Rudolf Höss - Knowledge

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Although he later claimed that another man was actually in charge, Höss accepted the blame as the group's leader. He was convicted and sentenced (on 15 or 17 March 1924) to 10 years in prison, while Bormann received a one-year sentence. Höss served out his prison sentence in the Brandenburg penitentiary. Due to his exemplary behavior while an inmate there, he gained privileges such as the light in his cell being kept on after 10 PM lights out, being allowed to write letters to relatives every two weeks, and a job in the prison's administration. These privileges were in part due to him being considered a "delinquent motivated by conviction" (offender whose motives had been on moral political or religious grounds) and partly because of prison officials who sympathized with Höss’ cause and his political views.

881:'s most potent symbol. According to Höss, during standard camp operations, two or three trains carrying 2,000 prisoners each would arrive daily for four to six weeks. The prisoners were unloaded in the Birkenau camp and subjected to "selection", usually by a member of the SS medical staff. Men were separated from women, and only those deemed suitable for Nazi slave labor were allowed to live. The elderly, infirm, children, and mothers with children were sent directly to the gas chambers. Those found fit for labor were marched to barracks in either Birkenau or one of the Auschwitz camps, stripped naked, shorn of all hair, sprayed with disinfectant, and tattooed with a prisoner number. At first, small gassing bunkers were located deep in the woods to avoid detection. Later, four large gas chambers and 858: 954: 1262: 44: 747:. Höss excelled in that capacity, and was recommended by his superiors for further responsibility and promotion. By the end of his tour of duty there, Höss was serving as administrator of prisoners' property. On 18 January 1940, as head of the protective custody camp at Sachsenhausen, Höss ordered all prisoners not assigned to work details to stand outside in frigid conditions reaching −26 °C (−15 °F). Most of the inmates had no coats or gloves. When block elders dragged some of the frozen inmates to the infirmary, Höss ordered the infirmary doors to be closed. During the day, 78 inmates died; another 67 died that night. 1151:"I commanded Auschwitz until 1 December 1943, and estimate that at least 2,500,000 victims were executed and exterminated there by gassing and burning, and at least another half million succumbed to starvation and disease, making a total of about 3,000,000 dead. This figure represents about 70% or 80% of all persons sent to Auschwitz as prisoners, the remainder having been selected and used for slave labor in the concentration camp industries. Included among the executed and burnt were approximately 20,000 Russian prisoners of war (previously screened out of Prisoner of War cages by the Gestapo) who were delivered at Auschwitz in 1331:

destruction. In so doing I have inflicted terrible wounds on humanity. I caused unspeakable suffering for the Polish people in particular. I am to pay for this with my life. May the Lord God forgive one day what I have done. I ask the Polish people for forgiveness. In Polish prisons I experienced for the first time what human kindness is. Despite all that has happened I have experienced humane treatment which I could never have expected, and which has deeply shamed me. May the facts which are now coming out about the horrible crimes against humanity make the repetition of such cruel acts impossible for all time.

