, fights for Charlemagne in the judicial combat.
527:
features extensive use of repetition, parallelism, and
1499:, Digital facsimile of the earliest manuscript of the
1228:"AOI in the Chanson de Roland: A divergent hypothesis"
206:
Relevant to the question of dating the poem, the term
1049:. It has garnered over 1.8 million views on YouTube.
178:. It dates between 1129 and 1165 and was written in
691:, joint Commander of Charlemagne's Eighth Division.
1190:The Song of Roland, and Other Poems of Charlemagne
1326:Part of RuntsivalstrĂĂ°iĂ° with DansifelagiĂ° Ă Havn
1192:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. xi.
811:(formerly thought to have been the author of the
401:, Charlemagne's nephew, nominates his stepfather
2257:
244:Oral performance compared to manuscript versions
248:Scholarly consensus has long accepted that the
1212:Taylor, Andrew, "Was There a Song of Roland?"
1127:Dictionnaire Étymologique de l'Ancien Français
2069:
1571:
973:. The names Roland and Orlando are cognates.
32:For the 1978 film starring Klaus Kinski, see
1500:
1176:Les chansons de croisade avec leurs mélodies
1021:
923:has an important place in the background of
918:
120:literature from the 12th to 16th centuries.
1142:. France: Le Livre de Poche. pp. 5–20.
941:It is also adapted by Stephen King, in the
826:verse in the 14th- or 15th-century poem of
651:, the fiancée of Roland and Oliver's sister
488:finds Roland dead (14th-century miniature).
382:. Threatened by the might of Charlemagne's
108:. It is the oldest surviving major work of
59:(15th century), currently preserved in the
2076:
2062:
1578:
1564:
1187:
386:, Marsile seeks advice from his wise man,
783:
138:
1353:The Silver Horn Echoes: A Song of Roland
1247:
1245:
1018:The Silver Horn Echoes: A Song of Roland
976:Emanuele Luzzati's animated short film,
756:by an angel. It contained one tooth of
739:
681:, fighter on Marsile's side; son of the
480:
326:
302:
274:
142:
38:
1453:The Song of Roland--(Dorothy L. Sayers)
1414:(Johns Hopkins University Press, 1963).
1098:. FordhamUniversity.edu. Archived from
642:
555:
504:which generally falls after the fourth
14:
2258:
2083:
877:folkdance tradition of chain dancing.
440:, where the Muslims drown. Meanwhile,
2057:
1559:
1242:
1137:
880:
1225:
1157:Archives de littérature du Moyen Âge
953:Childe Roland to the Dark Tower Came
238:
1188:Gaunt, Simon; Pratt, Karen (2016).
1138:Short, Ian (1990). "Introduction".
319:in the background in the midst the
104:in AD 778, during the reign of the
24:
2331:Cultural depictions of Charlemagne
1390:
1007:It appears in the 1994 video game
263:Early 19th century editors of the
25:
2347:
1425:
1488:The Romance of the Middle Ages:
1463:
608:, Charlemagne's trusted adviser.
47:in one picture; illustration by
2120:Orlando e i Paladini di Francia
1446:Charles Kenneth Scott Moncrieff
1412:The ethos of the song of Roland
1362:
1345:
1330:
1319:
1293:
1267:
449:Saragossa. With Marsile's wife
1548:New International Encyclopedia
1219:
1206:
1181:
1161:
1146:
1131:
1113:
1088:
898:via Ariosto's version, as are
634:, represents the force of the
464:Pinabel challenges Thierry to
13:
1:
2286:Songs about military officers
2147:Carmen de Prodicione Guenonis
1281:(in French). 16 December 2014
791:Carmen de Prodicione Guenonis
550:
496:of irregular length known as
416:. The Muslims ambush them at
332:
27:11th-century French epic poem
1993:Le Pèlerinage de Charlemagne
1517:Audio clips of a reading of
994:Ronald and the Wizard Calico
888:and Nunziato Porta's opera,
718:, fights for Ganelon in the
457:, their capital in Francia.
