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valid declarations totaled over $ 800 million at that time. The Nazi authorities wanted to loot these assets, which would contribute to their war preparations. Private Nazis looted these assets as contributions to their own pockets. The night of
November 8–9, 1938 there were violent riots, wild arrests, and the burning of synagogues and Jewish prayer houses (known as Kristallnacht – or "the night of broken glass"). Some Jews were sent to the Austrian concentration camp Mauthausen. Others were sent to firms, construction sites, etc. as forced laborers. By December 3, 1938, there was an "order regarding the use of Jewish assets." By February 1939, the head of a major Nazi-controlled Austrian bank consortium, Hans Rafelsberger, noted that 77.6% of the aryanization of Jewish shops and businesses (of a total of more than 36,000) that were to be kept functioning (about 4,000) had been achieved. The majority had gone to Nazi Party members.
2479:
Poland; during 1942 they were exterminated in Belzec and
Chelmno. In October 1941 the Nazis began deporting the Jews of Austria en masse. Thousands of Jews were sent to Lodz and ghettos in the Baltic region. After the Wannsee Conference of January 1942, during which steps were taken to better coordinate the murder of Europe's Jews, deportations from Austria were sped up. Thousands were transported to Riga, Minsk, and Lublin. During the second half of 1942 nearly 14,000 Jews were sent to the Theresienstadt Concentration Camp. The Jewish community of Vienna was liquidated in November 1942, leaving only 7,000 Jews in Austria - most of whom were married to non-Jews. All those strong enough to work were placed in forced labor. Small-scale deportations continued into 1943; by the end of 1944 only some 6,000 Jews remained in Vienna.
41:
1673:), a lack of specificity, for example the actual names of victims not being included, has also been criticised until recently. On November 9, 2021 (i.e., on the 83rd anniversary of Kristallnacht), the Austrian government inaugurated a “Shoah Wall of Names Memorial” at a prominent location (Ostarrichi Park) in central Vienna. This memorial monument is engraved with the names of 64,440 Austrian Jews who were murdered during the Holocaust. It is known that an additional ~1,000 people were murdered, but their names have unfortunately been lost. This memorial monument consists of 160 granite slabs arranged in an oval pattern (each slab is 1 m wide and 2 m high)."
1600:
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reorganization of Jewish communities was carried out, led by Adolf
Eichmann. All Jewish organizations and newspapers were closed and their leaders and management imprisoned. Jews were no longer allowed on public transport. Many regular Austrians joined the Nazis in terrorizing Jews. In acts of public humiliation, Jews were forced to wash sidewalks and public toilets, at times with toothbrushes or their bare hands. In one instance, a number of Jews were rounded up on the Sabbath and forced to eat grass at the Prater, a popular Viennese amusement park. Jewish faculty members of
1637:
1859:
of Jewish culture and education. The city was also a center of
Zionist thought and Theodor Herzl, the father of Zionism, had studied at the University of Vienna. Many Viennese Jews were well-integrated into urban society and culture. Jews made up significant percentages of the city's doctors and lawyers, businessmen and bankers, artists and journalists.
1698:
European neo-Nazis. The most famous case of prosecution in
Austria for Holocaust denial was the arrest and trial of British writer of historical works David Irving in 2006. Irving was sentenced to 3 years in prison, though after 13 months served, the court replaced the remaining term with a suspended sentence and deported him from the country.
3139:
obligation to make reparations for Nazi crimes. Expediently overlooked if not ignored at the time, however, was that the
Declaration also stated that Austrians, as a people, were co-responsible. In other words, the Moscow Declaration also gave Austria the status of "enemy state" – and thus the need for the 10-year "Allied" occupation.
2404:
On April 27, 1938 all Jews with total assets (in real estate, personal possessions, bank or savings accounts, securities, insurance policies, pension payments, etc.) worth more than ATS 7,500 ($ 2,000) were ordered to declare them by the end of June 1938 (Vermögenserklärungen). These assets of 47,768
1654:
Although the Nazi genocide was well documented in the
Archives of the Austrian Resistance during the 1960s, actual critical study of the Holocaust did not enter the mainstream of Austrian historiography until the 1980s. The impetus for this was the presidential elections in Austria in 1986, initiated
1615:
As a result of the
Holocaust, according to various sources, between 60,000 and 65,000 Austrian Jews lost their lives - almost the entire number of those who did not leave before the war. Fewer than 800 Jews (mostly spouses of Austrian citizens) survived until the liberation of Vienna by Soviet troops
1480:
Persecution of Jews was immediate, and of stunning violence, after
Anschluss. German racial laws were enacted in Austria, under which Jews were disenfranchised. According to these laws, 220,000 people were now considered Jews in Austria, larger than the previously accepted figure of 182,000. A forced
2182:
April 23 Jews in Vienna, Austria, are rounded up on the
Sabbath by Nazis and forced to eat grass at the Prater, a local amusement park. Many of the victimized Jews suffer heart attacks and a few die....May. Following the Anschluss, Austrians force Jewish men and women to scrub the streets with small
1858:
In 1938, some 170,000 Jews lived in the city, as well as approximately 80,000 persons of mixed Jewish-Christian background. Including converts from Judaism, the Viennese Jewish population may have been as high as 200,000, more than 10 percent of the city's inhabitants. Vienna was an important center
3079:
A Nazi SS general responsible for deporting tens of thousands of Jews to death camps worked for West German intelligence after World War Two, shielded from prosecution.The protection given to Franz Josef Huber was revealed by the German spy service BND, in archives seen by German public broadcaster
1467:
From 1933, when Adolf Hitler came to power in Germany, the annexation of Austria became one of Germany's foreign policy goals. Austria was incorporated into the Third Reich on March 13, 1938, the day after German troops entered Austrian territory greeted by cheering Austrians with Nazi salutes and
1693:
Holocaust denial in Austria is a criminal offense. Holocaust deniers are prosecuted under section 3 of the 1947 Constitutional Prohibition Act (Verbotsgesetz 1947), as amended in 1992. The law applies to individuals who publicly deny, belittle, approve or justify the crimes of National Socialism.
