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frame discussion on issues such as immigration, religious freedom, minority rights, and the French
Republic itself. In recent years, the Dreyfus affair has also been used to draw attention to the resurgence of antisemitism in Europe, and to advocate for legislation that would protect minority rights across the continent. In recent years, there has been a significant push to create legislation to protect minority rights throughout Europe, with the Dreyfus affair serving as an important reference point. In France, lawmakers have proposed a number of bills that would extend protections to minority communities, such as prohibiting discrimination based on ethnicity or religion, and providing additional resources for victims of hate crimes. On a broader European level, the European Union has implemented a variety of measures, such as a hate crime reporting system and a program of positive discrimination to ensure that minority communities are not disproportionately affected by social and economic policies. Additionally, the European Commission has set up a coordinating body to ensure that member states are upholding their obligations to protect minority rights.
3491:
the streets, the crowd chanted "Death to Judas, death to the Jew." Witnesses report the dignity of
Dreyfus, who continued to maintain his innocence while raising his arms: "Innocent, Innocent! Vive la France! Long live the Army". The Adjutant broke his sword on his knee and then the condemned Dreyfus marched at a slow pace in front of his former companions. An event known as "the legend of the confession" took place before the degradation. In the van that brought him to the military school, Dreyfus is said to have confided his treachery to Captain Lebrun-Renault. It appears that this was merely self-promotion by the captain of the Republican Guard, and that in reality Dreyfus had made no admission. Due to the affair's being related to national security, the prisoner was then held in solitary confinement in a cell awaiting transfer. On 17 January 1895, he was transferred to the prison on
3733:. A banker, Castro, formally identified the writing as that of Esterhazy, who was his debtor, and told Mathieu. On 11 November 1897, the two paths of investigation met during a meeting between Scheurer-Kestner and Mathieu Dreyfus. The latter finally received confirmation that Esterhazy was the author of the note. Based on this, on 15 November 1897 Mathieu Dreyfus made a complaint to the minister of war against Esterhazy. The controversy was now public and the army had no choice but to open an investigation. At the end of 1897, Picquart returned to Paris and made public his doubts about the guilt of Dreyfus because of his discoveries. Collusion to eliminate Picquart seemed to have failed. The challenge was very strong and turned to confrontation. To discredit Picquart, Esterhazy sent, without effect, letters of complaint to the president of the republic.
3884:, Esterhazy was set to appear before a military court on 10 January 1898. A "delayed" closed court trial was pronounced. Esterhazy was notified of the matter on the following day, along with guidance on the defensive line to take. The trial was not normal: the civil trial Mathieu and Lucy Dreyfus requested was denied, and the three handwriting experts decided the writing in the bordereau was not Esterhazy's. The accused was applauded and the witnesses booed and jeered. Pellieux intervened to defend the General Staff without legal substance. The real accused was Picquart, who was dishonoured by all the military protagonists of the affair. Esterhazy was acquitted unanimously the next day after just three minutes of deliberation. With all the cheering, it was difficult for Esterhazy to make his way toward the exit, where some 1,500 people were waiting.
4395:, the new minister of war and a fierce supporter of anti-revisionism, definitely wanted to prove the guilt of Dreyfus and from there "wring the neck" of Esterhazy, whom he considered "a pathological liar and blackmailer". He was absolutely convinced of Dreyfus's guilt, a conviction reinforced by the legend of the confession (after meeting the main witness, Captain Lebrun-Renault). Cavaignac had the honesty of a doctrinaire intransigent, but absolutely did not know the depths of the affairâthe General Staff had kept him in the dark. He was surprised to learn that all the documents on which the prosecution was based had not been expertly appraised and that Boisdeffre had "absolute confidence" in Henry. Cavaignac decided to investigateâin his office, with his assistantsâand retrieved the secret file, which now contained 365 items.
3382:, made a theatrical statement in open court. He argued that leaks betraying the General Staff had been suspected to exist since February 1894 and that "a respectable person" accused Captain Dreyfus. He swore on oath that the traitor was Dreyfus, pointing to the crucifix hanging on the wall of the court. Dreyfus was apoplectic with rage and demanded to be confronted with his anonymous accuser, which was rejected by the General Staff. The incident had an undeniable effect on the court, which was composed of seven officers who were both judges and jury. However, the outcome of the trial remained uncertain. The conviction of the judges had been shaken by the firm and logical answers of the accused. The judges took leave to deliberate, but the General Staff still had a card in hand to tip the balance decisively against Dreyfus.
5050:
1906 that the Court of
Cassation unanimously cancelled the judgment without reference to the military trial at Rennes in 1899 and pronounced "the end of the rehabilitation of Captain Dreyfus". The anti-Dreyfusards protested at this hasty rehabilitation. The goal was obviously political: it was to finish and finally turn the page. Nothing could dent the conviction of the opponents of Dreyfus. This method was the most direct and most definitive. What was annulled not only put a stop to Rennes, but the entire chain of prior acts, beginning with the arraignment order given by General Saussier in 1894. The Court focused on the legal aspects only and observed that Dreyfus did not have a duty to be returned before a Military Court for the simple reason that it should never have taken place due to the total absence of charges:
4709:
emotions ran high. His physical appearance disturbed his supporters and some of his opponents. Despite his deteriorated physical condition, he had a complete mastery of the files acquired in only a few weeks. All the
General Staff testified against Dreyfus without providing any proof. They stubbornly considered null and void the confessions of Henry and Esterhazy. The trial even tended to go out of control to the extent that the decisions of the Supreme Court were not taken into account. They discussed in particular the bordereau, which was the proof of guilt of Esterhazy. Nevertheless Mercier was booed at the end of the hearing. The nationalist press and the anti-Dreyfusards could only speculate on his silence about the "conclusive evidence" (the pseudo-note annotated by
3426:
2488:
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4059:
Scheurer-Kestner and Lazare, who advocated patience and reflection. Thanks to the national and international success of Zola's article, a trial became inevitable. From that critical moment the case followed two parallel paths. On one hand, the state used its apparatus to impose a limitation on the trial, restricting it to one of simple libel so as to separate the
Dreyfus and Esterhazy cases, which had already been adjudicated. On the other hand, conflicting camps of opinion tried to influence judges and the governmentâone side pushed to obtain a review and the other to convict Zola. But Zola achieved his aim: the opening of a public debate at the
3982:
4197:, while insults to private figuresâsuch as journalists and intellectualsâuttered by the nationalist and antisemitic press were limited to the civil adversarial system. (The taxpayer is at risk in the first case, while only the plaintiff is at risk in the second.) The minister referred to only three passages of Zola's article, eighteen lines out of hundreds. He accused Zola of having written that the court martial had committed "unlawful acts ... by order". The trial opened in an atmosphere of extreme violenceâZola had been the object of "the most shameful attacks" as well as important support and congratulations. (On 2 February,
3833:
2880:. While neither had anything to do with Dreyfus, their intimate and erotic correspondence (e.g. "Don't exhaust yourself with too much buggery."), which was obtained by the authorities, lent an air of truth to other documents that were forged by prosecutors to lend retroactive credibility to Dreyfus's conviction as a spy. Some of these forgeries referred to the real affair between the two officers; in one, Alessandro supposedly informed his lover that if "Dreyfus is brought in for questioning", they must both claim that they "never had any dealings with that Jew. ... Clearly, no one can ever know what happened with him."
1676:
40:
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3417:, to the Italian military attaché, Lieutenant Colonel Alessandro Panizzardi, intercepted by the SR. The letter was supposed to accuse Dreyfus definitively since, according to his accusers, it was signed with the initial of his name. In reality, the Statistics Section knew that the letter could not be attributed to Dreyfus and if it was, it was with criminal intent. Colonel Maurel confirmed in the second Dreyfus trial that the secret documents were not used to win the support of the judges of the Military Court. He contradicted himself, however, by saying that he read only one document, "which was enough".
2777:
3058:. In fact the SR suspected that there had been leaks since the beginning of 1894 and had been trying to find the perpetrator. The minister had been harshly attacked in the press for his actions, which were deemed incompetent, and appears to have sought an opportunity to enhance his image. He immediately initiated two secret investigations, one administrative and one judicial. To find the culprit, using simple though crude reasoning, the circle of the search was arbitrarily restricted to suspects posted to, or former employees of, the General Staff â necessarily a trainee artillery officer.
3363:
bordereau showed that
Captain Dreyfus could not be the author. At the same time the accused himself protested his innocence and defended himself point by point with energy and logic. Moreover, his statements were supported by a dozen defence witnesses. Finally, the absence of motive for the crime was a serious thorn in the prosecution case. Dreyfus was indeed a very patriotic officer highly rated by his superiors, very rich and with no tangible reason to betray France. The fact of Dreyfus's Jewishness, which was used extensively by the right-wing press, was not openly presented in court.
4442:
to find logical reasons for the guilt and conviction of
Dreyfus but was not silent on this discovery. A board of inquiry was formed to investigate Esterhazy, before which he panicked and confessed his secret reports to Major du Paty de Clam. Collusion between the General Staff and the traitor was revealed. On 30 August 1898 Cavaignac resigned himself to demanding explanations from Colonel Henry in the presence of Boisdeffre and Gonse. After an hour of questioning by the minister himself, Henry broke down and made a full confession. He was placed under arrest at the
5194:. In the short term, progressive political forces from the elections of 1893 and confirmed in 1898 as a result of the Dreyfus affair disappeared in 1899. The shock trials of Esterhazy and Zola created a dreyfusian politics whose aim was to develop a republican consciousness and to fight against authoritarian nationalism, which expressed itself during the affair. For the uninhibited growth of populist nationalism was another major result of the event in French politics even though it did not originate from the Dreyfus affair. It grew out of the
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3867:
3233:, reluctantly gave the order for an enquiry. He had the power to stop the process but did not, perhaps because of an exaggerated confidence in military justice. Major Besson d'Ormescheville, the recorder for the Military Court, wrote an indictment in which "moral elements" of the charge (which gossiped about the habits of Dreyfus and his alleged attendance at "gambling circles", his knowledge of German, and his "remarkable memory") were developed more extensively than the "material elements", which are rarely seen in the charge:
4631:
recorder for the consideration of the application for review. He took on the legal files and decided on a further investigation. Ten additional witnesses were interviewed, which further weakened the version of the
General Staff. In the final discussion, President Ballot-Beaupré demonstrated the inanity of the bordereau, which was the only evidence against Dreyfus. The prosecutor Manau echoed the views of the President. Mornard who represented Lucie Dreyfus argued without any difficulty or opposition from the prosecution.
3737:
4159:. Anti-intellectualism became a major theme of right-wing intellectuals, who accused the Dreyfusards of failing to put the nation's interests first, an argument that continued throughout the years that followed and which became the basis of the public debate: a choice between justice and truth on the one hand, and the defense of the nation, preservation of society, and superiority of the state on the other. At first, the political left did not echo this mobilization of intellectualsâon 19 January 1898 Socialist
4052:). With a typical circulation of 30,000, the newspaper distributed nearly 300,000 copies that day. This article had the effect of an explosion. The article was a direct attack, explicit and clear, and named names. It denounced all those who had conspired against Dreyfus, including the minister of war and the General Staff. The article contained numerous errors, exaggerating or minimizing the roles of one or another of the figures involved (the role of General Mercier was greatly underestimated, for instance).
3863:, asked, "Who protects Major Esterhazy? The law must stop sucking up to this ineffectual Prussian disguised as a French officer. Why? Who trembles before Esterhazy? What occult power, why shamefully oppose the action of justice? What stands in the way? Why is Esterhazy, a character of depravity and more than doubtful morals, protected while the accused is not? Why is an honest soldier such as Lieutenant-Colonel Picquart discredited, overwhelmed, dishonoured? If this is the case we must speak out!"
4455:
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3259:
72:
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confidential. At the end of 1898, he learned with astonishment the actual size of the affair, about which he knew nothing: the accusation by his brother against
Esterhazy, the acquittal of the traitor, Henry's confession and suicide, and the reading of the record of investigations of the Supreme Court, which he received two months after its publication. On 5 June 1899, Alfred Dreyfus was notified of the decision of the Supreme Court on the judgement of 1894. On 9 June 1899, he left
5166:
3526:
5065:
4740:, sent respectful word to Major Louis CarriĂšre, the government commissioner. He asked him to act in the spirit of the revised judgment of the Supreme Court. The officer pretended not to understand the allusion and helped the nationalist lawyer Auffray to make the indictment against Dreyfus. The defence needed to make a decision because the outcome of the case looked bad, despite evidence of the absence of charges against the accused. On behalf of the president of the council,
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3178:
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3708:. The doubts of the General Staff regarding the innocence of Dreyfus flew out the window. With this discovery the General Staff decided to protect Esterhazy and persecute Colonel Picquart, "who did not understand anything". Picquart, who knew nothing of the "faux Henry", quickly felt isolated from his fellow soldiers. Major Henry accused Picquart of embezzlement and sent him a letter full of innuendo. He protested in writing and returned to Paris.
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3115:
251:
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returned. Incidents between the two lawyers for
Dreyfus multiplied. Labori reproached Demange about his excessive caution. The government, in the face of the military hardening stance, still had two ways to influence events: call for testimony from Germany or abandon the charge. These negotiations in the background, however, had no result. The German Embassy sent a polite refusal to the government. The Minister of War, General
3900:, did not give up and involved himself further in the affair. When Mathieu thanked him, he replied curtly that he was "doing his duty". Esterhazy benefited from special treatment by the upper echelons of the army, which was inexplicable except for the General Staff's desire to stifle any inclination to challenge the verdict of the court martial that had convicted Dreyfus in 1894. The army declared Esterhazy unfit for service.
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4377:
3093:
3040:
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4811:
this extremely long and controversial affair. Also there were very few demonstrations in the provinces while agitation persisted somewhat in Paris. In the military world appeasement was also essential. Two of the seven judges voted for acquittal. They refused to yield to the implied military order. This was also clearly seen. In an apostrophe for the army, Galliffet announced: "The incident is closed".
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4172:
3660:
became convinced of his innocence. Moved by his discovery, Picquart diligently conducted an enquiry in secret without the consent of his superiors. The enquiry demonstrated that Esterhazy had knowledge of the elements described by the "bordereau" and that he was in contact with the German Embassy. It was established that the officer sold the Germans many secret documents, whose value was quite low.
4744:, aided by Zola and JaurĂšs, Labori was convinced to give up his argument so as not to offend the military. They decided to risk conciliation in exchange for the acquittal that seemed to be promised by the government. Mr. Demange, alone and without illusions, continued the defence of Dreyfus in an atmosphere of civil war. In Paris, the antisemitic and nationalist agitators of Auteuil were arrested.
