1761:(20 July 1944): "It has long been clear that, faced with the certainty of defeat, the German authorities would intensify all their efforts to blackmail, deceive and split the allies. In their latest effort, made known in London yesterday, they have reached a new level of fantasy and self-deception. They have put forward, or sponsored, an offer to exchange the remaining Hungarian Jews for munitions of warâwhich, they said, would not be used on the Western front."The whole story is one of the most loathsome of the war. It begins with a process of deliberate extirpation and ends, to date, with attempted blackmail. ... The British Government know what value to set on any German or German-sponsored offer ... they know, as well as the Germans, what happens when one begins paying blackmail. The blackmailer increases his price. Such considerations provided their own answer to the proposed bargain."
31:
642:
605:
1593:
730:
1749:"News has reached London that the German authorities in Czechoslovak have ordered the massacre of 3,000 Czechoslovak Jews in gas chambers at Birkenau on or about June 20th. ... 4,000 Czechoslovak Jews who were taken from Theresienstadt to Birkenau in September 1943 were massacred in the gas chambers on March 7th.The German authorities in Czechoslovakia and their subordinates should know that full information is received in London about the massacres in Birkenau. All those responsible for such massacres from top downwards will be called to account."
769:, was admitted with his wife and daughter, although they were sent to different parts of the camp. Any twins within the transports were selected; Mengele was notorious for his medical experiments on twins. On 17 May, any boys on the Hungarian transports born as a twin were admitted as prisoners (so-called "depot prisoners") and given serial numbers A-1419âA-1437. On 18 May, 20 females who were twin sisters were selected and given serial numbers A-3622âA-3641. Twins were picked out repeatedly, including on 19, 20 and 21 May.
672:
479:
433:
526:
54:
1540:
1486:
914:
692:
transports after 13 June, and that between 16 May and 13 June, over 300,000 Jews from
Hungary had arrived at the camp in 113 trains. According to HĂśss during his trial, the facilities at Auschwitz could not cope with the numbers, and he had to travel to Budapest to re-organize the transports, so that two or three trains would run on alternate days. Altogether, 111 trains were to be used. According to HĂśss,
1668:
Holocaust" to advance what is feared to be the right-wing governmentâs effort to promote a revisionist
Holocaust history. In 2019, the chair of the International Holocaust Remembrance Association stated that "the IHRA Plenary agreed to appoint a group of IHRA experts to provide input or suggestions to the international advisory boards of the House of Fates museum." The museum remains unopened.
1625:(Arrow Cross guards) raids and mass executions occurred in both ghettos regularly. In addition, between November 1944 and February 1945, the Nyilas shot 10,000â15,000 Jews on the banks of the Danube. Soviet troops liberated the big Budapest ghetto on 18 January 1945. On the Buda side of the town, the encircled Nyilas continued their murders until the Soviets took Buda on 13 February.
1402:, became known for his efforts to negotiate with Eichmann to stop the deportations. In a meeting with Brand in Budapest on 25 April 1944, Eichmann offered to exchange one million Jews for 10,000 trucks from the Allies, to be used exclusively on the Eastern Front. Eichmann called the proposal "blood for goods". Using German travel documents, Brand travelled to
687:
cars of lumber, which the "settlers" unload on the "death ramp", bring to another site and stack in piles ... that are intended for them. In order to simplify the work, the people arrive already separated, for example, children in separate cars. The closed trains wait for several hours on the special track to be unloaded. They stand in the nearby small forest.
1703:(2011): "rom May 15 through July 9 , close to 440,000 of the Jews of Hungary were deported to AuschwitzâBirkenau, where most of them were murdered soon after their arrival. By July 9, when Horthy's decision to halt the deportations took effect, all of Hungary (with the notable exception of Budapest) had become
1457:, decided in Gruenwald's favor, ruling that Kastner had "sold his soul to the devil". Kastner and his associates had helped to persuade the Jewish community that they were being resettled, Halevi wrote in his 300-page judgement. In return, the SS had allowed the Kastner train to leave Hungary. Israeli historian
1503:
and his staff prepared
Protective Passports under the authority of the Swedish Legation, thus saving thousands of Jews in Hungary between July and December 1944. At one point, Wallenberg appeared personally at the railway station in Budapest, insisting that Jews on the train be removed and presenting
686:
Auschwitz: Operation HĂśss. Since the middle of May, numerous transports of
Hungarian Jews. Every night, eight trains arrive; every day five. The trains consist of 48 to 50 cars each, and in each car are 100 people. "Settlers" arrive with these transports. Each train of "settlers" also has two freight
659:
railroad station kept a record of the trains. The first freight train passed through Kassa on 14 May. On a typical day, there were three or four, each carrying 3,000â4,000 people. There were 109 trains for 33 days, until 16 June. On several days, there were six trains. From 25â29 June, there were 10,
1616:
Two ghettos were set up in
Budapest. The small "international ghetto" consisted of several "starred" houses under the protection of neutral powers in the ĂjlipĂłtvĂĄros district. Switzerland was allowed to issue 7,800 Schutzpasses (safe passage documents), Sweden 4,500, and the Vatican, Portugal and
1667:
The House of Fates is a controversial
Holocaust museum in Budapest. Construction on the $ 23 million museum was completed in 2015. However, the museum has not opened due to controversy surrounding its content. One CNN article described the House of Fates as "whitewashing the country's role in the
247:
appeared to be drawing to a close â and world leaders had known for some time that Jews were being murdered in gas chambers. The expropriation of Jewish property was useful to achieve
Hungarian economic goals and sending the Jews as forced laborers avoided the need to send non-Jewish Hungarians.
691:
From 3 June, the electric fence was kept switched on during the day, instead of only at night (as there were guards during the day), because of attempts by
Hungarian Jews to escape from the crematoria. The camp resistance reported on 15 July that there had been a pause of several days in the
1739:
Veesenmayer's telegram to
Wilhelmstrasse (German Foreign Ministry) on July 11: "The concentration and transportation of the Jews from Zone V and the Budapest suburbs was concluded with 55,741 Jews on July 9, as planned. The total result from Zones I-V and the Budapest suburbs has been
1446:, who alleged that Kastner had collaborated with the Nazis. It was the first big Holocaust trial in Israel. Gruenwald had alleged in a self-published pamphlet that Kastner had known Jews were being gassed at Auschwitz as early as April 1944, after being given a copy of the
225:. Between 15 May and 9 July 1944, over 434,000 Jews were deported on 147 trains, most of them to Auschwitz, where about 80 percent were gassed on arrival. The quick progress of the deportations was enabled by close cooperation between the Hungarian and German authorities.
711:, the Reich plenipotentiary in Hungary, the figure was 437,402. About 80 percent of deportees were gassed on arrival. Because the crematoria were unable to cope with the number of corpses, pits were dug where bodies were burned. Photographs taken at Auschwitz (the
1461:
called the ruling "one of the most heartless in the history of Israel, perhaps the most heartless ever". As a result of the verdict and its refusal to prosecute
Kastner for collaboration, the Israeli government lost a vote of no confidence and collapsed.
783:
Just before the deportations of Jews from Budapest began, the VrbaâWetzler report reached the Allies. The report provided a detailed description of the gas chambers, and what was happening inside the camp; it had been dictated in April 1944 to the
539:
summoned Horthy to a conference in Austria, where he demanded greater acquiescence from Hungary. Horthy resisted, but his efforts were fruitless. While he was at the conference, German tanks rolled into Budapest, and on 23 March the government of
815:
designated 2,000 "starred" houses to which every Jew had to move; the idea was that the Allies would not bomb Budapest with starred houses scattered around the town. On the basis of the VrbaâWetzler report, world leaders, including
1434:
to allow 1,685 Jews to leave Hungary for Switzerland, in exchange for money and other goods. This became known as the "Kastner train". After the war, Kastner testified in favour of Becher and other Nazis at the Nuremberg tribunal.
593:). The plan was to use 45 cattle cars per train, four trains a day, to deport 12,000 Jews from the countryside every day, starting in mid-May; this was to be followed by the deportation of Jews from Budapest from about 15 July.