785:. Höss commanded the camp for three and a half years, during which he expanded the original facility into a sprawling complex known as Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp. Höss had been ordered "to create a transition camp for ten thousand prisoners from the existing complex of well-preserved buildings," and he went to Auschwitz determined "to do things differently" and develop a more efficient camp than those at Dachau and Sachsenhausen, where he had previously served. Höss lived at Auschwitz in a villa with his wife and five children. 3140: 1248: 974:, in which 430,000 Hungarian Jews were transported to the camp and killed in 56 days. Even Höss's expanded facility could not handle the huge number of victims' corpses, and the camp staff were obliged to dispose of thousands of bodies by burning them in open pits. In May and June alone, almost 10,000 Jews were being gassed per day. Because the number of people exceeded the capacity of the gas chambers and crematoria, mass pit executions were established. Jews were forced to undress, then led to a hidden fire pit by 1294: 609: 1043: 3891: 1028:"Nevertheless, because of the children, we did not do this. For their sake we wanted to take on our own shoulders all that was coming. But we should have done it. I have always regretted it since. We would all have been spared a great deal, especially my wife and the children. How much more suffering will they have to endure? We were bound and fettered to that other world, and we should have disappeared with it." 3879: 1290:, prisoner functionaries, for the mistreatment of prisoners. Höss claimed that, despite his best efforts, he was unable to stop the abuse. Höss also stated that he was never cruel and never mistreated any inmate. Höss blamed Hitler and Himmler for using their powers "wrongly and even criminally". Höss saw himself as, "a cog in the wheel of the great extermination machine created by the Third Reich". 658:, that promoted a farm-based lifestyle. On 17 August 1929, he married Hedwig Hensel (3 March 1908 – 15 September 1989), whom he met in the Artaman League. Between 1930 and 1943, they had five children: two sons (Klaus and Hans-Jürgen) and three daughters (Heidetraut, Inge-Brigitt, and Annegret). Heidetraut, Höss's eldest daughter, was born in 1932; Inge-Brigitt was born on a farm in 922:. Released from the cell, she had an abortion in a camp hospital in 1943 and, according to her later testimony, just barely evaded being selected to be killed. These events and corruption rumours may have led to Höss's temporary recall from the Auschwitz command in 1943. The level of corruption at Auschwitz had reached such a high level that, in the autumn of 1943, Lieutenant 476:, ran a tea and coffee business. He brought his son up on strict religious principles and with military discipline, having decided that he would enter the priesthood. Höss grew up with an almost fanatical belief in the central role of duty in a moral life. During his early years, there was a constant emphasis on sin, guilt, and the need to do penance. 1105:"...insisting he was a lowly gardener, but Alexander saw his wedding ring and ordered Höss to take it off, threatening to cut off his finger if he did not. Höss' name was inscribed inside. The soldiers accompanying Alexander began to beat Höss with axe handles. After a few moments and a minor internal debate, Alexander pulled them off." 833:". According to Höss, Himmler had selected Auschwitz for the extermination of Europe's Jews "on account of its easy access by rail and also because the extensive site offered space for measures ensuring isolation". Himmler described the project as a "secret Reich matter" and told Höss not to speak about it with 1411:

Based on my present knowledge I can see today clearly, severely and bitterly for me, that the entire ideology about the world in which I believed so firmly and unswervingly was based on completely wrong premises and had to absolutely collapse one day. And so my actions in the service of this ideology

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The future commander of Auschwitz, Rudolf Hoess, had served in the Ottoman Empire during World War I, where, according to his memoirs, which he wrote while he was awaiting his execution, he killed and loved for the first time (but not at the same time). However, his memoirs are silent about the fate

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Technically wasn't so hard—it would not have been hard to exterminate even greater numbers.... The killing itself took the least time. You could dispose of 2,000 head in half an hour, but it was the burning that took all the time. The killing was easy; you didn't even need guards to drive them into

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Speck) and Franz Xaver Höss. Höss was the eldest of three children and the only son. He was baptized Rudolf Franz Ferdinand on 11 December 1901. Höss was a lonely child with no companions of his own age until he entered elementary school; all of his associations were with adults. Höss claimed in his

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and the courtyard between Blocks 10 and 11. High stone walls and a massive wooden gate shielded Nazi brutality from observers. Condemned prisoners were led from Block 11, naked and bound, to the Death Wall at the back of the courtyard. A member of the Political Department then shot the prisoner in

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operations against French supply lines. Schlageter was arrested and executed on 26 May 1923; soon afterwards Höss and several accomplices, including Bormann, took their revenge on Kadow. In 1923, after one of the killers confessed to a local newspaper, Höss was arrested and tried as the ringleader.