4757:
3631:
3391:
4031:, he said at his trial, "I ask General Pellieux if there are not many ways to serve France? It can be served by the sword or by the pen. General Pellieux has probably won great victories! I have won mine, too. By my work the French language has been brought into the world. I have my victories! I bequeath to posterity the name of General Pellieux and that of Ămile Zola: history will choose!
5090:(French Action) not only to disrupt the ceremony for the "two traitors" Zola and Dreyfus, but also to remake the Dreyfus trial through a new trial, a revenge of some sort. The trial was at the Assises of the Seine, where GrĂ©gori was acquitted â the latest in a long series of judicial misconducts. It was an occasion for new antisemitic riots that the government suppressed half-heartedly.
4942:
4717:
4247:
fear the worst excesses if the jury acquitted Mr. Zola". However, the Zola trial was rather a victory for the Dreyfusards. Indeed, the affair and its contradictions had been widely discussed throughout the trial, especially by the military. In addition, the violent attacks against Zola and the injustice of the conviction of Dreyfus reinforced the commitment of the Dreyfusards.
4697:
on the defensive and just get the acquittal of Dreyfus. Labori, a brilliant lawyer who was just 35 years old, wanted to take the offensive, to aim higher and defeat and publicly humiliate the General Staff. Mathieu Dreyfus imagined a complementarity between the two lawyers. The conduct of the trial revealed the disunity that served the prosecution with a defence so impaired.
3111:. On being shown some letters by Dreyfus and the bordereau on 5 October, du Paty concluded immediately who had written the two writings. After a day of additional work he provided a report that, despite some differences, the similarities were sufficient to warrant an investigation. Dreyfus was therefore "the probable author" of the bordereau in the eyes of the General Staff.
9028:: "Without doubt, I am also more firmly than ever the enemy of the death penalty. But it can never be understood by the public that the state a few weeks ago has shot an unfortunate child 20 years old who was guilty of throwing a button of his tunic at the head of the President of a Military Court, while the traitor Dreyfus will soon leave for l'Ăźle de Nou (sic)
4433:(deputies) gave him an ovation and voted to display copies of the three documents in the 36,000 communes of France. The anti-Dreyfusards had triumphed, but Cavaignac implicitly recognized that the Dreyfus's defence had not had access to all the evidence. The application for annulment made by Lucie Dreyfus became admissible. The next day, Picquart declared in
3066:
favoured by France for their knowledge of the German language and culture. There was also antisemitism in the offices of the General Staff, and it fast became central to the affair by filling in the credibility gaps in the preliminary enquiry. In particular, Dreyfus was at that time the only Jewish officer to be recently passed by the General Staff.
4486:"). In December the same newspaper launched a subscription, in favour of his widow, to erect a monument to Henry. Each gift was accompanied by pithy, often abusive, remarks on Dreyfus, the Dreyfusards, and the Jews. Some 14,000 subscribers, including 53 deputies, sent 131,000 francs. On 3 September 1898, Brisson, the president of the council, urged
3518:. Indeed, during the deportation of Adjutant Lucien ChĂątelain, sentenced for conspiring with the enemy in 1888, the facilities did not provide the required conditions of confinement and detention conditions were considered too soft. On 21 February 1895, Dreyfus embarked on the ship Ville de Saint-Nazaire. The next day the ship sailed for
5011:. The court identified three events (grounds) for review, the demonstration of the falsification of the Panizzardi telegram, demonstration of a date change on a document in the 1894 trial (April 1895 changed to April 1894) and demonstration of the fact that Dreyfus had not removed the minutes related to heavy artillery in the army.
5073:
that his five years of imprisonment were not taken into account for the reconstruction of his career and that his promotion to major was back-dated only to 10 July 1903. This decision blocked any hope of a career worthy of his past successes before his arrest in 1894. After serving for a year as commander of the artillery depot at
5655:). The interest of the book focuses on a strictly factual relating of the story with documented facts and multifaceted reflection on the different aspects of the event. The book also revealed for the first time the existence of homosexual correspondence in the prosecution case. Expanding on a 2008 article they published in
3719:, like Dreyfus), who was in turn infected by doubts. Without citing Picquart, the senator revealed the affair to the highest people in the country. The General Staff, however, still suspected Picquart of causing leaks. This was the beginning of the Picquart affair, a new conspiracy by the General Staff against an officer.
4598:. On 26 September 1898, after a Cabinet vote, the Minister of Justice appealed to the Supreme Court. On 29 October 1898, after the submission of the report from the recorder Alphonse Bard, the Criminal Chamber of the Court stated that "the application is admissible and will proceed with a supplementary investigation".
3406:. Recent research indicates the existence of numbering which suggests the presence of a dozen documents. Among these letters were some of an erotic homosexual nature (the Davignon letter among others) raising the question of the tainted methods of the Statistics Section and the objective of their choice of documents.
3878:. This convinced the Office of the General Staff to find a way to stop the questions, doubts, and the beginnings of demands for justice. The idea was to require Esterhazy to demand a trial and be acquitted, to stop the noise and allow a return to order. Thus, to finally exonerate him, according to the old rule
3770:, which was the first article in a series of three. Faced with threats of massive cancellations from its readers, the paper's editor stopped supporting Zola. Gradually, from late-November through early-December 1897, a number of prominent people got involved in the fight for retrial. These included the authors
11411:"Dreyfus Unaware to End He Had Been Victim of Plot; Was Instrument of Conspiracy to Destroy the French Republic, Documents Disclose -- Likened to Nazi Movement in Reich. Enemies of Dreyfus Left a Trail of Forgeries, Perjuries and Murders Zola's 'J' Accuse' Led to the Undoing of the 'Outrageous Judicial Crime'"
4272:
that should have made the complaint. Prosecutor-General Manau supported a review of the Dreyfus trial and strongly opposed the antisemites. The judges of the military court, whom Zola had challenged, therefore opened a new suit against him for libel. The case was brought before the Assizes of Seine-et-Oise in
2846:, and a convinced antisemite. Its military mission was clear: to retrieve information about potential enemies of France and to feed them false information. The Statistics Section was supported by the "Secret Affairs" of the Quai d'Orsay at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, which was headed by a young diplomat,
4333:
localities, and associated them with "the campaign undertaken in favor of ex-Captain Dreyfus", or with the "intervention by M. Zola", or the Zola trial itself, which "seems to have aroused the antisemitic demonstrations". In Paris, demonstrations around the Zola trial were frequent and sometimes violent.
5572:
The publication of notes by Schwartzkoppen in 1930 shed light on the guilty role of EsterhĂĄzy in the affair and exonerated Alfred Dreyfus at the same time, if such vindication was needed. The extreme right questioned the value of this testimony but most historians hold it to be a valid source despite
5507:
refused to display it there. Hernu claimed that this was because the Ăcole Militaire is not open to the public, but it was widely believed that this was done to avoid provoking the army. Mitterrand did not override his minister and the statue was instead installed at Boulevard Raspail, No. 116â118 at
5466:
Though Alfred Dreyfus was eventually exonerated of all charges, the scandal and its aftermath had lasting repercussions in French society. In the 21st century, the Dreyfus affair remains an important part of French history and has been the focus of much public debate. The controversy has been used to
5359:
of Vienna and was present at the degradation of Dreyfus in 1895. "The catalyst for Herzl's 'conversion' is usually seen as the Dreyfus affair, which made him realise the impossibility of Jewish existence in Europe", although some scholars believe that Herzl may have exaggerated the influence that the
5072:
Dreyfus was reinstated in the army with the rank of artillery major by law on 13 July 1906. This reflected the rank to which he could reasonably have been expected to have risen had his career not been interrupted by the false charges against him. However, Dreyfus and his supporters were disappointed
5049:
On 9 March 1905, Attorney-General Baudouin delivered an 800-page report in which he demanded the convictions be quashed without further reference to another court and denounced the army. He began a divestiture of the military justice system, which did not conclude until 1982. It was not until 12 July
5015:
4785:
It was in this spirit that on 17 November 1899, Waldeck-Rousseau filed an amnesty law covering "all criminal acts or misdemeanours related to the Dreyfus affair or that have been included in a prosecution for one of these acts" excluding only Alfred Dreyfus himself who was instead pardoned to be able
4437:
to the council president, "I am in a position to establish before a court of competent jurisdiction that the two documents bearing the date of 1894 could not be attributed to Dreyfus and that the one that bears the date of 1896 had all the characteristics of a fake", which earned him eleven months in
3847:
was responsible for conducting an investigation. It was brief, thanks to the General Staff's skillful manipulation of the investigator. The real culprit, they said, was Lieutenant-Colonel Picquart. The investigation was moving towards a predictable conclusion until Esterhazy's former mistress, Madame
3686:
The nationalist press launched a violent campaign against the burgeoning Dreyfusards. In counter-attack, the General Staff discovered and revealed the information hitherto ignored in the "secret file". Doubt began to surface, and figures in the artistic and political spheres asked questions. Picquart
3667:
from 1877 to 1880. A man with a personality disorder, a sulphurous reputation and crippled by debt, he was considered by Picquart to be a traitor driven by monetary reasons to betray his country. Picquart communicated the results of his investigation to the General Staff, which opposed him under "the
3373:
who was not an expert in handwriting, was presented as a scholar of the first importance. He advanced the theory of "autoforgery" during the trial and accused Dreyfus of imitating his own handwriting, explaining the differences in writing by using extracts of writing from his brother Matthieu and his
2883:
The letters, real and fake, provided a convenient excuse for placing the entire Dreyfus dossier under seal, given that exposure of the liaison would have 'dishonoured' Germany and Italy's military and compromised diplomatic relations. As homosexuality was, like Judaism, then often perceived as a sign
6008:
Faced with the evidence that the identity of the writer of the bordereau was EsterhĂĄzy, the General Staff had spread the rumour that the bordereau was in fact copied from a note that was even commented in the handwriting of the German Emperor Wilhelm II. This allowed the people behind the rumours to
5568:
by "Henri-Dutrait Crozon", a pseudonym of Colonel Larpent, is the basis of all anti-Dreyfusard literature after the affair to the present time. The author develops the theory of conspiracy, fueled by Jewish finance, to push Esterhazy to accuse himself of crime. Under a scientific exterior there will
5002:
and assisted by judges. The investigation was conducted by Captain Antoine Louis Targe, aide to the minister. During searches of the Statistics Section he discovered numerous documents, most of which were obviously fabricated. In November 1903 a report was submitted to the Minister of Justice by the
4441:
On the evening of 13 August 1898, Louis Cuignet, who was attached to the cabinet of Cavaignac, was working by the light of a lamp and observed that the colour of the lines on the "faux Henry" paper header and footer did not correspond with the central part of the document. Cavaignac was still trying
4271:
On 2 April 1898, an application to the Supreme Court received a favourable response. This was the court's first intervention in the affair. The court upheld the appeal, on the formal grounds that as the alleged libel was against the military court, rather than the minister, it was the military court
3490:
in Paris. While the drums rolled, Dreyfus was accompanied by four artillery officers, who brought him before an officer of the state who read the judgment. A Republican Guard adjutant tore off his badges, thin strips of gold, his stripes, cuffs and sleeves of his jacket. As he was paraded throughout
3199:
Mrs. Dreyfus was informed of the arrest the same day by a police raid to search their apartment. She was terrorized by Du Paty, who ordered her to keep the arrest of her husband secret and even said, "One word, one single word and it will be a European war!" Illegally, Dreyfus was placed in solitary
2735:
The opposition of the Radicals and Socialists resulted in a centrist government with policies oriented towards economic protectionism, a certain indifference to social issues, a willingness to break international isolation, the Russian alliance, and development of the colonial empire. These centrist
5309:
Another social consequence was the enhanced role of the press. For the first time it exerted an important influence on French political life. It was possible to speak of a fourth estate since it could act the part of all state organs. Especially as the high editorial quality of the press was mainly
5155:
The enduring significance of the Dreyfus Affair ... lies in its manifest embodiment of multiple narratives and multiple strands of historical causality. It shows how longstanding beliefs and tensions can be transformed ... into a juggernaut that alters the political and cultural landscape
4860:
This judicial conclusion also had an unfortunate consequence for the relationship between the Dreyfus family and the branch of Ultra-Dreyfusards. Fernand Labori, Jaures, and Clemenceau, with the consent of Picquart openly accused Alfred Dreyfus of accepting the pardon and only gently protesting the
4768:
The day after the verdict, Alfred Dreyfus, after much hesitation, filed an appeal for a retrial. Waldeck-Rousseau, in a difficult position, tackled for the first time the possibility of a pardon. Dreyfus had to accept guilt. Exhausted, having been away from his family for too long, he accepted. The
4764:
On 9 September 1899, the court rendered its verdict: Dreyfus was convicted of treason, but "with extenuating circumstances" (by five votes to two) and sentenced to ten years' imprisonment and a further degradation. Contrary to appearances, this verdict was on the verge of acquittal by one vote. The
4696:
General Mercier, champion of the anti-Dreyfusards, intervened constantly in the press to confirm the accuracy of the first judgement: Dreyfus was surely guilty. Immediately, however, dissent emerged in the defence of Dreyfus. His two lawyers actually had opposing strategies. Demange wanted to stand
4634:
On 3 June 1899, the joint chambers of the Supreme Court overturned the judgment of 1894 in a formal hearing. The case was referred to the Military Court of Rennes. By that judgment, the Supreme Court imposed itself as an absolute authority capable of standing up to military and political power. For
4605:
accused of being a deserter and tainted by the Prussians. Despite the compliant silence of Mercier, Billot, Zurlinden, and Roget, who hid behind the authority of "already judged" and "state secret", understanding of the affair increased. Cavaignac made a statement two days long, but failed to prove
4246:
Zola was sentenced to one year in prison and a fine of 3,000 francs, which was the maximum penalty. This harshness was due to the atmosphere of violence surrounding the trial. "The excitement of the audience and the exasperation of the crowd in front of the courthouse were so violent that one could
3651:
was assigned to be head of the staff of the Military Intelligence Service (SR) in July 1895, following the illness of Colonel Sandherr. In March 1896, Picquart, who had followed the Dreyfus affair from the outset, now required to receive the documents stolen from the German Embassy directly without
3322:
The jousting of the columnists took place within a broader debate about the issue of a closed court. For Ranc and Cassagnac, who represented the majority of the press, the closed court was a low manoeuvre to enable the acquittal of Dreyfus, "because the minister is a coward". The proof was "that he
3302:
to justify their previous campaigns against the presence of Jews in the army on the theme "You have been told!" This long delay above all enabled the General Staff to prepare public opinion and to put indirect pressure on the judges. On 8 November 1894, General Mercier declared Dreyfus guilty in an
2833:
The operation of military counterintelligence, alias the "Statistics Section" (SR), should be noted. Spying as a tool for secret war was a novelty as an organised activity by governments in the late 19th century. The Statistics Section was created in 1871 but consisted of only a handful of officers
2806:
of 27 August 1892 was signed, although some opponents thought it "against nature". The army had recovered from the defeat, but many of its officers were aristocrats and monarchists. Cult of the flag and contempt for the parliamentary republic prevailed in the army. The Republic celebrated its army;
5387:
image, which made it appear a shelter from extremist excess. He had originally been a fanatic supporter for assimilation of Jews into European Gentile society. The Dreyfus affair shook Herzl's view on the world, and he became completely enveloped in a tiny movement calling for the restoration of a
5314:
who attacked ferociously. This being said the role of the press was limited by the size of circulation, influential in Paris but to a lesser extent nationwide. The entire run of the national press appeared to revolve around four and a half million copies whose real influence was relatively strong.