1611:
The deportation of Jews to death camps began in February 1941. After the Wannsee Conference, this process was accelerated. The Viennese community was officially liquidated on November 1, 1942, at which time approximately 7,000 Jews remained in Austria. The deportations continued until March 1945.
2478:
In October 1939, 1,584 Austrian Jews were deported to the Lublin district of Poland, as part of a grand plan to concentrate all of Europe's Jews in one area of the Generalgouvernement (see also Nisko and Lublin Plan). In February and March 1941 some 5,000 Austrian Jews were deported to Kielce in
1583:
with Eichmann who gave her permission on Dec. 3rd, 1938. By the outbreak of war in September 1939 however, according to some estimates, as many as 126,445 Jews had departed Austria. Between 58,000 and 66,260 Jews remained in the country. Emigration from the Reich was ultimately banned in October
1697:
This law has been repeatedly applied in practice. In particular, on January 14, 2008, Wolfgang Frolich was sentenced to 6.5 years in prison, and on April 27, 2009, the writer Gerd Honzik was sentenced to 5 years in prison. Judge Stephen Apostol called Honzik “one of the ideological leaders” of
1545:
In May 1938, the Nazis allowed the Jewish community in Vienna to resume activities, with one intended goal - to organize and accelerate mass emigration of Jews from Austria. The Palestinian Bureau of the World Zionist Organization was permitted to aid in Jewish emigration. In August 1938, the
3138:
A large obstacle preventing legal justice, from the point of view of Jewish and other persecuted victims, was that the State of Austria relied on the 1943 Moscow Declaration by the Allies, which claimed the State of Austria as the first victim of Nazi aggression – and thus without any legal
1445:. In 1895, the Austrian anti-Semite Karl Luger won the majority of the seats in the Vienna municipality and was appointed mayor of the Austrian capital. In 1922, intending to mock vicious anti-semitism in Vienna where Jewish university students were routinely attacked, the Austrian
1722:
Restitution for the Holocaust has been controversial and faced difficulties in Austria. For many years, Austria's official "first victim" historical stance removed the legal obligation to make reparations for Nazi crimes. Austria's record on restitution has been problematic.
1953:
watched with amusement as nationalistic fraternity members jumped isolated Jews and kicked them down the two central ramps of the pseudo-Renaissance building. Day after day, pan-Germanic groups and their press indulged in tirades about Vienna's Verjudung, the penetration by
3080:
ARD. Huber ran the Gestapo in Vienna, the Nazis' second-biggest secret police HQ after Berlin. The US military knew about his crimes. Huber took charge of the Gestapo in Vienna immediately after Adolf Hitler annexed Austria in March 1938 and held that post until late 1944.
1433:
In the 1930s, Jews flourished in Austria, with leading figures in the sciences, the arts, business, industry, and trades of all kinds. At the time of Anschluss with Nazi Germany in 1938, the Jewish population of Austria was approximately 192,000, mostly in Vienna.
1503:
Jewish property was seized by Austrians as part of the Holocaust. There was a massive transfer of homes, businesses, real estate, financial assets and artworks from Jews to non-Jews. A well organised machinery of plunder, storage and resale, involving the
1730:, who had inventoried Nazi looted property in Vienna, was strongly criticized. In 2021, in response to criticism about Austria's restitution policies, The City of Vienna threatened to sue an American descendant of the Rothschild family for libel.
1607:
In October 1939, the deportation of Austrian Jews to Poland began, part of a larger plan to ultimately gather and restrict all of Europe's Jewish populace in one territory. 1,584 people were deported to the Lublin region.
2242:
1948:
Vienna, in Hugo Bettauer's day, was also a hotbed of anti-Semitism, as it had been for about 40 years. Jewish students were periodically beaten up at the University of Vienna while the police, barred from
2031:
Hitler sent troops into Austria, the land of his birth, on March 12, 1938, in pursuit of his dream of a "Greater Germany". They were greeted by cheering crowds who waved swastika flags and made the Nazi
1238:
1488:
During Kristallnacht in November 1938, anti-Jewish pogroms took place throughout Germany and Austria. Synagogues were desecrated and destroyed, houses and shops belonging to Jews were looted.
2425:
2131:
In the days and weeks following the Anschluss, there was a rapid rise in anti-Jewish violence across Austria, particularly in Vienna, where 90 percent of Austria's Jewish population lived.2
3126:
2788:
1651:" narrative, which portrayed Austria as a victim, not an enthusiastic supporter of, Nazi Germany and therefore side-stepping responsibility for the crimes of the Third Reich.
3492:
1659:. In 1988, the Historical Commission was established to investigate the plundering of property during the Nazi period, as well as restitution and compensation after 1945.
325:
3307:
1714:, the Gestapo chief responsible for the murder of tens of thousands of Austrian Jews, worked for German intelligence after the war and was shielded from prosecution.
3358:
2119:
1263:
1569:
3202:
3390:
1920:
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on January 20, 1942, the following data were presented: 147,000 Jews emigrated from Austria from March 15, 1938, to October 31, 1941, 43,700 remained.
1171:
2651:
1572:
head of the Jewish community. On August 22, 1938, Eichmann wrote to Berlin that his office was providing documents for emigration to 200 Jews daily.
235:
2417:
1990:
1331:
417:
1706:
Adolf Hitler committed suicide on 30 April 1945, one week before the end of war in Europe. The Austrian Nazi and, briefly, Chancellor of Austria,
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Institute of Holocaust and Heroism as the righteous of the world, for aiding and saving Jews during the Holocaust at the risk of their own lives.
1395:
821:
2011:
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1530:
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auction house, various transporters and museums in Vienna moved artworks and other property seized from Jews into the hands of non-Jews.
1035:
88:
3428:Михман Д. Катастрофа европейского еврейства. — 1. — Тель-Авив: Открытый университет Израиля, 2001. — Т. 3–4. —
3417:Михман Д. Катастрофа европейского еврейства. — 1. — Тель-Авив: Открытый университет Израиля, 2001. — Т. 1–2. —
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Nazi flags. A law was published, declaring Austria "one of the lands of the German Empire" under the name "Ostmark". On April 10, an
1710:, was condemned to death at the Nuremberg Trials and executed in 1946. However, many Austrian Nazis escaped prosecution altogether.
