500:. In 1850, Howe visited the Holy Land, and endorsed the view that the Church of the Holy Sepulchre could not be the true site of Christ's death and resurrection. Instead, he pointed to the hill containing Jeremiah's Grotto as the true Calvary, though he had only argued this view in length in an essay published in 1871, just after his death. In that essay Howe described the hill in these terms: " hill is left steeply rounded on its west, north, and east sides forming the back and sides of the kranion, or skull. The skull-like front, or face, on the south side is formed by the deep perpendicular cutting and removal of the ledge. To the observer, at a distance, the eyeless socket of the skull would be suggested at once by the yawning cavern, hewn within its face, beneath the hill." Howe claimed that he developed his theory completely independently of Otto Thenius, and that he stumbled upon Thenius' claims only in the course of researching for his essay.
389:'s "Biblical Researches in Palestine", at that time considered the standard work on the topography and archaeology of the Holy Land, argued against the authenticity of the traditional location, concluding: "Golgotha and the Tomb shown in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre are not upon the real places of the Crucifixion and Resurrection". Robinson argued that the traditional location would have been within the city walls also during the Herodian era, primarily due to topographical considerations. Robinson was careful not to propose an alternative site and had concluded that it would be impossible to identify the true location of the holy places. However, he did suggest that the crucifixion would have taken place somewhere on the road to Jaffa or the road to Damascus. Skull Hill and the Garden Tomb are located in close proximity to the Damascus road, about 200 m. from Damascus Gate.
804:
756:
45:
706:
435:
415:
768:
792:
780:
675:: " shall be slaughtered on the north side of the altar before the LORD". Gordon interpreted this verse to mean that Christ, the prototype, must also have been slain north of the "altar" (Skull Hill being north of Jerusalem and of the Temple Mount). This typological interpretation is obviously theological and not scientific in nature, which leads to a very skeptical mention by a prominent detractors of "Gordon's Calvary", the researcher and Army officer
570:) Conder argued that Golgotha must be close to the necropolis found just north of Jerusalem, near the main road to Nablus, "among the olive-gardens and vineyards of Wady el-Joz". Secondly, Conder proposed that Calvary was the public place of execution and especially noted that Sephardic Jews had regarded the site next to Jeremiah's Grotto as traditionally being a place of stoning, which he saw as corroborative evidence that it was indeed
427:
1158:
684:
Jerusalem; quite pools of blood are lying there. It is covered with tombs of Muslim; There are many rock-hewn caves; and gardens surround it. Now, the place of execution in our Lord's time must have been, and continued to be, an unclean place ... so, to me, this hill is left bare ever since it was first used as a place of execution. ... It is very nice to see it so plain and simple, instead of having a huge church built on it.
443:
382:. The subsequent influx of Christian pilgrims to Jerusalem included more Protestants who doubted the authenticity of the traditional holy sites – doubts which were exacerbated by the fact that Protestants had no territorial claims at the Church of the Holy Sepulchre and by the feeling of Protestant pilgrims that it was an unnatural setting for contemplation and prayer.
284:
2139:
Uehlinger, Christoph; Winderbaum, Ariel; Zelinger, Yehiel, " A Seventh-Century BCE Cylinder Seal from
Jerusalem Depicting Worship of the Moon God’s Cult Emblem", In: Münger, Stefan; Rahn, Nancy; Wyssmann, Patrick. „Trinkt von dem Wein, den ich mischte!“ / “Drink of the wine which I have mingled!” (FS
1130:
Major
Christian denominations, including the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Churches, do not accept the Garden Tomb as being the tomb of Jesus and hold fast to the traditional location at the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. However, many may also visit the site in order to see an ancient tomb in a
683:
I feel, for myself, convinced that the Hill near the
Damascus Gate is Golgotha. ... From it, you can see the Temple, the Mount of Olives and the bulk of Jerusalem. His stretched out arms would, as it were, embrace it: "all day long have I stretched out my arms" . Close to it is the slaughter-house of
232:
points out that the tomb does not contain any features indicative of the 1st century CE, when Jesus was buried, and argues that the tomb was likely created in the 8th–7th centuries BCE. The
Italian archeologist Ricardo Lufrani argues instead that it should be dated to the Hellenistic era, the 4th–2nd
1024:
The tomb has two chambers, the second to the right of the first, with stone benches along the back wall of the first chamber, and along the sides of each wall in the second chamber, except the wall joining it to the first chamber; the benches have been heavily damaged but are still discernible. The
566:
the authentic tomb of Christ. He instead proposed that the true
Calvary was the "rounded knoll" above Jeremiah's Grotto (i.e. Skull Hill). He based this identification on several arguments. First of all, since the Gospel according to John places Golgotha in the near vicinity of a garden and a tomb (
357:
speaks of "western heretics" who argue that the traditional site could not possibly be the true tomb of Christ. The first extant publication which argues a case against the traditional location was written by the German pilgrim Jonas Korte in 1741, a few years after his pilgrimage to
Jerusalem. His
1111:
Due to the archaeological issues the Garden Tomb site raises, several scholars have rejected its claim to be Jesus' tomb. Author and explorer Paul
Backholer concludes the emphasis on feelings in evangelical circles, has encouraged many to ‘feel’ the Garden Tomb is the location, despite evidence to
578:
as additional evidence that it was a public place of execution during the New
Testament era. Conder actually downplayed the supposed resemblance to a skull which he viewed as immaterial, remarking: "I should not like to base an argument on so slight a resemblance". In his writings Conder refers to
565:
Based on topographical and textual considerations, Conder argued that it would be dangerous and unlikely, from a town-defense point of view, for the walls to have previously been east of the Church of the Holy
Sepulchre, concluding that the Church would have been inside the city walls and thus not
544:
There are those who would willingly look upon it as the real place of the
Saviour's Tomb, but I confess that, for myself, having twice witnessed the annual orgy which disgraces its walls, the annual imposture which is countenanced by its priests, and the fierce emotions of sectarian hate and blind
663:
who visited Jerusalem in 1883. His name has become so entwined with Skull Hill that many contemporary news articles and guide books erroneously state that Gordon was the first to discover the site. In reality Gordon was very much influenced by the arguments of Conder and by his conversations and
267:. The association refrains from claiming that the Garden Tomb is the authentic tomb of Jesus, and instead emphasizes the site's utility as a visual aid for the gospel accounts and its function as a place of Christian worship.The site draws hundreds of thousands of annual visitors, especially
1025:
edge of the groove outside the tomb has a diagonal edge, which would be unable to hold a stone slab in place (the slab would just fall out); additionally, known tombs of the rolling-stone type use vertical walls on either side of the entrance to hold the stone, not a groove on the ground.