737:
The 20 percent of new arrivals from Hungary selected as prisoners were used as slave labourers or in medical experiments. On 22 May and again on 29 May 2,000 were selected for admission. On 28 May, 963 were transferred from
796:. Horthy's son and daughter-in-law both received copies of the report in early May, before mass deportations began. Information from the report about the murder of Czech Jews in Auschwitz was broadcast in Germany by the
597:, the first commandant of Auschwitz, returned to the camp between 8 May and 29 July 1944 as the local SS garrison commander to oversee the Hungarian Jews' arrival and gassing. As a result, the Germans called the murders
288:
In the 1941 census, the population of Hungary was 14,683,323. Of these, 725,005 regarded themselves as Jews (4.94 percent) and another 100,000 were Jewish by descent who identified as Christian. Over 400,000 lived in
1651:
Around 119,000 Jews were liberated in Budapest (25,000 in the small "international" ghetto, 69,000 in the big ghetto, and 25,000 hiding with false papers), as were 20,000 camp survivors and 5,000 forced labourers.
1450:, but he had done nothing to warn the wider Jewish community in Hungary. Through his inaction, Gruenwald alleged, Kastner had helped the SS avoid the spread of panic, which would have slowed down the transports.
626:
on 30 April carrying 2,000. The transports went through "selection"; 616 women (serial numbers 76385â76459 and 80000â80540) and 486 men (serial numbers 186645â187130) were chosen to work, and 2,698 were gassed.
663:
The first three trains, each consisting of 40â50 cars, arrived at Auschwitz on 16 May. After unloading their belongings, the deportees were organized into rows of five, then led to the crematoria. According to
1608:
came to power in October, tens of thousands of Jews in Budapest were sent on foot to the Austrian border in death marches. Most forced laborers under Hungarian Army command were deported (for instance to the
179:
At the time of the German invasion, Hungary had a Jewish population of 825,000, the largest remaining in Europe, further swollen by Jews escaping from elsewhere to the relative safety of that country. The
1508:) for many of them. Budapest named Wallenberg as an honorary citizen in 2003; several sites honour him, including Raoul Wallenberg Memorial Park and the building that housed the Swedish Embassy in 1945.
1639:
The Hungarian gold train was a Nazi-operated train that carried stolen goods, mostly the property of Hungarian Jews, from Hungary to Berlin, Germany, in 1945. After seizure of the train by the
3139:
1656:
estimated that just over 564,000 Hungarian Jews died between 1941 and 1945. From over 800,000 Jews living within Hungary's borders in 1941â1944, about 255,500 are thought to have survived.
4407:
655:(Reich Security Head Office or RSHA), began leaving Hungary for Poland on 14 May 1944. The Hungarian government was in charge of them up to the northern border. The commander of the
4434:
1477:
agreed with the original judgement that the ease with which the Nazis had murdered the Jews was "the direct result of the concealment of the horrifying truth from the victims".
1442:
and worked as a press officer for the Ministry of Commerce and Industry. In 1954, he became the subject of a libel case brought by the Israeli government on his behalf against
668:, it was from this night onward that smoke became visible from the crematoria chimneys. The camp resistance referred to the deportations in a report covering 5â25 May 1944:
240:, to order a halt to the deportations on 6 July. By the time they had stopped three days later, almost the entire community of Jews in the Hungarian countryside had gone.
4069:
585:
and ghettoization laws, and the deportations, were accomplished in less than eight weeks, with the enthusiastic help of the Hungarian authorities, particularly the
1406:
to transmit the offer to the Jewish Agency, but the British government put an end to the talks by arresting Brand and leaking details to the media. On 20 July
4459:
4104:
548:, which quickly began organizing. During the four days' interregnum following the German occupation, the Ministry of the Interior was placed in the hands of
229:
1412:
called the proposal by the Germans "one of the most loathsome" stories of the war and that Germany had reached a "new level of fantasy and self-deception."
188:
2734:
800:
on its women's program at noon on 16 June 1944, with a warning that the Germans would be held responsible after the war. It was also published by the
199:
ordered the invasion. New restrictions against Jews were imposed soon after Germany occupied Hungary on 19 March 1944. The invading troops included a
4235:
3111:
861:. He is credited with saving tens of thousands of Jews during the Second World War, marking the largest diplomatic rescue mission of the Holocaust.
3217:
828:
on 30 June, appealed to Horthy to stop the deportations. Roosevelt threatened military retaliation, and on 7 July, Horthy ordered an end to them.
3820:
1313:
2693:
4439:
469:
3222:
3134:
1335:
1330:
2086:. Vol. I: The Establishment and Organization of the Camp. OĹwiÄcim: Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum. p. 154 (pp. 145â279).
4138:
3962:
622:
The first train left Budapest on 29 April 1944 carrying 1,800 men and women aged 16â50 who were deemed fit to work. A second train left
4099:
3026:
1557:
1430:, was involved with Brand in negotiating the "blood for goods" deal with Eichmann and a separate â successful â deal with SS officer
1382:
3322:
4173:
3622:
2254:
4521:
4042:
3770:
3165:
3116:
2934:
1726:
could report the deportation of 434,351 Jews in 147 trains. Ferenczy's figures were slightly lower than the 437,402 reported by
3346:
1529:
604:
4592:
2907:
2850:
2823:
2518:
2454:
2371:
872:
30:
3726:
3144:
2984:
1073:
222:
1344:
4531:
4364:
4009:
3472:
3212:
2878:
641:
2872:
2833:
Spoerer, Mark (2020). "The Nazi War Economy, the Forced Labor System, and the Murder of Jewish and Non-Jewish Workers".
2784:
3560:
2548:
2091:
2015:
1969:
1885:
854:
283:
94:
67:
2080:(2000). "Organizational Structure of Auschwitz Concentration Camp". In DĹugoborski, WacĹaw; Piper, Franciszek (eds.).
4597:
4587:
3341:
3086:
2414:
2157:
2129:
1913:
1807:
1592:
1579:
729:
3356:
3292:
2759:
4127:
3584:
3361:
3302:
3277:
3066:
2994:
1610:
187:
had been reluctant to deport them. Fearing Hungary was trying to pursue peace with the Allies (which the diplomat
3205:
3200:
1320:
4022:
3835:
3297:
1561:
1011:
490:
444:
265:
35:
3997:
1643:, almost none of the valuables were returned to Hungary or their rightful owners or surviving family members.
4494:
4334:
3497:
3351:
3332:
3312:
3282:
3175:
1375:
747:
743:
3404:
4359:
3922:
3550:
3419:
3394:
3272:
994:
636:
218:
120:
3992:
4541:
4526:
4427:
4273:
4197:
3409:
3366:
3327:
3227:
3061:
2927:
2866:
2387:
2363:
2355:
1513:
876:
704:
679:
581:, sent to Hungary to supervise the deportations, set up his staff in the Majestic Hotel in Budapest. The
3519:
248:
Those who survived the selection were forced to provide construction and manufacturing labor as part of
4399:
4278:
4248:
4167:
4084:
3917:
3555:
3453:
3414:
3371:
3307:
3180:
3056:
2815:
1677:
1664:
Holocaust memorialization and commemoration have taken place in Hungary through memorials and museums.
1640:
724:
243:
The mass deportation of Hungarian Jews was the largest Holocaust killing after 1942. It took place as
4037:
3852:
3399:
3376:
3287:
3149:
3001:
2989:
2976:
651:
181:
4516:
4471:
4017:
3797:
3336:
3317:
3264:
3248:
3195:
3190:
3101:
3091:
3081:
3016:
3006:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2689:
1601:
1399:
1368:
1325:
1291:
1239:
930:
785:
157:
3942:
750:
in Germany. The following day, Hungarian inmates with A-series serial numbers were transferred to
4509:
4499:
4225:
3779:
3507:
3185:
3170:
3096:
3076:
3071:
3051:
3021:
3011:
2081:
1550:
1447:
1180:
1004:
778:
3576:
4220:
3987:
3466:
3044:
3038:
2920:
1301:
1114:
895:
864:
Due to his actions, half of the Jewish population of Budapest survived and was not deported to
275:
43:
3731:
2540:
2534:
574:
4454:
4079:
4032:
3696:
3447:
2692:. Presidential Advisory Commission on Holocaust Assets in the United States. 7 October 1999.
2663:
2407:
Trading in Lives? Operations of the Jewish Relief and Rescue Committee in Budapest, 1944â1945
1957:
1466:
1465:
Kastner was assassinated in Tel Aviv in March 1957. Most of the decision was reversed by the
821:
294:
39:
1835:
1249:
4417:
4354:
3937:
3721:
3612:
3590:
3485:
3480:
3461:
1723:
1634:
700:
675:
520:
173:
106:
4283:
8:
4504:
4412:
4258:
3845:
2250:
2118:(1998) . "Rudolf HĂśss: Manager of Crime". In Gutman, Yisrael; Berenbaum, Michael (eds.).