5142:
published a feature by Walter Littlefield headlined âDreyfus Unaware to End He Had Been Victim of PlotâŠâ The piece fills 2 full pages and leads with the statement that the truth could not be published during Dreyfus' lifetime âbecause while he lived this would have caused him pain and resentment.â
5045:
who "reasoned badly on forged documents". The report showed that the writing was certainly by Esterhazy and that the latter had also confessed subsequently. Finally the Court demonstrated by a comprehensive and skilled analysis of the bordereau the futility of this purely intellectual construction
4836:
superiors, they accorded too much importance to fragile allegations that were only made against the accused." Thus he concluded: "For surely it might have been predicted with certainty that, if the revision trial had taken place before the Cour de cassation ... Dreyfus would now be a free man.
4810:
Reactions in France were strong, consisting of "shock and sadness" in the revisionist camp. Still other reactions tended to show that the "verdict of appeasement" made by the judges was understood and accepted by the population. The Republicans sought above all social peace and to turn the page on
4609:
Picquart then demonstrated all the workings of the error, then the conspiracy. In a decision dated 8 December 1898 in response to his divestiture announcement, Picquart was protected from the military court by the Criminal Division of the Supreme Court. This was a new obstacle to the wishes of the
4527:
was appointed in place of Brisson. In 1894 he had covered the actions of General Mercier at the beginning of the Dreyfus affair, and four years later he announced that he would follow the judgment of the Supreme Court, thus blocking the road for those who wanted to stifle the review and divest the
4511:
who succeeded him and was influenced by the General Staff, delivered a negative opinion at the review on 10 September 1898 comforting the extremist press by saying that, "a review means war". The obstinacy of the government, who voted to revert to the Supreme Court on 26 September 1898, led to the
4315:
Antisemitic disturbances and riots broke out in 1898 in cities across Metropolitan France, mostly in January and February. Antisemitic riots predated the Dreyfus affair, and were almost a tradition in the East, which "the Alsatian people observed upon the outbreak of any revolution in France". But
4276:
where the public was considered more favourable to the army and more nationalistic. On 23 May 1898, at the first hearing, Mr. Labori appealed to the Supreme Court regarding the change of jurisdiction, which adjourned the trial and postponed the hearing to 18 July 1898. Labori advised Zola to leave
4242:
This trial was also the scene of a real legal battle in which the rights of the defence were constantly violated. Many observers were aware of the collusion between France's political and military worlds. Evidently the court received instructions not to raise the subject of former judicial errors.
3722:
Major Henry, although deputy to Picquart, was jealous and fostered his own malicious operation to compromise his superior. He engaged in various malpractices (making a letter and designating it as an instrument of a "Jewish syndicate", wanting to help Dreyfus to escape, rigging the "petit bleu" to
3659:
On seeing letters from Esterhazy, Picquart realized with amazement that his writing was exactly the same as that on the "bordereau", which had been used to incriminate Dreyfus. He procured the "secret file" given to the judges in 1894 and was astonished by the lack of evidence against Dreyfus, and
5374:
f France â bastion of emancipation, progress and universal socialism â get caught up in a maelstrom of antisemitism and let the Parisian crowd chant 'Kill the Jews!' Where can they be safe once again â if not in their own country? Assimilation does not solve the problem because the Gentile world
5054:
Whereas in the final analysis of the accusation against Dreyfus nothing remains standing and setting aside the judgment of the Military Court leaves nothing that can be considered to be a crime or misdemeanour; therefore by applying the final paragraph of Article 445 no reference to another court
4835:
The Military judges were not familiar with the law or criminal proceedings. They lacked the experience and skill that can see the evidence behind the evidence. They were drowning in prejudice and they acted according to what they saw as the honour of the army. Impressed, full of respect for their
4708:
The trial opened on 7 August 1899 in an atmosphere of extreme tension. Rennes was in a state of siege. The judges of the court-martial were under pressure. EsterhĂĄzy, who admitted authorship of the bordereau, was in exile in England. He and du Paty were both excused. On the appearance of Dreyfus,
4535:
A new crisis arose at the same time in the heart of the Supreme Court, since Quesnay de Beaurepaire, president of the Civil Chamber, accused the Criminal Chamber of Dreyfusism in the press. He resigned on 8 January 1899 as a hero of the nationalist cause. This crisis led to the divestiture of the
3544:
on 14 April 1895. Apart from his guards, he was the only inhabitant of the island and he stayed in a stone hut 4 by 4 metres (13 ft Ă 13 ft). Haunted by the risk of escape, the commandant of the prison sentenced him to a hellish life, even though living conditions were already very
3216:
On 1 November 1894, Alfred's brother, Mathieu Dreyfus, became aware of the arrest after being called urgently to Paris. He became the architect of the arduous fight for the liberation of his brother. Without hesitation, he began looking for a lawyer, and retained the distinguished criminal lawyer
3026:
The staff of the Military Intelligence Service (SR) worked around the clock to spy on the German Embassy in Paris. They had managed to get a French housekeeper named "Madame Bastian" hired to work in the building and spy on the Germans. In September 1894, she found a torn-up note which she handed
2936:
accused Jewish officers of "betraying their birth", the officers challenged the editors. Captain Crémieu-Foa, a Jewish Alsatian graduated from the Ecole Polytechnique, fought unsuccessfully against Drumont and against M. de Lamase, who was the author of the articles. Captain Mayer, another Jewish
4493:
France was thoroughly divided into two, but several things remain clear: the Jewish community had little involvement, intellectuals were not all Dreyfusards, the Protestants were divided, and Marxists refused to support Dreyfus. The split transcended religion and social background, as shown in a
3607:
The campaign for the review, relayed little by little into the leftist anti-military press, triggered a return of a violent yet vague antisemitism. France was overwhelmingly anti-Dreyfusard; Major Henry from the Statistics Section in turn was aware of the thinness of the prosecution case. At the
3069:
In fact, the reputation of Dreyfus as a cold and withdrawn or even haughty character, as well as his "curiosity", worked strongly against him. These traits of character, some false, others natural, made the charges plausible by turning the most ordinary acts of everyday life in the ministry into
5854:
These are treated in the single penultimate paragraph in one sentence: "The material elements consist of the incriminating letter including review by the majority of experts as well as by us and by the witnesses who have seen it until now except for those who wilfully see differences, showing a
5301:
in 1886. It was then greatly amplified by various legal episodes and press campaigns for nearly fifteen years. Antisemitism was from then on official and was espoused in numerous settings including the working classes. Candidates for the legislative elections took advantage of antisemitism as a
4630:
On 28 February 1899, Waldeck-Rousseau spoke to the Senate on the floor and denounced "moral conspiracy" within the government and in the street. The review was no longer avoidable. On 1 March 1899, Alexis Ballot-Beaupré, the new president of the Civil Chamber of the Supreme Court, was appointed
3401:
Military witnesses at the trial alerted high command about the risk of acquittal. For this eventuality the Statistics Section had prepared a file containing, in principle, four "absolute" proofs of the guilt of Captain Dreyfus accompanied by an explanatory note. The contents of this secret file
3134:
Meanwhile, several parallel sources of information were opening up, some on the personality of Dreyfus, others to ensure the truth of the identity of the author of the bordereau. The expert Gobert was not convinced and found many differences. He even wrote that "the nature of the writing on the
4626:
On 9 February 1899, the Criminal Division submitted its report by highlighting two important facts: it was certain Esterhazy used the same paper as the bordereau and the secret file was completely void. These two major events alone destroyed all proceedings against Alfred Dreyfus. In parallel,
4506:
Henry was dead, Boisdeffre had resigned, Gonse had no more authority, and du Paty had been severely compromised by Esterhazy: for the conspirators it was a débùcle. The government was now caught between two fires: the nationalist pressure on the street and the higher command. Cavaignac, having
3160:
On the morning of 15 October 1894, Captain Dreyfus underwent this ordeal but admitted nothing. Du Paty even tried to suggest suicide by placing a revolver in front of Dreyfus, but he refused to take his life, saying he "wanted to live to establish his innocence". The hopes of the military were
2767:
as prime minister. His government faced the opposition of the left and of some Republicans (including the Progressive Union) and made sure to keep the support of the right. He sought to appease religious, social, and economic tensions and conducted a fairly conservative policy. He succeeded in
7944:
About the other points: 2) "A note upon the 'troupes de couverture' (some modifications will be carried out)"; 3) "A note concerning a modification in the formations of artillery"; 4) "A note relative to Madagascar" ; 5) "The proposed 'manual de tir' of field artillery (March 14, 1894)" in J.
4332:
appeared on 13 January, and most historians suggest that the riots were spontaneous reactions to its publication, and to the subsequent Zola trial. The press reported that "tumultuous demonstrations broke out nearly every day". Prefects or police in various towns noted demonstrations in their
3362:
were present at certain proceedings in violation of the law. The closed court allowed the military to avoid disclosing the emptiness of their evidence to the public and to stifle debate. As expected, the emptiness of their case appeared clearly during the hearings. Detailed discussions on the
3065:
and an artillery officer, of the Jewish faith and of Alsatian origin, coming from the republican meritocracy. At the beginning of the case, the emphasis was rather on the Alsatian origins of Dreyfus than on his religion. These origins were not, however, exceptional because these officers were
4735:
On 14 August 1899, Labori was on his way to court when he was shot in the back by an extremist who escaped and was never found. The lawyer was missing from discussions for over a week at the decisive moment of the examination of witnesses. On 22 August 1899, his condition had improved and he
4058:
provided for the first time a compilation of all existing data on the affair in one place. Zola's goal was to make himself a target, to force the authorities to prosecute him. His trial forced a new public review of both the Dreyfus and Esterhazy affairs. Here he went against the strategy of
3852:
in which ten years earlier Esterhazy had expressed violently his hatred for France and his contempt for the French army. The militarist press rushed to the rescue of Esterhazy with an unprecedented antisemitic campaign. The Dreyfusard press replied with strong new evidence in its possession.
3409:
The secret file was illegally submitted at the beginning of the deliberations by the President of the Military Court, Colonel Ămilien Maurel, by order of the Minister of War, General Mercier. Later at the Rennes trial of 1899, General Mercier explained (falsely) the nature of the prohibited
3249:
On 4 December 1894, Dreyfus was referred to the first Military Court with this dossier. The secrecy was lifted and Demange could access the file for the first time. After reading it the lawyer had absolute confidence, as he saw the emptiness of the prosecution's case. The prosecution rested
3122:
General Mercier believed he had the guilty party, but he exaggerated the value of the affair, which took on the status of an affair of state during the week preceding the arrest of Dreyfus. The Minister did consult and inform all the authorities of the State, yet despite prudent counsel and
2926:
Antisemitism did not spare the military, which practised hidden discrimination with the "cote d'amour" (a subjective assessment of personal acceptability) system of irrational grading, encountered by Dreyfus in his application to the Bourges School. However, while prejudices of this nature
4384:
The acquittal of Esterhazy, the convictions of Ămile Zola and of Georges Picquart, and the continued presence of an innocent man in prison had a considerable national and international effect. France was exposed as an arbitrary state, which contradicted its founding republican principles.
4679:
Alfred Dreyfus was in no way aware of what was happening thousands of kilometres from him. Neither was he aware of the schemes hatched to guarantee that he could never return, or the commitment of countless men and women to his cause. The prison administration filtered information deemed
4324:
from 18â25 January. Demonstrators at these disturbances threw stones, chanted slogans, attacked Jewish property and sometimes Jewish people, and resisted police efforts to stop them. Mayors called for calm, and troops including cavalry were called in an attempt to quell the disturbances.
5415:
The Dreyfus affair also marked a turning point in the lives of many Jews from Western and Central Europe, as the pogroms of 1881â1882 had done for the Jews of Eastern Europe, as many Jews had believed that they were Frenchmen first. Yet Jews, despite the state-sanctioned efforts of the
3887:
By error an innocent person was convicted, but on order the guilty party was acquitted. For many moderate Republicans it was an intolerable infringement of the fundamental values they defended. The acquittal of Esterhazy therefore brought about a change of strategy for the Dreyfusards.
4852:
regretted that the innocence of Dreyfus was not recognized, the normalization of future Franco-German relations was seen as a welcome relaxation. Diplomacy between the three powers with the help of England sought to relax in an atmosphere that deteriorated again on the eve of the
4635:
many Dreyfusards, this ruling was the prelude to the acquittal of the captain; they forgot to consider that it was again the army who would judge. The court, in overturning the judgement, believed in the legal autonomy of the military court without taking into account the laws of
2927:
undoubtedly existed within the confines of the General Staff, the French Army as a whole was relatively open to individual talent. At the time of the Dreyfus affair there were an estimated 300 Jewish officers in the army (about 3 per cent of the total), of whom ten were generals.
3569:, the elder brother of Alfred, was convinced of his innocence. He was the chief architect of the rehabilitation of his brother and spent his time, energy and fortune to gather an increasingly powerful movement for a retrial in December 1894, despite the difficulties of the task:
4879:
on 19 September 1899 after much hesitation. Dreyfus was not found innocent. The rehabilitation process was not completed until six years later, when passions had cooled. Many books appeared during this period. In addition to the memoires of Alfred Dreyfus, Reinach published his
3553:, forcing him to stay in bed motionless with his ankles shackled. This measure was the result of false information of his escape revealed by a British newspaper. For two long months, Dreyfus was plunged into deep despair, convinced that his life would end on this remote island.
2944:
Hatred of Jews was now public and violent, driven by a firebrand (Drumont) who demonized the Jewish presence in France. Jews in metropolitan France in 1895 numbered about 80,000 (40,000 in Paris alone), who were highly integrated into society; an additional 45,000 Jews lived in
5186:
The Dreyfus affair brought the confrontation between two sides of France to life. However, according to most historians, this opposition served the republican order. There was indeed a strengthening of parliamentary democracy and a failure of monarchist and reactionary forces.
