1170:
857:
96:
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458:
294:
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270:
739:
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1206:
493:
341:
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317:
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329:
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254:
508:
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573:
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1090:
175:
22:
605:
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1871:
941:. Larger depictions show the Buddha descending the central one of three ladders or steps, often attended by Indra and Brahma, lords of the Tavatimsa heaven, who may remain at the top of any steps, but in simplified depictions they flank a standing Buddha on either side, at a much smaller scale, sometimes one holding a
1005:
1213:
One of the earliest surviving sets, if not the earliest, of the eight scenes on a single piece of stone is in the museum at
Sarnath, dating from the 7th century, and a little over 3 foot high. Here there is no larger main image, with all eight scenes at the same size, arranged in two columns of four
457:
758:. A monkey offers honey to Buddha, who is shown in the lotus position, with his begging bowl in his lap. In some versions the Buddha initially rejected the honey because it had bee larvae, ants or other insects in it, but after the monkey carefully removed these with a twig his gift was accepted.
1033:, the Buddha performed two miracles. The first and more commonly depicted is known as the "multiplication of Buddhas", where Buddha baffles the others by multiplying his form into several Buddhas, who preach to the assembled crowd. In small pieces, however, only one Buddha figure may be shown.
773:
or relic, is the indispensable identifying element in the most reduced images, when even the monkey is not shown. The monkey may be shown, and also an elephant who also protected Buddha and gave him water. Each of these had divergent and initially unhappy after-stories. The monkey, overcome with
205:
and other
Buddhist constructions. From early on, the accounts of some events varied considerably. Small reliefs only allow very compact depictions of the scenes, with very few if any other figures than the Buddha. These are simplified versions of much larger relief sculptures of each individual
1244:
The
Jagdishpur stele is a rare survival of a very large stele with the Eight Great Events, rather than just showing a single one as most large steles do. At over 3 metres tall, and probably 10th-century, it is "the largest Buddhist devotional image to survive from this period in north India".
562:
or "earth witness" mudra. Larger depictions may show Mara and his army of demons, or his three beautiful daughters, who attempt to prevent the Buddha's enlightenment by distracting him from meditation with seductive movements; modern South-East Asian depictions of this can be rather lurid.
1036:
In the other, Buddha makes flames rise up from his upper body, while water flows from the lower parts. This is more rarely depicted, with only five reliefs known from
Gandhara. The depiction indicates both elements by patterns on the relief, with the Buddha standing with his hand in the
1169:
1147:, artists often showed the Buddha alive and awake, but elsewhere the moment after death is usually represented. Sometimes the body is already wrapped in a shroud, but usually the face, as if asleep, is turned towards the viewer. Traditionally the death took place between two
883:
225:
he is sometimes seated on something, with his legs coming down. The steles are typically arranged with the horizontal scene of the death across the top, above the main image, then the two scenes where Buddha stands the highest on each side. The
546:", a demon king, who challenged the Buddha's right to acquire the powers that enlightenment brought, and asked him for a witness to attest his right to achieve it. In reply Buddha touched the ground with his right hand outstretched, asking
269:
293:
1053:
241:
has the events arranged around a middle drum section. Later works, from the following centuries and several different countries, continue the broad stele format with variations, and often differences in the scenes depicted.
856:
788:
1139:
with his head to the left, usually on a raised couch or bed. As many followers as space allow are crowded round the bed, in early versions making extravagant gestures of grief; these return in later
Japanese paintings.
840:
738:
418:
The Buddha was able to stand and take seven steps almost immediately, ending by standing on a lotus flower, and the baby standing on this may be shown; in East Asia this subject became popular by itself, the
871:
830:, with his right hand held open and the palm vertical. The elephant is usually much smaller, often at the scale of a small dog compared to Buddha, and shown bowing to Buddha. Sometimes a small figure of
557:
The foliage of the Bodhi Tree may be shown above Buddha's head. Buddha is always shown seated in the lotus position, reaching the fingers of his right hand down to touch the ground, which is called the
769:, but this was an important city with other connections with the Buddha, who preached his last sermon there. He left his begging bowl in the city when he departed, and this, which became an important
687:, some weeks after his enlightenment, to five named disciples, who may be shown if they can be fitted in. Buddha is seated, normally in the lotus position, and his hands are always shown in the
160:, is normally at the top, over the larger figure, with the rest three high on each side. In small versions of such a scheme the space available means that events are distinguished largely by the
572:
395:
pose. The Buddha emerged miraculously from her side, which is usually shown in small depictions with him as though flying. In larger ones two male figures stand to the left, representing the
704:, and sometimes one or two deer, referring to the location. These may be on the front of the base of Buddha's throne, where the disciples may also appear, much smaller than the Buddha.