57:Grandes Chroniques de France
7:
2326:Works of unknown authorship
1542:"Roland, The Song of"
1473:public domain audiobook at
1052:
729:
311:while mounted on his horse
10:
2352:
1419:Reading the Song of Roland
822:It was also rendered into
733:
638:. Wields the sword Almace.
523:On a narrative level, the
92:based on the deeds of the
31:
2177:
2138:
2111:
2093:
1973:
1947:
1896:
1825:
1639:
1598:
1400:(Penn State Press, 2010).
1275:"The sword of Rocamadour"
368:the Arab Muslims in Spain
123:The epic poem written in
34:The Song of Roland (film)
2102:Battle of Roncevaux Pass
1897:Swords and other objects
1826:Horses and other animals
1444:(English translation of
1355:, iUniverse, July 2017 (
1256:, Penn State Press, 2010
1238:(4). Société Rencesvals.
1216:76 (January 2001): 28–65
1081:
910:opera and their earlier
218:(oversea, modern French
102:Battle of Roncevaux Pass
43:The eight phases of the
2321:Anglo-Norman literature
1410:Jones, George Fenwick.
1407:84.223 (2011): 109–134.
492:The song is written in
476:
298:
252:was at first performed
86:
2014:The Four Sons of Aymon
1501:
1338:The Confidential Agent
1153:"La Chanson de Roland"
1022:
930:The Confidential Agent
919:
784:Historical adaptations
745:
547:light with each shot.
489:
339:
324:
280:
270:
151:
139:Manuscripts and dating
81:
67:
53:illuminated manuscript
2154:Historia Caroli Magni
1226:Love, Nathan (1984).
1028:William the Conqueror
978:I paladini di Francia
819:in the 13th century.
797:Historia Caroli Magni
768:, and a piece of the
743:
484:
330:
306:
278:
150:, MS Digby 23, Part 2
146:
84:) is an 11th-century
42:
2316:Epic poems in French
2281:Songs about soldiers
2000:Chanson de Guillaume
1747:Girart de Roussillon
1481:La Chanson de Roland
1172:Thibaut of Champagne
1140:La Chanson de Roland
1123:La Chanson de Roland
1096:"The Song of Roland"
1023:La Chanson de Roland
643:Secondary characters
632:Archbishop of Rheims
556:Principal characters
366:'s army is fighting
154:Although set in the
82:La Chanson de Roland
2007:Gormond et Isembart
1960:La Brèche de Roland
1631:Renaud de Montauban
1405:Historical Research
1252:Brault, Gerard J.,
856:published his epic
752:was first given to
537:Romantic literature
321:Battle of Roncevaux
106:Emperor Charlemagne
2276:11th-century poems
2266:The Song of Roland
2128:The Song of Roland
2086:The Song of Roland
2028:Orlando Innamorato
1986:The Song of Roland
1812:William of Gellone
1519:The Song of Roland
1490:The Song of Roland
1470:The Song of Roland
1436:The Song of Roland
1396:Brault, Gerard J.