4356:, antisemitic posters appeared in the streets, and riots followed soon after. At Saint-Etienne, posters read, "Imitate your brothers of Paris, Lyon, Marseille, Nantes, Toulouse ... join with them in demonstrating against the underhand attacks being made on the Nation." In
3463:
For the authorities, the press and the public, doubts had been dispelled by the trial and his guilt was certain. Right and left regretted the abolition of the death penalty for such a crime. Antisemitism peaked in the press and occurred in areas so far spared. Socialist leader
2624:, a Dreyfusard declaration that rallied many intellectuals to Dreyfus's cause. France became increasingly divided over the case, and the issue continued to be hotly debated until the end of the century. Antisemitic riots erupted in more than twenty French cities, and riots in
5533:
where Capitaine Dreyfus had been officially stripped of his officer's rank. Chirac stated that "the combat against the dark forces of intolerance and hate is never definitively won", and called Dreyfus "an exemplary officer" and a "patriot who passionately loved France". The
3152:
On 13 October 1894, without any tangible evidence and with an empty file, General Mercier summoned Captain Dreyfus for a general inspection in "bourgeois clothing", i.e. in civilian clothes. The purpose of the General Staff was to obtain the perfect proof under French law: a
3143:
but no handwriting expert. He was initially no more positive than Gobert but he did not exclude the possibility of its being the writing of Dreyfus. Later, under pressure from the military, he argued that Dreyfus had autocopied it and developed his theory of "autoforgery".
3674:". After this, everything was done to oust him from his position, with the help of his own deputy, Major Henry. It was primarily the upper echelons of the Army that did not want to admit that Dreyfus's conviction could be a grave miscarriage of justice. For Mercier, then
3548:
Dreyfus was allowed to write on paper numbered and signed. He underwent censorship by the commandant even when he received mail from his wife Lucie, whereby they encouraged each other. On 6 September 1896, the conditions of life for Dreyfus worsened again; he was chained
4973:
was re-elected and he revived the affair on 7 April 1903 while France thought the affair buried forever. In a speech JaurĂšs evoked the long list of falsehoods peppering the Dreyfus case, and placed particular emphasis on two things. First, the letter of resignation from
4319:
There were three waves of unrest in 55 localities: the first ending the week of 23 January; the second wave in the week following; and the third wave from 23â28 February; these waves and other incidents totaled 69 riots or disturbances across the country. Additionally,
5310:
derived from the work of writers and novelists who used newspapers as a revolutionary way of expression. The power of the press certainly brought politicians to action, an example of which was Mercier, who appeared to have pushed at the Dreyfus trial in 1894 to please
4654:
was what "united the disrupted country, turned parliament in favor of a retrial and eventually reconciled disparate elements" of France in a way "Clemenceau's daily editorials, Zola's pathos, JaurĂšs' speeches and popular hatred of the clergy and aristocracy" had not.
5835:
The documents could come from 1st, 2nd, 3rd or 4th offices â only a trainee appeared able to offer such a variety of documents as they passed from one office to another to complete their training. This was the reasoning of Lieutenant-Colonel d'Aboville, which proved
4406:, the first of four documents, that were of critical importance in exposing Esterhazy's guilt, and enabled the Dreyfusard cause to regain the initiative it had lost with Zola's conviction. The secret information had been provided by Zola, who had received it from
2614:, of the same. In the same month, Mathieu complained about Esterhazy to the Ministry of War. In January 1898 two events raised the case to national prominence: Esterhazy was acquitted of treason charges (subsequently shaving his moustache and fleeing France), and
5667:). Their research enabled the original contents of the secret file to be established. Their thesis was that historians had neglected the correspondence of Schwartzkoppen and Panizzardi, and that homosexuality played a central role in the slandering of Dreyfus.
3895:
Flush with victory, the General Staff arrested Picquart on charges of violation of professional secrecy following the disclosure of his investigation through his lawyer, who revealed it to Senator Scheurer-Kestner. The colonel, although placed under arrest at
3074:
From this first hour the phenomenon occurred that will dominate the whole affair. It is no longer controlled by facts and circumstances carefully examined which will constitute a belief; it is the irresistible cavalier conviction which distorts the facts and
3027:
over to her employers at the Military Intelligence Service. This note later became known as "the bordereau". This piece of paper, torn into six large pieces, unsigned and undated, was addressed to the German military attaché stationed at the German Embassy,
4255:
wrote in his diary: "From tonight I hold on to the Republic that inspires respect in me, a tenderness in me that I do not know. I declare that Justice is the most beautiful word in the language of men and I must cry if men no longer understand it". Senator
4243:
President Delegorgue, on the pretext of the long duration of the hearings, juggled the law incessantly to ensure that the trial dealt only with the alleged defamation by Zola. Delegorgue's phrase "the question will not be put" was repeated dozens of times.
5528:
held an official state ceremony marking the centenary of Dreyfus's official rehabilitation. This was held in the presence of the living descendants of both Ămile Zola and Alfred Dreyfus. The event took place in the same cobblestone courtyard of Paris's
4627:
President Mazeau conducted an inquiry by the Criminal Division, which led to divestiture thereof "to not only leave it to bear alone all responsibility for the final decision", so protecting the Criminal Division from actions arising from its report.
2401:. High-ranking military officials suppressed the new evidence, and a military court unanimously acquitted Esterhazy after a trial lasting only two days. The Army laid additional charges against Dreyfus, based on forged documents. Subsequently, writer
4528:
Court. On 5 December 1898 in the shadow of a debate in the House on the transmission of the "secret file" to the Supreme Court the tension rose another notch. Insults, invective, and other nationalistic violence gave way to threats of an uprising.
2998:
depicts the corpse of Dreyfus himself as it dangles from a noose. Large noses, money, and Lenepveu's general tendency to illustrate subjects with bodies of animals likely contributed to the dissemination of antisemitism in French popular culture.
4385:
Antisemitism made considerable progress and riots were common throughout the year 1898. However politicians were still in denial about the affair. In April and May 1898, they were mostly concerned with elections, in which JaurĂšs lost his seat of
3817:, a petition calling for a retrial, but BarrĂšs refused, broke with Zola and Blum in early-December, and began to popularize the term "intellectuals". This first break was the prelude to a division among the educated elite after 13 January 1898.
3694:
At this moment Major Henry chose to take action. On 1 November 1896, he created a false document, subsequently called the "faux Henry" , keeping the header and signature of an ordinary letter from Panizzardi, and wrote the central text himself:
3699:
I read that a deputy will call on Dreyfus. If you ask further explanations from Rome, I would say that I never had relations with the Jew. That is understood. If asked, speak like that, because that person should never know what happened with
4451:, forced him to resign. Despite his apparently entirely involuntary role in the revision of the 1894 trial Cavaignac remained convinced that Dreyfus was guilty and made a statement disparaging and offensive to Dreyfus at the Rennes trial.
2923:. Tensions were high in all strata of society, fueled by an influential press, which was virtually free to write and disseminate any information even if offensive or defamatory. Legal risks were limited if the target was a private person.
5208:, among others. On that occasion many republicans rallied to Vichy, without which the operation of the State would have been precarious, which showed the fragility of the republican institution in extreme circumstances. Upon liberation,
3652:
any intermediary. He discovered a document called the "petit bleu": a telegram that was never sent, written by von Schwarzkoppen and intercepted at the German Embassy at the beginning of March 1896. It was addressed to a French officer,
3200:
confinement in prison, where Du Paty interrogated him day and night in order to obtain a confession, which failed. The captain was morally supported by the first Dreyfusard, Major Forzinetti, commandant of the military prisons of Paris.
3070:
proof of espionage. From the beginning a biased and one-sided multiplication of errors led the State to a false position. This was present throughout the affair, where irrationality prevailed over the positivism in vogue in that period:
4559:. These provocations plus permanent demonstrations from the extreme right, although it never actually put the Republic in danger, created a burst of Republicanism leading to the formation of a "government of republican defence" around
11582:, "L'Ăffaire Dreyfus nelle relazioni Franco-Italiane" (in Italian), in: Comune di ForlĂŹ â Comune di Roma, Dreyfus. L'Ăffaire e la Parigi fin de siĂšcle nelle carte di un diplomatico italiano, Edizioni Lavoro, Roma 1994, pp. 23â36. (It)
2857:. One of the missions of the section was to spy on the German Embassy at Rue de Lille in Paris to thwart any attempt by the French to transmit important information to the Germans. This was especially critical since several cases of
5302:
watchword in parliamentary elections. This antisemitism was reinforced by the crisis of the separation of church and state in 1905, which probably led to its height in France. Antisemitic actions were permitted on the advent of the
2887:
Since early 1894, the Statistics Section had investigated traffic in master plans for Nice and the Meuse conducted by an officer whom the Germans and Italians nicknamed Dubois. This is what led to the origins of the Dreyfus affair.
4773:
on 19 September 1899 and Dreyfus was released on 21 September 1899. Many Dreyfusards were frustrated by this final act. Public opinion welcomed this conclusion indifferently. France wanted civil peace and harmony on the eve of the
3726:
Parallel to the investigations of Picquart, the defenders of Dreyfus were informed in November 1897 that the identity of the writer of the "bordereau" was Esterhazy. Mathieu Dreyfus had a reproduction of the bordereau published by
3436:
On 22 December 1894, after several hours of deliberation, the verdict was reached. Seven judges unanimously convicted Alfred Dreyfus of collusion with a foreign power, to the maximum penalty under section 76 of the Criminal Code:
4446:
fortress, where he killed himself the next day by cutting his own throat with a razor. The request for review filed by Lucie Dreyfus could not be rejected. Yet Cavaignac said "less than ever!", but the president of the council,
4688:
on the Quiberon peninsula in the greatest secrecy, "a clandestine and nocturnal return". After five years of imprisonment, he was on his native soil, but he was immediately locked up from 1 July 1899 in the military prison in
4622:
The work of the investigation was still to be taken back by the Criminal Division. The "secret file" was analyzed from 30 December 1898 and the Criminal Division requested disclosure of diplomatic records, which was granted.
2731:
were focused on the "social question" and resulted in a Republican victory (just under half the seats) against the conservative right, and the reinforcement of the Radicals (about 150 seats) and Socialists (about 50 seats).
5084:, Alfred Dreyfus was the target of an attack. Louis Grégori, an extreme right-wing journalist and assistant of Drumont, fired two shots from a revolver and wounded Dreyfus slightly in the arm. He was driven to do this for
4982:
dupes people without honour can no longer rely on the trust of subordinates, without which command is impossible. For my side I can not trust any of my chiefs who have been working on falsehoods, I ask for my retirement.
8796:
See the demonstrations of Meyer, Giry, Henri Poincaré, Appel, and Darboux, handwriting experts and mathematicians, during their testimony at the second review in 1904. They destroyed forever the Bertillon system. Thomas,
8960:
It was actually a man named Dubois who had already been identified by the Statistics Section for a year. See also Pierre Milza, "The Dreyfus Affair nelle relazioni Franco-Italiane", in: Comune di ForlĂŹ â Comune di Roma,
5538:
also held a memorial ceremony of the centennial marking the end of the affair. This was held in remembrance of the 1906 laws that had reintegrated and promoted both Dreyfus and Picquart at the end of the Dreyfus affair.
4786:
to still seek acquittal. Many Dreyfusards protested as this indemnified not only Zola and Picquart against (further) punishment but also protected the real culprits. Despite these massive protests the bill was passed.
5699:" drew inspiration from Devil's Island and the debate about justice and punishment the Dreyfus affair provoked in French society. Marcel Proust devoted significant passages of his second, third and fourth volumes of
4822:
cancelled his concerts in France in protest. The British, as legalists, focused on espionage and challenged rather strongly this conviction devoid of positive arguments in its construction. As such the report of the
5109:
at the time of his reinstatement in 1906, Dreyfus was promoted to the rank of officer of the Legion of Honour in 1919. His son, Pierre Dreyfus, also served in World War I as an artillery officer and was awarded the
3545:
painful. The temperature reached 45 °C, he was underfed or fed contaminated food and hardly had any treatment for his many tropical diseases. Dreyfus became sick and shaken by fevers that got worse every year.
5480:
2571:
and a Jew of Alsatian origin, was accused of handing secret documents to the Imperial German military. After a closed trial, he was found guilty of treason and sentenced to life imprisonment. He was deported to
2639:
in 1899. Dreyfus was convicted again and sentenced to ten years of hard labour, though the sentence was commuted due to extenuating circumstances. Dreyfus accepted the presidential pardon granted by President
5547:
5255:. Those who at the end of the century could weigh heavily on the events of the affair had now disappeared giving way to new men whose ambition was to reform and correct the errors and injustices of the past.
8479:
in 1870. A specialist in criminal law, he was recognized by his peers and elected member of the Council of the Bar from 1888 to 1892. In an historical irony, it was Demange who obtained the acquittal of the
5817:
means simply a note or slip of paper and can be applied to any note. In French, many documents in the case were called bordereaux; however, in this translation the term bordereau is used only for this note.
9561:
Henry aspired to be Sandherr's successor, having been his assistant for many years, but Picquart was appointed head of the SR. The dismissal of Picquart would allow Henry to satisfy his ambition (Bredin,
2651:
The implications of this case were numerous and affected all aspects of French public life. It was regarded as a vindication of the Third Republic (and became a founding myth), but it led to a renewal of
5436:
in the northwestern suburbs of Paris. He said that nothing could repair the humiliations and injustices Dreyfus had suffered, and "let us not aggravate it by forgetting, deepening or repeating them".
3687:
tried to convince his seniors to react in favour of Dreyfus, but the General Staff seemed deaf. An investigation was started against him, he was monitored when he was in the east, then transferred to
3161:
crushed. Nevertheless Du Paty de Clam still arrested the captain, accused him of conspiring with the enemy, and told him that he would be brought before a court-martial. Dreyfus was imprisoned at the
2424:
In 1899, Dreyfus was returned to France for another trial. The intense political and judicial scandal that ensued divided French society between those who supported Dreyfus, the "Dreyfusards" such as
5156:
for decades. In the interest of increasing our understanding ... the complexities of that transformation should be recognized and analyzed rather than packaged for moral or political usefulness.
7936:
The only important information in the document was a note on the 120 C Baquet gun, an artillery piece that represented only 1.4% of modern French artillery in 1914 and 0.6% of all artillery. Doise,
3604:. This publication had little influence on the political and intellectual world, but it contained so much detail that the General Staff suspected that Picquart, the new head of SR, was responsible.
3410:
disclosure of the documents submitted in the courtroom. This file contained, in addition to letters without much interest, some of which were falsified, a piece known as the "Scoundrel D ...".
3760:, informed in mid-November 1897 by Scheurer-Kestner with documents, was convinced of the innocence of Dreyfus and undertook to engage himself officially. On 25 November 1897 the novelist published
5215:
The other result was an intellectual mutation of socialism. JaurĂšs was a late Dreyfusard (January 1898) and was persuaded by revolutionary socialists. His commitment became unwavering alongside
5576:
The period of the occupation throws a veil over the case. The liberation and the revelation of the Holocaust brought a deep reflection on all of the Dreyfus affair. Jacques Kayser (1946) then
5420:, were never truly accepted into society and were often deemed aliens and outsiders, even when they showed extreme devotion by fighting courageously in the wars of their respective countries.