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by telling his father about an event at school wherein Höss had pushed another boy down the stairs, causing him to break his foot. He also felt betrayed by his father, because he had used the information against him. Höss had described this event during his confession. Soon afterward, Höss's father

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Hans-Jürgen's younger son, Rainer, presented himself as a researcher determined to expose his grandfather's crimes. However, Rainer has been accused of trading on his name and defrauding the families of Holocaust victims for financial gain. Rainer has reportedly been criminally convicted 13 times,

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had tested it on a group of Russian prisoners in 1941. With Zyklon B, he said that it took 3–15 minutes for the victims to die and that "we knew when the people were dead because they stopped screaming." In an interview at Nuremberg after the war, Höss commented that after observing the prisoners

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Keep your good heart. Become a person who lets himself be guided primarily by warmth and humanity. Learn to think and judge for yourself, responsibly. Don't accept everything without criticism and as absolutely true... The biggest mistake of my life was that I believed everything faithfully which

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In all of the discussions, Höss is quite matter-of-fact and apathetic, shows some belated interest in the enormity of his crime, but gives the impression that it never would have occurred to him if somebody hadn't asked him. There is too much apathy to leave any suggestion of remorse and even the

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My conscience compels me to make the following declaration. In the solitude of my prison cell, I have come to the bitter recognition that I have sinned gravely against humanity. As Commandant of Auschwitz, I was responsible for carrying out part of the cruel plans of the 'Third Reich' for human

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Inge-Brigitt, another daughter of the commandant, never read her father's memoir, saying it did not interest her and that "the Nazis always get a bad press and no one else does." Nonetheless, she criticized Rainer's actions, saying he had not been born at the time, could thus not know what had

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officers and men. The remainder of the total number of victims included about 100,000 German Jews, and great numbers of citizens (mostly Jewish) from The Netherlands, France, Belgium, Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Greece, or other countries. We executed about 400,000 Hungarian Jews alone at

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and Polish prisoners including peasants and intellectuals. Some 700 arrived in June 1940, and were told they would not survive more than three months. At its peak, Auschwitz comprised three separate facilities: Auschwitz I, Auschwitz II-Birkenau and Auschwitz III-Monowitz. These included many

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were completely wrong, even though I faithfully believed the idea was correct. Now it was very logical that strong doubts grew within me, and whether my turning away from my belief in God was based on completely wrong premises. It was a hard struggle. But I have again found my faith in my God.

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and his assistant Wiebeck were tasked with investigating both the embezzlements taking place in the camp and Höss's illegal relationship. Morgen interviewed Hodys and Höss and intended to proceed against Höss, but the case was dismissed. Morgen, Wiebeck and Hodys gave testimony after the war.

1373:. At the request of former camp prisoners, the execution was carried out in Auschwitz, the camp he once commanded. Approximately 100 witnesses were present, including former prisoners and various high-ranking officials of the Polish government. Höss' was the last public execution in Poland. 2776:, Morgen remembered: "Examination of the lockers yielded a fortune in gold, rings, pearls and money, in all kinds of currencies. The conduct of the SS staff was beyond any of the standards that you'd expect from soldiers. They gave the impression of being degenerate and brutal parasites". 756: 1425:

An inmate who worked as a gardener recalled that Klaus, the eldest son, used to play "...with a pistol, with a carbine and shot straight into the garden. A few times this put us in danger. The child did so out of stupidity, aimed at people and said: 'I'll shoot the Polish pig.'"

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the back of the head, using a small-caliber pistol to minimize noise. As punishment, Höss also employed standing cells in Block 11. On multiple occasions, he condemned ten random prisoners to death by starvation in a Block 11 cell in retaliation for the escape of one inmate.

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most recently for fraud in August 2020. Hans-Jürgen's eldest son, Kai-Uwe, an evangelical pastor, who had previously kept out of the public eye, said, "I just want him to stop defrauding people using the names and ashes of millions of Holocaust victims."