1411:
was the systematic persecution, plunder and extermination of Jews by German and Austrian Nazis from 1938 to 1945. Part of the wider-
2826:
1472:
was held in Austria. According to official Reich data, with 99.08% of the population voting, the Anschluss was approved by 99.75%.
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1232:
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310:
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320:
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Standhalten und Widerstehen: Der Widerstand deutscher und österreichischer Juden gegen die nationalsozialistische Diktatur.
1774:
1744:
1694:
Violators are punished with imprisonment for a term of one to ten years (in especially dangerous cases up to twenty years)
1547:
1321:
40:
2965:
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651:
2763:
1388:
566:
3470:
Attitudes toward Jews and the Holocaust in Austria: a public-opinion survey conducted for the American Jewish Committee.
3448:
2290:
2167:
1469:
3015:
2915:
3543:
3433:
3422:
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on April 13, 1945. By 1950, the Jewish community in Austria numbered 13,396 people (of whom 12,450 lived in Vienna).
606:
2111:
1966:
581:
2516:
2447:"Books and Publications: Unser Wien: "Arisierung" auf Österreichisch (Our Vienna: "Aryanisation" the Austrian Way)"
1769:
1314:
1101:
729:
586:
551:
516:
60:
1106:
2315:
601:
3153:"EUROPE / Push to Settle Jewish Claims Against Nazi-Era Austria / Clinton negotiator considered expert on issue"
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1739:
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details how hundreds of Jewish businesses in Vienna were seized by the Nazis and never returned after the war.
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1381:
546:
461:
1148:
481:
1936:
1764:
1670:
1492:
1450:
1309:
1003:
687:
571:
561:
526:
521:
265:
2626:
2609:"The myth of the first victim: the impact of Austria's official narrative on Jewish identity reconstruction"
466:
2143:
1580:
1482:
1271:
921:
771:
611:
591:
491:
471:
1138:
109:
1367:
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911:
596:
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476:
217:
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started with the transport of the first 600 Viennese Jewish children after a meeting of Dutch organizer
704:
1210:
1088:
781:
486:
3283:
3039:
2418:"The Vugesta - The Gestapo Office for the Disposal of the Property of Jewish Emigrants - Art Database"
1419:. An estimated 70,000 Jews (nearly 40%) were murdered and 125,000 forced to flee Austria as refugees.
2470:
2019:
1281:
1018:
616:
541:
531:
3259:
2991:"Holocaust Denial Laws and Other Legislation Criminalizing Promotion of Nazism | www.yadvashem.org"
2048:
1794:
1415:, pervasive persecution of Jews was immediate after the German annexation of Austria, known as the
1179:
881:
501:
2243:"Map: Synagogues Destroyed during Kristallnacht — Media — United States Holocaust Memorial Museum"
1896:
936:
1779:
1521:
1357:
1051:
876:
692:
243:
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After the arrest of all Jewish leaders in March 1938, Eichmann personally appointed Levengertz,
916:
723:
185:
3514:
2266:
1133:
663:
576:
22:
2840:
1575:
Fleeing persecution, 62,958 Jews emigrated in 1938, and another 54,451 in 1939. The so-called
208:
2541:
2363:
2212:
1789:
1759:
1669:
While many cities in Austria have constructed memorials to the victims of the Holocaust (see
1648:
871:
644:
456:
2608:
1871:
1819:
1843:
1799:
1784:
1707:
1679:
A study in 2019 found that most Austrian adults were largely ignorant about the Holocaust.
1222:
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856:
735:
675:
658:
425:
1056:
8:
1641:
1227:
1046:
866:
139:
380:
360:
3391:"Vienna threatens libel suit against Rothschild scion who said city extends Nazi theft"
2712:
2704:
2677:"The Myth of Austria as Nazi Victim, the Emigrants and the Discipline of Exile Studies"
2224:
1588:
1111:
993:
983:
978:
973:
446:
2566:
2316:"Real property, tenancy rights, personal property - expropriation during the Nazi era"
851:
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99:
3178:"Holocaust Survivors in Austria to Finally Receive Compensation | DW | 11.12.2005"
2228:
1143:
886:
742:
375:
3332:
3063:
2942:"Most Austrians don't know 6 million Jews were killed in Holocaust, survey finds"
1576:
1123:
988:
941:
846:
365:
330:
315:
285:
149:
124:
104:
3308:"Austria and the Jews: Struggle for Restitution:Minimal Justice Is Still Denied"
2446:
2082:
3359:"Historian Who Probed Austria's Nazi Past Begins Sentence for Defrauding State"
1551:
1197:
1096:
962:
896:
826:
776:
639:
536:
275:
200:
194:
119:
2804:
2585:"Austria's Nazi past: Belated recognition for murdered Jews | DW | 08.08.2020"
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831:
390:
144:
3532:
3370:
3214:
3203:"This Man Was Jailed for Seeking Restitution of Property Stolen by the Nazis"
2812:
2743:
2700:
2567:"Righteous Among the Nations Honored by Yad Vashem by 1 January 2020 AUSTRIA"
1932:
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816:
405:
385:
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177:
129:
30:
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2867:"Photos of Holocaust survivors on exhibit in Vienna vandalized for 3rd time"
3456:
Code Name «Mary»: Memoirs of an American Woman in the Austrian Underground.
2892:"Austrians lack crucial Holocaust awareness, study finds | DW | 02.05.2019"
2196:
1754:
1491:
On August 8, 1938, the first Austrian concentration camp is established at
1442:
1438:
1184:
1061:
761:
410:
395:
370:
223:
94:
70:
3441:
Eichmann's Jews: The Jewish Administration of Holocaust Vienna, 1938–1945.