7798:
4337:
reported that "Individuals with Jewish features were grabbed, surrounded, and roughed up by delirious youths who danced round them, brandishing flaming torches, made from rolled-up copies of
4281:
before the end of the trial, which the writer did, departing for a one-year exile in England. The defendants were convicted again. As for Colonel Picquart, he found himself again in prison.
5251:
The final consequence on the political scene at the turn of the century saw a profound renewal of political personalities with the disappearance of great republican figures beginning with
4831:, on 16 September 1899, was a symbol of the global effect of the affair in the United Kingdom. Russell, who went as an observer to Rennes, criticised the weaknesses of the Military Court:
5151:
For some the Dreyfus affair marked French society as a tortured society. All sections of society were affected; some were devastated. According to Katrin Schultheiss, a modern historian:
9084:
It seems that the correct spelling is Captain Lebrun Renaud, but all of the historical literature takes the form of the text, and it is therefore the most common. See the testimony from
3031:. It stated that confidential French military documents regarding the newly developed "hydraulic brake of 120, and the way this gun has worked" were about to be sent to a foreign power.
2475:. The affair divided France into pro-republican, anticlerical Dreyfusards and pro-Army, mostly Catholic anti-Dreyfusards, embittering French politics and encouraging radicalisation. The
8928:
In French military law at the time, all the evidence of guilt must be available to the defence in order to be subject to examination. This was not required for ordinary justice. Doise,
3242:
After the news broke on Dreyfus' arrest, many journalists flocked to the story and flooded the story with speculations and accusations. The renowned journalist and antisemitic agitator
2876:, who developed a policy of infiltration that appears to have been effective. In the 1880s Schwartzkoppen had begun an affair with an Italian military attaché, Lieutenant Colonel Count
2994:
was a collection of anti-Dreyfus posters illustrated by Victor Lenepveu during the Dreyfus affair. Lenepveu caricatured "prominent Jews, Dreyfus supporters, and Republican statesman".
5610:
in two volumes a complete review of the history of the affair supported by all available public and private archives. His work is the foundation of all subsequent historical studies.
5242:, the first modern political party, conceived as an electoral machine of the republican group. It had a permanent structure and relied on networks of Dreyfusards. The creation of the
2663:
The affair engendered numerous antisemitic demonstrations, which in turn affected sentiment within the Jewish communities of Central and Western Europe. At the same time, Jews in the
2644:. In 1906 his innocence was officially established by an irrevocable judgement of the Supreme Court. Dreyfus was reinstated in the army with the rank of Major and participated in the
5003:
Minister of War. This was in compliance with the regulations since the Minister found an error committed by the Military Court. This was the beginning of a new review led by lawyer
4429:
Cavaignac reported three items "overwhelming among a thousand", two of which had no connection with the case. The other was the "faux Henry". Cavaignac's speech was effective: the
5118:), the secrets of which Dreyfus was accused of revealing to the Germans, was among those used in blunting the early German offensives. He ended his military career as a colonel.
8421:
No defendant could be held incommunicado under any law of the time. The risk of leakage was limited by the fact that lawyers are subject to professional secrecy. Supreme Court,
4779:
4490:
to file an application for review of the military court of 1894. The government transferred the case to the Supreme Court for its opinion on the past four years of proceedings.
4235:
notes verbatim of the debates every day to build support in the population. These notes were, for the Dreyfusards, an essential tool for later debates. The nationalists, behind
3472:
and wrote, "A soldier has been sentenced to death and executed for throwing a button in the face of his corporal. So why leave this miserable traitor alive?" Radical Republican
8646:
Three denials, very brief and ambiguous, were published by the Havas agency in November and December 1894 in order to clarify the responsibility of the German Embassy. Bredin,
7620:
5258:
The Dreyfus affair created difficulties and blocked the way for improved relations between France and Italy after the customs war as Italy was Europe's most Dreyfusard nation.
6009:
explain the secrecy surrounding the whole affair, and the transmission of the "secret file" in 1894. Evidently, nobody ever found any evidence of these convenient assertions.
2854:
4904:
and the first of the intellectual Dreyfusards, died, asphyxiated by fumes from his chimney. His wife, Alexandrine, narrowly escaped. It was a shock for the Dreyfusard clan.
5007:, the founder of the League of Human Rights, with a thorough investigation to run over two years. The years 1904 and 1905 were devoted to different legal phases before the
3213:. This marked the beginning of a very brutal press campaign until the trial. This event put the affair in the field of antisemitism where it remained until its conclusion.
3495:
where he was held for over a month. He had the right to see his wife twice a week in a long room, each of them at one end, with the director of the prison in the middle.
2606:
to draw attention to the weakness of the evidence against Dreyfus. Scheurer-Kestner reported three months later that he was convinced Dreyfus was innocent, and persuaded
8780:
Although he was only a captain, he earned a personal income from his father's legacy and his wife's dowry equivalent to that of a commanding general of a region: Doise,
3103:
To condemn Dreyfus, the writing on the bordereau had to be compared to that of the Captain. There was nobody competent to analyse the writing on the General Staff. Then
5826:
On the indication of Captain Matton, the only artillery officer in the Statistics Section. Three of the documents transmitted concerned short- and long-range artillery.
5248:
was contemporaneous with the affair. It was the hub of the intellectual left and extremely active at the beginning of the century, the conscience of the humanist left.
3625:
91:
5293:
but was limited to an intellectual elite. The Dreyfus affair spread hatred of Jews through all strata of society, a movement that certainly began with the success of
5025:
4223:, Zola's lawyer, intended to call about 200 witnesses. The details of the Dreyfus affair, unknown to most of the public, were published in the press. Several papers,
10463:
5077:, Major Dreyfus retired in June 1907; a decision taken in part because of recurrent tropical fevers and chronic fatigue arising from the strain of his imprisonment.
4239:, however, were more visible and organized riots, which forced the prefect of police to intervene to protect Zola whenever he left the facility after every hearing.
2374:, was convicted of treason for communicating French military secrets to the German Embassy in Paris. He was sentenced to life imprisonment and sent overseas to the
602:
4908:, who demanded that Dreyfus be present at the funeral while the Chief of Police wanted his absence "to avoid problems", read his funeral oration for the author of "
11549:"At the beginning of this great drama, they were revolutionary socialists who encouraged me the most, who committed me the most to enter the battle." Jean JaurĂšs
5046:
and a commission of four headed by a general of artillery, General Sebert, maintained "it is highly unlikely that an artillery officer could write this missive".
4547:
was elected, which was an advance for the cause of the review as the previous president had been a fierce opponent. On 23 February 1899 at the funeral for Faure,
3892:, took more combative and rebellious action. In response to the acquittal, large and violent riots by anti-Dreyfusards and antisemites broke out across France.
3824:
declared in the opening session of the National Assembly on 7 December 1897, "There is no Dreyfus affair. There is not now and there can be no Dreyfus affair."
3616:, he was charged with the task of enlarging the file to prevent any attempt at a review. Unable to find any evidence, he decided to build some after the fact.
2930:
The popularity of the duel using sword or small pistol, sometimes causing death, bore witness to the tensions of the period. When a series of press articles in
3663:
Ferdinand Walsin Esterhazy was a former member of French counterespionage where he had served after the war of 1870. He had worked in the same office as Major
679:
11813:
5562:
The contemporary literature of the case was published between 1894 and 1906. It began with the pamphlet of Bernard Lazare, the first intellectual Dreyfusard.
5105:. Apart from Major Du Paty de Clam, Dreyfus was the only officer directly involved in the affair to serve in the war. Having been named as a Chevalier of the
5097:
of 1914â1918, serving as head of the artillery depot at a fortified camp near Paris and commander of a supply column. In 1917 he saw frontline service at the
3573:
After the degradation emptiness was around us. It seemed to us that we were no longer human beings like others, we were cut off from the world of the living.
540:
7988:
3592:
Little by little, despite threats of arrest for complicity, machinations and entrapment by the military, he managed to convince various moderates. Thus the
12032:
3874:
Although protected by the General Staff and therefore by the government, Esterhazy was obliged to admit authorship of the Francophobe letters published by
832:
11105:
7693:
2810:
Over the previous ten years the army had undergone a significant shift resulting from its twofold aim to democratize and modernize. The graduates of the
2711:, its ministries continued to be short-lived as the country lurched from crisis to crisis: three years immediately preceding the Dreyfus affair were the
8132:
It has been argued in many books that Dreyfus was unemotional and indifferent to his fate: that was ultimately refuted by many testimonies. V. Duclert,
5411:. If I said this out loud today, I would be answered by universal laughter. Perhaps in five years, and certainly in fifty, everyone will recognize this.
3711:
Picquart confided in his friend, lawyer Louis Leblois, who promised secrecy. Leblois, however, spoke to the vice president of the Senate, the Alsatian
3678:
and the General Staff, what was done was done and should never be returned to. They found it convenient to separate the Dreyfus and Esterhazy affairs.
7435:
7074:
5315:
There was also assistance through the publication in 1899 of a specific newspaper intended to coordinate the fight (in the dreyfusard camp), with the
3656:, 27 rue de la Bienfaisance â Paris. In another letter in black pencil, von Schwarzkoppen revealed the same clandestine relationship with Esterhazy.
4380:
Photograph of the "faux Henry". The header ("my dear friend") and signature ("Alexandrine") are from Panizzardi. The rest is from the hand of Henry.
3941:
accusing the French military of antisemitism and calling for a retrial for Dreyfus. Esterhazy lived comfortably in England until his death in 1923.
12061:
5768:
5509:
5489:
4945:
3430:
2495:
1929:
8260:
Hanotaux did obtain a promise from Mercier to drop the charges if other evidence was not found. This is most likely the origin of the secret file.
5864:
5463:, had, in certain cases, saved their lives, said repeatedly in 2021 that the truth about Dreyfus was not clear, his innocence was "not obvious".
5239:
5232:
5121:
Dreyfus died on 12 July 1935 at the age of seventy-five. His funeral cortĂšge passed through ranks assembled for Bastille Day celebrations at the
4991:), which General Mercier had alluded to at the Rennes trial, which is reported by the press to have influenced the judges of the Military Court.
4389:. The majority was moderate, though a parliamentary group in the House was antisemitic. Nevertheless the cause of the Dreyfusards was restarted.
2320:
950:
837:
11750:
2884:
of national degeneration, recent historians have suggested that combining them to inflate the scandal may have shaped the prosecution strategy.
1649:
1545:
2953:
with a circulation estimated at 200,000 copies in 1892, allowed Drumont to expand his audience to a popular readership already enticed by the
11883:
9698:
3374:
wife Lucie. This theory, although later regarded as bizarre and astonishing, seems to have had some effect on the judges. In addition, Major
5407:
Were I to sum up the Basel Congress in a word â which I shall guard against pronouncing publicly â it would be this: At Basel I founded the
5360:
Dreyfus affair had on him. Before the wave of antisemitism that accompanied the degradation Herzl was "convinced of the need to resolve the
3319:, which in fact condemned the indictment against Dreyfus and asked, "How much freedom will the military court have to judge the defendant?"
11410:
9359:. This lack of consent allowed the General Staff to contest openly the quality of the evidence and to go hard on Picquart to discredit him.
7055:
5190:
The excessive violence of the nationalist parties brought together republicans in a united front, which defeated attempts to return to the
3536:
On 12 March 1895, after a difficult voyage of fifteen days, the ship anchored off the Ăles du Salut. Dreyfus stayed one month in prison on
936:
607:
535:
4606:
the guilt of Dreyfus. On the contrary, he unwittingly exonerated him by a demonstration of the exact date of the bordereau (August 1894).
4344:
However, the fervid reaction to the Dreyfus affair and especially the Zola trial was only partly spontaneous. In a dozen cities including
1807:
8484:, assassin of the Jewish Captain Mayer in a duel. Y. Repiquet, president of the bar, in Edgar Demange and Fernand Labori, Supreme Court,
7180:, French original "Cinq années de ma vie" published in France in 1901, English translation first published in 1901, newest reprint 2019 (
5133:. Picquart was Minister of War from 1906 to 1909 in the first Clemenceau government; he died in January 1914 in a horse riding accident.
4892:. Even Esterhazy took advantage of his secrets and sold several different versions of the text of his statement to the consul of France.
3704:
This was a rather crude forgery. Generals Gonse and Boisdeffre, however, without asking questions, brought the letter to their minister,
2911:
The social context was marked by the rise of nationalism and antisemitism. The growth of antisemitism, virulent since the publication of
2467:
The Dreyfus affair came to symbolise modern injustice in the Francophone world; it remains one of the most notable examples of a complex
1222:
9845:
8912:
Pierre Gervais, Romain Huret and Pauline Peretz, "A review of the 'secret file': homosexuality and antisemitism in the Dreyfus Affair",
5640:(1982), more attention has been paid to the undercurrent of antisemitism in French society and its effect on the evolution of the case.
5114:. Alfred Dreyfus's two nephews also fought as artillery officers in the French Army and both were killed. The same artillery piece (the
11781:
4828:
3008:
2736:
policies resulted in cabinet instability, with some Republican members of the government sometimes aligning with the radicals and some
1362:
96:
81:
5030:
7628:
518:
10334:
4950:
3250:
completely on the writing on a single piece of paper, the bordereau, on which experts disagreed, and on vague indirect testimonies.
8233:, to minimize the importance of the documents submitted, this Mercier later denied, which made the two men implacable enemies. See
2456:. The new trial resulted in another conviction and a 10-year sentence, but Dreyfus was pardoned and released. In 1906, Dreyfus was
217:
8996:
p. 191 et seq. It especially aggravated his case in not admitting that the transmission of a secret file was a criminal manoeuvre.
5508:
the exit of the Notre-Dame-des-Champs metro station, where it can be found today. A replica is located at the entrance of Paris's
5439:
The reference to not repeating them follows attempts by the French far right to question Dreyfus's innocence. An army colonel was
4924:
4601:
The recorder Louis Loew presided. He was subjected to a very violent campaign of antisemitic insults due to his being an Alsatian
4193:, to be heard at the Assises of the Seine from 7 to 23 February 1898. Defamation of a public authority was liable to trial in the
2839:
2815:
4824:
5978:
Octave Mirbeau paid 7,525 francs from his own pocket, which represented the amount of the fine and court costs on 8 August 1898.
736:
11368:
Du Paty de Clam died of wounds in 1916. The other senior officers had either retired or died before the outbreak of World War I
11039:
It was a matter for the Chairman of the Military Court Major Breon, a Catholic who attended "every day at Mass" (J.-D. Bredin,
8895:
5403:
and is considered the "inventor of Zionism as a real political movement". Theodor Herzl wrote in his diary (1 September 1897):
1894:
1530:
86:
12125:
11321:
11296:
10196:
7768:
7185:
6957:
6936:
6402:
6355:
4268:. Even more than the Dreyfus affair the Zola affair resulted in a regrouping of intellectual forces into two opposing camps.