846:. Höss said that "no one was allowed to speak about these matters with any person and that everyone promised upon his life to keep the utmost secrecy." He told his wife about the camp's purpose only at the end of 1942, since she already knew about it from 1438:" such as worn by the prisoners. As they were running around in the garden, Höss came home, saw what his children were wearing and tore off the badges and ordered the children in the house. Szczurek was not punished but given a warning. 1019:

Höss and his wife were downcast at the news that their Führer was dead. Since Höss had procured poison for his family, in case they were captured by the Russians, they considered the idea of suicide together with their children, like the

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Höss was the longest-serving commandant of Auschwitz Concentration Camp (from 4 May 1940 to November 1943, and again from 8 May 1944 to 18 January 1945). He tested and implemented means to accelerate Hitler's order to systematically

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According to Janina Szczurek, a Polish woman who worked as a seamstress for the family, the Höss children used to run in the garden and watch the prisoners work. The Höss children once wanted to play and she sewed the oldest son a

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came from the top, and I didn't dare to have the least bit of doubt about the truth of that which was presented to me. ... In all your undertakings, don't just let your mind speak, but listen above all to the voice in your heart.

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I can no longer remember the figures for the smaller actions, but they were insignificant by comparison with the numbers given above. I regard a total of 2.5 million as far too high. Even Auschwitz had limits to its destructive

990:. He moved there in November 1944 with his family who lived close by. After the completion of the gas chamber, Höss coordinated the operations of killing by gassing, with a death toll of more than 2,000 female prisoners. 616:("German Search Journal"] of 30 June 1923, including a "wanted"-notice for Rudolf Höss (at the bottom of the left-hand column of the page on the right-hand side) following the first murder he ever committed in May 1923. 669:, whose owner wanted to establish a horse stable, and Höss' experience with horses from being in the cavalry in World War I gave him the necessary experience to do so. Höss would later join the cavalry squadron of the 496:

began, Höss briefly served in a military hospital and then, at the age of 14, he was admitted to his father's and his grandfather's old regiment, the 21st Regiment of Dragoons. At the age of 15, Höss and the

555:. Instead, they decided to attempt to travel all the way back to their homeland of Bavaria. This attempt forced them to traverse through the enemy territory of Romania, but they eventually reached 688:. They also were previously acquainted (according to Höss) from their Artaman League days, although other sources claim they knew each other from Höss' involvement in the Nazi party in the 1920s. 1016:, her daughter, and several other families belonging to prominent Nazis. Höss had been tasked with keeping them out of enemy hands. During their escape, they learned about the death of Hitler. 6891: 1779: 2945: 1979: 4253: 6718: 4564: 1278:. It later appeared in various English editions and consists of two parts, one about his own life and the second about other SS men with whom Höss had become acquainted, mainly 1207:

In his memoir, Höss also claimed to have suffered mistreatment at the hands of his British captors and to have signed the transcript of his first interrogation under duress.

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Höss began testing and perfecting techniques of mass murder on 3 September 1941. His experiments led to Auschwitz becoming the most efficiently murderous instrument of the

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Instead, Hedwig and the children were taken to the home of the children's old governess, who lived at Michaelisdonn, while Höss and his son Klaus continued on alone.

571:, Höss completed his secondary education and soon joined some of the emerging nationalist paramilitary groups, first the East Prussian Volunteer Corps, and then the 3067: 5765: 5720: 769:

Höss was dispatched to evaluate the feasibility of establishing a concentration camp in western Poland, a territory Germany had incorporated into the province of

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Höss wrote his autobiography while awaiting execution; it was published first in a Polish translation in 1951 and then in the original German in 1956, edited by

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in Poland tried him for murder. In Höss's essay on the Final Solution in Auschwitz, which he wrote in Kraków, Höss revised the previously given death toll:

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Höss experimented with various gassing methods. According to Eichmann's trial testimony in 1961, Höss told him that he used cotton filters soaked in

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by hanging on 2 April 1947. The sentence was carried out on 16 April next to the crematorium of the former Auschwitz I concentration camp. Höss was

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the chambers; they just went in expecting to take showers and, instead of water, we turned on poison gas. The whole thing went very quickly.

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satellite sub-camps, and the entire camp complex was built on about 8,000 hectares (20,000 acres) that had been cleared of all inhabitants.