1032:Battle of Hastings
1020:, inspired by the
969:), and related to
959:The Song of Roland
896:The Song of Roland
881:Modern adaptations
802:Middle High German
746:
620:, the hero of the
588:King of the Franks
490:
340:
325:
281:
152:
68:
18:The Song of Roland
2306:French literature
2291:Chansons de geste
2253:
2252:
2051:
2050:
1975:Chansons de geste
1742:Garin de Monglane
1502:Chanson de Roland
1441:Project Gutenberg
1199:978-0-19-965554-0
1168:Lambert of Ardres
967:Matter of Britain
949:Robert Browning's
935:Spanish Civil War
920:Chanson de Roland
809:Konrad der Pfaffe
529:thesis-antithesis
414:Archbishop Turpin
356:Vita Karoli Magni
239:Critical opinions
110:French literature
16:(Redirected from
2343:
2336:Bodleian Library
2296:Matter of France
2161:KarlamagnĂşs saga
2078:
2071:
2064:
2055:
2054:
2021:KarlamagnĂşs saga
1752:Huon of Bordeaux
1645:other characters
1592:Matter of France
1580:
1573:
1566:
1557:
1556:
1552:
1544:
1532:Timeless Myths:
1504:
1467:
1466:
1443:
1384:
1383:
1381:
1380:
1366:
1360:
1351:Author's notes,
1349:
1343:
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1323:
1317:
1316:
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1135:
1129:
1121:
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1111:
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1108:
1107:
1092:
1064:Matter of France
1037:In 2019, German
1025:
980:, together with
963:Matter of France
922:
904:Grazio Braccioli
891:Orlando Paladino
854:Ludovico Ariosto
841:KarlamagnĂşs saga
348:
334:
172:Bodleian Library
148:Bodleian Library
129:chanson de geste
96:military leader
91:
88:chanson de geste
61:Hermitage Museum
21:
2351:
2350:
2346:
2345:
2344:
2342:
2341:
2340:
2301:French folklore
2256:
2255:
2254:
2249:
2173:
2134:
2107:
2089:
2082:
2052:
2047:
2035:Orlando Furioso
1978:and other works
1977:
1969:
1943:
1892:
1821:
1727:Doon de Mayence
1644:
1635:
1594:
1584:
1539:
1464:
1433:
1428:
1417:Vance, Eugene.
1393:
1391:Further reading
1388:
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1105:
1103:
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1084:
1059:Roland's Breach
1055:
971:Orlando Furioso
961:is part of the
900:Antonio Vivaldi
883:
859:Orlando Furioso
846:Franco-Venetian
834:version of the
786:
772:of the Blessed
738:
732:
720:judicial combat
645:
558:
553:
479:
466:trial by combat
444:, the powerful
346:
317:Roland's Breach
301:
293:non-performance
273:
246:
241:
156:Carolingian era
141:
133:Medieval Europe
37:
28:
23:
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2168:The Dark Tower
2164:
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2150:
2142:
2140:
2139:Other versions
2136:
2135:
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1965:Roncevaux Pass
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1534:Song of Roland
1529:
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1426:External links
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1047:Song of Roland
982:Giulio Gianini
882:
879:
869:There is also
864:Song of Roland
836:Song of Roland
788:A Latin poem,
785:
782:
734:Main article:
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164:Song of Roland
160:Song of Roland
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73:Song of Roland
65:St. Petersburg
45:Song of Roland
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1141:
1134:
1128:
1124:
1116:
1102:on 2015-02-04
1101:
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925:Graham Greene
921:
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813:Kaiserchronik
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335:1455–1460 by
329:
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305:
296:
294:
289:
288:
277:
268:
266:
261:
259:
255:
251:
236:
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233:national epic
229:
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209:
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202:
201:First Crusade
198:
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136:
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79:
75:
74:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
49:Simon Marmion
46:
41:
35:
30:
19:
2311:French poems
2210:King Marsile
2166:
2159:
2152:
2145:
2126:
2118:
2100:
2084:
2040:
2033:
2026:
2019:
2012:
2005:
1998:
1991:
1984:
1546:
1533:
1518:
1497:MS Digby 23b
1489:
1484:(Old French)
1480:
1469:
1452:
1434:
1418:
1411:
1404:
1397:
1377:. Retrieved
1373:
1364:
1352:
1347:
1332:
1321:
1309:. Retrieved
1305:ladepeche.fr
1304:
1295:
1283:. Retrieved
1278:
1269:
1253:
1235:
1231:
1221:
1213:
1208:
1189:
1183:
1175:
1163:
1156:
1148:
1139:
1133:
1126:
1115:
1104:. Retrieved
1100:the original
1090:
1070:Herzog Ernst
1068:
1046:
1036:
1017:
1015:
1008:
1006:
998:
993:
985:
981:
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928:
916:
895:
889:
886:Joseph Haydn
884:
868:
863:
857:
839:
835:
827:
821:
817:Middle Dutch
804:
795:
789:
787:
747:
621:
600:King Marsile
545:
541:
524:
522:
491:
463:
459:
435:
431:
426:
418:Roncesvalles
411:
396:
376:King Marsile
362:
354:
343:
341:
337:Jean Fouquet
295:manuscript.