1545:
965:
1069:
1387:
Huntington, 396ā397 analyses the
Jagdishpur stele, and also illustrates (p. 397) one at the Nalanda museum where the two standing scenes are in the middle; Prematilleke, 162ā163.
906:
800:
95:
1257:
specifically with
Nalanda, both a huge centre of learning and of the production of sculpture. The Jagdishpur stele is unusual in including five Vedic or Hindu deities in the
693:, where his two hands mime his metaphor of "setting in motion the Wheel of the Dharma". This is generally only used in images of the Buddha when representing this moment.
820:
is portrayed in
Buddhist tradition as an evil and schismatic figure. He is said to have attempted to kill Buddha by setting the ferocious elephant Nalagiri on Buddha, at
383:), labour began. Maya standing with her right hand over her head, holding a curving bough, is the indispensable part of the iconography; this was a pose familiar in
60:, the First Sermon, the Monkey's offering of honey, the Taming of Nalagiri the elephant, the Descent from Tavatimsa Heaven, the Miracle at Sravasti and his death or
111:
Before and after this period there were other groupings, both smaller and larger, with 4, 5, 20, and other much larger groups found. A grouping of four events, the
25:
Jagdishpur relief, photographed in 1872. A very rare survival of a large scale depiction of the Eight Great Events. Over 3 metres high, perhaps late 10th-century.
340:
253:
985:
710:
566:
This event in Buddha's life is most commonly the large central scene in groups, as in the
Jagdispur stele, where dozens of small demons surround the Buddha.
636:
316:
2427:
230:
is normally at the bottom of one side, more often the viewer's left, and the meditating scenes fill the other spaces, including the larger main image.
620:
722:
1226:
at top right. The spaces for each scene are slightly wider than they are high, allowing at least three figures in each scene, and sometimes more.
1229:
Another broken and damaged stele from
Sarnath (illustrated) has a similar grid style; five scenes survive, but there may have been others, as the
121:
1159:
492:
1249:, where it may have originally been placed. When the image was photographed in the 1870s it was outside a small Hindu temple, worshiped as a
473:
1151:(the same species under which he was born), which may be shown behind him, as may their tree-spirits in the branches. The texts (the Pali
189:
The iconography of the events reflects the elaborated versions of the Buddha's life story that had become established from about 100 AD in
65:
1949:
Brown, Kathryn Selig. āLife of the Buddhaā, 2003, In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000ā,
701:
660:
1185:
2334:
1711:
1339:
1921:
Bautze-Picron, Claudine. "Crying Leaves: Some Remarks on āThe Art of PÄla India (8thā12th Centuries) and Its International Legacy.ā",
1043:. Another miracle, with the miraculous growth of a mango tree, is shown in earlier reliefs at Sanchi, but not in depictions of the
2218:
1089:
1589:
328:
2383:
1214:
scenes, with a grid of narrow plain borders enclosing them. They are not in exact chronological sequence, with for example the
64:. Each event had taken place at a specific location, which had become a place of pilgrimage, and there was a matching set of "
2009:
2462:
1496:
1205:
2432:
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1434:
166:
or hand gesture of the Buddha. Sets of paintings, which only survive from rather later, show all eight at similar sizes.
1888:
1792:
1293:
774:
excitement when his gift is accepted, fell or jumped down a well in some versions, but was later saved and turned into a
367:, mother of the Buddha, was returning to her parents' home to give birth. She stopped for a walk in the park or grove at
2498:
443:
kings) perform the bathing, and maids may attend. Symbolic re-enactments of this form part of the rituals celebrating
1163:
are the earliest) say he lived to be eighty, but he is shown as young, as he is in all depictions of him as an adult.
201:, and were given detailed depictions in cycles of scenes, typically rectangular, on the many spaces provided by large
2437:
2171:
2023:
2005:
1940:
1680:
1665:
507:
1327:
119:
was the most prominent, consisting of very important life-events. Larger groups, such as the 43 on the 20th-century
2403:
2147:
2016:
Early Buddhist Narrative Art: Illustrations of the Life of the Buddha from Central Asia to China, Korea, and Japan
834:, a close disciple, stands by Buddha, as in some texts of the story he remained with Buddha during the episode.