336:
who enclosed the traditional Golgotha and Tomb of Christ within the city limits when he rebuilt the city during the second century AD, though they were previously outside the city. The two explanations obviously contradicted each other, since Hadrian's rebuilding of Jerusalem as
713:
The Church of the Holy Sepulchre has the tomb just a few yards away from Golgotha, corresponding with the account of John the Evangelist: "Now in the place where he was crucified there was a garden; and in the garden a new sepulchre, wherein was never man yet laid." KJV
401:, one of Israel's leading archaeologists, have concluded that the Church of the Holy Sepulchre is located in an area which was outside the city walls in the days of Jesus and therefore indeed constitutes a plausible location for the crucifixion and burial of Jesus.
287:
A 1911 map of Jerusalem in the late Second Temple period, illustrating the question of the Holy Sepulchre. The tomb just to the left of Jeremiah's Grotto in the north is the Garden Tomb. Contemporary scholars would no longer accept this reconstruction of the city
904:. The location of the site would have made executions carried out there a highly visible sight to people using the main road leading north from the city; the presence of the skull-featured knoll in the background would have added to the deterrent effect.
734:
of Jesus. This particular tomb also has a stone groove running along the ground outside it, which Gordon argued to be a slot that once housed a stone, corresponding to the biblical account of a stone being rolled over the tomb entrance to close it.
1087:
and not a guarantee of the exact site. In the same interview, Steve Bridge, a retired pastor volunteering in the garden, claimed that Catholic groups came to the site regularly, and that the guides did not play politics, with the emphasis on the
993:, so that sin should not constitute a constant or characteristic attribute of human nature; Christians adapted this thought and relocated Adam's grave to what they considered to be the new place of atonement, Jesus' crucifixion site at Golgotha.
718:). In the latter half of the 19th century a number of tombs had also been found near Gordon's Golgotha, and Gordon concluded that one of them must have been the tomb of Jesus. John also specifies that Jesus' tomb was located in a garden (
1142:(1845–1913) produced for the Committee of the Garden Tomb Maintenance Fund in Jerusalem an introduction and guidebook to the site in 1894. The booklet has subsequently been revised and enlarged on several occasions, including by
1082:
that each camp had academic and archaeological evidence in favor of the actual location, and that only one of the two could be right, but that the important thing was the symbolism of the place and especially the history of
2137:
549:, and remembering the tale of blood connected with the history of the Church, I should be loth to think that the Sacred Tomb had been a witness for so many years of so much human ignorance, folly, and crime.
462:, a German theologian and bible scholar from Dresden, was the first to publish a proposal that the rocky knoll north of Damascus Gate, which, as Thenius noticed, resembled a skull, was the biblical
1798:
2274:, churchofjesuschrist.org. The caption states, "Possible site of the garden tomb of Joseph of Arimathea. Some modern prophets have felt that the Savior’s body was laid in the tomb pictured here."
583:
which he interpreted as "the rent", and which he proposed was a corruption of El-Heiremiyeh – "the place of Jeremiah". However, later research has shown that the name is actually a corruption of
2591:
1032:
The tomb is far too old to be the tomb of Jesus, as it is typical of the 8th–7th centuries BCE, showing a configuration which fell out of use after that period. It fits well into a wider
985:
states that the Talmudic-period rabbis created the concept that "Adam was created from the dust of the place where the sanctuary was to rise for the atonement of all human sin", i.e. the
470:. Thenius went so far as to suggest that Jeremiah's Grotto was in fact the tomb of Christ. Though his proposal for the tomb of Christ did not have a lasting influence, his proposal for
2556:
2551:
446:
Wide view of the escarpment as seen recently from the Garden Tomb viewing platform (2007). The picture in the foreground is a historical photograph (c. 1880) of the same rock face.
233:
centuries BCE. The re-use of old tombs was not an uncommon practice in ancient times, but this would seem to contradict the biblical text that speaks of a newly hewn tomb which
450:
Motivated by these concerns, some Protestants in the nineteenth century looked elsewhere in the attempt to locate the site of Christ's crucifixion, burial and resurrection.
1510:
Reise nach dem weiland gelobten, nun aber seit siebenzehn hundert Jahren unter dem Fluche liegenden Lande, wie auch nach Egypten, dem Berg Libanon, Syrien und Mesopotamien
492:
A few years later the same identification was endorsed by the American industrialist Fisher Howe, who was also one of the founding members of the board of directors of
667:
Gordon went beyond Howe and Conder to passionately propose additional arguments, which he himself confessed were "more fanciful" and imaginative. Gordon proposed a
631:, a prominent Jerusalem-based architect, city planner, and proto-archaeologist of Swiss origins who penned hundreds of articles for the Palestine Exploration Fund.
1508:
615:
Additionally, in the 1870s the site of Skull Hill was being strongly promoted by several notable figures in Jerusalem, including the American consul to Jerusalem,
1112:
the contrary. However, despite the archaeological discoveries, the Garden Tomb has become a popular place of pilgrimage among Protestants including, in the past,
512:, who suggested that identification in 1858 during his first visit to the Holy Land, chiefly because of its proximity to the northern gate, and hence also to the
864:
Archaeology suggests that the traditional tomb would have been within Hadrian's temple, or likely to have been destroyed under the temple's heavy retaining wall.
308:, and there has always been concern on the issue of the tomb of Jesus being inside the city walls, with various explanations coming up during the centuries.
2425:
The Garden Tomb Society, supported by many prominent Evangelicals in the Church of England was formed to purchase the tomb and the surrounding land in 1885.
1266:
900:
Besides the skull-like appearance (a modern-day argument), there are a few other details put forward in favour of the identification of Skull Hill as
730:
have been cited as evidence that the area had once been a garden, and the somewhat isolated tomb adjacent to the cistern has become identified as the
480:
is the Aramaic word for skull, and may perhaps refer to the shape of the place, Thenius concluded that the rocky escarpment was likely to have been
70:
679:. Gordon also commented on the appropriateness of the location in a letter he sent to his sister on January 17, 1883, his second day in Jerusalem:
1124:
225:, where the Romans crucified Jesus. A couple decades later, in 1867, the Garden Tomb was discovered and later proposed to be the tomb of Jesus.
459:
375:
370:
rejected the traditional location as a "mere delusion, a monkish juggle" and suggested instead that the crucifixion took place just outside
1009:
architect, archaeologist and Protestant missionary, but the fullest archaeological study of the area has been the seminal investigation by
803:
755:
619:, who was also a Congregationalist minister and a member of the American Palestine Exploration Society, the Protestant Bishop of Jerusalem
888:
would be required for the rockface to have included both the alleged site of the tomb and the tombs beyond the western end of the church.