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Rudolf Höss, who was tried and sentenced to death after the war by the Polish Supreme National Tribunal, was hanged here on 16 April 1947."

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first and second class and other decorations. Additionally, Höss briefly commanded a cavalry unit. When the news of the armistice reached

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Four days before he was executed, Höss' acknowledgement of the enormity of his crimes was revealed in a message to the state prosecutor:

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of the Armenians, even though he had been present (at the right time) in the broader region in which the Armenian Genocide took place.

773:. His favorable report led to the creation of the Auschwitz camps and his appointment as commandant. The camp was built around an old 6841: 6786: 6167: 5735: 5476: 3237: 485: 4218: 1310:

prospect of hanging does not unduly stress him. One gets the general impression of a man who is intellectually normal, but with the

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Children of Nazis: The Sons and Daughters of Himmler, Göring, Höss, Mengele, and Others – Living with a Father's Monstrous Legacy

3317: 958: 447:. During his imprisonment, at the request of the Polish authorities, Höss wrote his memoirs, released in English under the title 3037:"The trial of German major war criminals : proceedings of the International Military Tribunal sitting at Nuremberg Germany" 5430: 2748: 2500: 2124: 1340: 5323: 3264: 2567: 2151: 634:, who later became Hitler's private secretary. Kadow was believed to have tipped off the French occupational authorities that 6871: 5834: 5328: 3788: 3595: 3569: 3550: 3531: 3503: 3357: 3327: 3221: 3176: 2850: 2656: 2591: 2544: 2475: 2428: 2301: 2161: 2134: 2062: 2019: 1956: 1929: 1890: 1788: 1749: 1587: 6750: 6692: 6031: 5514: 5469: 4117: 2919: 2721: 1919: 857: 809:, and later other German industries. The main purpose of Monowitz was the production of buna, a form of synthetic rubber. 5969: 3754: 3728: 3646: 3291: 4529: 4278: 953: 6683: 6364: 6152: 5509: 4208: 3848: 3699: 2271: 1674: 1175:

I can only remember the figures involved in the larger actions, which were repeated to me by Eichmann or his deputies.

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were constructed in Birkenau to make the killing process more efficient, and to handle the sheer volume of victims.

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for a meeting with Himmler "to receive personal orders". Himmler told Höss that Hitler had given the order for the "

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After discussions with Höss during the Nuremberg trials at which he testified, the American military psychologist

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die by Zyklon B, " ...this gassing set my mind at rest for the mass extermination of the Jews was to start soon."

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Höss began turning against religion in his early teens after an episode in which, he said, his priest broke the

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Fitzgibbon, Constantine; Hoess, Rudolf; Neugroschel, Joachim; Hoess, Rudolph; Levi, Primo (1 September 2000).

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In 1942, Höss began a forced sexual relationship with an Austrian communist political prisoner at Auschwitz,

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On 1 April 1934 Höss joined the SS, on Himmler's effective call-to-action, and in the same year moved to the

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Hanns and Rudolf: The True Story of the German Jew Who Tracked Down and Caught the Kommandant of Auschwitz

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The Origins of the Final Solution : The Evolution of Nazi Jewish Policy, September 1939 – March 1942

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to be executed after the start of the War. Höss fired the finishing shot from his pistol. He joined the

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happened, and so must be "a lying, drug-addicted, fame-seeking, money-hungry, evil young man".

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Richard Overy (9 September 2013). "Hanns and Rudolf by Thomas Harding, review". The Telegraph.

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Höss, Rudolf; Broad, Pery; Kremer, Johann Paul; Bezwińska, Jadwiga; Czech, Danuta (1984).