2692:
2220:
1636:
1749:
1562:
1066:
511:
400:
2708:
2676:
2077:, Documents in History, London: Macmillan Education UK, pp. 56–84,
3016:"Holocaust denier on trial after 15 years on the run | DW | 20.04.2009"
1897:"Hitler's birthplace shows that confronting dark past can take decades"
1625:
926:
167:
2990:
2045:"Propagandistische Vorbereitung der Volksabstimmung (10. April 1938)"
1513:
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1416:
1412:
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49:
3235:"AUSTRIA CRITICIZED FOR RESTITUTING KLIMT PAINTING TO WRONG FAMILY"
2493:"Expulsion, Deportation and Murder - History of the Jews in Vienna"
906:
3288:
Claims Conference/WRJO Looted Art and Cultural Property Initiative
2827:"Inauguration of Austria's Shoah Wall of Names Memorial in Vienna"
1624:
As of January 1, 2016, there were 106 Austrians recognized by the
3150:
1509:
1505:
172:
3064:"Huber case: Nazi police chief in Vienna spied for West Germany"
3333:"Holocaust historians condemn Austria jailing of Jewish writer"
1217:
1078:
3151:
Ladika, Chronicle Foreign Service, Susan (January 13, 2001).
836:
3040:"Holocaust denier jailed | Guardian Weekly | guardian.co.uk"
2764:"U.S. bans Austrian president for suspected WWII war crimes"
2627:"Austria debates its role in the Nazi era | DW | 11.03.2013"
1676:
Certain victims' monuments have been repeatedly vandalized.
1991:"Anschluss – The Holocaust Explained: Designed for schools"
1594:
45:
3472: — American Jewish Committee, 2001. — 32 p.
2012:"Austria remembers Anschluss, with far right now in power"
2197:"A leading medical school seriously damaged: Vienna 1938"
1701:
1475:
2841:"Austria breaks ground on Holocaust memorial in Vienna"
3510:Австрия — статья из Электронной еврейской энциклопедии
2916:"Austrians' Holocaust knowledge has major gaps: study"
3517:. Documentation Centre of Austrian Resistance (DÖW) -
2732:"Kurt Waldheim dies at 88; ex-UN chief hid Nazi past"
2071:"The Physical Assault on Jews in Germany, 1938–1939"
1647:
Up until the 1980s, Austrian society adhered to the
2652:"Austria struggles to come to grips with Nazi past"
1671:Monument to the Victims of the Holocaust in Vienna
2291:"Timeline of Jewish Persecution in the Holocaust"
2168:"Timeline of Jewish Persecution in the Holocaust"
2069:Hochstadt, Steve (2004), Hochstadt, Steve (ed.),
3530:
3443: — Polity, 2011. — 288 p. —
2112:"Photograph of Jews Cleaning Streets in Vienna"
1453:, which turned out to be tragically prescient.
3175:
3013:
2889:
2624:
2582:
1422:
2864:
2517:"The Deportation of Austrian and German Jews"
1557:Among the emigrants were such celebrities as
1550:was established under the leadership of Nazi
1498:
1389:
1664:International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance
1640:Monument to the Victims of the Holocaust in
3458:New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1983.
2674:
1717:
3119:"History of the Austrian Jewish Community"
3094:"History of the Austrian Jewish Community"
2390:"History of the Austrian Jewish Community"
2340:"Recovering Stolen Art from the Holocaust"
1726:The arrest and imprisonment of the author
1655:by the scandal regarding the Nazi past of
1619:
1396:
1382:
1241:Israel and the Federal Republic of Germany
2068:
2213:10.7326/0003-4819-122-10-199505150-00009
1635:
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1598:
1595:Isolation, deportation and extermination
1277:Timeline of Treblinka extermination camp
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2183:brushes and with the women's fur coats.
1233:Central Committee of the Liberated Jews
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2546:Электронная еврейская энциклопедия ОРТ
2387:
2009:
1894:
1702:Austrian perpetrators of the Holocaust
3356:
3200:
2789:"The Austrian Historians' Commission"
2267:"Timeline: History of Jews in Vienna"
2194:
2144:"Jews Forced to Clean Vienna Streets"
1603:Deportation of Jews from Vienna, 1942
1476:Anti-Semitic violence and persecution
2939:
2786:
2539:
1775:Antisemitism in contemporary Austria
1548:Central Office for Jewish Emigration
1540:
3515:"Austrian Victims of the Holocaust"
3489:"Энциклопедия Катастрофы - Австрия"
2364:"Vienna's tourist trail of plunder"
1682:
1449:wrote a futuristic novel entitled,
1441:which found its full expression in
13:
3468:Österreichisches Gallup-Institut.
3258:Akinsha, Konstantin (2009-02-01).
2966:"David Irving arrested in Austria"
1967:"German Foreign Policy, 1933–1945"
14:
3555:
3476:
1437:Austria had a powerful legacy of
1332:Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos
236:Collaborators during World War II
3201:Cohan, William D. (2015-10-22).
2730:Kandell, Jonathan (2007-06-14).
2650:Quince, Annabelle (2015-11-04).
1770:Austria under National Socialism
1315:List of books about Nazi Germany
1102:Resistance movement in Auschwitz
730:Concentration Camps Inspectorate
39:
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3129:from the original on 2015-02-11
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2428:from the original on 2020-01-13
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2332:
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2259:
2235:
2188:
2160:
2136:
2122:from the original on 2020-12-03
2104:
2062:
2010:Murphy, Francois (2018-03-12).
1895:Murphy, Francois (2020-06-17).
1172:Joint Declaration by Members of
3176:Welle (www.dw.com), Deutsche.
3014:Welle (www.dw.com), Deutsche.
2890:Welle (www.dw.com), Deutsche.
2625:Welle (www.dw.com), Deutsche.
2583:Welle (www.dw.com), Deutsche.
2037:
2003:
1983:
1959:
1913:
1888:
1864:
1836:
1812:
1740:History of the Jews in Austria
1429:History of the Jews in Austria
1:
3411:
1765:Judenplatz Holocaust Memorial
1239:Reparations Agreement between
1107:Związek Organizacji Wojskowej
782:Human medical experimentation
3539:Historical events in Austria
3357:Smale, Alison (2015-10-08).