794:
One of the few Gandharan depictions of the money offering honey. His gift accepted, the monkey dances excitedly.
2503:
2388:
2161:
2137:
2113:
2092:
2041:
1991:
1977:
1520:
1455:
1153:
824:. Buddha pacifies the elephant, who kneels before him. Buddha is usually shown standing, with his hand in the
675:("The Setting in Motion of the Wheel of the Dharma Sutta"). Among other key Buddhist doctrines it set out the
2493:
2393:
2211:
1577:
420:
2307:
2248:
671:
364:
2442:
2363:
2118:
Prematilleke, L. "A Miniature Sculpture from Ceylon Depicting the Eight Great Miracles of the Buddha",
2058:
2034:
In the Image of Man, The Indian Perception of the Universe through 2000 years of painting and sculpture
1135:. It is normally depicted in stele groups across the centre of the top, above the main figures, with a
238:
185:, Gandhara. The Buddha is shown twice: being received by Indra, and then standing up immediately after.
2356:
761:
It is the most obscure of the events, and relatively uncommonly depicted before it became one of the
57:
2302:
955:
may be waiting for the Buddha below. The event is still celebrated in Tibet, in a festival called
604:
2280:
2204:
1109:
766:
751:
1253:
of a Hindu goddess; now moved inside, it remains in worship. One scholar connects groups of the
2190:
1875:
1734:
Sahni, 189, 190, 191ā192, 195 describe different depictions; Prematilleke, 167; Pal (1984), 111
1415:
1330:: "In the Footsteps of Buddhist Pilgrims: Sites in North India", 25 February 2014; Michell, 186
1030:
206:
event. Larger depictions, such as paintings, are by contrast often crowded with other figures.
2027:
1668:
2420:
1955:
Brown, R. L., "Telling the Story in Art of the Monkeyās Gift of Honey to the Buddha", 2009,
1524:
1488:
976:
700:
are usually the main large scene in stele groups. In larger groups a wheel may figure, as in
656:
579:
46:
669:
This is also known as the "Sermon in the Deer Park", and is recorded in the text called the
221:
and taming Nalagiri, leaving four where he is sitting in a meditation position, although in
2368:
2258:
2174:, Indian Ministry of Culture, (refs given to page numbers and titles from the menu at left)
688:
444:
53:, either individually or as a group, and recounted and interpreted in Buddhist discourses.
8:
2317:
1245:
Jagdishpur is some two kilometres from the main remains of the great Buddhist college of
742:
From a 12th-century book-cover, Nepal. The monkey appears three times, at far right as a
1314:
765:
around the 8th century. It is also rather unclear from the texts why it is connected to
2297:
1870:
This is not the one described by Sahni, 183ā185, but with many similarities of detail.
1835:
992:
1723:
2275:
2253:
2157:
2133:
2109:
2088:
2037:
2019:
2001:
1987:
1973:
1950:
1936:
1827:
1661:
1516:
1492:
1481:
847:
676:
217:, the other events divide into two scenes where the Buddha is normally standing, the
1233:
is missing and the stone is broken off at the top. In this the lowest scene, of the
542:. Buddhist tradition recounts that the enlightment was preceded by the "assault of
2408:
2351:
2097:
2076:
2063:
2046:
1136:
1022:
862:
539:
304:
280:
157:
45:
of North India around the 9th century had become established as the standard group
1944:
1421:
775:
743:
595:
308:
103:, 11thā12th century, 8.2 x 6.1 cm (3 1/4 x 2 3/8 in.), apparently taken back to
2322:
1176:
587:
346:
2196:
1852:
Not the one described by Sahni, 183ā185, but with many similarities of detail.
1752:
2487:
2415:
1965:
1831:
1132:
956:
190:
182:
85:
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2068:
Art of Nepal: A Catalogue of the Los Angeles County Museum of Art Collection
1618:
2268:
2184:
627:
611:
591:
583:
543:
174:
156:, surrounded by smaller scenes showing the others. The Parinirvana, with a
50:
1565:
1513:
Meeting the Buddhas: A Guide to Buddhas, Bodhisattvas, and Tantric Deities
21:
2287:
1192:
1119:
1039:
952:
947:
826:
643:
479:
428:
141:
61:
42:
1960:
1926:
1861:
Brown (2009), 45ā47, with a photo; Sahni, 187ā190 has a full description
1839:
1815:
2347:
2263:
2231:
2227:
1237:, is double width and includes more detail, but is badly damaged. The
1128:
1011:
Descent from Tavatimsa Heaven (central scene), 2nd century AD, Mathura.