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Hilberg, Raul, Destruction of the European Jews (New York: Quadrangle Books, 1962), p. 575

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In the final days of the war, Himmler advised Höss to disguise himself as a member of the

715:, the reorganizer of the Nazi concentration camp system. In 1938, Höss was promoted to SS- 239: 8: 6634: 6589: 6384: 6268: 6197: 6134: 6006: 5646: 5606: 5055: 4878: 4417: 4318: 3768: 3764: 3615: 2950: 2778: 1140:. Affidavits that Höss made while imprisoned in Nuremberg were also used at the Pohl and 1114: 1090: 923: 5656: 4448: 4423: 4383: 1823: 835: 716: 6411: 5875: 5844: 5631: 5383: 4931: 4868: 4798: 4788: 4707: 4388: 4172: 4148: 1063: 946:(WVHA); he also was appointed deputy of the inspector of the concentration camps under 801:

was the extermination camp where most of the murders were committed; and Auschwitz III

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Höss was released from prison in July 1928 as part of a general amnesty and joined the

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Pauer-Studer, Herlinde; Velleman, J. David (2015), "Rudolf Höss and Eleonore Hodys",

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Antisemitism: A Historical Encyclopedia of Prejudice and Persecution (Two Vol. Set)

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committed on the prisoners of the Auschwitz concentration camp and for his role in

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Encountering Genocide: Personal Accounts from Victims, Perpetrators, and Witnesses

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Auschwitz in retrospect: the self-portrait of Rudolf Höss, Commander of Auschwitz

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in 1922 (member number 3240) and renounced affiliation with the Catholic Church.

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New York: Penguin, 1979 (orig. published in German in 1963), pp. 415–432.

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The Nuremberg Military Tribunals and the Origins of International Criminal Law

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Archbishop Gerety Lecture at Seton Hall University. PDF file, direct download.

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IAls Gefängnisarzt im Nürnberger Prozess: das Tagebuch des Dr. Ludwig Pflücker

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The same day in a farewell letter to his children, Höss told his eldest son:

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Rudolf Höss married Hedwig Hensel on 17 August 1929. They had five children:

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Appointment order of Rudolf Höss as Commander of Auschwitz Concentration Camp

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in 1933; and Annegret, the youngest, was born at Auschwitz in November 1943.

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Order and Inferno. The Concentration Camp System in the last Year of the War

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once he was discovered by the soldiers. Höss initially denied his identity:

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A Mass Murderer Repents: The Case of Rudolf Hoess, Commandant of Auschwitz.

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constructed specifically for that purpose, at the location of the camp's

1137: 1078: 623: 493: 460: 75: 24: 3749:] (in German) (Kindle ed.). Frankfurt a/Main: Fischer E-books. 2845:. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company. pp. 142–144. 2470:. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company. pp. 71, 172. 918:(or Nora Mattaliano-Hodys). She became pregnant and was imprisoned in a 674: 6738: 6629: 6594: 6534: 6213: 5247: 5212: 4768: 4617: 3738: 3716: 3691: 3214:

Auschwitz and Absolution: The Case of the Commandment and the Confessor

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Justifying Genocide: Germany and the Armenians from Bismarck to Hitler

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In June 1941, according to Höss's trial testimony, he was summoned to

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Auschwitz–Birkenau official website for the camp museum and memorial

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On 25 May 1946, Höss was handed over to Polish authorities, and the

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Auschwitz – Perpetrators, Helpers, Victims, and what became of them

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Klaus Höss: born 6 February 1930, died in Australia in the 1980s.

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In his affidavit made at Nuremberg on 5 April 1946, Höss stated:

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in his youth. Höss's father, a former army officer who served in

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Hitler, Stalin and the Destruction of Poland: Explaining History

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Commandant of Auschwitz : The Autobiography of Rudolf Hoess

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into a strict Catholic family. He lived with his parents, Lina (

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against the Germans, and on French nationals during the French

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I was the administrative centre for the complex; Auschwitz II

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Adjutant to the Commandant (August 1938) and Commander of the

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Witnesses to the International Military Tribunal in Nuremberg

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where they were shot by the SS, then thrown into the flames.

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Perpetrators, participants, organizations, and collaborators

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Death Dealer – The Memoirs of the SS Kommandant at Auschwitz

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Architect of Death at Auschwitz: A Biography of Rudolf Höss

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