2521:www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org
2344:www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org
2295:www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org
2172:www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org
2148:www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org
2047:. 2007-04-04. Archived from
1581:Geertruida Wijsmuller-Meijer
1483:Medical University of Vienna
1456:
772:Extermination through labour
626:Transit and collection camps
7:
2675:NIEDERACHER, SONJA (2003).
2201:Annals of Internal Medicine
2083:10.1007/978-0-230-21440-8_5
1921:"AUSTRIA'S JEWISH QUESTION"
1733:
1662:Austria is a member of the
1423:Jews in Austria before 1938
1368:Righteous Among the Nations
1264:Deportations of French Jews
10:
3560:
2995:holocaust-denial-laws.html
1686:
1499:Plunder of Jewish property
1460:
1426:
3395:Jewish Telegraphic Agency
2805:10.1017/S0067237809000216
2793:Austrian History Yearbook
3544:The Holocaust in Austria
3483:The Holocaust in Austria
3284:"National Organizations"
2787:Kirk, Tim (April 2009).
2271:Jewish News From Austria
2075:Sources of the Holocaust
1805:
1795:Gusen concentration camp
1718:Obstacles to Restitution
1409:The Holocaust in Austria
1180:Auschwitz bombing debate
502:Nazi concentration camps
447:Nazi extermination camps
426:List of selected ghettos
341:People with disabilities
3260:"The Mauerbach Scandal"
1620:Protests and resistance
331:Slavs in Eastern Europe
316:Romani people (Gypsies)
3465:Essen: Klartext, 1995.
2116:perspectives.ushmm.org
1971:encyclopedia.ushmm.org
1876:encyclopedia.ushmm.org
1848:encyclopedia.ushmm.org
1824:encyclopedia.ushmm.org
1644:
1604:
1322:The Destruction of the
1166:International response
602:Transnistria (Romania)
420:German-occupied Poland
2946:www.timesofisrael.com
2871:www.timesofisrael.com
2693:10.1353/aus.2003.0024
2422:www.kunstdatenbank.at
1790:List of Austrian Jews
1639:
1632:Holocaust remembrance
1602:
1451:The City Without Jews
1427:Further information:
1363:Memorials and museums
1292:Memorials and museums
753:Extermination methods
457:Auschwitz II-Birkenau
48:on selection ramp at
3117:Conference, Claims.
3092:Conference, Claims.
2388:Conference, Claims.
1800:Woman in Gold (film)
1785:Arthur Seyss-Inquart
1708:Arthur Seyss-Inquart
1470:Anschluss referendum
1339:Functionalism versus
1272:Survivors of Sobibor
984:Operation "Reinhard"
736:Politische Abteilung
724:SS-Totenkopfverbände
3312:Commentary Magazine
3044:www.theguardian.com
2865:JTA and TOI staff.
1642:Bruck an der Leitha
1358:Days of remembrance
1258:Holocaust survivors
1052:Vrba–Wetzler report
1047:Auschwitz Protocols
1004:End of World War II
994:Extermination camps
979:Mogilev Conference
922:Kamianets-Podilskyi
140:Ernst Kaltenbrunner
3454:Gardiner, Muriel.
3439:Doron Rabinovici.
3363:The New York Times
2940:Schwartz, Yaakov.
2736:The New York Times
2656:ABC Radio National
2195:Ernst, E. (1995).
1925:The New York Times
1645:
1605:
1589:Wannsee Conference
1174:the United Nations
974:Wannsee Conference
89:Major perpetrators
3461:Paucker, Arnold.
3123:Claims Conference
3098:Claims Conference
2451:www.lootedart.com
2394:Claims Conference
2092:978-0-230-21440-8
1712:Franz Josef Huber
1541:Forced emigration
1406:
1405:
1282:Victims of Nazism
1223:Displaced persons
1156:
1155:
1057:Czesław Mordowicz
1026:
1025:
789:
788:
418:Jewish ghettos in
291:Forced euthanasia
281:Haavara Agreement
251:
250:
187:Totenkopfverbände
115:Reinhard Heydrich
3551:
3525:
3523:
3522:
3507:
3505:
3504:
3495:. Archived from
3405:
3404:
3402:
3401:
3387:
3381:
3380:
3378:
3377:
3354:
3348:
3347:
3345:
3344:
3329:
3323:
3322:
3320:
3319:
3304:
3298:
3297:
3295:
3294:
3280:
3274:
3273:
3271:
3270:
3255:
3249:
3248:
3246:
3245:
3239:www.artforum.com
3231:
3225:
3224:
3222:
3221:
3198:
3192:
3191:
3189:
3188:
3173:
3167:
3166:
3164:
3163:
3148:
3142:
3141:
3135:
3134:
3114:
3108:
3107:
3105:
3104:
3089:
3083:
3082:
3076:
3075:
3060:
3054:
3053:
3051:
3050:
3036:
3030:
3029:
3027:
3026:
3011:
3005:
3004:
3002:
3001:
2987:
2981:
2980:
2978:
2977:
2962:
2956:
2955:
2953:
2952:
2937:
2931:
2930:
2928:
2927:
2912:
2906:
2905:
2903:
2902:
2887:
2881:
2880:
2878:
2877:
2862:
2856:
2855:
2853:
2852:
2837:
2831:
2830:
2823:
2817:
2816:
2784:
2778:
2777:
2775:
2774:
2760:
2754:
2753:
2751:
2750:
2727:
2721:
2720:
2681:Austrian Studies
2672:
2666:
2665:
2663:
2662:
2647:
2641:
2640:
2638:
2637:
2622:
2616:
2615:
2613:
2605:
2599:
2598:
2596:
2595:
2580:
2574:
2573:
2571:
2563:
2557:
2556:
2554:
2553:
2537:
2531:
2530:
2528:
2527:
2513:
2507:
2506:
2504:
2503:
2488:
2482:
2481:
2475:
2467:
2461:
2460:
2458:
2457:
2443:
2437:
2436:
2434:
2433:
2414:
2408:
2407:
2401:
2400:
2385:
2379:
2378:
2376:
2375:
2360:
2354:
2353:
2351:
2350:
2336:
2330:
2329:
2327:
2326:
2311:
2305:
2304:
2302:
2301:
2287:
2281:
2280:
2278:
2277:
2263:
2257:
2256:
2254:
2253:
2239:
2233:
2232:
2192:
2186:
2185:
2179:
2178:
2164:
2158:
2157:
2155:
2154:
2140:
2134:
2133:
2128:
2127:
2108:
2102:
2101:
2100:
2099:
2066:
2060:
2059:
2057:
2056:
2041:
2035:
2034:
2028:
2027:
2018:. Archived from
2007:
2001:
2000:
1998:
1997:
1987:
1981:
1980:
1978:
1977:
1963:
1957:
1956:
1945:
1944:
1935:. Archived from
1917:
1911:
1910:
1908:
1907:
1892:
1886:
1885:
1883:
1882:
1868:
1862:
1861:
1855:
1854:
1840:
1834:
1833:
1831:
1830:
1816:
1689:Holocaust denial
1683:Holocaust denial
1485:were dismissed.