1906:
Self-financing Genocide: The Gold Train, the Becher Case and the Wealth of Hungarian Jews
999:
310:
3640:
3630:
3884:
3879:
3386:
2889:
2003:
1956:(2011). "Hungary: The Controversial Chapter of the Holocaust". In Braham, Randolph L.;
1953:
1873:
1727:
1474:
1443:
1141:
1090:
1046:
868:
825:
708:
201:
184:
4489:
4349:
4180:
4094:
4061:
3975:
3792:
3758:
2903:
2846:
2819:
2807:
2544:
2514:
2450:
2410:
2367:
2153:
2125:
2119:
2097:
2087:
2011:
1965:
1909:
1881:
1803:
1525:
1496:
812:
808:
797:
549:
545:
541:
290:
279:
237:
110:
1605:
1259:
945:
762:
4466:
4444:
4263:
4253:
3982:
3970:
3952:
3889:
2838:
2115:
2077:
1500:
1489:
1353:
1296:
1173:
1119:
972:
693:
553:
253:
168:
was the dispossession, deportation, and systematic murder of more than half of the
3635:
3597:
2506:
1719:
1234:
1224:
1148:
715:) were found after the war showing the arrival of the Hungarian Jews at the camp.
233:
4536:
4376:
4369:
4186:
4089:
3947:
3927:
3840:
3676:
2735:"Hungary's New Holocaust Museum Isn't Open Yet, But It's Already Causing Concern"
2362:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 215, 366, note 190, citing the
1700:
1653:
1618:
1454:
1264:
1229:
1219:
712:
271:
130:
660:
then 18 on 5â9 July. Another 10 trains were sent to Auschwitz via other routes.
623:
4449:
4344:
4243:
4214:
3906:
3870:
3825:
3535:
3442:
1470:
1427:
1061:
967:
793:
578:
529:
306:
210:
169:
102:
3830:
3650:
2842:
950:
594:
4581:
4339:
4268:
4159:
4027:
3857:
3814:
3660:
3645:
2943:
2388:"Czechs Report Massacre: Claim the Nazis Killed 7,000 in Prison Gas Chambers"
2124:. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. p. 295 (pp. 288â300).
2101:
1421:
1340:
1254:
1214:
1136:
1026:
1021:
1016:
957:
900:
817:
766:
751:
608:
1944 special work ID issued by the SD to a Jewish woman in occupied Budapest.
302:
206:
16:
Extermination of Hungarian Jews at the end of WWII, between May and July 1944
2409:. Budapest and New York: Central European University Press. pp. 50â54.
2067:. Budapest: Hungarian Section of the World Jewish Congress, 1949, p. 2.
1682:
1600:
Horthy dismissed Prime Minister SztĂłjay on 29 August 1944, the same day the
1269:
671:
4551:
3701:
3686:
3681:
3655:
3608:
3540:
3502:
3252:
2893:
2442:
2145:
1880:. Vol. 1. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 771, 774â775.
1795:
1185:
1126:
1100:
1068:
858:
699:
By 9 July 1944, 434,351 Jews in 147 trains had been deported, according to
665:
582:
561:
557:
536:
244:
196:
98:
1499:, who provided the use of his ministry's printing press, Swedish diplomat
249:
4557:
4074:
3691:
3545:
1908:. Budapest and New York: Central European University Press. p. 125.
1431:
1308:
1168:
1158:
1080:
962:
935:
789:
739:
586:
293:
and another 324,000 lived in territories acquired by Hungary since 1938:
1596:
Captured Jewish women in WesselĂŠnyi Street, Budapest, 20â22 October 1944
556:, right-wing politicians known for their hostility to Jews. Their boss,
478:
432:
4546:
4381:
4154:
3932:
1564: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1509:
1395:
1244:
940:
880:
525:
376:
318:
53:
2010:. Vol. 2. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 938â990.
4386:
4192:
2530:
1705:
1458:
1408:
1056:
913:
846:
758:, and another 2,000 were sent to Mauthausen that day and on 13 June.
755:
4047:
1539:
656:
3912:
3712:
1485:
850:
217:
in order to supervise the deportation of the country's Jews to the
214:
314:
1438:
Kastner later emigrated to Israel, where he became involved with
298:
2912:
4422:
2324:
2083:
Auschwitz, 1940â1945. Central Issues in the History of the Camp
1622:
1403:
1934:
3787:
1621:
walled in the ErzsĂŠbetvĂĄros part of Budapest on 29 November.
1439:
2644:
2463:
1802:. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. p. 224.
849:
was a Swiss diplomat. He served as the Swiss Vice-Consul in
544:
was installed. Among his first moves, SztĂłjay legalized the
1964:. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 45 (29â49).
1722:'s July order halting the deportations was finally heeded,
865:
192:
2760:"House of Fates: Hungary's controversial Holocaust museum"
2705:
2703:
2622:
2620:
2511:
Dealing with Satan. RezsĂľ Kasztner's Daring Rescue Mission
2219:
1922:
2869:. Churchill Papers, Churchill Archives Centre, Cambridge.
2423:
2261:
2231:
1816:
351:
2605:
2569:
2300:
2183:
2715:
2700:
2670:
2617:
2593:
2278:
2276:
2173:
2171:
2169:
1778:
1776:
696:, head of the SS, wanted the deportations to speed up.
4305:
2581:
2475:
2360:
Auschwitz, the Allies, and Censorship of the Holocaust
2037:
2025:
1978:
2056:
2054:
2052:
1854:
2785:"IHRA Chair's Statement on House of Fates, Budapest"
2632:
2557:
2336:
2312:
2288:
2273:
2207:
2195:
2166:
1773:
2536:
The Seventh Million: The Israelis and the Holocaust
1131:
Jews for Sale?: Nazi-Jewish Negotiations, 1933â1945
765:, a doctor who later worked for the camp's doctor,
733:
Jews in Budapest being rounded up by police in 1944
2898:VĂĄgi, ZoltĂĄn; CsĹsz, LĂĄszlĂł; KĂĄdĂĄr; GĂĄbor (2013).
2049:
2008:The Politics of Genocide: The Holocaust in Hungary
1962:The Auschwitz Reports and the Holocaust in Hungary
1878:The Politics of Genocide: The Holocaust in Hungary
1504:the Arrow Cross guards with Protective Passports (
1469:in January 1958. The majority opinion, written by
1095:The Politics of Genocide: The Holocaust in Hungary
2900:The Holocaust in Hungary: Evolution of a Genocide
2886:Christianity and the Holocaust of Hungarian Jewry
2867:"Winston Churchill to Anthony Eden, 11 July 1944"
2152:. New York: Henry Holt and Company. p. 618.
2065:Hungarian Jewry Before and After the Persecutions
746:in Austria; and on 5 June 2,000 were sent to the
4579:
1495:With the assistance of Acting Interior Minister
1426:Another member of the Aid and Rescue Committee,
649:The mass transports, the first organized by the
4080:Civilians targeted during anti-partisan warfare
2487:
1899:
1897:
1752:
1604:against the Nazis began. After Prime Minister
1473:, rejected the allegation of collaboration. A
4440:Nazis and Nazi Collaborators (Punishment) Law
2928:
1376:
470:Labour service in Hungary during World War II
1894:
146:incl. over 434,000 (15 Mayâ9 July 1944)
4139:List of major perpetrators of the Holocaust
2690:"The Mystery of the Hungarian 'Gold Train'"
836:
612:
2935:
2921:
2881:. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.
2875:. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.
1659:
1383:
1369:
912:
52:
2237:
1903:
1580:Learn how and when to remove this message
2513:. New York: Jonathan Cape, pp. 274â277.
1591:
1484:
728:
670:
640:
603:
524:
2832:
2806:
2721:
2709:
2676:
2650:
2626:
2599:
2587:
2497:. Issue 49913, 20 July 1944, p. 2.
2481:
2469:
2449:. Lanham: Scarecrow Press. p. 31.
2441:
2429:
2354:
2225:
2060:
2043:
2031:
2002:
1996:
1984:
1940:
1928:
1872:
1860:
1822:
1782:
1712:
1628:
645:Jews arriving at Auschwitz from Hungary
4580:
2812:The Extermination of the European Jews
2447:Historical Dictionary of the Holocaust
1952:
1646:
1530:Government of National Unity (Hungary)
772:
317:and other areas that had been part of
4304:
4125:
3756:
3247:
3246:
2916:
2638:
2611:
2575:
2563:
2529:
2404:
2342:
2330:
2318:
2306:
2294:
2282:
2267:
2213:
2201:
2189:
2177:
2144:
2114:
2076:
1794:
3727:Reich Association of Jews in Germany
1562:adding citations to reliable sources
1533:
1074:The Destruction of the European Jews
509:
473:
427:
4532:Armenian genocide and the Holocaust
2539:. New York: Hill and Wang. p.