292:
285:
282:
264:
262:
249:
247:
230:
226:Latin Levant
219:
215:
212:l'oltremarin
211:
207:
205:
190:
186:
184:
180:Anglo-Norman
163:
159:
153:
128:
122:
72:
71:
69:
56:
44:
29:
2271:1040s books
2200:Charlemagne
2190:Blancandrin
1712:Brandimarte
1697:Blancandrin
1606:Charlemagne
1588:Charlemagne
1526:In Our Time
1509:MS Digby 23
1374:musinfo.net
1311:18 December
1307:(in French)
1285:18 December
1120:(in French)
805:Rolandslied
774:Virgin Mary
766:Saint Denis
762:Saint Basil
760:, blood of
758:Saint Peter
754:Charlemagne
683:Cappadocian
584:Charlemagne
576:, Queen of
568:Blancandrin
533:Renaissance
486:Charlemagne
388:Blancandrin
364:Charlemagne
208:d'oltre mer
118:Renaissance
2260:Categories
2195:Bramimonde
2178:Characters
1919:Hauteclere
1888:Veillantif
1848:Hippogriff
1802:Sacripante
1707:Bramimonde
1702:Bradamante
1599:Key people
1524:BBC Radio
1515:Old French
1458:Faded Page
1379:2021-06-25
1279:quercy.net
1106:2015-02-04
1002:hippogriff
944:Dark Tower
852:. In 1516
838:exists as
828:Ronsasvals
778:Rocamadour
764:, hair of
574:Bramimonde
551:Characters
451:Bramimonde
374:, held by
313:Veillantif
168:Old French
125:Old French
1939:Précieuse
1883:Tencendur
1878:Tachëbrun
1868:Sautperdu
1858:Passecerf
1843:Gramimond
1792:Rodomonte
1737:Fierabras
1076:Lamprecht
1043:dArtagnan
1039:folk rock
1034:in 1066.
914:version.
832:Old Norse
679:Grandoyne
372:Saragossa
216:oltre mer
197:Castilian
2185:Baligant
2042:Morgante
1929:Murgleys
1914:Durendal
1863:Rabicano
1853:Marmorie
1797:Ruggiero
1732:Ferragut
1717:Brunello
1692:Baligant
1677:Atlantes
1667:Angelica
1662:Albracca
1641:Paladins
1590:and the
1528:podcast.
1475:LibriVox
1460:(Canada)
1214:Speculum
1053:See also
1010:Marathon
750:Durandal
736:Durandal
730:Durandal
673:Godefroy
578:Zaragoza
562:Baligant
520:stanza.
516:, not a
506:syllable
442:Baligant
427:en route
423:oliphant
407:Saracens
309:Durendal
287:jongleur
221:outremer
192:Turoldus
114:Medieval
94:Frankish
51:from an
2245:Pinabel
2205:Ganelon
1934:Olifant
1924:Joyeuse
1909:Curtana
1838:Gaignun
1817:Zerbino
1787:Pinabel
1772:Melissa
1767:Maugris
1762:Marsile
1757:Marfisa
1722:Charlot
1672:Astolfo
1657:Agrican
1652:Agolant
1616:Ganelon
1551:. 1905.
1421:(1970).
1232:Olifant
875:Faroese
871:Faroese
824:Occitan
770:raiment
716:Pinabel
594:Ganelon
518:rhyming
514:assonal
502:caesura
498:laisses
494:stanzas
403:Ganelon
392:Francia
380:Apollin
351:Einhard
258:textual
100:at the
55:of the
2230:Turpin
2225:Roland
2220:Oliver
2215:Naimon
2131:(1978)
2123:(1959)
2094:Source
1955:Aachen
1948:Places
1904:Almace
1833:Bayard
1807:Turpin
1777:Oberon
1626:Oliver
1621:Naimon
1611:Roland
1261:
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