2532:
1883:
Seth J. Frantzman and Ruth Kark, "General Gordon, The Palestine Exploration Fund and the Origins of 'Gordon's Calvary' in the Holy Land"
2571:
516:, the traditional site of Christ's trial. (Canon Tristram was also one of the advocates of purchasing the nearby Garden Tomb in 1893.)
358:
book contained a chapter titled "On Mount Calvary, which now lies in the middle of the town and cannot therefore be the true Calvary".
1568:
and Frantzman, Seth J. "The Protestant Garden Tomb in Jerusalem, Englishwomen, and a Land Transaction in Late Ottoman Palestine" in
2601:
2561:
891:
The tombs west of the traditional site are dated to the first century, indicating that the site was outside the city at that time.
1869:
841:
In the 20th century, archaeological findings enhanced the discussion concerning the authenticity of the traditional site at the
624:
493:
2538:
This contains a detailed summary of the then-current theories as to the location of the tomb, with an extensive bibliography.
2349:
1513:(3rd ed.). Halle: Joh. Christian Grunert; after 1st ed. by Jonas Korte, Altona-Hamburg (1741). p. 6. Archived from
2347:
Kochav, Sarah (April 1995). "The Search for a Protestant Holy Sepulchre: The Garden Tomb in Nineteenth-Century Jerusalem".
1117:
1041:
418:
A sketch of Skull Hill created in 1889 by B. H. Harris. The caption below it reads: THE GREEN HILL, FROM THE CITY WALL; J
206:
from whence Jesus of Nazareth resurrected. This is in contrast to an older tradition that locates the death, burial, and
1514:
2581:
2271:
2174:
533:
2450:
2411:
2388:
2237:
2208:
2006:
1783:
1655:
The Union Theological Seminary in the city of New York: historical and biographical sketches of its first fifty years
1438:
The Anglo-Saxon Missionaries in Germany, Being the Lives of SS. Willibrord, Boniface, Leoba and Lebuin together with
1414:
1361:
1325:
1247:
1217:
672:
2253:
252:
184:
819:
The garden is administered by the Garden Tomb Association, a member of the Evangelical Alliance of Israel and the
2566:
1570:
1384:
567:
249:
378:
became easier and therefore more common, especially in the late 1830s due to the reforms of the Egyptian ruler,
1950:
1014:
1380:
1376:
508:
Another early proponent of the theory that Skull Hill is Golgotha was the English scholar and clergyman Canon
2586:
2436:
2283:
1139:
1813:
2471:
2332:
1070:
842:
211:
1915:
1761:
1739:
1688:
1611:
555:
466:. The site he suggested contains a few natural cavities as well as a man-made cave, which Christians call
2327:
2309:
1453:
1400:
1396:
690:
536:. Conder was repulsed by the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, and especially by the annual "miracle of the
2479:
2358:
1898:
879:), rather than necessarily being a deliberate act of contempt for Christianity, as claimed in the past.
820:
767:
529:
264:
1702:
1540:
2229:
1132:
386:
1981:
574:. He also pointed to a Christian tradition which associated that general area with the martyrdom of
2522:
2121:
1537:
Travels in various countries of Europe, Asia and Africa: Part II – Greece, Egypt, and the Holy Land
936:
1673:
719:
715:
2576:
2322:
2442:
1944:
600:
354:
350:
1996:
1001:
The earliest detailed investigation of the tomb itself was a brief report prepared in 1874 by
791:
779:
2382:
2258:
1490:
1093:
867:
The temple's location complies with the typical layout of Roman cities (i.e. adjacent to the
850:
660:
379:
207:
1882:
1851:
1103:
In 2005 an Iron Age II cylinder seal was excavated, thought to be debris from nearby tombs.
2517:
2226:
The Riddle and the Knight: In Search of Sir John Mandeville, the World's Greatest Traveller
2091:
1062:
588:
509:
367:
301:
188:
20:
8:
1163:
1018:
981:
668:
639:
234:
2493:
2370:
1969:
1171:
1078:
305:
2070:
44:
2467:
2446:
2407:
2403:
2374:
2233:
2204:
2002:
1779:
1667:
1439:
1410:
1406:
1357:
1321:
1243:
1213:
968:
876:
854:
676:
644:
also considered this view as a possibility in one of the later editions of his book.
596:
434:
221:. In the mid-nineteenth century, some Christian scholars proposed that Skull Hill is
217:
The Garden Tomb and its surrounding gardens are adjacent to a rocky outcrop known as
923:
and the Church of the Holy Sepulchre are north of the hill currently referred to as
2596:
2362:
1721:
986:
940:
705:
525:
513:
338:
321:
1585:
1076:
In 2010, the director of the garden, Richard Meryon, claimed in an interview with
2397:
2161:
1954:
1675:
Oriental and sacred scenes, from notes of travel in Greece, Turkey, and Palestine
1240:
An Aesthetic Occupation: The Immediacy of Architecture and the Palestine Conflict
885:
540:", as believed in by Greek Orthodox, Armenian Apostolical and Coptic Christians.
317:
180:
24:
1356:. Louisville, Kentucky: Westminster John Knox Press. pp. 133–134, 193–204.
1212:. Louisville, Kentucky: Westminster John Knox Press. pp. 133–134, 193–204.
328:, included the site within the city walls. Some two-and-a-half centuries later,
2318:
2028:
1753:
1010:
990:
738:
652:
However, the most famous proponent of the view that Skull Hill is the biblical
283:
268:
256:
229:
192:
2366:
414:
2545:
2536:. Vol. 24 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 656–658.
2527:
2432:
2149:
1940:
1002:
746:
742:
657:
628:
616:
497:
272:
203:
196:
85:
72:
353:
there were increasing doubts regarding the traditional holy places. In 1639
1123:
The Garden Tomb has been the most favoured candidate site among leaders of
1097:
1084:
1069:
In 1986, Barkay criticized defenders of the location of the garden and the
1037:
947:
in the first century AD, and in the Byzantine period by Christian sources.
932:
928:
635:
620:
430:
Skull Hill as seen in 1901 from the northern walls of Jerusalem's Old City.