3784:
3292:
described the supposed life of Dreyfus through lies and bad fiction. This was also an opportunity for extreme headlines from
2818:, which caused strife, bitterness, and jealousy among junior officers expecting promotions. The period was also marked by an
1999:
1561:
302:
4027:
epic were being distributed in dozens of countries. He was a leader in the literary world and was fully conscious of it. To
3425:
2744:
in five successive governments from 1893 to 1896. This instability coincided with an equally unstable presidency: President
5212:
who was convicted on 25 January 1945 for acts of collaboration exclaimed at the verdict: "This is the revenge of Dreyfus!"
1441:
414:
404:
357:
347:
10460:
9384:
It was at this point that von Schwartzkoppen terminated his relationship with EsterhĂĄzy at the beginning of 1896. Thomas,
2479:
played a crucial role in exposing information and in shaping and expressing public opinion on both sides of the conflict.
10443:
The circumstances of the death of Henry are still not clarified and have fed some fantasies. Murder is unlikely. Miquel,
7361:. Preface by Martine Le Blond-Zola. Postscript by Jean-Louis LĂ©vy. Presentation and notes d'Alain PagĂšs. Dilecta Edition.
4684:, heading to France, but locked in a cabin as if guilty, even though he no longer was. He disembarked on 30 June 1899 in
3327:
before the Prussians" by agreeing to publish the denials of the German ambassador in Paris. In other newspapers, such as
2313:
944:
857:
523:
434:
397:
12009:
11925:
Emmanuel Naquet, "L'historiographie rĂ©cente de l'affaire Dreyfus (2006â2009). A propos de quelques parutions (suite)".
2576:
in French Guiana. At that time, the opinion of the French political class was unanimously unfavourable towards Dreyfus.
1817:
7344:
6895:
6838:
6741:
6603:
6548:
5778:
1642:
1555:
1142:
726:
513:
481:
459:
419:
317:
113:
17:
11718:
5115:
4928:
published a death-bed confession by a Parisian roofer that he had murdered Zola by blocking the chimney of his house.
3933:
Paris correspondent had made a connection with him; she interviewed him twice, and he confessed to being the culprit:
3589:
of a "secret file". This fact was confirmed by the President of the Republic to Dr. Gibert in a private conversation.
2823:
11190:
7411:
7308:
6918:
6876:
6857:
6819:
6789:
6690:
6582:
6337:
6198:
6179:
5960:
The room is emptied as soon as discussion covers topics related to national defence, i.e., the testimony of Picquart.
5613:
Reflecting the intense interest in social history that gripped historians since the 1960s and 1970s, Eric Cahm wrote
4814:
Anti-French demonstrations took place in twenty foreign capitals and the press was outraged. Reactions were twofold.
3403:
3246:
wrote in his publication on November 3, 1894, "What a terrible lesson, this disgraceful treason of the Jew Dreyfus."
3157:. That confession was to be obtained by surprise â by dictating a letter based on the bordereau to reveal his guilt.
2546:
1535:
850:
746:
659:
530:
9476:
of 10 and 14 September 1896, which were opposed to Dreyfus and revealed the existence of the "secret file". Bredin,
5845:
Expert in writing from the Bank of France: his honest caution was vilified in the indictment of Major Ormescheville.
2822:
that primarily affected artillery. There were improvements in heavy artillery (guns of 120 mm and 155 mm,
9682:"there is a pretension to raise writers, scholars, teachers, philologists to the rank of supermen" (Michel Winock,
5759:
5346:
The shock of the Dreyfus affair also affected the Zionist movement "which found fertile ground for its emergence".
5228:
4966:
4870:
2728:
2421:
stoked a growing movement of political support for Dreyfus, putting pressure on the government to reopen the case.
758:
632:
464:
444:
108:
31:
5202:
in 1892. Nationalism had its ups and downs, but managed to maintain itself as a political force under the name of
2802:
The military required considerable resources to prepare for the next conflict, and it was in this spirit that the
827:
4507:
resigned for continuing to spread his anti-Dreyfusard vision of the affair, arose as an anti-revisionist leader.
2524:
1372:
785:
751:
286:
7091:
3723:
create a belief that Picquart erased the name of the real recipient, drafting a letter naming Dreyfus in full).
2988:
Publications remarking on the Dreyfus affair often reinforced antisemitic sentiments, language and imagery. The
12053:
7204:
6671:
6652:
6633:
6515:
6482:
6217:
5380:
5285:
Socially, antisemitism was prominent. Existing prior to the Dreyfus affair, it had expressed itself during the
4978:, which was worded in very harsh terms. Legally, it formed an admission of the collusion of the General Staff:
3820:
The Dreyfus affair occupied more and more discussions, something the political world did not always recognize.
3688:
2528:
2306:
1217:
1207:
867:
795:
575:
469:
8870:
6369:
6126:
4571:, were rejected outright. The Dreyfus affair led to a clear reorganization of the French political landscape.
12130:
11100:
5584:(1960) revived the case without great revelations, a process generally considered insufficient historically.
5224:
4775:
4651:
4151:, in the name of a "peaceful revolt of the French spirit", picked up the term "intellectuals" and used it in
3609:
3506:
At the last minute, at the initiative of General Mercier, a law was passed on 9 February 1895, restoring the
3414:
3028:
2873:
2780:
2487:
2371:
1635:
1599:
1494:
1436:
1132:
882:
565:
189:
7891:"usual way" jargon of the SR meaning: documents retrieved by the housekeeper of the German Embassy: Thomas,
4765:
Code of Military Justice adopted the principle that a minority vote of three against four was an acquittal.
4410:; Wilde had gained it from best friend Carlos Blacker, who was an intimate friend of Alessandro Panizzardi.
7442:
6242:
5754:
5625:(2005) includes, in 1300 pages, the complete correspondence of Alfred and Lucie Dreyfus from 1894 to 1899.
5244:
4875:
Preferring to avoid a third trial the government decided to pardon Dreyfus by a decree signed by President
4265:
4144:
3469:
3450:
3339:
3183:
2967:
1812:
1483:
790:
763:
580:
488:
476:
210:
12027:
4672:
Alfred Dreyfus (standing, right of centre) at the opening session of his trial in Rennes, photographed by
4364:, and other cities, riots followed antisemitic speeches or meetings, such as the meeting organized by the
7379:
5725:
5628:
Early writers marginalized the role of antisemitism. However since the publication of Jean-Denis Bredin,
5008:
4975:
4668:
4591:
4028:
3844:
3457:
1992:
1520:
429:
164:
11831:
12068:
6271:
6256:
5633:
5581:
4849:
4710:
4555:. It was a failure as it was not supported by the military. On 4 June 1899 Loubet was assaulted at the
4426:
3981:
3653:
3230:
2745:
2592:
2398:
1957:
930:
377:
154:
2827:
11758:
10076:
8472:
7570:
7543:
6591:
5353:
appeared profoundly moved by the Dreyfus affair, which followed his debut as a correspondent for the
5129:. Colonel Picquart was also officially rehabilitated and reintegrated into the army with the rank of
4217:
signed an "Address to Ămile Zola" assuring him of their support "in the name of justice and truth".)
3310:
3239:
The complete lack of neutrality of the indictment led to Ămile Zola calling it a "monument of bias".
3128:
3047:
This catch seemed of sufficient importance for the head of the "Statistical Section", the Mulhousian
2355:
2087:
1505:
1377:
547:
342:
337:
330:
7591:
6960:. (Chapter 10: "Math error number 10: mathematical madness. The Dreyfus affair: spy or scapegoat?").
4567:, had aligned itself with the pro-revisionists. The progressive anti-Dreyfusard Republicans such as
3908:
To avoid personal risk Esterhazy shaved off his prominent moustache and went into exile in England.
3832:
12044:
5796:
5721:
5703:
to Parisian society's reaction to the Dreyfus affair. Other authors have also contributed, such as
5552:
5535:
5286:
5252:
4958:
3753:
3712:
2954:
2712:
2603:
2599:
refused to reconsider its judgment and instead transferred Picquart to a position in North Africa.
1971:
1566:
1550:
1500:
1382:
877:
439:
312:
281:
5485:
2990:
2896:
2631:
Despite covert attempts by the army to quash the case, the initial conviction was annulled by the
12120:
12110:
10321:
9335:
It was Marcel Thomas who discovered this letter at the beginning of the 1970s. V. the annexes in
7927:" (originally published between 1901 and 1906, reprinted in the 1960s by KTAV Publishing House).
7924:
7616:
7403:
7052:
4848:, the two countries widely challenged by lawsuits against Dreyfus, there was relief. Even if the
4741:
4560:
4034:
Outraged by the acquittal of Esterhazy, Zola published a 4,500-word article on the front page of
2803:
2517:
2234:
1964:
1827:
1675:
1515:
1267:
1117:
1004:
508:
449:
352:
276:
203:
55:
9679:
7718:
4520:
and he was also forced to resign. Ministerial instability caused some governmental instability.
2776:
12019:
5396:
5074:
4539:
In 1899, the Dreyfus affair took up more and more of the political scene. On 16 February 1899,
4498:, âA Family Dinnerâ: before, "Above all, never talk about it!"; after, "They talked about it".
4248:
3394:
3104:
3096:
2768:
improving stability, and it was under this stable government that the Dreyfus affair occurred.
2468:
2042:
2023:
1887:
1525:
1488:
1057:
674:
669:
503:
498:
454:
409:
387:
382:
362:
139:
39:
11955:
See bibliographic recommendations from Bach, Birnbaum, Bredin, Doise, Duclert, Drouin, Miquel.
10182:
7038:
5496:
4594:, the magistrates being constantly dragged through the mud in nationalist newspapers from the
4590:
The Supreme Court considered the Dreyfus affair in the context of press campaigns against the
4536:
Criminal Division in favour of joint chambers. This was the point of blockage for the review.
4516:. When Chanoine was questioned in the House he handed in his resignation; trust was denied to
3577:
Mathieu tried all paths, even the most fantastic. Thanks to Dr. Gibert, a friend of President
3062:
2811:
2568:
7535:
6420:
6119:
Decision of the Supreme Court for the verdict of the Dreyfus trial without reference to 1899.
6047:
Verbatim record of the trial of Emile Zola in the Assizes of the Seine and the Supreme Court.
5737:
5516:
of over three thousand historical documents donated by the grandchildren of Captain Dreyfus.
5126:
4713:, which nobody will ever see in evidence) that he had not ceased to report before the trial.
3619:
3118:
Alphonse Bertillon was not a handwriting expert, but he invented the theory of "autoforgery".
2877:
2693:
2359:
1901:
1873:
1765:
1625:
1453:
1232:
920:
910:
900:
822:
805:
627:
617:
597:
592:
493:
424:
372:
367:
234:
8114:
7274:
5577:
5559:
The Dreyfus affair is distinguished by the large number of books published on this subject.
5499:
commissioned a statue of Dreyfus by sculptor Louis Mitelberg. It was to be installed at the
4778:
and before the big fight that the Republic was about to take for freedom of association and
3897:
2847:
12115:
7399:
An Empire Divided: Religion, Republicanism, and the making of French Colonialism, 1880â1914
5773:
5716:
5704:
5443:
in 1994 for publishing an article suggesting that Dreyfus was guilty; far-right politician
5122:
4556:
4334:
4186:
3705:
3613:
3298:
3188:
2981:
2792:
2724:
2708:
2632:
2389:
In 1896, evidence came to lightâprimarily through the investigations of Lieutenant Colonel
2013:
1943:
1609:
1416:
1367:
1312:
1070:
1010:
895:
684:
6850:
The Army of Dreyfus. A political history of the French army from Charles X to "The Affair"
5447:'s lawyer responded that Dreyfus's exoneration was "contrary to all known jurisprudence".
4093:
3779:
8:
10342:
8230:
5696:
5417:
4737:
4548:
4529:
4321:
4309:
4160:
4023:
3937:. She published the interviews in September 1898, reporting his confession and writing a
3664:
3375:
3162:
2796:
2749:
2611:
2262:
2167:
2102:
2092:
2006:
1844:
1740:
1458:
1357:
1350:
1041:
721:
664:
622:
169:
11591:
Michel Winock, "Edouard Drumont et l'antisémitisme en France avant l'affaire Dreyfus".
11073:
5204:
5086:
4610:
General Staff. A new furiously antisemitic press campaign burst during the event, while
4564:
4189:, Minister of War, filed a complaint against Zola and Alexandre Perrenx, the manager of
4113:
2938:
2826:, new hydropneumatic brakes), but also, and especially, development of the ultra-secret
2362:
from 1894 until its resolution in 1906. The scandal began in December 1894 when Captain
12135:
11782:"The History of the Jews in Europe during the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries"
7656:"Pierre Gervais, Pauline Peretz, Pierre Stutin, Le dossier secret de l'affaire Dreyfus"
7239:
5216:
5138:
5042:
5041:
With regard to the writing of the bordereau, the court was particularly severe against
4673:
4552:
4418:
4392:
4210:
4148:
3854:
3810:
3600:
looked into the proceedings. In 1896, Lazare published the first Dreyfusard booklet in
3473:
3366:
3136:
2865:. In 1890, the archivist Boutonnet was convicted for selling plans of shells that used
2668:
2653:
2607:
2441:
2202:
2082:
1936:
1426:
1332:
1252:
1237:
1080:
963:
958:
905:
815:
585:
134:
11857:
9419:
This raised the question of whether there was complicity between the two men. Bredin,
6995:(presented by Robert Gauthier). Gallimard & Julliard, coll. Archives No. 16, Paris
5530:
5500:
5456:
5320:
5298:
5274:
5081:
4508:
3675:
3487:
3210:
2916:
2460:. After being reinstated as a major in the French Army, he served during the whole of
2445:
1317:
1147:
11418:
11317:
11292:
10202:
10192:
10153:
8471:
Edgar Demange, winner of a national eloquence competition, obtained the acquittal of
7764:
7672:
7551:
7417:
7407:
7340:
7304:
7200:
7181:
7128:
6953:
6932:
6914:
6891:
6872:
6853:
6834:
6815:
6785:
6737:
6686:
6667:
6648:
6629:
6599:
6578:
6544:
6511:
6478:
6398:
6351:
6333:
6213:
6194:
6175:
6167:
5644:
5444:
5355:
5130:
4988:
4681:
4305:
4298:
4273:
4194:
4155:, but in a positive sense. On 1 February 1898, Barres lambasted the intellectuals in
4060:
3986:
3806:
3541:
3486:
On 5 January 1895, the ceremony of degradation took place in the Morlan Court of the
2573:
2379:
2289:
2067:
1950:
1922:
1915:
1802:
1476:
1212:
992:
862:
773:
741:
699:
10235:
This sentence to the end of the next paragraph, unless otherwise specified: Winock,
8963:
Dreyfus. The Affair e la Parigi fin de siĂšcle nelle carta di un diplomatico italiano
6127:
The Secret File, posted online by Ministry of Defence 6 March 2013 and transcription
6019:
5996:
5708:
5659:, in 2012 the historians Pierre Gervais, Pauline Peretz and Pierre Stutin published
5606:
Marcel Thomas, chief curator at the National Archives, in 1961 provided through his
5199:
4693:. He was remanded on 7 August 1899 before the military court of the Breton capital.