1398:
1391:
1384:
1287:Rescuers of Jews
1193:Nuremberg trials
1124:Ghetto uprisings
1084:Jewish partisans
1041:
1040:
989:Holocaust trains
802:
801:
567:Mauthausen-Gusen
442:
441:
210:Verfügungstruppe
100:Heinrich Himmler
73:
66:
65:
43:
33:
18:
17:
3559:
3558:
3554:
3553:
3552:
3550:
3549:
3548:
3529:
3528:
3520:
3518:
3513:
3502:
3500:
3487:
3479:
3414:
3409:
3408:
3399:
3397:
3389:
3388:
3384:
3375:
3373:
3355:
3351:
3342:
3340:
3331:
3330:
3326:
3317:
3315:
3306:
3305:
3301:
3292:
3290:
3282:
3281:
3277:
3268:
3266:
3256:
3252:
3243:
3241:
3233:
3232:
3228:
3219:
3217:
3199:
3195:
3186:
3184:
3174:
3170:
3161:
3159:
3149:
3145:
3132:
3130:
3115:
3111:
3102:
3100:
3090:
3086:
3073:
3071:
3062:
3061:
3057:
3048:
3046:
3038:
3037:
3033:
3024:
3022:
3012:
3008:
2999:
2997:
2989:
2988:
2984:
2975:
2973:
2964:
2963:
2959:
2950:
2948:
2938:
2934:
2925:
2923:
2914:
2913:
2909:
2900:
2898:
2888:
2884:
2875:
2873:
2863:
2859:
2850:
2848:
2839:
2838:
2834:
2825:
2824:
2820:
2785:
2781:
2772:
2770:
2762:
2761:
2757:
2748:
2746:
2728:
2724:
2673:
2669:
2660:
2658:
2648:
2644:
2635:
2633:
2623:
2619:
2611:
2607:
2606:
2602:
2593:
2591:
2581:
2577:
2569:
2565:
2564:
2560:
2551:
2549:
2538:
2534:
2525:
2523:
2515:
2514:
2510:
2501:
2499:
2489:
2485:
2473:
2469:
2468:
2464:
2455:
2453:
2445:
2444:
2440:
2431:
2429:
2416:
2415:
2411:
2398:
2396:
2386:
2382:
2373:
2371:
2362:
2361:
2357:
2348:
2346:
2338:
2337:
2333:
2324:
2322:
2312:
2308:
2299:
2297:
2289:
2288:
2284:
2275:
2273:
2265:
2264:
2260:
2251:
2249:
2241:
2240:
2236:
2207:(10): 789–792.
2193:
2189:
2176:
2174:
2166:
2165:
2161:
2152:
2150:
2142:
2141:
2137:
2125:
2123:
2110:
2109:
2105:
2097:
2095:
2093:
2067:
2063:
2054:
2052:
2043:
2042:
2038:
2025:
2023:
2008:
2004:
1995:
1993:
1989:
1988:
1984:
1975:
1973:
1965:
1964:
1960:
1942:
1940:
1919:
1918:
1914:
1905:
1903:
1893:
1889:
1880:
1878:
1870:
1869:
1865:
1852:
1850:
1842:
1841:
1837:
1828:
1826:
1818:
1817:
1813:
1808:
1760:Therensienstadt
1736:
1720:
1704:
1691:
1685:
1634:
1622:
1597:
1577:Kindertransport
1570:Josef Löwenherz
1543:
1501:
1478:
1465:
1459:
1431:
1425:
1402:
1373:
1372:
1353:
1345:
1344:
1343:
1340:
1327:
1323:
1305:
1297:
1296:
1268:
1265:
1253:
1245:
1244:
1243:
1240:
1213:
1203:
1202:
1176:
1173:
1168:
1158:
1157:
1112:Witold's Report
1038:
1028:
1027:
857:Radziłów pogrom
799:
791:
790:
439:
431:
430:
422:
419:
415:
356:
346:
345:
306:
296:
295:
286:Madagascar Plan
261:
253:
252:
244:Nazi ideologues
240:
150:Christian Wirth
125:Odilo Globocnik
110:Heinrich Müller
105:Joseph Goebbels
69:
63:
53:
31:
12:
11:
5:
3557:
3547:
3546:
3541:
3527:
3526:
3511:
3508:
3485:
3478:
3477:External links
3475:
3474:
3473:
3466:
3459:
3452:
3449:978-0745646824
3437:
3426:
3413:
3410:
3407:
3406:
3382:
3349:
3324:
3299:
3275:
3250:
3226:
3193:
3168:
3157:www.sfgate.com
3143:
3109:
3084:
3055:
3031:
3006:
2982:
2957:
2932:
2907:
2882:
2857:
2832:
2818:
2779:
2755:
2722:
2667:
2642:
2617:
2600:
2575:
2558:
2532:
2508:
2497:www.wien.gv.at
2483:
2476:. Yad Vashem.