2521:
2472:"Chapter X: Theories with Regard to the Position of Golgotha and the Tomb"
2201:
Ancient and Modern: Anglican Essays on the Bible, the Church and the World
943:, the name Mount Zion has been used for Jerusalem's western hill, both by
1776:
The Weekend that Changed the World: The Mystery of Jerusalem's Empty Tomb
1354:
The Weekend that Changed the World: The Mystery of Jerusalem's Empty Tomb
1318:
The Weekend that Changed the World: The Mystery of Jerusalem's Empty Tomb
1210:
The Weekend that Changed the World: The Mystery of Jerusalem's Empty Tomb
1089:
919:
was in his day pointed out "north of Mount Zion". Both the Garden Tomb's
868:
575:
2438:
Through Bible Lands: Notes of Travel in Egypt, the Desert, and Palestine
2046:
Jewish Funerary Customs, Practices and Rites in the Second Temple Period
528:, a lieutenant in the Royal Engineers, who was appointed in 1872 by the
1778:. Louisville, Kentucky: Westminster John Knox Press. pp. 113–114.
1320:. Louisville, Kentucky: Westminster John Knox Press. pp. 128–130.
1143:
1058:
The cistern was built as part of the same stable complex as the groove.
1047:
The groove was a water trough, built by the 11th-century Crusaders for
1033:
924:
723:
325:
278:
238:
200:
1927:
1073:
for making more theological and apologetic than scientific arguments.
474:
was endorsed by several other Protestant scholars and pilgrims. Since
2304:
1690:
The True Site of Calvary, and Suggestions relating to the Crucifixion
1565:
1267:
Jesus Christ's resurrection: Garden Tomb or Church of Holy Sepulchre?
826:
546:
537:
398:
371:
58:
1998:
Christians and the Holy Places: The Myth of Jewish-Christian Origins
426:
1113:
1040:
period which also includes the nearby tombs on the grounds of the
944:
912:
476:
222:
591:
which according to Muslim tradition was founded by the celebrated
1157:
1006:
858:
727:
442:
438:
A view of Jeremiah's Grotto and Skull Hill from the south c. 1900
333:
329:
242:
2492:
Good text scan, but with blurred illustrations and captions; or
191:
attracting hundreds of thousands of annual visitors, especially
2001:(illustrated, reprint ed.). Clarendon Press. p. 114.
1760:. The Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund, London, pp.
1048:
972:
964:
2307:. "Does the Holy Sepulchre Church Mark the Burial of Jesus?".
2140:
Silvia Schroer). Leuven: Peeters Publishers, pp. 552-590, 2023
341:
predated Helena's pilgrimage there by close to two centuries.
248:
The organization that owns and maintains the Garden Tomb is a
1340:
872:
297:
293:
2592:
Christian buildings and structures in the State of Palestine
1304:
1120:
was built 180 metres (200 yards) away from the Garden Tomb.
1061:
The waterproofing on the cistern is of the type used by the
2107:
Gabriel Barkay, "The Garden Tomb: Was Jesus Buried Here?",
1741:
Tent Work in Palestine: A Record of Discovery and Adventure
1052:
960:
709:
A sketch of the Garden Tomb created by B. H. Harris in 1889
592:
557:
Tent Work in Palestine: A Record of Discovery and Adventure
16:
Ancient tomb in Jerusalem of possible Biblical significance
2509:
1953:
of the Christian Church: Second Series. Grand Rapids, MI:
692:
Letters of General C. G. Gordon to his Sister M. A. Gordon
163:
2428:
Access to cited text currently not allowed (August 2021).
2175:"Biblical Archaeology – Has Jesus' Tomb Been Identified?"
1801:
Palestine Exploration Fund – Quarterly Statement for 1894
263:, a member of the Evangelical Alliance of Israel and the
2557:
Buildings and structures completed in the 7th century BC
2552:
Buildings and structures completed in the 8th century BC
2288:
The Garden Tomb, Golgotha and the Garden of Resurrection
700:
1442:
and a selection from the correspondence of St. Boniface
1106:
625:
joint bishopric for Anglicans, Lutherans and Calvinists
199:), as some Protestant Christians consider it to be the
2496:, a darker scan, but with fully visible illustrations.
2156:, Giessen/Basel 1991, p. 275. English edition (2010):
183:: גן הקבר, literally "the Tomb Garden") is an ancient
1870:"Da'at: Jewish Heritage Tours and Educational Travel"
524:
Another prominent proponent of the "new Calvary" was
214:(located about 600 meters south of the Garden Tomb).
1444:, (London and New York: Sheed and Ward, 1954) p. 165
1153:
279:
Site inside the church: attitudes throughout history
409:
187:in Jerusalem that functions as a site of Christian
1672:, Glasgow; also published as Howe, Fisher (1853),
1341:Website of The Garden Tomb (Jerusalem) Association
955:An extra-biblical Christian legend maintains that
827:Archaeological investigation and critical analysis
545:fanaticism which are called forth by the supposed
1138:The British author, barrister and civil servant,
1131:location evocative of the situation described in
458:In 1842, heavily relying on Robinson's research,
361:
2543:
967:-period Judaism held that Adam is buried in the
1539:, section I (vol. IV), 4th edition, London, p.
1125:the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
2286:, Mrs J Theodore Bent, Miss Hussey (no date).
1903:Palestine Exploration Fund Quarterly Statement
1852:"The Garden Tomb – Secret of the missing tomb"
1823:
1821:
1705:Palestine Exploration Fund Quarterly Statement
638:, author of the influential and controversial
1716:
1714:
1629:A Special Place: The Story of the Garden Tomb
1552:
1550:
1548:
1477:
1475:
1473:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1465:
979:is absent from Talmudic literature. The 1906
1191:
1189:
1187:
895:
853:time (r. 306–337), the site was a temple to
2192:
1930:, gardentomb.com, UK, retrieved May 8, 2021
1818:
1597:
1595:
1013:, professor of Biblical archaeology at the
392:
344:
37:بستان قبر المسيح (Arabic), גן הקבר (Hebrew)
2217:
2203:. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 113.
1933:
1899:Charles George Gordon, "Eden and Golgotha"
1758:The Survey of Western Palestine: Jerusalem
1711:
1642:The Search for the Authentic Tomb of Jesus
1545:
1462:
610:
43:
2154:Wege des Messias und Stätten der Urkirche
2087:
2085:
2083:
1616:Zeitschrift fir die historische Theologie
1238:Monk, Daniel Bertand (25 February 2002).
1184:
397:Contemporary scholars, such as Professor
228:More recently, the Israeli archaeologist
2101:
1799:Hanauer, J. E. "Notes on Skull Hill" in
1592:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1242:. Duke University Press. pp. 170–.
1203:
1201:
1065:, and the cistern must date to that era.
761:A view of the Garden Tomb from the 1930s
704:
441:
433:
425:
413:
376:travel from Europe to the Ottoman Empire
304:near the city of Jerusalem, outside its
282:
2290:. Committee of the Garden Tomb, London.