934:
680:
535:
384:
276:
38:
80:(just, some 10 km from the border), all the events took place in
2343:
1144:
1026:
926:
817:
531:
517:
392:
284:
126:
2327:
411:
may support her to the right, and maids may stand on the right, and
2243:
1553:
1148:
996:
938:
436:
408:
388:
376:
2123:
391:
tree-spirits. Maya's feet are usually crossed, giving a graceful
2339:
1246:
1124:
1080:
972:
942:
930:
684:
547:
424:
368:
260:
234:
129:, tend to have more from the Buddha's early life. A 15th-century
2187:, with the Eight Great Events, plus a smaller row at the bottom.
464:
440:
2398:
1986:, 2nd edn. 1994, Yale University Press Pelican History of Art,
1270:
1266:
918:
893:
831:
821:
779:
770:
412:
404:
198:
194:
149:
134:
1816:"In Support of a New Chronology for the Kizil Mural Paintings"
76:, where the events took place. Apart from his birth in modern
2378:
2373:
2105:
2084:
2071:
2054:
1887:
Behrend, 17 (quoted), 23ā24 on Nalanda; Huntington, 396ā397;
1724:"Lhabab Duchen, Festival of the Buddhaās Descent from Heaven"
1600:
Sahni, 96ā99 describes several variations; Prematilleke, 164.
1549:
1274:
1262:
1250:
914:
483:
448:
400:
396:
372:
300:
202:
162:
145:
130:
104:
100:
89:
81:
77:
1753:"Virtual Tour - Beyond Boundaries: Buddhist Art of Gandhara"
1566:āStone stele of the Eight Great Events of the Buddhaās Lifeā
49:
and teachings. As such they were frequently represented in
554:
of the earth, to witness his enlightenment, which she did.
551:
499:
73:
1660:, 215ā218, 1981, Library of Tibetan Works & Archives,
1378:
Craven, 88ā90; Rowland, 100ā107, 235ā236; Michell, 186ā187
2146:, 1914, Superintendent of Government Printing, Calcutta,
152:
had a larger central Buddha figure, normally showing the
56:
The Eight Great Events are: the Birth of the Buddha, the
2172:
online at the Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts
2168:
The Illustrated Jataka & Other Stories of the Buddha
2130:
The Art and Architecture of India: Buddhist, Hindu, Jain
1933:
Tibet and India: Buddhist Traditions and Transformations
925:
Some years after his enlightenment, Buddha visited the
1755:, Osmund Bopearachchi, from 31:20, Berkeley Art Museum
259:
Stele of the eight events, 10th-century, perhaps from
137:
has 32 scenes, of which 15 precede the Enlightenment.
538:, a probable descendant of which survives beside the
2132:, 1967 (3rd edn.), Pelican History of Art, Penguin,
929:
heaven, where he was joined by his mother (from the
47:
of narrative scenes to encapsulate the Buddha's life
1984:
The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent
1460:, V&A Museum; Karetzky, 140ā141; Pal (1984), 82
750:This took place during the Parileyyakka Retreat at
665:, c. 475, with the wheel and disciples on the base.
2051:Light of Asia : Buddha Sakyamuni in Asian art
1480:
806:Buddha with small monkey at left; both have bowls.