2462:
2438:
2409:
2380:
2355:
2331:
2320:www.wien.gv.at
2306:
2282:
2258:
2234:
2187:
2159:
2135:
2103:
2091:
2061:
2036:
2002:
1982:
1958:
1951:academic soil,
1927:. 1981-05-03.
1912:
1887:
1863:
1835:
1810:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1803:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1735:
1732:
1719:
1716:
1703:
1700:
1687:Main article:
1684:
1681:
1633:
1630:
1621:
1618:
1596:
1593:
1552:Adolf Eichmann
1542:
1539:
1500:
1497:
1477:
1474:
1461:Main article:
1458:
1455:
1424:
1421:
1404:
1403:
1401:
1400:
1393:
1386:
1378:
1375:
1374:
1371:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1354:
1351:
1350:
1347:
1346:
1341:intentionalism
1337:
1336:
1335:
1319:
1318:
1317:
1312:
1306:
1303:
1302:
1299:
1298:
1295:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1266:to death camps
1262:
1261:
1260:
1254:
1251:
1250:
1247:
1246:
1237:
1236:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1214:
1209:
1208:
1205:
1204:
1201:
1200:
1198:Denazification
1195:
1190:
1182:
1170:
1169:
1164:
1163:
1160:
1159:
1154:
1153:
1152:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1128:
1127:
1119:
1118:
1117:
1116:
1115:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1097:Witold Pilecki
1094:
1090:Sonderkommando
1086:
1081:
1076:
1075:
1074:
1072:Alfréd Wetzler
1069:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1039:
1034:
1033:
1030:
1029:
1024:
1023:
1022:
1021:
1016:
1008:
1007:
999:
998:
997:
996:
991:
986:
981:
976:
968:
967:
963:Final Solution
957:
956:
955:
954:
949:
944:
939:
934:
929:
924:
919:
914:
909:
901:
900:
897:Einsatzgruppen
892:
891:
890:
889:
884:
879:
874:
869:
864:
859:
854:
849:
844:
839:
834:
829:
824:
819:
811:
810:
800:
797:
796:
793:
792:
787:
786:
785:
784:
779:
777:Einsatzgruppen
774:
769:
764:
756:
755:
749:
748:
747:
746:
739:
732:
727:
717:
716:
710:
709:
708:
707:
701:
700:
696:
695:
690:
684:
683:
679:
678:
672:
671:
667:
666:
661:
655:
654:
648:
647:
642:
636:
635:
629:
628:
622:
621:
620:
619:
614:
609:
607:Theresienstadt
604:
599:
594:
589:
584:
579:
574:
569:
564:
559:
554:
549:
544:
542:Gonars (Italy)
539:
534:
529:
524:
519:
514:
506:
505:
497:
496:
495:
494:
489:
484:
479:
474:
469:
464:
459:
451:
450:
440:
437:
436:
433:
432:
429:
428:
416:
414:
413:
408:
403:
398:
393:
388:
383:
378:
373:
368:
363:
357:
352:
351:
348:
347:
344:
343:
338:
333:
328:
323:
318:
313:
307:
302:
301:
298:
297:
294:
293:
288:
283:
278:
276:Nuremberg Laws
273:
268:
262:
260:Early policies
259:
258:
255:
254:
249:
248:
247:
246:
239:
238:
232:
229:
228:
227:
226:
221:
214:
206:
202:Sturmabteilung
198:
195:Einsatzgruppen
191:
183:
175:
170:
162:
161:
155:
154:
153:
152:
147:
142:
137:
135:Richard Glücks
132:
127:
122:
120:Adolf Eichmann
117:
112:
107:
102:
97:
92:
82:
81:
75:
74:
64:
61:Responsibility
59:
58:
55:
54:
44:
36:
35:
27:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3556:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3536:
3534:
3516:
3512:
3509:
3499:on 2015-09-24
3498:
3494:
3490:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3480:
3471:
3467:
3464:
3460:
3457:
3453:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3438:
3435:
3434:965-06-0233-X
3431:
3427:
3424:
3423:965-06-0233-X
3420:
3416:
3415:
3396:
3392:
3386:
3372:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3353:
3338:
3334:
3328:
3313:
3309:
3303:
3289:
3285:
3279:
3265:
3261:
3254:
3240:
3236:
3230:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3204:
3197:
3183:
3179:
3172:
3158:
3154:
3147:
3140:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3113:
3099:
3095:
3088:
3081:
3069:
3065:
3059:
3045:
3041:
3035:
3021:
3017:
3010:
2996:
2992:
2986:
2971:
2967:
2961:
2947:
2943:
2936:
2921:
2917:
2911:
2897:
2893:
2886:
2872:
2868:
2861:
2846:
2842:
2836:
2829:. 2021-11-09.
2828:
2822:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2783:
2769:
2765:
2759:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2726:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2671:
2657:
2653:
2646:
2632:
2628:
2621:
2610:
2604:
2590:
2586:
2579:
2568:
2562:
2547:
2543:
2536:
2522:
2518:
2512:
2498:
2494:
2491:ktv_wwalter.
2487:
2480:
2472:
2466:
2452:
2448:
2442:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2413:
2406:
2395:
2391:
2384:
2369:
2365:
2359:
2345:
2341:
2335:
2321:
2317:
2314:ktv_wwalter.