2198:
950:
311:
261:The Garden Tomb (Jerusalem) Association
2544:
2516:
2466:
2431:
2395:
2346:
2317:
2223:
2080:
1994:
1988:
1773:
1720:
1395:
1389:
1351:
1315:
1233:
1231:
1229:
1207:
2350:The Journal of Ecclesiastical History
1849:
1506:
1500:
1272:
1261:
1259:
1198:
1021:, during the late twentieth century.
939:, which both lay east of Jerusalem's
701:Garden Tomb identified as Jesus' tomb
694:(London: Macmillan 1888), pp. 289–290
1743:, Vol. I (London, 1878), pp. 361–376
1703:"The Site of the Holy Sepulchre" in
1237:
1107:Reception by Christian denominations
931:the term Mount Zion referred to the
332:(c. 1108 AD) maintained that it was
1574:, 142, 3 (London 2010), pp. 199–216
1226:
1174:, part of the same ancient quarries
534:mapping survey of Western Palestine
519:
147:Garden Tomb (Jerusalem) Association
13:
2199:McGowan, Andrew B. (20 May 2015).
1939:
1640:McBirnie, William Steuart (1975).
1256:
996:
170:Popular Protestant pilgrimage site
14:
2613:
2572:Archaeological sites in Jerusalem
2501:
2303:
2092:Golgotha (literally, "the skull")
1440:the Hodoepericon of St. Willibald
647:
503:
2224:Milton, Giles (8 October 2013).
1612:"Golgatha et Sanctum Sepulchrum"
1586:Biblical Researches in Palestine
1156:
907:
836:
802:
790:
778:
766:
754:
410:Skull Hill identified as Calvary
316:For example, as early as 754 AD
2602:Tombs in the State of Palestine
2562:1867 archaeological discoveries
2478:. London: The Committee of the
2476:Golgotha and The Holy Sepulchre
2296:
2277:
2265:
2246:
2167:
2164:. Ignatius Press: San Francisco
2143:
2131:
2114:
2064:
2051:
2038:
2033:The Holy Sepulchre of Jerusalem
2022:
1920:
1908:
1892:
1887:Palestine Exploration Quarterly
1876:
1862:
1843:
1830:
1806:
1792:
1767:
1747:
1732:
1696:
1681:
1660:
1653:Prentiss, George Lewis (1889).
1647:
1634:
1621:
1604:
1577:
1571:Palestine Exploration Quarterly
1559:
1529:
1497:(Antwerp 1639), lib. 5, cap. 14
1484:
1447:
1430:
1370:
1118:St. George's Anglican Cathedral
559:, Vol. I (London, 1878), p. 327
453:
1951:Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers
1756:and Conder, Claude R. (1884).
1535:Clarke, Edward Daniel (1817).
1345:
1334:
1309:
1298:
1015:Hebrew University of Jerusalem
915:(260s – c. 340) comments that
814:
579:Skull Hill by the Arabic name
487:
362:19th-century Protestant doubts
118:8th–7th century BCE (disputed)
1:
2402:. Holy Land Revealed guides.
2387:: CS1 maint: date and year (
2284:Arthur William Crawley Boevey
1850:Peled, Ron (3 October 2006).
1836:Millgram, Abraham E. (1990).
1669:Turkey, Greece, and Palestine
1269:, upi.com, USA, April 7, 1985
1178:
1140:Arthur William Crawley Boevey
871:, at the intersection of the
627:in the Holy Land, as well as
2399:Church of the Holy Sepulchre
2111:, vol. 12, no 2, 1986, p. 47
1071:Church of the Holy Sepulchre
843:Church of the Holy Sepulchre
745:consider the site to be the
722:); consequently, an ancient
664:correspondence with Schick.
404:
212:Church of the Holy Sepulchre
49:The Garden Tomb in Jerusalem
36:
7:
2523:"Sepulchre, The Holy"
2328:Biblical Archaeology Review
2310:Biblical Archaeology Review
2272:"Bible Photos: Garden Tomb"
2109:Biblical Archaeology Review
1149:
831:
634:In 1879 the French scholar
179:(Arabic: بستان قبر المسيح,
10:
2618:
2480:Palestine Exploration Fund
2359:Cambridge University Press
2071:"Adam in the Future World"
1949:. A Select Library of the
1456:Early Travels in Palestine
1407:Bohn's Antiquarian Library
1402:Early Travels in Palestine
821:World Evangelical Alliance
530:Palestine Exploration Fund
494:Union Theological Seminary
374:. During the 19th century
265:World Evangelical Alliance
18:
2582:Anglican pilgrimage sites
2367:10.1017/S0022046900011374
2230:Farrar, Straus and Giroux
2044:Hachlili, Rachel (2005).
1926:Garden Tomb Association,
1889:, 140, 2 (2008), pp. 1–18
1495:Elucidatio Terrae Sanctae
896:Knoll next to Garden Tomb
169:
159:
151:
143:
138:
130:
122:
114:
109:
101:
86:31.7838528°N 35.2299778°E
64:
54:
42:
35:
19:Not to be confused with "
1995:Taylor, Joan E. (1993).
1946:The Finding of the Cross
1905:(London 1885), pp. 79–81
1707:(London 1893), pp. 80–91
623:, who presided over the
393:Contemporary scholarship
345:Doubts after Reformation
2533:Encyclopædia Britannica
1028:Barkay concluded that:
689:Charles George Gordon,
611:Proponents in the 1870s
210:at a site known as the
2567:Alleged tombs of Jesus
2443:American Tract Society
2396:Kochav, Sarah (1999).
1774:Walker, Peter (1999).
1610:Thenius, Otto (1842).
1352:Walker, Peter (1999).
1316:Walker, Peter (1999).
1208:Walker, Peter (1999).
1042:Basilica of St Stephen
963:'s burial site, while
959:(lit. "the skull") is
710:
698:
563:
447:
439:
431:
423:
289:
91:31.7838528; 35.2299778
2518:Watson, Charles Moore
2313:(May/June 1986). BAS.
2158:Paths of the Messaiah
1838:Jerusalem Curiosities
1726:The City of Jerusalem
1687:Howe, Fisher (1871).
1666:Howe, Fisher (1853),
1507:Korte, Jonas (1751).
1491:Franciscus Quaresmius
873:main north-south road
861:some time after 130.
708:
681:
542:
445:
437:
429:
417:
286:
208:resurrection of Jesus
2587:Shrines in Jerusalem
2445:. pp. 268–269.
2331:(March/April 1986).
1458:(London 1848), p. 37
1146:in the early 1920s.