2257:from the original on 18 March 2013.
2121:Anatomy of the Auschwitz Death Camp
1904:Kadar, Gabor; Vagi, Zoltan (2004).
1519:
1480:
1398:, a leading member of the Budapest
617:
463:
423:
228:Diplomatic pressure and the Allied
13:
4126:
2860:
630:
259:
83:(mainly 15 May â 9 July 1944)
80:April 1944 â 13 February 1945
14:
4609:
2942:
2696:from the original on 8 June 2011.
1836:"Elmaradt lehetĹsĂŠgek 1943 ĹszĂŠn"
1415:
831:
567:
191:secretly did in the September of
4095:Polish leaders and intellectuals
3585:Concentration Camps Inspectorate
1611:Bergen-Belsen concentration camp
1538:
811:on 6 June 1944. On 15 June, the
477:
431:
29:
2879:"Deportation of Hungarian Jews"
2777:
2752:
2727:
2682:
2664:"A Swedish Rescuer in Budapest"
2656:
2523:
2500:
2435:
2398:
2380:
2366:(BBC WAC), C165, 16 June 1944.
2348:
2243:
2138:
2108:
2070:
1990:
1946:
1743:
1733:
1694:
1549:needs additional citations for
1321:History of the Jews in Slovakia
1051:Michtavim el haveray be'Mizrahi
4023:Attack on the twentieth convoy
3836:1941 pogroms in eastern Poland
2873:"German Troops Occupy Hungary"
1866:
1828:
1788:
1730:to the German Foreign Office."
1617:Spain 3,300 combined. The big
1012:History of the Jews in Hungary
875:. He was awarded the title of
284:Kingdom of Hungary (1920â1946)
266:History of the Jews in Hungary
252:to increase the production of
1:
2150:Auschwitz Chronicle 1939â1945
1767:
886:
857:, from 1942 until the end of
748:Buchenwald concentration camp
744:Mauthausen concentration camp
4593:Auschwitz concentration camp
4360:Jewish war conspiracy theory
3551:Extermination through labour
2835:A Companion to the Holocaust
1331:Joint Distribution Committee
995:Auschwitz concentration camp
841:
718:
637:Auschwitz concentration camp
219:Auschwitz concentration camp
174:German occupation of Hungary
121:Auschwitz concentration camp
7:
4542:Righteous Among the Nations
3757:
3228:Righteous Among the Nations
2364:BBC Written Archives Centre
1671:
1514:Righteous Among the Nations
877:Righteous Among the Nations
788:by two Auschwitz escapees,
705:Hungarian Royal Gendarmerie
680:Hungarian Royal Gendarmerie
514:
10:
4614:
4279:Ukrainian Auxiliary Police
4249:Lithuanian Security Police
4168:Reich Security Main Office
3135:Evidence and documentation
2902:. Lanham: AltaMira Press.
2816:Cambridge University Press
2394:. 20 June 1944. p. 5.
2333:, pp. 628â630, 640ff.
1678:Jewish councils in Hungary
1641:Seventh United States Army
1632:
1523:
1419:
776:
725:Nazi human experimentation
722:
634:
518:
467:
269:
263:
4495:Books and other resources
4482:
4398:
4327:
4323:
4300:
4234:
4206:
4147:
4134:
4121:
4060:
4008:
3961:
3898:
3868:
3806:
3778:
3769:
3765:
3752:
3710:
3669:
3621:
3607:
3569:
3528:
3428:
3385:
3263:
3259:
3242:
3158:
3127:
3027:Bulgarian-occupied Greece
2954:
2950:
2884:Herczl, Moshe Y. (1993).
2843:10.1002/9781118970492.ch7
1453:In June 1955, the judge,
652:Reichssicherheitshauptamt
153:
136:
126:
116:
90:
73:
63:
51:
28:
23:
4598:The Holocaust by country
4588:The Holocaust in Hungary
4085:People with disabilities
4018:Aid and Rescue Committee
2405:Szita, Szabolcs (2005).
1943:, pp. 960â961, 967.
1800:Rethinking the Holocaust
1688:
1602:Slovak National Uprising
1400:Aid and Rescue Committee
1292:Bratislava Working Group
1208:Kastner train passengers
1053:, weekly pamphlet, 1952)
931:Aid and Rescue Committee
837:Aid and Rescue Committee
786:Slovakian Jewish Council
613:Deportation to Auschwitz
560:, was another committed
182:Hungarian Prime Minister
166:The Holocaust in Hungary
158:Shoes on the Danube Bank
143:564,000 dead (1941â1945)
24:The Holocaust in Hungary
4226:Order Police battalions
2888:. New York: NYU Press.
2493:"A Monstrous 'Offer'".
1999:, pp. xxxivâxliii
1660:Holocaust commemoration
824:, on 26 June, and King
4075:Soviet urban residents
3166:International response
3140:Contemporary knowledge
1958:Vanden Heuvel, William
1597:
1492:
1302:Michael Dov Weissmandl
820:on 25 June, President
734:
689:
682:
646:
609:
532:
276:Hungary in World War I
172:, primarily after the
44:German-occupied Poland
4522:Memorials and museums
4460:Reparations Agreement
4455:Holocaust restitution
4033:Le Chambon-sur-Lignon
3556:Human experimentation
3395:Auschwitz II-Birkenau
2653:, pp. 975, 1292.
2472:, pp. 1259â1261.
2251:"The Auschwitz Album"
2238:Kadar & Vagi 2004
2063:, p. 88, citing
1595:
1524:Further information:
1488:
1467:Israeli Supreme Court
822:Franklin D. Roosevelt
777:Further information:
732:
684:
674:
644:
635:Further information:
607:
528:
519:Further information:
295:Northern Transylvania
264:Further information:
40:Auschwitz II-Birkenau
3722:Jewish Ghetto Police
3591:Politische Abteilung
3486:Risiera di San Sabba
3347:Natzweiler-Struthof
2270:, pp. 630, 636.
1931:, pp. 114, 368.
1635:Hungarian gold train
1629:Hungarian gold train
1558:improve this article
896:a series of articles
754:, a labour camp for
601:("Operation HĂśss").
521:Operation Margarethe
291:post-Trianon Hungary
4500:Days of remembrance
4413:Holocaust survivors
4408:Depopulated shtetls
4259:Rollkommando Hamann
4105:Jehovah's Witnesses
3923:Kamianets-Podilskyi
2985:Bohemia and Moravia
2614:, pp. 282â283.
2578:, pp. 257â258.
2309:, pp. 642â643.
2228:, pp. 774â775.
2192:, pp. 633â634.
2004:Braham, Randolph L.
1954:Braham, Randolph L.
1874:Braham, Randolph L.
1825:, pp. 429â430.
1647:Number of survivors
1448:VrbaâWetzler report
1005:VrbaâWetzler report
1000:Auschwitz Protocols
869:extermination camps
807:The Western Allies
779:VrbaâWetzler report
773:VrbaâWetzler report
575:ObersturmbannfĂźhrer
311:Carpathian Ruthenia
301:(164,000), part of
250:a last-ditch effort
230:bombing of Budapest
4483:History and memory
4387:Forced euthanasia
4335:Nazi racial policy
4038:Danish underground
3885:Operation Reinhard
3880:Wannsee Conference
2837:. Wiley: 135â151.
2808:Gerlach, Christian
1598:
1516:in November 1963.
1512:recognized him as
1493:
1475:dissenting opinion
1444:Malchiel Gruenwald
1142:Arrows in the Dark
1091:Randolph L. Braham
1047:Malchiel Gruenwald
826:Gustaf V of Sweden
809:landed in Normandy
735:
709:Edmund Veesenmayer
683:
647:
610:
535:On 18 March 1944,
533:
489:. You can help by
443:. You can help by
95:Kingdom of Hungary
4575:
4574:
4571:
4570:
4567:
4566:
4418:Sh'erit ha-Pletah
4365:Jewish emigration
4355:Hitler's prophecy
4350:Haavara Agreement
4296:
4295:
4292:
4291:
4284:Ypatingasis bĹŤrys
4181:Sicherheitsdienst
4117:
4116:
4113:
4112:
4056:
4055:
3976:Bielski partisans
3748:
3747:
3744:
3743:
3740:
3739:
3579:Totenkopfverbände
3238:
3237:
2908:978-0-7591-2198-0
2852:978-1-118-97052-2
2825:978-0-521-70689-6
2519:978-0-224-07792-7
2456:978-0-8108-6774-1
2432:, p. 1254ff.