4129:
3814:
3343:
of 18 December: "the closed court is our impregnable refuge against Germany"; or in
3017:
Photograph of the bordereau dated 13 October 1894. The original disappeared in 1940.
2760:
2437:
2047:
8481:
7664:
7214:
7124:
5728:
adapted from it, tell the story of the Dreyfus affair from Picquart's perspective.
5691:(1907), which recounts the affair in Book VI: "The Case of 80,000 bundles of hay".
5384:
5339:
5195:
5106:
5098:
5004:
4845:
4513:
4257:
4202:
3801:
3648:
3635:
3355:
3288:
3154:
3127:
in the Council of Ministers he decided to pursue it. Du Paty de Clam was appointed
3124:
2596:
2588:
2390:
2207:
2052:
1832:
1822:
1720:
1302:
1247:
1187:
1052:
810:
654:
612:
307:
184:
159:
10538:
7848:
6110:
6101:
6092:
6055:
6046:
5939:
5080:
On 4 June 1908, on the occasion of the transfer of the ashes of Ămile Zola to the
4443:
4109:
4085:
4081:
3837:
3507:
2433:
1666:
12037:
12013:
11109:
10467:
10186:
10145:
8533:
7397:
7095:
7059:
6536:
6452:
6018:
Among the experts consulted, the contribution of the mathematician and physicist
5813:
5638:
Ideology and Experience: Antisemitism in France at the Time of the Dreyfus Affair
5460:
5429:
5361:
5290:
5209:
5111:
4595:
4495:
4487:
4471:
4459:
4236:
4206:
4048:
3973:
3958:
3745:
3736:
3566:
3454:
3272:
3243:
3205:
3055:
2932:
2716:
2620:
2580:
2451:
2425:
2408:
2350:
2338:
2294:
2239:
2229:
2150:
1780:
1594:
1292:
1227:
1202:
1197:
1182:
1172:
1162:
1137:
915:
890:
144:
102:
10534:
10191:. Liverpool scholarship online. Oxford: Littman library of Jewish civilization.
8296:
Gobert said that the text was written quickly and excluded it from being copied.
5987:
Of the 40 members of the French Academy Anatole France was the only revisionist.
5448:
4999:
4876:
4770:
4745:
4568:
4544:
4013:
touched off a new dimension in the Dreyfus affair, which became known simply as
3866:
3821:
3805:, (where Lazare knew the director Thadee Natanson), and the Clemenceau brothers
3359:
3135:
bordereau excludes disguised handwriting". Disappointed, Mercier then called in
2764:
2641:
1262:
12094:
12058:
10926:
10834:
10819:
10753:
10641:
10622:
10495:
10425:
10265:
10060:
9862:
9607:
9527:
9401:
9305:
9239:
9221:
9168:
9085:
9006:
8990:
8830:
8730:
8695:
8565:
8454:
8404:
8341:
8305:
8286:
8234:
8028:
7954:
On the Statistics Section, see Bredin, pp. 49â50; Doise, pp. 42â43 and Thomas,
7873:
7318:
7162:
6254:
Rural Society and French Politics, Boulangism and the Dreyfus Affair, 1886â1900
6142:
6083:
6079:
6075:
6065:
5931:
5743:
5684:
5619:
Rural Society and French Politics, Boulangism and the Dreyfus Affair, 1886â1900
5596:
5525:
5389:
5366:
5231:
under the influence of Guesde and Vaillant. Both parties merged in 1905 as the
4905:
4729:
4478:
in which he called him a "heroic servant of the great interests of the State".
4220:
4198:
4175:
4105:
4077:
3889:
3775:
3771:
3749:
3681:
3597:
3492:
3354:
was immediately pronounced. This closed court was not legally consistent since
3080:
2919:
in 1886 (150,000 copies in the first year), went hand in hand with the rise of
2862:
2667:
were under pressure of pogroms in response to political instability within the
2664:
2584:
2564:
2429:
2386:, where he spent the following five years imprisoned in very harsh conditions.
2363:
2284:
2215:
2157:
2122:
2077:
2062:
2057:
1790:
1760:
1750:
1695:
1421:
1337:
1327:
1322:
1157:
1099:
731:
263:
259:
129:
44:
11814:"Rise of far right puts Dreyfus affair into spotlight in French election race"
10530:
10206:
7555:
7144:
6477:, University of France Press â PUF â coll. "What do I know?", rĂ©printed 2003 (
6268:
The Jew Accused: Three Anti-Semitic Affairs, Dreyfus, Beilis, Frank, 1894â1914
4995:
4970:
4914:
4748:
and those who fled and holed up in Fort Chabrol were assaulted by the police.
4540:
4470:
The anti-revisionists did not consider themselves beaten. On 6 September 1898
4454:
4043:
3796:
3578:
3465:
2753:
12104:
12082:
12006:
11422:
10157:
9029:
7676:
7547:
7421:
6948:
6503:
5927:
5504:
5350:
5335:
5170:
5020:
4841:
4803:
4725:
4647:
4602:
4524:
4517:
4448:
4140:
4133:
4117:
4097:
4089:
3519:
3515:
3514:, as a place of fortified deportation so that Dreyfus was not sent to Ducos,
3511:
3445:), the cancellation of his army rank and military degradation, also known as
3258:
3218:
3140:
3107:
entered the scene: an eccentric man who prided himself on being an expert in
3048:
2861:
had already been featured in the headlines of newspapers, which were fond of
2835:
2672:
2476:
2383:
2145:
2140:
2112:
2072:
1978:
1849:
1770:
1755:
1589:
1510:
1394:
1287:
1272:
1242:
1122:
872:
179:
174:
71:
10219:
V. Reception of the affair in Britain, United States and Germany in Drouin,
8840:
The crucifix had disappeared from civil courtrooms during the government of
7354:
5969:
President Delegorgue refused to be questioned when he was called to the bar.
5676:
5178:
5031:
4073:
4010:
3757:
3537:
3061:
The ideal culprit was identified: Captain Alfred Dreyfus, a graduate of the
2737:
2615:
2591:, head of counter-espionage, found evidence that the real traitor was Major
2402:
1838:
778:
149:
12048:
11754:
11671:
11579:
6412:
6325:
5935:
5452:
5408:
5303:
5165:
5064:
4819:
4685:
4482:, Drumont's antisemitic newspaper, spread the notion of "patriotic fake" ("
4261:
4252:
4125:
4121:
4018:
3922:
3916:
3670:
3525:
3192:
3052:
2472:
2464:, ending his service with the rank of lieutenant colonel. He died in 1935.
2375:
2097:
1854:
1796:
1690:
1604:
1463:
1404:
1307:
1192:
1177:
1015:
706:
250:
242:
9036:(sic)." Quoted by Michel Winock, Clemenceau, ed. Perrin, 2007, chap. XV, "
7719:"No. 35 Amnistie populaire / Musée des Horreurs / Duke Digital Repository"
7668:
7332:
7199:, EugĂšne Fasquelle Ăditeurs, Paris, 1901, reprinted 2006 (The Discovery) (
5331:
3792:
2853:
The arms race created an acute atmosphere of intrigue from 1890 in French
2705:
1880:
800:
10318:
Ceremonies of Bravery: Oscar Wilde, Carlos Blacker and the Dreyfus Affair
8841:
8476:
5692:
5432:
opened a museum dedicated to the Dreyfus affair in Zola's former home in
5220:
5094:
4854:
4407:
4293:
4289:
4101:
4039:
3993:
3911:
3859:
3788:
3561:
3370:
3333:
3177:
2920:
2907:
depicts the hanged corpse of an antisemitic caricature of Alfred Dreyfus.
2866:
2741:
2701:
2657:
2645:
2560:
2461:
2416:
2394:
2271:
2256:
2197:
2117:
1785:
1775:
1715:
1710:
1700:
1297:
998:
711:
647:
11969:
11596:
7945:
Jacobs's entry: "Dreyfus Case" (Jewish Encyclopedia.com), already cited.
5675:
The Dreyfus affair provided the basis for many novels. The last work of
11913:
11701:
8181:
On the personalities of Mercier and du Paty de Clam, see: Palaeologue,
6066:
Proceedings of the Supreme Court for the revision of the Dreyfus trial.
5569:
be found there an elaboration of theories without evidence or support.
5440:
5281:. The Dreyfus affair lastingly cut France in two, even within families.
5266:
5173:
5037:. In the centre, Targe, investigator and discoverer of many falsehoods.
4815:
3640:
3446:
3315:
3282:
3108:
2531: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2251:
2246:
2192:
2181:
2107:
1985:
1571:
1399:
1282:
1277:
1257:
1167:
1152:
1127:
1075:
925:
716:
642:
6978:, Paris, New National Library, First EditionmiĂšre, Final Edition 1924.
5451:, a far-right political opponent of Macron who had said that France's
4998:, the new Minister of War, led an investigation at the instigation of
4794:
3236:"This is a proof of guilt because Dreyfus made everything disappear".
3013:
11908:
Frederick Busi, "A Bibliographical Overview of the Dreyfus Affair".
11884:"French Ministers Divided on Site for Statue Honoring Alfred Dreyfus"
11078:
7088:
6283:
Dreyfus: A Family Affair, from the French Revolution to the Holocaust
5748:
5014:
4951:
4361:
4232:
4139:
On 20 January 1898, after an anti-Zola speech by rightist politician
4072:
published a petition calling for a retrial. It included the names of
3938:
3766:
3729:
3351:
3305:
3114:
2858:
2819:
2752:
resigned several months later on 15 January 1895 and was replaced by
2720:
2697:
2602:
In July 1897, Dreyfus's family contacted the President of the Senate
2457:
1735:
1725:
1448:
1065:
1035:
1030:
570:
11708:, Vol. 32, No. 2 (Apr. 1970), pp. 101â110, Indiana University Press.
7849:"Musée des Horreurs / Digital Collections / Duke Digital Repository"
5375:
will not allow it as the Dreyfus affair has so clearly demonstrated.
4579:
3952:
3498:
2814:
now competed effectively with officers from the main career path of
2799:
of France in 1870 seemed far away, but a vengeful spirit remained.
2506:
9678:
The concept began in a deeply pejorative sense, to denounce, wrote
7655:
5855:
complete similarity with the authentic writing of Captain Dreyfus".
5617:(1996), an analysis of the sociology of the affair. Michael Burns,
5600:
5306:, which allowed free and unrestrained expression of racial hatred.
5169:"Bilan fin de siĂšcle" (Assessment at the end of the century), anti-
4918:
The funeral of Zola, where Anatole France paid homage to his friend
4756:
4353:
4068:
3963:
3716:
3601:
3586:
3582:
2843:
2787:
The Dreyfus affair occurred in the context of German annexation of
2393:, head of counter-espionageâwhich identified the real culprit as a
2187:
1745:
1540:
1410:
1025:
768:
11858:"A Century Later, Statue Pays Homage to Dreyfus and Splits French"
10541:
jointly messaged: "For order, against justice and truth". Winock,
10095:
From this sentence to the end of the following paragraph: Winock,
7907:
Not small pieces. In addition the paper was not wrinkled. Bredin,
6239:
France since 1870: Culture, Society and the Making of the Republic
6232:
Twentieth-Century France: Politics and Society in France 1898â1991
5621:(1984) does the same in a more limited fashion. Vincent Duclert's
5587:
5555:
related to the Dreyfus affair and given by the ministry of Justice
5433:
4700:
4376:
3390:
3092:
3039:
10146:"French Jews during the Revolution of 1830 and the July Monarchy"
9033:
7108:
Thomas Loué, "The Dreyfus Affair", in L. Boltanski et alii éds.,
4941:
4716:
4386:
4278:
4147:, the chamber voted 312â22 to prosecute Zola. On 23 January 1898
4021:, Zola was at the height of his glory: the twenty volumes of the
4001:
3593:
3385:
2946:
2679:, that the Jews must leave Europe and establish their own state.
2676:
2625:
2583:, remained convinced of his innocence and worked with journalist
2177:
2172:
1908:
1705:
1093:
1086:
1047:
1020:
3926:, English newspapers, knew that Esterhazy was in London because
3620:
The discovery of the real culprit: Picquart "going to the enemy"
2635:
after a thorough investigation. A new court-martial was held at
9304:
On the personality and life of Walsin-Esterhazy, see: Reinach,
7800:
Anti-Semitism in the Army: The Coblentz Affair at Fontainebleau
6993:
Dreyfusards!: Memories from Mathieu Dreyfus and other novelties
6949:
Math on trial. How numbers get used and abused in the courtroom
6149:, Fasquelle, 1901â1911; Ă©d. Robert Laffont, two vol., 2006 231.
5926:
At that time the heart of the artistic avant-garde, publishing
5883:
Otherwise known as "faux patriotique" by the anti-Dreyfusards.
5102:
4721:
4690:
4501:
4345:
3903:
3442:
3429:
Dreyfus's officer stripes, ripped off as a symbol of treason â
3331:
on 13 December 1894: "the closed court is necessary to avoid a
2788:
2636:
2367:
2224:
1431:
1387:
637:
9625:
For all this paragraph, excluding additional details: Winock,
8582:
v. The press, publications on the Dreyfus affair, and Bredin,
8500:
He characterised the report by du Paty as "rantings" (Bredin,
7219:
The Dreyfus Affair and its secret remits: a historical summary
4413:
4171:
4163:
distanced themselves from the "two rival bourgeois factions".
3402:
remained uncertain until 2013, when they were released by the
3253:
2444:; and those who condemned him, the "anti-Dreyfusards" such as
9173:, which remained unedited until 1978, except a few extracts.
6782:
A Secret Well Guarded: Military History of the Dreyfus Affair
6366:
The Assumptionists and the Dreyfus Affair, Past & Present
5400:
5383:, an antisemitic country, he chose to live in France for its
4349:
3630:
3468:
regretted the lightness of the sentence in an address to the
3270:
During the two months before the trial, the press went wild.