951:Christian traditions
603:spelled the name as
510:Henry Baker Tristram
324:, after finding the
312:Early medieval views
2096:Jewish Encyclopedia
2075:Jewish Encyclopedia
1627:White, Bill (1989.
1454:Thomas Wright ed.,
1265:Pippert, Wesley G.
1164:Christianity portal
1019:Bar-Ilan University
982:Jewish Encyclopedia
877:main east-west road
773:Panel near the tomb
387:Dr. Edward Robinson
235:Joseph of Arimathea
82: /
32:
2482:. pp. 103–120
2468:Wilson, Charles W.
2321:(24 August 2015).
2252:Tvedtnes, John A.
1914:Wilson (1906), p.
1812:Wilson (1906), p.
1738:Claude R. Conder,
1583:Robinson, Edward.
1517:on August 13, 2014
1079:The Jerusalem Post
927:. Although in the
711:
554:Claude R. Conder,
448:
440:
432:
424:
290:
250:non-denominational
237:made for himself (
152:Public access
30:
2404:Ben-Zvi Institute
2323:"The Garden Tomb"
2254:"The Garden Tomb"
1722:Conder, Claude R.
969:cave of Machpelah
677:Charles W. Wilson
597:Ibrahim ibn Adham
468:Jeremiah's Grotto
292:According to the
174:
173:
2609:
2537:
2525:
2513:
2512:
2510:Official website
2491:
2489:
2487:
2463:
2461:
2459:
2427:
2422:
2420:
2392:
2386:
2378:
2343:
2341:
2339:
2314:
2291:
2281:
2275:
2269:
2263:
2250:
2244:
2243:
2221:
2215:
2214:
2196:
2190:
2189:
2187:
2186:
2171:
2165:
2147:
2141:
2135:
2129:
2122:Tomb with a view
2120:Melanie Lidman,
2118:
2112:
2105:
2099:
2089:
2078:
2068:
2062:
2055:
2049:
2042:
2036:
2026:
2020:
2019:
2017:
2015:
1992:
1986:
1985:
1979:
1975:
1973:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1937:
1931:
1924:
1918:
1912:
1906:
1896:
1890:
1880:
1874:
1873:
1866:
1860:
1859:
1847:
1841:
1834:
1828:
1825:
1816:
1810:
1804:
1796:
1790:
1789:
1771:
1765:
1751:
1745:
1736:
1730:
1729:
1718:
1709:
1700:
1694:
1685:
1679:
1664:
1658:
1651:
1645:
1638:
1632:
1625:
1619:
1608:
1602:
1599:
1590:
1581:
1575:
1563:
1557:
1554:
1543:
1533:
1527:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1504:
1498:
1488:
1482:
1479:
1460:
1451:
1445:
1434:
1428:
1427:
1425:
1423:
1393:
1387:
1374:
1368:
1367:
1349:
1343:
1338:
1332:
1331:
1313:
1307:
1302:
1296:
1293:
1270:
1263:
1254:
1253:
1235:
1224:
1223:
1205:
1196:
1193:
1166:
1161:
1160:
987:Jerusalem Temple
937:spur south of it
806:
794:
782:
770:
758:
696:
587:, named after a
561:
526:Claude R. Conder
520:Claude R. Conder
514:Antonia Fortress
421:
420:eremiah's Grotto
368:Edward D. Clarke
339:Aelia Capitolina
253:charitable trust
134:Kingdom of Judah
97:
96:
94:
93:
92:
87:
83:
80:
79:
78:
75:
47:
33:
29:
2617:
2616:
2612:
2611:
2610:
2608:
2607:
2606:
2542:
2541:
2508:
2507:
2504:
2499:
2485:
2483:
2457:
2455:
2453:
2418:
2416:
2414:
2380:
2379:
2337:
2335:
2319:Barkay, Gabriel
2299:
2294:
2282:
2278:
2270:
2266:
2251:
2247:
2240:
2232:. p. 153.
2222:
2218:
2211:
2197:
2193:
2184:
2182:
2173:
2172:
2168:
2148:
2144:
2136:
2132:
2119:
2115:
2106:
2102:
2090:
2081:
2069:
2065:
2056:
2052:
2043:
2039:
2029:Corbo, Virgilio
2027:
2023:
2013:
2011:
2009:
1993:
1989:
1977:
1976:
1967:
1966:
1959:
1957:
1955:Wm. B. Eerdmans
1938:
1934:
1925:
1921:
1913:
1909:
1897:
1893:
1881:
1877:
1868:
1867:
1863:
1848:
1844:
1835:
1831:
1826:
1819:
1811:
1807:
1797:
1793:
1786:
1772:
1768:
1754:Warren, Charles
1752:
1748:
1737:
1733:
1719:
1712:
1701:
1697:
1686:
1682:
1665:
1661:
1652:
1648:
1639:
1635:
1626:
1622:
1614:(in Latin). In
1609:
1605:
1600:
1593:
1582:
1578:
1564:
1560:
1555:
1546:
1534:
1530:
1520:
1518:
1505:
1501:
1489:
1485:
1480:
1463:
1452:
1448:
1435:
1431:
1421:
1419:
1417:
1394:
1390:
1375:
1371:
1364:
1350:
1346:
1339:
1335:
1328:
1314:
1310:
1305:The Garden Tomb
1303:
1299:
1294:
1273:
1264:
1257:
1250:
1236:
1227:
1220:
1206:
1199:
1194:
1185:
1181:
1172:Zedekiah's Cave
1162:
1155:
1152:
1109:
999:
997:The Garden Tomb
975:, and the name
953:
910:
898:
839:
834:
829:
817:
810:
809:Inside the tomb
807:
798:
797:Inside the tomb
795:
786:
785:Inside the tomb
783:
774:
771:
762:
759:
703:
697:
688:
650:
613:
562:
553:
522:
506:
490:
456:
419:
412:
407:
395:
364:
347:
318:Saint Willibald
314:
281:
177:The Garden Tomb
164:The Garden Tomb
90:
88:
84:
81:
76:
73:
71:
69:
68:
50:
38:
28:
25:Sabah, Malaysia
17:
12:
11:
5:
2615:
2605:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2577:Rock-cut tombs
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2540:
2539:
2528:Chisholm, Hugh
2514:
2503:
2502:External links
2500:
2498:
2497:
2464:
2451:
2433:Schaff, Philip
2429:
2412:
2406:. p. 29.