2373:978-1-107-06279-5
2116:Lasik, Aleksander
2078:Lasik, Aleksander
1718:"By July 9, when
1590:
1589:
1582:
1526:Arrow Cross Party
1393:
1392:
1250:Reuven Schmeltzer
1109:The Kastner Trial
813:Mayor of Budapest
798:BBC World Service
546:Arrow Cross Party
510:German occupation
507:
506:
461:
460:
421:
420:
280:Treaty of Trianon
238:Regent of Hungary
213:, who arrived in
205:which was led by
163:
162:
111:Arrow Cross Party
4605:
4467:Holocaust denial
4445:Nuremberg trials
4435:Postwar violence
4390:
4325:
4324:
4302:
4301:
4264:Special Brigades
4254:Nederlandsche SS
4221:Police Regiments
4145:
4144:
4123:
4122:
3983:Ghetto uprisings
3971:Jewish partisans
3918:Harvest Festival
3890:Holocaust trains
3776:
3775:
3767:
3766:
3754:
3753:
3619:
3618:
3515:
3493:
3475:
3456:
3438:
3261:
3260:
3244:
3243:
2952:
2951:
2937:
2930:
2923:
2914:
2913:
2856:
2829:
2800:
2799:
2797:
2795:
2781:
2775:
2774:
2772:
2770:
2756:
2750:
2749:
2747:
2745:
2731:
2725:
2719:
2713:
2707:
2698:
2697:
2686:
2680:
2674:
2668:
2667:
2660:
2654:
2648:
2642:
2636:
2630:
2624:
2615:
2609:
2603:
2597:
2591:
2585:
2579:
2573:
2567:
2561:
2555:
2554:
2527:
2521:
2504:
2498:
2491:
2485:
2479:
2473:
2467:
2461:
2460:
2443:Fischel, Jack R.
2439:
2433:
2427:
2421:
2420:
2402:
2396:
2395:
2384:
2378:
2377:
2356:Fleming, Michael
2352:
2346:
2340:
2334:
2328:
2322:
2316:
2310:
2304:
2298:
2292:
2286:
2280:
2271:
2265:
2259:
2258:
2247:
2241:
2235:
2229:
2223:
2217:
2211:
2205:
2199:
2193:
2187:
2181:
2175:
2164:
2163:
2142:
2136:
2135:
2112:
2106:
2105:
2074:
2068:
2058:
2047:
2041:
2035:
2029:
2023:
2021:
1994:
1988:
1982:
1976:
1975:
1950:
1944:
1938:
1932:
1926:
1920:
1919:
1901:
1892:
1891:
1870:
1864:
1858:
1852:
1851:
1849:
1847:
1832:
1826:
1820:
1814:
1813:
1792:
1786:
1780:
1762:
1756:
1750:
1747:
1741:
1737:
1731:
1716:
1710:
1698:
1585:
1578:
1574:
1571:
1565:
1542:
1534:
1520:Arrow Cross rule
1501:Raoul Wallenberg
1490:Raoul Wallenberg
1481:Raoul Wallenberg
1385:
1378:
1371:
1354:Dieter Wisliceny
1348:
1317:
1297:Gisi Fleischmann
1194:Kasztnerâs Crime
1174:Killing Kasztner
1163:Kasztner's Train
1085:I Cannot Forgive
973:Heinrich Himmler
916:
891:
890:
694:Heinrich Himmler
618:First transports
502:
499:
481:
474:
464:Labor battalions
456:
453:
435:
428:
424:Anti-Jewish laws
324:
323:
254:fighter aircraft
56:
33:
21:
20:
4613:
4612:
4608:
4607:
4606:
4604:
4603:
4602:
4578:
4577:
4576:
4563:
4478:
4394:
4388:
4377:Madagascar Plan
4370:Kindertransport
4319:
4318:
4288:
4230:
4202:
4187:Ordnungspolizei
4143:
4130:
4109:
4052:
4004:
3957:
3928:Maly Trostenets
3899:Mass executions
3894:
3864:
3802:
3761:
3736:
3706:
3665:
3603:
3565:
3524:
3513:
3491:
3473:
3454:
3436:
3424:
3381:
3255:
3234:
3154:
3145:Hidden children
3123:
2981:Czechoslovakia
2946:
2941:
2863:
2861:Further reading
2853:
2826:
2803:
2793:
2791:
2783:
2782:
2778:
2768:
2766:
2758:
2757:
2753:
2743:
2741:
2733:
2732:
2728:
2724:, p. 1509.
2720:
2716:
2712:, p. 1507.
2708:
2701:
2688:
2687:
2683:
2679:, p. 1505.
2675:
2671:
2662:
2661:
2657:
2649:
2645:
2637:
2633:
2629:, p. 1291.
2625:
2618:
2610:
2606:
2602:, p. 1290.
2598:
2594:
2586:
2582:
2574:
2570:
2562:
2558:
2551:
2528:
2524:
2505:
2501:
2492:
2488:
2480:
2476:
2468:
2464:
2457:
2440:
2436:
2428:
2424:
2417:
2403:
2399:
2386:
2385:
2381:
2374:
2353:
2349:
2341:
2337:
2329:
2325:
2317:
2313:
2305:
2301:
2293:
2289:
2281:
2274:
2266:
2262:
2249:
2248:
2244:
2240:, p. xxvi.
2236:
2232:
2224:
2220:
2212:
2208:
2200:
2196:
2188:
2184:
2176:
2167:
2160:
2143:
2139:
2132:
2113:
2109:
2094:
2075:
2071:
2059:
2050:
2042:
2038:
2030:
2026:
2018:
1995:
1991:
1983:
1979:
1972:
1951:
1947:
1939:
1935:
1927:
1923:
1916:
1902:
1895:
1888:
1871:
1867:
1859:
1855:
1845:
1843:
1834:
1833:
1829:
1821:
1817:
1810:
1793:
1789:
1781:
1774:
1770:
1765:
1757:
1753:
1748:
1744:
1738:
1734:
1717:
1713:
1701:Randolph Braham
1699:
1695:
1691:
1674:
1662:
1654:Randolph Braham
1649:
1637:
1631:
1619:Budapest ghetto
1586:
1575:
1569:
1566:
1555:
1543:
1532:
1522:
1483:
1455:Benjamin Halevi
1424:
1418:
1389:
1360:
1359:
1358:
1338:
1311:
1286:
1278:
1277:
1276:
1265:Joel Teitelbaum
1230:Esther Jungreis
1220:Avraham Deutsch
1209:
1201:
1200:
1199:
1192:Paul Bogdanor (
1181:Jeremy Davidson
1041:
1033:
1032:
1031:
989:
981:
980:
979:
924:
907:Blood for goods
899:
889:
844:
839:
834:
781:
775:
727:
721:
713:Auschwitz Album
707:. According to
701:LĂĄszlĂł Ferenczy
676:LĂĄszlĂł Ferenczy
639:
633:
631:Mass transports
620:
615:
570:
523:
517:
512:
503:
497:
494:
487:needs expansion
472:
466:
457:
451:
448:
441:needs expansion
426:
339:
286:
272:Austria-Hungary
268:
262:
260:Jews in Hungary
223:occupied Poland
176:in March 1944.