2310:
2296:
2292:
2286:
2272:
2268:
2262:
2248:
2247:www.ushmm.org
2244:
2238:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2191:
2184:
2173:
2169:
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34:
32:The Holocaust
29:
28:
24:
20:
19:
16:
3519:. Retrieved
3501:. Retrieved
3497:the original
3469:
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3339:. 2015-10-06
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3070:. 2021-04-06
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2972:. 2005-11-17
2970:the Guardian
2969:
2960:
2949:. Retrieved
2945:
2935:
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2922:. 2019-05-02
2919:
2910:
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2847:. 2020-06-22
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2548:(in Russian)
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2393:
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2370:. 2002-05-21
2368:the Guardian
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2096:, retrieved
2074:
2064:
2053:. Retrieved
2049:the original
2039:
2030:
2024:. Retrieved
2020:the original
2015:
2005:
1994:. Retrieved
1985:
1974:. Retrieved
1970:
1961:
1950:
1947:
1941:. Retrieved
1937:the original
1924:
1915:
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1875:
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1823:
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1755:Aryanization
1725:
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1443:Adolf Hitler
1436:
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1330:
1320:
1310:Bibliography
1186:
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1062:Jerzy Tabeau
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224:Trawniki men
216:
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178:
158:
95:Adolf Hitler
87:
78:
71:Nazi Germany
15:
3264:ARTnews.com
2799:: 288–299.
2768:Haaretz.com
1750:Deportation
1563:Imre Kalman
1531:Tina Walzer
1352:Remembrance
1149:Częstochowa
1092:photographs
1067:Rudolf Vrba
917:Częstochowa
867:Lviv (Lvov)
767:Gas chamber
682:Netherlands
582:Ravensbrück
547:Gross-Rosen
512:Auschwitz I
336:Homosexuals
326:Soviet POWs
145:Rudolf Höss
3533:Categories
3521:2014-06-01
3503:2011-12-30
3412:Literature
3400:2021-04-09
3376:2021-04-09
3343:2021-04-09
3318:2021-05-11
3293:2021-04-09
3269:2021-04-09
3244:2021-04-08
3220:2021-04-08
3207:The Nation
3187:2021-04-09
3162:2021-04-09
3133:2021-04-09
3103:2021-04-09
3074:2021-04-09
3049:2021-04-08
3025:2021-04-08
3000:2021-04-08
2976:2021-04-08
2951:2021-04-09
2926:2021-04-09
2901:2021-04-09
2876:2021-04-08
2851:2021-04-08
2773:2021-04-08
2749:2021-04-08
2661:2021-04-08
2636:2021-04-08
2594:2021-04-08
2552:2021-04-09
2540:Редакция.
2526:2021-04-09
2502:2021-04-08
2456:2021-04-08
2432:2021-04-09
2399:2021-04-09
2374:2021-04-08
2349:2021-04-08
2325:2021-04-08
2300:2021-04-09
2276:2021-04-08
2252:2021-04-09
2177:2021-04-09
2153:2021-04-08
2126:2021-04-09
2098:2021-04-09
2055:2021-04-09
2026:2021-04-09
1996:2021-04-08
1976:2021-04-09
1943:2021-04-09
1906:2021-04-08
1881:2021-04-08
1853:2021-04-09
1829:2021-04-08
1780:Unser Wien
1626:Yad Vashem
1527:Our Vienna
1522:Unser Wien
1493:Mauthausen
1036:Resistance
927:Ninth Fort
882:Vel' d'Hiv
798:Atrocities
693:Westerbork
688:Amersfoort
572:Neuengamme
562:Kaiserwald
527:Buchenwald
522:Bogdanovka
168:Nazi Party
52:, May 1944
3493:Яд ва-Шем
3371:0362-4331
3215:0027-8378
2813:1558-5255
2744:0362-4331
2717:245849342
2701:1350-7532
2687:: 14–32.
2542:"Австрия"
2471:"Austria"
1933:0362-4331
1872:"Austria"
1820:"Austria"
1745:Anschluss
1519:The book
1514:Dorotheum
1463:Anschluss
1457:Anschluss
1417:Anschluss
1413:Holocaust
1304:Resources
1228:Survivors
1211:Aftermath
1187:St. Louis
1139:Białystok
952:Erntefest
912:Bydgoszcz
872:Marseille
842:Szczuczyn
822:Bucharest
714:Divisions
640:Breendonk
612:Uckermark
592:Salaspils
492:Treblinka
472:Jasenovac
361:Białystok
218:Wehrmacht
50:Auschwitz
3337:BBC News
3127:Archived
3068:BBC News
2920:POLITICO
2709:27944674
2426:Archived
2120:Archived
1844:"Vienna"
1734:See also
937:Piaśnica
907:Babi Yar
847:Jedwabne
699:Slovakia
645:Mechelen
597:Stutthof
557:Janowska
482:Sajmište
477:Majdanek
366:Budapest
23:a series
21:Part of
2845:AP NEWS
2221:7717602
2032:salute.
2016:Reuters
1901:Reuters
1587:At the
1510:Vugesta
1506:Gestapo
947:Rumbula
877:Tykocin
827:Dorohoi
807:Pogroms
762:Gas van
676:Bolzano
634:Belgium
487:Sobibor
467:Chełmno
411:Vilnius
354:Ghettos
304:Victims
212:(SS-VT)
189:(SS-TV)
173:Gestapo
3447:
3432:
3421:
3369:
3213:
3182:DW.COM
3020:DW.COM
2896:DW.COM
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2589:DW.COM
2229:820239
2227:
2219:
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1931:
1584:1941.
1512:, the
1508:, the
1218:Bricha
1144:Łachwa
1134:Warsaw
1079:Bricha
942:Ponary
932:Odessa
887:Wąsosz
862:Kaunas
852:Plungė
664:Drancy
652:France
617:Warsaw
532:Dachau
462:Bełżec
406:Warsaw
386:Lublin
376:Kraków
371:Kaunas
79:People
2713:S2CID
2705:JSTOR
2612:(PDF)
2570:(PDF)
2474:(PDF)
2225:S2CID
1954:Jews.
1806:Notes
1529:) by
1252:Lists
837:Izieu
705:Sereď
670:Italy
438:Camps
396:Minsk
321:Poles
3445:ISBN
3430:ISBN
3419:ISBN
3367:ISSN
3211:ISSN
2809:ISSN
2740:ISSN
2697:ISSN
2217:PMID
2087:ISBN
1929:ISSN
1561:and
1533:and
832:Iași
659:Gurs
537:Dora
401:Riga
391:Lwów
381:Łódź
311:Jews
204:(SA)
181:(SS)
46:Jews
2801:doi
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2079:doi
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577:Rab
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