2393:
2344:
2315:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2292:
2276:
2264:
2245:
2238:
2216:
2209:
2191:
2181:. 1 April 2021
2166:
2150:Pixner, Bargil
2142:
2130:
2128:, 2 April 2010
2126:Jerusalem Post
2113:
2100:
2079:
2063:
2050:
2037:
2021:
2007:
1987:
1941:Schaff, Philip
1932:
1919:
1907:
1891:
1875:
1861:
1842:
1829:
1817:
1805:
1791:
1784:
1766:
1746:
1731:
1710:
1695:
1680:
1659:
1646:
1633:
1620:
1603:
1591:
1576:
1558:
1544:
1528:
1499:
1483:
1461:
1446:
1436:Talbot, C. H.
1429:
1415:
1409:. p. 18.
1397:Wright, Thomas
1388:
1369:
1362:
1344:
1333:
1326:
1308:
1297:
1271:
1255:
1248:
1225:
1218:
1197:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1176:
1175:
1168:
1167:
1151:
1148:
1108:
1105:
1067:
1066:
1059:
1056:
1045:
1036:dating to the
1011:Gabriel Barkay
998:
995:
991:Holy of Holies
952:
949:
941:Central Valley
909:
906:
897:
894:
893:
892:
889:
882:
881:
880:
865:
838:
835:
833:
830:
828:
825:
816:
813:
812:
811:
808:
801:
799:
796:
789:
787:
784:
777:
775:
772:
765:
763:
760:
753:
702:
699:
686:
673:Leviticus 1:11
661:Charles Gordon
649:
648:General Gordon
646:
612:
609:
601:Charles Wilson
581:El-Heidhemiyeh
551:
521:
518:
505:
504:H. B. Tristram
502:
489:
486:
455:
452:
411:
408:
406:
403:
394:
391:
366:In 1812, also
363:
360:
346:
343:
313:
310:
280:
277:
257:United Kingdom
230:Gabriel Barkay
172:
171:
167:
166:
161:
157:
156:
153:
149:
148:
145:
141:
140:
136:
135:
132:
128:
127:
124:
120:
119:
116:
112:
111:
107:
106:
103:
99:
98:
66:
62:
61:
56:
52:
51:
48:
40:
39:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2614:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2549:
2547:
2535:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2506:
2505:
2495:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2454:
2452:9780790503257
2448:
2444:
2440:
2439:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2415:
2413:9789652171634
2409:
2405:
2401:
2400:
2394:
2390:
2384:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2351:
2345:
2334:
2330:
2329:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2311:
2306:
2302:
2301:
2289:
2285:
2280:
2273:
2268:
2261:
2260:
2255:
2249:
2241:
2239:9781466807136
2235:
2231:
2227:
2220:
2212:
2210:9781498230988
2206:
2202:
2195:
2180:
2176:
2170:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2146:
2138:
2134:
2127:
2123:
2117:
2110:
2104:
2097:
2093:
2088:
2086:
2084:
2076:
2072:
2067:
2060:
2054:
2047:
2041:
2034:
2030:
2025:
2010:
2008:9780198147855
2004:
2000:
1999:
1991:
1983:
1971:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1947:
1942:
1936:
1929:
1923:
1917:
1911:
1904:
1900:
1895:
1888:
1884:
1879:
1871:
1865:
1857:
1853:
1846:
1840:, pp. 152–156
1839:
1833:
1827:Schaff (1878)
1824:
1822:
1815:
1809:
1803:
1802:
1795:
1787:
1785:0-664-22230-7
1781:
1777:
1770:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1750:
1744:
1742:
1735:
1727:
1723:
1717:
1715:
1708:
1706:
1699:
1692:
1691:
1684:
1677:
1676:
1671:
1670:
1663:
1656:
1650:
1643:
1637:
1630:
1624:
1617:
1613:
1607:
1598:
1596:
1588:
1587:
1580:
1573:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1556:Kochav (1995)
1553:
1551:
1549:
1542:
1538:
1532:
1516:
1512:
1511:
1503:
1496:
1492:
1487:
1481:Wilson (1906)
1478:
1476:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1468:
1466:
1459:
1457:
1450:
1443:
1441:
1433:
1418:
1416:9780790505381
1412:
1408:
1404:
1403:
1398:
1392:
1386:
1385:Hebrews 13:12
1382:
1378:
1373:
1365:
1363:0-664-22230-7
1359:
1355:
1348:
1342:
1337:
1329:
1327:0-664-22230-7
1323:
1319:
1312:
1306:
1301:
1295:Barkay (1986)
1292:
1290:
1288:
1286:
1284:
1282:
1280:
1278:
1276:
1268:
1262:
1260:
1251:
1249:9780822383307
1245:
1241:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1221:
1219:0-664-22230-7
1215:
1211:
1204:
1202:
1195:Kochav (1999)
1192:
1190:
1188:
1183:
1173:
1170:
1169:
1165:
1159:
1154:
1147:
1145:
1141:
1136:
1134:
1133:John 19:41–42
1128:
1126:
1121:
1119:
1115:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1080:
1074:
1072:
1064:
1060:
1057:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1030:
1029:
1026:
1022:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1003:Conrad Schick
994:
992:
988:
984:
983:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
948:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
908:Ancient views
905:
903:
890:
887:
883:
878:
874:
870:
866:
863:
862:
860:
856:
852:
851:Constantine's
848:
847:
846:
844:
837:In the church
824:
822:
805:
800:
793:
788:
781:
776:
769:
764:
757:
752:
751:
750:
748:
747:tomb of Jesus
744:
740:
736:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
707:
695:
693:
685:
680:
678:
674:
670:
665:
662:
659:
658:Major-General
655:
645:
643:
642:
641:Life of Jesus
637:
632:
630:
629:Conrad Schick
626:
622:
618:
608:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
577:
573:
569:
568:John 19:41–42
560:
558:
550:
548:
541:
539:
535:
532:to conduct a
531:
527:
517:
515:
511:
501:
499:
495:
485:
483:
479:
478:
473:
469:
465:
461:
451:
444:
436:
428:
416:
402:
400:
390:
388:
383:
381:
377:
373:
369:
359:
356:
352:
342:
340:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
309:
307:
303:
299:
295:
285:
276:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
255:based in the
254:
251:
246:
244:
240:
236:
231:
226:
224:
220:
215:
213:
209:
205:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
185:rock-cut tomb
182:
178:
168:
165:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
108:
105:Rock-cut tomb
104:
100:
95:
77:35°13′47.92″E
67:
63:
60:
57:
53:
46:
41:
34:
26:
22:
2531:
2484:. Retrieved
2475:
2456:. Retrieved
2441:. New York:
2437:
2424:
2417:. Retrieved
2398:
2383:cite journal
2354:
2348:
2336:. Retrieved
2326:
2308:
2297:Bibliography
2287:
2279:
2267:
2262:, Apr. 1983.