149:
131:Budapest ghetto
107:LĂĄszlĂł Ferenczy
86:
59:
47:
46:, May/June 1944
17:
12:
11:
5:
4611:
4601:
4600:
4595:
4590:
4573:
4572:
4569:
4568:
4565:
4564:
4562:
4561:
4554:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4513:
4512:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4486:
4484:
4480:
4479:
4477:
4476:
4475:
4474:
4472:trivialization
4464:
4463:
4462:
4452:
4450:Eichmann trial
4447:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4431:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4410:
4404:
4402:
4396:
4395:
4393:
4392:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4373:
4372:
4362:
4357:
4352:
4347:
4345:Nuremberg Laws
4342:
4337:
4331:
4329:
4328:Early elements
4321:
4320:
4317:
4316:
4313:
4310:
4309:Early elements
4306:
4298:
4297:
4294:
4293:
4290:
4289:
4287:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4244:Arajs Kommando
4240:
4238:
4232:
4231:
4229:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4215:Einsatzgruppen
4210:
4208:
4204:
4203:
4201:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4184:
4178:
4177:
4176:
4165:
4157:
4151:
4149:
4142:
4141:
4135:
4132:
4131:
4128:Responsibility
4119:
4118:
4115:
4114:
4111:
4110:
4108:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4066:
4064:
4058:
4057:
4054:
4053:
4051:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4014:
4012:
4006:
4005:
4003:
4002:
4001:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3980:
3979:
3978:
3967:
3965:
3959:
3958:
3956:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3907:Einsatzgruppen
3902:
3900:
3896:
3895:
3893:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3876:
3874:
3871:Final Solution
3866:
3865:
3863:
3862:
3861:
3860:
3850:
3849:
3848:
3843:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3810:
3808:
3804:
3803:
3801:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3784:
3782:
3773:
3763:
3762:
3750:
3749:
3746:
3745:
3742:
3741:
3738:
3737:
3735:
3734:
3732:ĂstredĹa Ĺ˝idov
3729:
3724:
3718:
3716:
3708:
3707:
3705:
3704:
3699:
3697:Theresienstadt
3694:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3673:
3671:
3667:
3666:
3664:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3627:
3625:
3616:
3605:
3604:
3602:
3601:
3594:
3587:
3582:
3573:
3571:
3567:
3566:
3564:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3536:Einsatzgruppen
3532:
3530:
3526:
3525:
3523:
3522:
3517:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3432:
3430:
3426:
3425:
3423:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3391:
3389:
3383:
3382:
3380:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3342:Mittelbau-Dora
3339:
3330:
3325:
3323:KrakĂłw-PĹaszĂłw
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3269:
3267:
3257:
3256:
3240:
3239:
3236:
3235:
3233:
3232:
3231:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3213:Rescue of Jews
3210:
3209:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3162:
3160:
3156:
3155:
3153:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3131:
3129:
3125:
3124:
3122:
3121:
3120:
3119:
3114:
3106:
3105:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3048:
3047:
3036:
3031:
3030:
3029:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2998:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2958:
2956:
2948:
2947:
2940:
2939:
2932:
2925:
2917:
2911:
2910:
2896:
2882:
2876:
2870:
2862:
2859:
2858:
2857:
2851:
2830:
2824:
2802:
2801:
2776:
2751:
2726:
2714:
2699:
2681:
2669:
2655:
2643:
2641:, p. 308.
2631:
2616:
2604:
2592:
2590:, p. 975.
2580:
2568:
2566:, p. 255.
2556:
2550:978-0809085637
2549:
2522:
2507:LĂśb, Ladislaus
2499:
2486:
2484:, p. 236.
2474:
2462:
2455:
2434:
2422:
2415:
2397:
2392:New York Times
2379:
2372:
2347:
2345:, p. 157.
2335:
2323:
2321:, p. 628.
2311:
2299:
2297:, p. 641.
2287:
2285:, p. 636.
2272:
2260:
2253:. Yad Vashem.
2242:
2230:
2218:
2216:, p. 666.
2206:
2204:, p. 640.
2194:
2182:
2180:, p. 627.
2165:
2158:
2137:
2130:
2107:
2093:978-8385047872
2092:
2069:
2048:
2046:, p. 142.
2036:
2034:, p. 114.
2024:
2017:978-0880337113
2016:
1989:
1987:, p. 103.
1977:
1971:978-0880336888
1970:
1945:
1933:
1921:
1914:
1893:
1887:978-0880337113
1886:
1865:
1863:, p. 434.
1853:
1842:(in Hungarian)
1827:
1815:
1808:
1787:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1763:
1751:
1742:
1732:
1711:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1686:
1685:
1680:
1673:
1670:
1661:
1658:
1648:
1645:
1633:Main article:
1630:
1627:
1606:Ferenc SzĂĄlasi
1588:
1587:
1546:
1544:
1537:
1521:
1518:
1482:
1479:
1471:Shimon Agranat
1428:Rudolf Kastner
1420:Main article:
1417:
1416:Rudolf Kastner
1414:
1391:
1390:
1388:
1387:
1380:
1373:
1365:
1362:
1361:
1357:
1356:
1351:
1350:
1349:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1306:
1305:
1304:
1299:
1288:
1287:
1284:
1283:
1280:
1279:
1275:
1274:
1273:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1260:LĂŠopold Szondi
1257:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1211:
1210:
1207:
1206:
1203:
1202:
1198:
1197:
1190:
1178:
1166:
1156:
1153:RezsĹ Kasztner
1146:
1134:
1124:
1112:
1098:
1088:
1078:
1066:
1054:
1043:
1042:
1039:
1038:
1035:
1034:
1030:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1008:
1007:
997:
991:
990:
987:
986:
983:
982:
978:
977:
976:
975:
970:
968:Adolf Eichmann
965:
955:
954:
953:
948:
946:RezsĹ Kasztner
943:
938:
926:
925:
922:
921:
918:
917:
909:
908:
904:
903:
888:
885:
843:
840:
838:
835:
833:
832:Rescue efforts
830:
802:New York Times
794:Alfred Wetzler
774:
771:
763:MiklĂłs Nyiszli
723:Main article:
720:
717:
632:
629:
619:
616:
614:
611:
579:Adolf Eichmann
569:
568:Adolf Eichmann
566:
530:Adolf Eichmann
516:
513:
511:
508:
505:
504:
484:
482:
468:Main article:
465:
462:
459:
458:
438:
436:
425:
422:
419:
418:
416:
413:
410:
407:
404:
401:
397:
396:
394:
391:
388:
385:
382:
379:
372:
371:
369:
366:
363:
360:
357:
354:
348:
347:
344:
341:
336:
333:
330:
327:
313:(78,000), and
307:Czechoslovakia
261:
258:
211:Adolf Eichmann
202:Sonderkommando
170:Hungarian Jews
161:
160:
155:
151:
150:
148:
147:
144:
140:
138:
134:
133:
128:
124:
123:
118:
114:
113:
103:Adolf Eichmann
92:
88:
87:
85:
84:
81:
77:
75:
71:
70:
65:
61:
60:
58:Europe in 1942
57:
49:
48:
36:Hungarian Jews
34:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4610:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4585:
4583:
4559:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4511:
4508:
4507:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4487:
4485:
4481:
4473:
4470:
4469:
4468:
4465:
4461:
4458:
4457:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4415:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4405:
4403:
4401:
4397:
4391:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4371:
4368:
4367:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4340:Nazi eugenics
4338:
4336:
4333:
4332:
4330:
4326:
4322:
4314:
4311:
4308:
4307:
4303:
4299:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4269:Topf and Sons
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4241:
4239:
4237:
4236:Collaborators
4233:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4216:
4212:
4211:
4209:
4205:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4188:
4185:
4182:
4179:
4175:
4174:Referat IV B4
4172:
4171:
4170: (RSHA)
4169:
4166:
4164:
4162:
4161:Schutzstaffel
4158:
4156:
4153:
4152:
4150:
4148:Organizations
4146:
4140:
4137:
4136:
4133:
4129:
4124:
4120:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4090:Romani people
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4067:
4065:
4063:
4059:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4043:Working Group
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4028:Kastner train
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4015:
4013:
4011:
4007:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3985:
3984:
3981:
3977:
3974:
3973:
3972:
3969:
3968:
3966:
3964:
3960:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3908:
3904:
3903:
3901:
3897:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3867:
3859:
3856:
3855:
3854:
3851:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3838:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3816:
3815:Kristallnacht
3812:
3811:
3809:
3805:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3785:
3783:
3781:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3768:
3764:
3760:
3755:
3751:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3719:
3717:
3715:
3714:
3709:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3674:
3672:
3668:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3628:
3626:
3624:
3620:
3617:
3614:
3610:
3606:
3600:
3599:
3598:Sanitätswesen
3595:
3593:
3592:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3580:
3575:
3574:
3572:
3568:
3562:
3561:Death marches
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3533:
3531:
3527:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3476:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3457:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3434:
3433:
3431:
3427:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3392:
3390:
3388:
3387:Extermination
3384:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3362:Sachsenhausen
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3303:Herzogenbusch
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3278:Bergen-Belsen
3276:
3274:
3271:
3270:
3268:
3266:
3265:Concentration
3262:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3245:
3241:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3215:
3214:
3211:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3201:United States
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3168:
3167:
3164:
3163:
3161:
3157:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3132:
3130:
3126:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3109:
3107:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3089:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3046:
3043:
3042:
3041:and colonies
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3028:
3025:
3024:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2982:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2959:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2944:The Holocaust
2938:
2933:
2931:
2926:
2924:
2919:
2918:
2915:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2880:
2877:
2874:
2871:
2868:
2865:
2864:
2854:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2831:
2827:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2804:
2790:
2786:
2780:
2765:
2761:
2755:
2740:
2736:
2730:
2723:
2718:
2711:
2706:
2704:
2695:
2691:
2685:
2678:
2673:
2666:. Yad Vashem.