2144:Catalogue of the Museum of Archaeology at Sarnath
2485:
2148:fully online from the Ministry of Culture, India
1029:(Sravasti etc). In a "miracle contest" with the
901:
877:Subjugation of Nalagiri by the Buddha, Gandhara
2226:
1998:The Art of Ancient India: Buddhist, Hindu, Jain
1568:, The Buddhaās Biography, accessed 26 June 2022
1269:, then on the other side of the Buddha, Indra,
811:
778:, or was reborn as a human who joined Buddha's
435:is also sometimes shown in the same scene; two
122:Ivory carved tusk depicting Buddha life stories
2191:Eight Great Events from the Life of the Buddha
1972:, 1987, Thames & Hudson (Praeger in USA),
1424:; Prematilleke, 164; Pal (1984), 40-41, 53, 55
937:doctrine, before descending again to earth at
728:The Buddha's first sermon at Sarnath. Gandhara
716:The Buddha's first sermon at Sarnath. Gandhara
525:
463:Kushan dynasty, Gandhara. At right two female
169:
2212:
892:, who appears at hedgehog size at left, with
233:A bronze model stupa from 8th or 9th-century
1795:; Sahni, 185, 190ā191; Prematilleke, 164ā165
933:heaven). For three months he taught her the
846:Nalagiri subdued, rear of a pillar with the
322:11th or 12th-century, Bihar, 10 inches high
1515:, pp. 74-76, 1993, Windhorse Publications,
2219:
2205:
2193:, as shown at the Art Institute of Chicago
1712:082 ā The Buddhaās Teaching of Abhidhamma
1179:, late 2nd to early 3rd century, Gandhara
303:, 22 inches high. A diplomatic gift from
246:Relief groups with the Eight Great Events
1204:
1108:
905:
737:
733:
655:
651:
403:, who reaches out to hold the baby, and
173:
94:
20:
2036:, Royal Academy of Arts, London, 1982,
1487:. Princeton University Press. pp.
1417:Nativity Scene: The Birth of the Buddha
1016:
816:The Buddha's cousin and brother-in-law
37:) are a set of episodes in the life of
2486:
2468:
1813:
1218:at the bottom of the left column, the
991:Descent from Tavatimsa Heaven, in the
359:
2200:
2154:Buddhist Art: In Praise of the Divine
2018:, 2000, University Press of America,
1773:Rowland, 134; Pal (1984), 19, 121ā122
1658:The Sutra of the Wise and the Foolish
1590:"081 ā Dhamma-Chakka-Pavattana-Katha"
1469:Pal (1984), 19, 82; Pal (1988), 66ā67
1445:Shashibala, 54; Pal (1984), 70, 83ā86
2458:
1935:, 2014, Metropolitan Museum of Art,
1478:
375:. Reaching up to hold a bough of a
1714:; Sahni, 195ā196; Prematilleke, 164
945:over the Buddha. Buddha makes the
421:most famous and one of the earliest
407:standing behind him. Maya's sister
13:
1996:Huntington, Susan L. and John C.,
1908:Bautze-Picron, 289, note on Cat 49
1535:Craven, 88ā90, 174; Pal (1986), 36
1104:
971:Descent from Tavatimsa Heaven, in
113:Birth, Enlightenment, First Sermon
14:
2515:
2438:Gautama Buddha in world religions
2178:
2108:/University of California Press,
2087:/University of California Press,
1889:British Library page on the photo
662:Buddha Preaching his First Sermon
2467:
2457:
1184:
1168:
1088:
1068:
1052:
1004:
984:
964:
882:
870:
855:
839:
799:
787:
721:
709:
635:
626:Temptations of the daughters of
619:
603:
571:
506:
491:
486:holds the standing baby at left.
472:
456:
339:
334:Pala, 12th-century, 47.5 cm high
327:
315:
292:
287:, 11th century, 6.7 inches high.
268:
252:
2014:Karetzky, Patricia Eichenbaum,
1902:
1893:
1881:
1864:
1855:
1846:
1807:
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1957:Bulletin of the Asia Institute
1372:
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1354:
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1333:
1320:
1307:
1298:
1287:
1191:Parinirvana scene, Cave 38 at
1160:MahÄyÄna MahÄparinirvÄį¹a SÅ«tra
702:a 5th-century stele at Sarnath
415:or other spirits hover above.
16:Episodes in the life of Buddha
1:
2000:, 2014, Motilal Banarsidass,
1970:Indian Art: A Concise History
1925:43, no. 1/4 (1993): 277ā94,
1915:
1479:Shaw, Miranda Eberle (2006).
1340:Map of the Eight Great Places
1241:has a small flight of steps.
951:. A small figure of the nun
911:Descent from Tavatimsa Heaven
902:Descent from Tavatimsa Heaven
690:Dharmachakra Pravartana MudrÄ
354:
2122:34, no. 2/3 (1972): 162ā68.
1342:; Behrend, 5 also has a map.
1261:scene. From left, these are
890:Taming Nalagiri the elephant
812:Taming Nalagiri the elephant
642:Detail of painting on silk,
7:
2185:14th-century Tibetan thanka
2102:Indian Sculpture: Volume II
1483:Buddhist Goddesses of India
1435:072 ā Birth Story of Gotama
1313:Craven, 174; Brown (2003);
1200:
1079:, manuscript illustration,
672:Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta
526:Enlightenment of the Buddha
170:Arrangement and iconography
10:
2522:
2081:Indian Sculpture: Volume I
1814:Howard, Angela F. (1991).