2257:
2248:
2225:
2219:
2200:
2194:
2183:. Retrieved
2178:
2169:
2157:
2153:
2145:
2133:
2125:
2116:
2108:
2103:
2095:
2074:
2066:
2058:
2053:
2045:
2040:
2032:
2024:
2012:. Retrieved
1997:
1990:
1958:. Retrieved
1945:
1935:
1922:
1910:
1902:
1894:
1886:
1878:
1864:
1855:
1845:
1837:
1832:
1808:
1800:
1794:
1775:
1769:
1757:
1749:
1740:
1734:
1725:
1704:
1698:
1693:. New York .
1689:
1683:
1674:
1668:
1662:
1654:
1649:
1641:
1636:
1628:
1623:
1615:
1606:
1601:Bahat (1986)
1584:
1579:
1569:
1561:
1536:
1531:
1519:. Retrieved
1515:the original
1509:
1502:
1494:
1486:
1455:
1449:
1437:
1432:
1420:. Retrieved
1401:
1391:
1372:
1353:
1347:
1336:
1317:
1311:
1300:
1239:
1209:
1137:
1129:
1122:
1110:
1102:
1094:resurrection
1077:
1075:
1068:
1038:First Temple
1027:
1023:
1000:
980:
976:
956:
954:
933:Temple Mount
929:Hebrew Bible
920:
916:
911:
901:
899:
840:
818:
739:Evangelicals
737:
731:
712:
691:
682:
666:
653:
651:
640:
636:Ernest Renan
633:
621:Samuel Gobat
617:Selah Merril
614:
605:El Edhemîyeh
604:
585:El-Adhamiyeh
584:
580:
571:
564:
556:
543:
523:
507:
491:
481:
475:
471:
467:
463:
460:Otto Thenius
457:
454:Otto Thenius
449:
396:
384:
380:Muhammad Ali
365:
348:
315:
291:
269:Evangelicals
260:
247:
227:
218:
216:
193:Evangelicals
176:
175:
74:31°47′1.87″N
2361:: 278–301.
2179:byfaith.org
2059:Onomasticon
2014:13 December
1978:|work=
1960:13 December
1678:, New York.
1657:. New York.
1116:. As such,
1090:crucifixion
857:, built by
815:Affiliation
743:Protestants
732:Garden Tomb
671:reading of
669:typological
576:St. Stephen
488:Fisher Howe
351:Reformation
320:wrote that
273:Protestants
197:Protestants
126:Iron Age II
89: /
65:Coordinates
31:Garden Tomb
2546:Categories
2305:Bahat, Dan
2185:2021-08-27
2057:Eusebius,
1566:Kark, Ruth
1405:. London:
1381:John 19:20
1377:Mark 15:20
1179:References
1144:Mabel Bent
1034:necropolis
925:Mount Zion
741:and other
724:wine press
720:John 19:41
716:John 19:41
355:Quaresmius
349:After the
271:and other
239:Matthew 27
219:Skull Hill
195:and other
189:pilgrimage
139:Site notes
21:Skull Hill
2486:27 August
2458:27 August
2375:162859328
2338:27 August
1980:ignored (
1970:cite book
1724:(2004) .
1521:13 August
1422:27 August
1114:Anglicans
1063:Crusaders
875:with the
849:Prior to
538:Holy Fire
405:Discovery
399:Dan Bahat
385:In 1841,
372:Zion Gate
302:crucified
144:Ownership
59:Jerusalem
2520:(1911).
2470:(1906).
2435:(1878).
2419:14 March
1928:Partners
1856:Ynetnews
1399:(1848).
1150:See also
1092:and the
977:Golgotha
965:Talmudic
957:Golgotha
945:Josephus
921:Golgotha
917:Golgotha
913:Eusebius
902:Golgotha
832:Golgotha
687:—
654:Golgotha
572:Golgotha
552:—
498:New York
482:Golgotha
477:Golgotha
472:Golgotha
464:Golgotha
241::57–60,
223:Golgotha
131:Cultures
55:Location
2597:Calvary
2530:(ed.).
2098:(1906).
2077:(1906).
1943:(ed.).
1762:380–393
1049:donkeys
1017:and at
935:or the
859:Hadrian
728:cistern
547:miracle
334:Hadrian
330:Saewulf
243:John 19
160:Website
123:Periods
115:Founded
110:History
2449:
2410:
2373:
2259:Ensign
2236:
2207:
2061:, 365.
2035:(1981)
2005:
1782:
1413:
1360:
1324:
1246:
1216:
1007:German
973:Hebron
595:saint
589:zawiya
322:Helena
288:walls.
259:named
245::41).
181:Hebrew
2526:. In
2371:S2CID
2357:(2).
2160:, p.
1098:Jesus
1085:Jesus
1053:mules
869:forum
855:Venus
326:Cross
306:walls
298:Jesus
294:Bible
201:empty
23:" in
2494:here
2488:2021
2460:2021
2447:ISBN
2421:2017
2408:ISBN
2389:link
2340:2021
2234:ISBN
2205:ISBN
2016:2019
2003:ISBN
1982:help
1962:2019
1780:ISBN
1523:2014
1424:2021
1411:ISBN
1358:ISBN
1322:ISBN
1244:ISBN
1214:ISBN
1005:, a
961:Adam
886:spur
726:and
656:was
593:Sufi
300:was
204:tomb
102:Type
2363:doi
2333:BAS
2162:304
1916:120
1814:115
1541:335
1096:of
989:'s
971:in
496:in
275:.
155:Yes
2548::
2474:.
2423:.
2385:}}
2381:{{
2369:.
2355:46
2353:.
2325:.
2256:,
2228:.
2177:.
2152:,
2124:,
2094:.
2082:^
2073:.
2031:,
1974::
1972:}}
1968:{{
1901:,
1885:,
1854:.
1820:^
1713:^
1631:).
1594:^
1547:^
1493:,
1464:^
1383:;
1379:;
1274:^
1258:^
1228:^
1200:^
1186:^
1135:.
1127:.
1100:.
884:A
845::
823:.
749:.
607:.
599:.
484:.
296:,
2490:.
2462:.
2391:)
2377:.
2365::
2342:.
2242:.
2213:.
2188:.
2048:.
2018:.
1984:)
1964:.
1872:.
1858:.
1788:.
1764:.
1728:.
1644:.
1618:.
1589:.
1525:.
1426:.
1366:.
1330:.
1252:.
1222:.
1055:.
1051:/
1044:.
714:(
422:.
27:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
.jpg)