2665:
2659:
2652:
2647:
2640:
2635:
2628:
2623:
2621:
2613:
2608:
2601:
2596:
2589:
2584:
2577:
2572:
2565:
2560:
2552:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2537:
2532:
2526:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2503:
2496:
2490:
2483:
2478:
2471:
2466:
2458:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2438:
2431:
2426:
2418:
2416:963-7326-30-8
2412:
2408:
2401:
2393:
2389:
2383:
2375:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2351:
2344:
2339:
2332:
2327:
2320:
2315:
2308:
2303:
2296:
2291:
2284:
2279:
2277:
2269:
2264:
2256:
2252:
2246:
2239:
2234:
2227:
2222:
2215:
2210:
2203:
2198:
2191:
2186:
2179:
2174:
2172:
2170:
2161:
2159:0-8050-0938-8
2155:
2151:
2147:
2146:Czech, Danuta
2141:
2133:
2131:0-253-20884-X
2127:
2123:
2122:
2117:
2111:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2089:
2085:
2084:
2079:
2073:
2066:
2062:
2057:
2055:
2053:
2045:
2040:
2033:
2028:
2022:
2019:
2013:
2009:
2005:
1998:
1993:
1986:
1981:
1973:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1949:
1942:
1937:
1930:
1925:
1917:
1915:963-9241-53-9
1911:
1907:
1900:
1898:
1889:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1869:
1862:
1857:
1841:
1837:
1831:
1824:
1819:
1811:
1809:0-300-09300-4
1805:
1801:
1797:
1796:Bauer, Yehuda
1791:
1785:, p. 88.
1784:
1779:
1777:
1772:
1760:
1755:
1746:
1736:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1715:
1708:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1693:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1675:
1669:
1665:
1657:
1655:
1644:
1642:
1636:
1626:
1624:
1620:
1614:
1613:in Germany).
1612:
1607:
1603:
1594:
1584:
1581:
1573:
1570:February 2021
1563:
1559:
1553:
1552:
1547:This section
1545:
1541:
1536:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1517:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1502:
1498:
1491:
1487:
1478:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1463:
1460:
1456:
1451:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1436:
1433:
1429:
1423:
1422:Kastner train
1413:
1411:
1410:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1386:
1381:
1379:
1374:
1372:
1367:
1366:
1364:
1363:
1355:
1352:
1346:
1342:
1337:
1334:
1333:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1326:Jewish Agency
1324:
1322:
1319:
1315:
1310:
1307:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1294:
1293:
1290:
1289:
1282:
1281:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1255:Yonasan Steif
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1235:Ladislaus LĂśb
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1225:DezsĹ Ernster
1223:
1221:
1218:
1217:
1216:
1215:Kastner train
1213:
1212:
1205:
1204:
1195:
1191:
1188:
1187:
1182:
1179:
1176:
1175:
1170:
1167:
1164:
1160:
1157:
1154:
1150:
1149:Ladislaus LĂśb
1147:
1144:
1143:
1138:
1137:Tuvia Friling
1135:
1132:
1128:
1125:
1122:
1121:
1116:
1113:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1092:
1089:
1086:
1082:
1079:
1076:
1075:
1070:
1067:
1064:
1063:
1058:
1055:
1052:
1048:
1045:
1044:
1037:
1036:
1028:
1027:Kastner trial
1025:
1023:
1022:Kastner train
1020:
1018:
1017:The Holocaust
1015:
1013:
1010:
1006:
1003:
1002:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
992:
985:
984:
974:
971:
969:
966:
964:
961:
960:
959:
956:
952:
949:
947:
944:
942:
939:
937:
934:
933:
932:
928:
927:
920:
919:
915:
911:
910:
906:
905:
902:
901:the Holocaust
897:
893:
892:
884:
882:
878:
874:
873:the Holocaust
870:
867:
862:
860:
856:
852:
848:
829:
827:
823:
819:
818:Pope Pius XII
814:
810:
805:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
780:
770:
768:
767:Josef Mengele
764:
759:
757:
753:
752:Auschwitz III
749:
745:
741:
731:
726:
716:
714:
710:
706:
702:
697:
695:
688:
681:
677:
673:
669:
667:
661:
658:
654:
653:
643:
638:
628:
625:
606:
602:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
577:
576:
565:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
538:
531:
527:
522:
501:
492:
488:
485:This section
483:
480:
476:
475:
471:
455:
446:
442:
439:This section
437:
434:
430:
429:
417:
414:
411:
408:
405:
402:
399:
398:
395:
392:
389:
386:
383:
380:
378:
374:
373:
370:
367:
364:
361:
358:
355:
353:
350:
349:
345:
342:
337:
334:
331:
328:
326:
325:
322:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
303:Upper Hungary
300:
296:
292:
285:
281:
277:
273:
267:
257:
255:
251:
246:
241:
239:
235:
234:MiklĂłs Horthy
231:
226:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
203:
198:
194:
190:
189:LĂĄszlĂł Veress
186:
185:MiklĂłs KĂĄllay
183:
177:
175:
171:
167:
159:
156:
152:
145:
142:
141:
139:
135:
132:
129:
125:
122:
119:
115:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
93:
89:
82:
79:
78:
76:
72:
69:
66:
62:
55:
50:
45:
41:
37:
32:
27:
22:
19:
4552:Yizkor books
4213:
4160:
3905:
3853:in Lithuania
3813:
3711:
3596:
3589:
3578:
3512:
3490:
3471:
3452:
3435:
3218:by Catholics
3087:Soviet Union
3033:
2955:By territory
2899:
2894:j.ctt9qg6vj
2885:
2834:
2811:
2792:. Retrieved
2788:
2779:
2767:. Retrieved
2763:
2754:
2742:. Retrieved
2738:
2729:
2722:Braham 2016b
2717:
2710:Braham 2016b
2684:
2677:Braham 2016b
2672:
2658:
2651:Braham 2016b
2646:
2634:
2627:Braham 2016b
2607:
2600:Braham 2016b
2595:
2588:Braham 2016b
2583:
2571:
2559:
2535:
2525:
2510:
2502:
2494:
2489:
2482:Fleming 2014
2477:
2470:Braham 2016b
2465:
2446:
2437:
2430:Braham 2016b
2425:
2406:
2400:
2391:
2382:
2359:
2350:
2338:
2326:
2314:
2302:
2290:
2263:
2245:
2233:
2226:Braham 2016a
2221:
2209:
2197:
2185:
2149:
2140:
2120:
2110:
2082:
2072:
2064:
2061:Braham 2016a
2044:Spoerer 2020
2039:
2032:Gerlach 2016
2027:
2007:
2000:
1997:Braham 2016a
1992:
1985:Gerlach 2016
1980:
1961:
1948:
1941:Braham 2016b
1936:
1929:Gerlach 2016
1924:
1905:
1877:
1868:
1861:Braham 2016a
1856:
1844:. Retrieved
1839:
1830:
1823:Braham 2016a
1818:
1799:
1790:
1783:Braham 2016a
1758:
1754:
1745:
1735:
1714:
1704:
1696:
1666:
1663:
1650:
1638:
1615:
1599:
1576:
1567:
1556:Please help
1551:verification
1548:
1505:
1497:BĂŠla HorvĂĄth
1494:
1464:
1452:
1437:
1425:
1407:
1394:
1193:
1186:Tickling Leo
1184:
1172:
1162:
1152:
1140:
1130:
1127:Yehuda Bauer
1118:
1108:
1104:
1101:Motti Lerner
1094:
1084:
1072:
1069:Raul Hilberg
1060:
1050:
863:
859:World War II
845:
806:
804:on 20 June.