1793:086 ā Story of Parinibbana
1209:Broken stele from Sarnath.
756:Monkey's Offering of Honey
467:stand ready for the bath.
349:, 12th-century stone stele
239:National Museum, New Delhi
2499:Indian Buddhist sculpture
2453:
2239:
1874:. This one is now in the
1097:miracle of fire and water
1077:Multiplication of Buddhas
1061:Multiplication of Buddhas
754:. It is also called the
2384:Physical characteristics
1328:Metropolitan Museum blog
1280:
279:pilgrim souvenir of the
41:that by the time of the
2281:ten principal disciples
2032:Michell, George (ed.),
1656:Frye, Stanley (trans.)
1317:; Prematilleke, 162ā168
1099:, Gandhara, 3rd-century
683:. It was delivered at
193:and elsewhere, such as
99:Small stone group from
1876:Indian Museum, Kolkata
1681:079 ā Nalgiri Elephant
1210:
1114:
1063:, Sarnath, 5th-century
1031:Six Heretical Teachers
975:, 2nd-1st century BC (
922:
747:
666:
186:
108:
26:
2504:Gautama Buddha in art
1820:Archives of Asian Art
1222:at top left, and the
1208:
1154:MahÄparinibbÄį¹a Sutta
1127:"). It took place at
1112:
909:
741:
734:The monkey's offering
659:
652:Buddha's first sermon
223:The Monkey's offering
177:
98:
24:
2494:Buddhist iconography
2259:Noble Eightfold Path
2156:, 2003, Roli Books,
1710:Craven, 174; Varma,
1294:British Library page
1021:This is also called
1017:Miracle at Shravasti
2318:Mahapajapati Gotami
2128:Rowland, Benjamin,
1791:Craven, 90; Verma,
1683:; Prematilleke, 167
1679:Craven, 78; Varma,
1647:Brown (2009), 43ā52
1588:Craven, 90; Varma,
1457:Buddha's first bath
1369:Huntington, 396ā397
1157:and Sanskrit-based
534:, under the famous
530:This took place at
451:in many countries.
433:Buddha's first bath
387:, often adopted by
360:Birth of the Buddha
179:Birth of the Buddha
70:"Attha-mahathanani"
2298:Great Renunciation
2293:Eight Great Events
1931:Behrend, Kurt A.,
1899:Bautze-Picron, 281
1619:Mahidol University
1351:Pal (1984), 39, 52
1255:Eight Great Events
1211:
1115:
1045:Eight Great Events
993:Greco-Buddhist art
923:
763:Eight Great Events
748:
667:
586:'s assault on the
582:representation of
275:Burmese copy of a
187:
109:
66:Eight Great Places
35:aį¹£į¹amahÄpratihÄrya
31:Eight Great Events
27:
2481:
2480:
2254:Four Noble Truths
2142:Sahni, Daya Ram,
2098:Pal, Pratapaditya
2077:Pal, Pratapaditya
2064:Pal, Pratapaditya
2047:Pal, Pratapaditya
1804:Pal (1986), 32ā33
1498:978-0-691-12758-3
1405:Pal (1984), 57ā63
921:, 2ndā3rd century
848:Bhuteswar Yakshis
677:Four Noble Truths
498:Wood relief from
445:Buddha's birthday
309:President Kennedy
263:, 11 inches high.
2511:
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2357:pilgrimage sites
2352:Mahabodhi Temple
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2152:Shashibala, Dr,
2059:Internet archive
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1117:Also called the
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2012:
1994:
1982:Harle, J. C.,
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1304:Kinnard, 105
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2428:Iconography
2421:life in art
2288:Four sights
1743:Craven, 174
1193:Kizil Caves
1123:("entry to
1120:Parinirvana
1083:, after 700
1040:abhayamudra
948:varadamudra
827:abhayamudra
782:as a monk.