801:
782:
760:
736:
698:
690:
685:
666:Danuta Czech
662:
650:
648:
621:
598:
590:
572:
571:
558:Andor Jaross
550:LĂĄszlĂł Endre
542:DĂśme SztĂłjay
537:Adolf Hitler
534:
495:
491:adding to it
486:
449:
445:adding to it
440:
287:
245:World War II
242:
227:
200:
197:Adolf Hitler
178:
165:
164:
99:Nazi Germany
91:Perpetrators
38:arriving at
18:
4558:Never again
4389:(Action T4)
4315:Remembrance
4100:Homosexuals
4070:Soviet POWs
3998:CzÄstochowa
3546:Gas chamber
3357:RavensbrĂźck
3298:Gross-Rosen
3293:FlossenbĂźrg
3176:Philippines
3108:Yugoslavia
3067:Netherlands
2995:Sudetenland
2769:14 December
2764:www.cnn.com
2744:14 December
1728:Veesenmayer
1432:Kurt Becher
1339: [
1312: [
1309:Europa Plan
1169:Gaylen Ross
1159:Anna Porter
1081:Rudolf Vrba
963:Kurt Becher
951:OttĂł Komoly
936:Hansi Brand
923:Key figures
790:Rudolf Vrba
761:On 29 May,
740:Auschwitz I
599:Aktion HĂśss
595:Rudolf HĂśss
587:gendarmerie
583:Yellow Star
554:LĂĄszlĂł Baky
340:territories
309:(146,000),
4582:Categories
4547:Yad Vashem
4527:Uniqueness
4382:Nisko Plan
4155:Nazi Party
3963:Resistance
3933:Ninth Fort
3798:Vel' d'Hiv
3570:Nazi units
3508:Westerbork
3498:Amersfoort
3352:Neuengamme
3333:Mauthausen
3313:Kaiserwald
3283:Buchenwald
3062:Luxembourg
2639:Segev 1993
2612:Segev 1993
2576:Segev 1993
2564:Segev 1993
2531:Segev, Tom
2343:Bauer 2002
2331:Czech 1990
2319:Czech 1990
2307:Czech 1990
2295:Czech 1990
2283:Czech 1990
2268:Czech 1990
2214:Czech 1990
2202:Czech 1990
2190:Czech 1990
2178:Czech 1990
1768:References
1683:AndrĂĄs Kun
1510:Yad Vashem
1506:Schutzpass
1396:Joel Brand
1336:Saly Mayer
1270:BĂŠla Zsolt
1245:Peter Munk
1240:Egon Mayer
941:Joel Brand
887:Joel Brand
881:Yad Vashem
591:csendĹrsĂŠg
562:antisemite
377:Christians
321:(14,000).
319:Yugoslavia
270:See also:
232:persuaded
4505:Education
4400:Aftermath
4312:Aftermath
4274:Trawnikis
4198:Wehrmacht
4193:Waffen-SS
3993:BiaĹystok
3821:Bucharest
3793:Marseille
3670:Elsewhere
3631:BiaĹystok
3443:Breendonk
3420:Treblinka
3273:Auschwitz
3057:Lithuania
2495:The Times
2102:874340863
2006:(2016b).
2001:Also see
1876:(2016a).
1759:The Times
1740:437,402."
1706:judenrein
1459:Tom Segev
1409:The Times
1120:Perdition
1115:Jim Allen
1057:Ben Hecht
929:Budapest
847:Carl Lutz
842:Carl Lutz
756:IG Farben
719:Selection
332:Provinces
154:Memorials
4490:Academia
3943:PiaĹnica
3913:Babi Yar
3841:Jedwabne
3780:Roundups
3713:Judenrat
3677:Budapest
3448:Mechelen
3410:Majdanek
3367:Stutthof
3328:Majdanek
3223:by Poles
3181:Portugal
3159:Response
3150:Timeline
3128:Overview
2990:Slovakia
2977:Bulgaria
2810:(2016).
2694:Archived
2533:(1993).
2509:(2008).
2445:(2010).
2358:(2014).
2255:Archived
2148:(1990).
1960:(eds.).
1798:(2002).
1724:Ferenczy
1672:See also
1107:, 1985;
894:Part of
851:Budapest
515:Invasion
498:May 2023
452:May 2023
338:Acquired
329:Budapest
215:Budapest
209:officer
64:Location
4517:Lessons
3953:Rumbula
3826:Dorohoi
3807:Pogroms
3759:Victims
3609:Ghettos
3541:Gas van
3529:Methods
3503:Schoorl
3481:Bolzano
3429:Transit
3415:Sobibor
3405:CheĹmno
3372:Vaivara
3308:Hinzert
3253:ghettos
3206:Vatican
3112:Croatia
3102:Ukraine
3092:Belarus
3082:Romania
3034:Hungary
3017:Germany
3007:Estonia
3002:Denmark
2972:Belgium
2967:Austria
2962:Albania
2739:NPR.org
1846:10 June
1840:Rubicon
1285:Related
1196:, 2016)
1189:, 2009)
1177:, 2008)
1165:, 2008)
1155:, 2008)
1145:, 1998)
1133:, 1994)
1123:, 1987)
1111:, 1994)
1105:Kastner
1097:, 1981)
1087:, 1963)
1077:, 1961)
1065:, 1961)
1062:Perfidy
1040:Writers
871:during
855:Hungary
742:to the
703:of the
624:Topolya
415:825,007
412:334,386
409:490,621
406:243,818
403:246,803
393:100,000
375:Jewish
368:725,007
365:324,026
362:400,981
359:216,528
356:184,453
346:Source
299:Romania
137:Victims
68:Hungary
4423:Bricha
4189:(Orpo)
4062:Others
4048:Ĺťegota
4010:Rescue
3988:Warsaw
3948:Ponary
3858:Kaunas
3661:Warsaw
3646:Lublin
3636:KrakĂłw
3623:Poland
3467:Drancy
3400:Belzec
3377:Warsaw
3288:Dachau
3196:Turkey
3191:Sweden
3117:Serbia
3097:Russia
3077:Poland
3072:Norway
3052:Latvia
3022:Greece
3012:France
2906:
2892:
2849:
2822:
2794:2 July
2547:
2517:
2453:
2413:
2370:
2156:
2128:
2100:
2090:
2014:
1968:
1912:
1884:
1806:
1720:Horthy
1623:Nyilas
1404:Turkey
988:Issues
390:10,360
387:89,640
384:27,290
381:62,350
315:BĂĄcska
282:, and
236:, the
127:Ghetto
4537:Humor
4510:Films
4207:Units
3938:Odesa
3788:Izieu
3702:Vilna
3687:Minsk
3682:Kovno
3656:Radom
3520:SereÄ
3337:Gusen
3318:Kauen
3249:Camps
3186:Spain
3171:Japan
3045:Libya
3039:Italy
2890:JSTOR
1689:Notes
1440:Mapai
1347:]
1316:]
657:Kassa
400:Total
343:Total
335:Total
305:from
297:from
4428:List
4183:(SD)
4163:(SS)
3846:Lviv
3831:IaČi
3771:Jews
3692:Riga
3651:LwĂłw
3641:ĹĂłdĹş
3613:list
3462:Gurs
3335:and
3251:and
2904:ISBN
2847:ISBN
2820:ISBN
2796:2024
2789:IHRA
2771:2022
2746:2022
2545:ISBN
2515:ISBN
2451:ISBN
2411:ISBN
2368:ISBN
2154:ISBN
2126:ISBN
2098:OCLC
2088:ISBN
2012:ISBN
1966:ISBN
1910:ISBN
1882:ISBN
1848:2024
1804:ISBN
1528:and
866:Nazi
792:and
552:and
352:Jews
193:1943
117:Camp
74:Date
3577:SS-
2839:doi
2541:257
1560:by
879:by
573:SS-
493:.
447:.
221:in
195:),
4584::
3514:sk
3492:nl
3474:it
3455:fr
3437:be
2845:.
2818:.
2814:.
2787:.
2762:.
2737:.
2702:^
2619:^
2543:.
2390:.
2275:^
2168:^
2096:.
2051:^
1896:^
1838:.
1775:^
1709:."
1345:he
1343:;
1341:de
1314:he
958:SS
898:on
883:.
853:,
678:,
564:.
278:,
274:,
256:.
207:SS
109:,
105:,
101:,
97:,
42:,
4560:"
4556:"
3873:"
3869:"
3615:)
3611:(
2936:e
2929:t
2922:v
2855:.
2841::
2828:.
2798:.
2773:.
2748:.
2553:.
2459:.
2419:.
2376:.
2162:.
2134:.
2104:.
2020:.
1974:.
1918:.
1890:.
1850:.
1812:.
1583:)
1577:(
1572:)
1568:(
1554:.
1384:e
1377:t
1370:v
1183:(
1171:(
1161:(
1151:(
1139:(
1129:(
1117:(
1103:(
1093:(
1083:(
1071:(
1059:(
1049:(
589:(
500:)
496:(
454:)
450:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
_3a.jpg)