644:Mogao Caves
610:Assault of
560:bhÅ«misparÅa
514:Seven Steps
480:Pala Empire
429:Nara, Japan
142:iconography
62:Parinirvana
43:Pala Empire
2488:Categories
2348:Bodhi Tree
2313:Åuddhodana
2264:Middle Way
2228:The Buddha
2162:8174362177
2138:0140561021
2114:0520064771
2093:0520059913
2042:0728703114
1992:0300062176
1978:0500201463
1916:References
1521:0904766535
1129:Kushinagar
935:Abhidhamma
863:Amaravarti
681:Middle Way
630:, Gandhara
614:, Gandhara
590:, with an
536:Bodhi Tree
482:, c. 800.
385:Indian art
365:Queen Maya
355:The events
277:terracotta
2473:Wikiquote
2409:footprint
2344:Bodh Gaya
2323:YaÅodharÄ
2276:Disciples
1832:0066-6637
1149:sal trees
1145:Sri Lanka
1027:Shravasti
927:Tavatimsa
896:at right.
818:Devadatta
532:Bodh Gaya
518:Kathmandu
393:tribhanga
371:, now in
285:Bodh Gaya
140:A common
127:New Delhi
2443:Hinduism
2379:Prophecy
2369:Birthday
2364:Miracles
2244:Buddhism
2104:, 1988,
2083:, 1986,
2070:, 1985,
2053:, 1984,
1840:20111218
1554:Malaysia
1201:Examples
997:Gandhara
977:aniconic
939:Sankassa
865:, c. 150
767:Vaishali
752:Vaishali
679:and the
580:aniconic
437:Nagaraja
409:Pajapati
389:yakshini
377:sal tree
133:painted
2463:Commons
2340:Lumbini
2269:Sayings
1548:, from
1433:Verma,
1259:Descent
1247:Nalanda
1239:Descent
1125:nirvana
1081:Nalanda
973:Bharhut
943:parasol
931:Tushita
685:Sarnath
598:, India
548:Pį¹thivi
520:, Nepal
425:Todaiji
423:at the
413:apsaras
369:Lumbini
261:Nalanda
237:in the
235:Nalanda
219:Descent
131:Tibetan
2399:Cetiya
2394:Relics
2335:Places
2328:RÄhula
2303:Family
2160:
2136:
2112:
2091:
2040:
2022:
2004:
1990:
1976:
1951:online
1939:
1838:
1830:
1826:: 75.
1664:
1519:
1495:
1271:Vishnu
1267:Brahma
919:Brahma
894:Ananda
832:Ananda
822:Rajgir
780:sangha
771:cetiya
588:Buddha
550:, the
405:Brahma
203:stupas
199:Barhut
195:Sanchi
150:relief
146:steles
135:thanka
2433:Films
2404:tooth
2389:Death
2374:Modak
2124:JSTOR
2106:LACMA
2085:LACMA
2072:LACMA
2055:LACMA
1961:JSTOR
1927:JSTOR
1836:JSTOR
1550:Kedah
1491:ā27.
1281:Notes
1275:Shiva
1263:Surya
1251:murti
1235:birth
1231:Death
1224:Death
1216:Birth
915:Indra
484:Indra
465:NÄgas
449:Vesak
401:Indra
399:gods
397:Vedic
373:Nepal
301:Bihar
228:Birth
215:Death
211:Birth
163:mudra
117:Death
105:Nepal
101:Bihar
90:India
82:Bihar
78:Nepal
2308:Maya
2158:ISBN
2134:ISBN
2110:ISBN
2089:ISBN
2038:ISBN
2020:ISBN
2002:ISBN
1988:ISBN
1974:ISBN
1937:ISBN
1828:ISSN
1662:ISBN
1546:this
1517:ISBN
1493:ISBN
1273:and
1265:and
1095:The
1075:The
1059:The
917:and
776:deva
744:deva
628:Mara
612:Mara
584:Mara
552:devi
544:Mara
500:Laos
441:NÄga
213:and
197:and
144:for
115:and
74:Pali
29:The
1943:,
1143:In
995:of
578:An
447:or
427:in
307:to
283:at
148:in
125:in
84:or
72:in
68:",
2490::
2350:,
2346:,
2342:,
2170:,
2100:,
2079:,
2066:,
2057:,
2049:,
2026:,
2008:,
1968:,
1834:.
1824:44
1822:.
1818:.
1552:,
1523:,
1489:17
1420:,
1277:.
1131:,
1047:.
959:.
516:,
431:.
181:,
92:.
2234:)
2230:(
2220:e
2213:t
2206:v
1878:.
1842:.
1501:.
999:.
979:)
746:.
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379:(
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