3203:
On 29 October 1894, the affair was revealed in an article in
3166:
3034:
986:
8896:"French Ministry Posts Online Full File on 'Dreyfus Affair'"
7923:
J. Jacobs's entry: "Dreyfus Case" ("L'Affaire Dreyfus"), in
3813:. Blum tried in late November 1897 to sign, with his friend
3774:(his first article was published three days after Zola) and
3682:
The denunciation of Esterhazy and the progress of Dreyfusism
3002:
11938:
The following historiography is based on that of Thomas in
10879:
Hannah Arendt (1976) . "Antisemitism: The Dreyfus Affair".
7466:
Michel Winock, "The Dreyfus Affair as a founding myth", in
6316:
The Dreyfus Affair: Honour and Politics in the Belle Epoque
5683:, transposes the Dreyfus affair to the world of education.
4357:
3420:
3347:
the same day: it must be "the most absolute closed court".
3309:. He repeated himself on 29 November 1894 in an article by
3172:
2162:
11964:
Paula E. Hyman, "New Perspectives on the Dreyfus Affair".
10183:"Antisemitism in France at the Time of the Dreyfus Affair"
6508:
The Fever of France: The Great Political Crises. 1871â1968
6432:
For the Soul of France: Culture Wars in the Age of Dreyfus
6380:
Dreyfus: Politics, Emotion, and the Scandal of the Century
6033:
Book or article used as a source for writing this article
4563:
on 22 June 1899. The center of French politics, including
3350:
The trial opened on 19 December 1894 at one o'clock and a
2448:, the director and publisher of the antisemitic newspaper
11995:
11832:"Statue Needs a Home: The Dreyfus Affair â It Never Dies"
11538:
The Origins of the French Nationalist Movement, 1886â1914
10709:
The Origins of the French Nationalist Movement, 1886â1914
10461:"Announcement of the suicide of Lieutenant Colonel Henry"
10188:
Hostages of Modernization: Germany, Great Britain, France
9258:
A Miscarriage of Justice: The Truth of the Dreyfus Affair
6443:
The Origins of the French Nationalist Movement, 1886â1914
3021:
2985:, drew on antisemitic roots in certain Catholic circles.
2748:
was assassinated on 24 June 1894; his moderate successor
2700:
in 1877 had crippled the political influence of both the
12054:
Ephemera and Original Art Documenting the Dreyfus Affair
8371:
The arrest order had been signed in advance, v. Thomas,
6701:
The Dreyfus Affair: When Justice Enlightens the Republic
5379:
Herzl's shock was great, for, having lived his youth in
4371:
7571:"Gay love sheds light on l'affaire Dreyfus | The Times"
7119:
Schultheiss, Katrin. "The Dreyfus Affair and History",
5542:
3626:
Georges Picquart's investigations of the Dreyfus affair
2872:
The German military attaché in Paris in 1894 was Count
2834:
and civilians. Its head in 1894 was Lieutenant-Colonel
11455:
Katrin Schultheiss, "The Dreyfus Affair and History",
10008:
through a side door of the Quai des Orfevres. Winock,
7694:"L'affaire Dreyfus est aussi une affaire d'homophobie"
7029:
The centenary of the rehabilitation of Captain Dreyfus
5484:
The statue of Captain Dreyfus in the courtyard of the
5198:, 1886â1889, and was shaped into a coherent theory by
3562:
The Dreyfus family exposes the affair and takes action
2957:
adventure in the past. The antisemitism circulated by
2795:, an event that fed the most extreme nationalism. The
12066:
11737:, Nichol, entry "Theodor Herzl and Zionism", p. 505.
5392:. Herzl quickly took charge in leading the movement.
5146:
4900:
On 29 September 1902, Zola, who was the initiator of
4574:
4532:
declared: "If there has to be a civil war so be it."
9928:
Except supplements, for this paragraph see: Winock,
8229:
The General met with the President of the Republic,
7621:"Dreyfus, Proust and the Crimes of the Belle Epoque"
7518:
On the appearance of the 75 mm gun see: Doise,
6803:, Albin Michel, "The Presence of Judaism", paperback
6294:
France and the Dreyfus Affair: A Documentary History
6210:
Biography of Alfred Dreyfus: The Honour of a Patriot
5867:, though antisemitic, published an article entitled
4650:
writes that fear of an international boycott of the
11676:
Victims: History revisits the ArabâZionist conflict
9167:See in this regard the memoirs of Mathieu Dreyfus,
8315:
An idea supported by the transparency of the paper.
7486:For these three paragraphs, cf. Jean-Marie Mayeur,
6831:
Intellectuals Face the Dreyfus Affair, Then and Now
6160:, Fayard â IdĂ©graf (Geneva), 1961â1979 â 2 volumes.
4543:, the President of France, died of a heart attack.
3827:
2759:Following the failure of the radical government of
2579:The Dreyfus family, particularly his older brother
10075:According to the recollections of anti-Dreyfusard
9776:
9774:
9662:of 28 November 1897, collected in Octave Mirbeau,
7654:
6664:Dreyfus is Innocent: History of an Affair of State
5223:. The year 1902 saw the birth of two parties: the
5093:As a reserve officer, Dreyfus participated in the
5018:At right, Captain Alfred Dreyfus rehabilitated at
4704:Alfred Dreyfus's trial at the Rennes Court Martial
4512:resignation of Zurlinden who was soon replaced by
4251:declared, " imbued by the admirable actions " and
3413:It was a letter from the German military attaché,
3099:, head of investigation, arrested Captain Dreyfus.
11282:
11280:
10459:Cavalry Major Walter, commander of Mont Valerian,
6732:Pierre Gervais, Pauline Peretz et Pierre Stutin,
6305:The Dreyfus Affair in French Society and Politics
5615:The Dreyfus Affair in French Society and Politics
5459:, who had assisted deportation of French Jews to
5388:Jewish State within the biblical homeland in the
4614:on 29 October 1898 published an article entitled
4316:the 1898 disturbances were much more widespread.
12102:
12016:, Dreyfus site of the French Ministry of Culture
11807:
11805:
10775:, the first revision, and Royer Ozaman, p. 215.
10137:
8916:, Editions Berlin, Vol. 55, No. 1, pp. 125â160.
4802:showing Colonel Albert Jouaust, Chairman of the
3744:The Dreyfusard movement, led by Bernard Lazare,
3556:
3502:Dreyfus's Hut on Devil's Island in French Guiana
3043:General Auguste Mercier, Minister of War in 1894
2783:, architect of the military alliance with Russia
2656:in the military. It slowed the reform of French
2610:, a newspaper reporter and former member of the
1930:Inquiries into Human Faculty and Its Development
12028:Jewish Library: Alfred Dreyfus and "The Affair"
11354:Zola at the Pantheon: The Fourth Dreyfus Affair
11076:[Grieg the Humanist Brought to Light].
10176:
10174:
10172:
9846:"Rachel Beer, editor of the Observer 1891â1901"
9830:Beer, Rachel, Interviews with Major Esterhazy,
9771:
8359:Report of the Supreme Court, Volume 1, p. 127.
7688:
7686:
7436:"Judgment of the Supreme Court on 12 July 1906"
6093:Memoire of Alfred Dreyfus to the Supreme Court.
11277:
10363:For this and the following paragraph: Winock,
5240:Republican Radical and Radical-Socialist Party
4987:In addition, the note allegedly annotated (by
3836:Portrait of Georges Clemenceau by the painter
3386:Transmission of a secret dossier to the judges
3378:, deputy head of the SR and discoverer of the
1546:U.S. National Strategy to Counter Antisemitism
11966:Historical Reflections/RĂ©flexions Historiques
11802:
11120:, Lord Russell of Killowen, 16 September 1899
10878:
9507:
9505:
8965:, Edizioni Lavoro, Roma 1994, pp. 23â36. (It)
8164:General Mercier to his subordinates: Bredin,
8045:
8043:
7290:My Secret Diary of the Dreyfus Case 1894-1899
6596:Histoire d'une famille française, les Dreyfus
6074:Verbatim record of the proceedings of Rennes
5227:, which brought together jaurésiens; and the
5068:Alfred Dreyfus in 1935, the year of his death
2314:
1643:
211:
12020:Dreyfus Site of the French National Assembly
11929:(Oct 2010), Issue 656, pp. 933â957 in French
11041:Bernard Lazare, the first of the Dreyfusards
10169:
9699:Excerpts from the meeting of 4 December 1897
8678:On the details of proceedings see: Duclert,
7683:
7039:"Calls for Dreyfus to be buried in Panthéon"
6929:Echos of the Dreyfus Affair for an Orléanais
5951:"What is already judged is held to be true".
5657:la Revue d'histoire moderne et contemporaine
5233:French Section of the Workers' International
4864:
4502:Crisis and reshaping the political landscape
4425:On 7 July 1898, during a questioning in the
3904:Esterhazy's flight to England and confession
2449:
2414:
2406:
11876:
11824:
9701:, at the website of the National Assembly.
6348:The Dreyfus Affair: a Chronological History
6174:, Fayard, Paris, 1993 (1Ăšre Ă©dition 1981) (
5765:, an 1899 series of short silent docudramas
5519:
5364:", which became "an obsession for him". In
4658:
3879:
3638:dressed in the uniform of the 4th Algerian
3585:a woman who spoke for the first time under
3397:always claimed never to have known Dreyfus.
11850:
11316:. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc. p. 345.
11291:. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc. p. 343.
10822:Debates of the Supreme Court on the review
10143:
9811:
9809:
9502:
9054:Dreyfus Affair: conspiracy in the RĂ©public
8817:1898â1899, Instruction, Volume I, p. 129.
8040:
7534:
6982:
6723:Dreyfus Affair: Conspiracy in the Republic
5475:
4931:
3229:On 3 November 1894, General Saussier, the
3035:The search for the author of the bordereau
3009:Investigation and arrest of Alfred Dreyfus
2321:
2307:
1650:
1636:
218:
204:
11719:"Did Dreyfus Affair Really Inspire Herzl?
11311:
11286:
9837:
9311:, chapter 1 and all of the first part of
9024:Clemenceau wrote on 25 December 1894, in
7763:. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc. p. 83.
7230:The Dreyfus Affair, the word of an enigma
6541:The Dreyfus Affair: The Republic in Peril
6132:
5423:
5370:(State of the Jews), he considered that:
5160:
4888:. As for Zola, he wrote the third of his
3888:Liberalism-friendly Scheurer-Kestner and
3439:permanent exile in a walled fortification
3003:Origins of the case and the trial of 1894
2660:and republican integration of Catholics.
2547:Learn how and when to remove this message
11071:
11043:Published Fallois, Paris 1992, p. 263).
9843:
9818:, Thomas, entry "EsterhĂĄzy in England".
7648:
7646:
7490:, Ăditions du Seuil, 1973, pp. 209â217.
7395:
6964:
5586:
5546:
5479:
5330:
5265:
5164:
5063:
5013:
4940:
4913:
4793:
4755:
4715:
4699:
4667:
4578:
4453:
4412:
4375:
4304:
4288:
4170:
3980:
3962:
3865:
3831:
3735:
3629:
3524:
3497:
3424:
3421:Conviction, degradation, and deportation
3389:
3257:
3176:
3173:The enquiry and the first military court
3113:
3091:
3038:
3012:
2941:, a friend of Drumont, in another duel.
2895:
2775:
2696:was twenty-four years old. Although the
2486:
981:
38:
12062:(Musée d'art et d'histoire du judaïsme)
11702:"Theodor Herzl's Conversion to Zionism"
11442:JaurĂšs, speech in the House 8 May 1903
11188:
11102:The Appeals Court in the Dreyfus Affair
10835:v. judgment of the Court of 3 June 1899
9806:
8183:The Dreyfus Affair and the Quai d'Orsay
8119:The Dreyfus Affair and the Quai d'Orsay
7279:The Dreyfus Affair and the Quai d'Orsay
5999:made a poignant description of Dreyfus.
5665:The Secret Record of the Dreyfus Affair
5470:
5238:In addition, 1901 saw the birth of the
4957:, attorney general at the heart of the
4936:
4663:
4583:The judges of the criminal division in
4366:Comité de Défense Religieuse et Sociale
3953:The Dreyfus affair becomes "The Affair"
3087:
14:
12103:
12035:(Journalistic retrospective of Zola's
12033:Greatest Newspaper Article of all Time
11811:
11072:Slotsvik, Tone N. (27 February 2007).
10180:
10163:
9200:
9198:
9032:, where he will wait in the garden of
7978:Alfred Dreyfus was also from Mulhouse.
7151:, Collection of Articles appearing in
6905:Pierre Touzin et Francois Vauvillier,
6812:The Hidden Truth of the Dreyfus Affair
6762:, Armand Colin, coll. "Kiosk", 272 pp.
6224:
6191:The Affair: The Case of Alfred Dreyfus
5661:Le dossier secret de l'affaire Dreyfus
5630:The Affair: The Case of Alfred Dreyfus
5261:
4266:League for the Defence of Human Rights
1895:The Crowd: A Study of the Popular Mind
1531:Swedish Committee Against Antisemitism
8113:Sandherr was a fanatical antisemite.
7793:
7791:
7713:
7711:
7652:
7643:
7615:
6801:Jewish Opinion and the Dreyfus Affair
6734:The Secret File of the Dreyfus Affair
5812:
5769:Musée d'Art et d'Histoire du Judaïsme
5490:Musée d'Art et d'Histoire du Judaïsme
5219:and from 1899 under the influence of
4372:Henry unmasked, the case is rekindled
3944:
3209:, the antisemitic newspaper owned by
2781:General Raoul Le Mouton de Boisdeffre
2496:Musée d'Art et d'Histoire du Judaisme
2349:
2000:Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde
1562:Jerusalem Declaration on Antisemitism
608:during the Israel-Hamas war (2023-24)
303:Jerusalem Declaration on Antisemitism
27:1894â1906 political scandal in France
10691:For this paragraph: Francis DĂ©mier,
7758:
7488:The Beginnings of the Third Republic
7378:Guy Canivet, first President of the
7002:Max Guermann, "The terrible truth",
6748:
6712:The France of the Nineteenth Century
5543:Historiography of the Dreyfus affair
5395:He organized on 29 August 1897, the
5059:
4806:, reading the verdict of conviction
4523:On 1 November 1898, the Progressive
4284:
4166:
4080:, director of the Pasteur Institute
4046:(Clemenceau thought up the headline
2587:to prove it. In March 1896, Colonel
2529:adding citations to reliable sources
2500:
11779:
10040:Repiquet, president of the bar, in
9195:
7568:
7110:Affairs, scandals, and great causes
6714:, Seuil, coll. "Points in History".
6573:, pp. 70â82 in Michel Winock:
6543:, Gallimard, coll. "Discoveries", (
5573:some ambiguities and inaccuracies.
3187:, 20 January 1895 (illustration by
3131:to lead an official investigation.
3123:courageous objections expressed by
858:21 Paths to the Kingdom of Darkness
24:
11312:Paul Read, Piers (February 2013).
11287:Paul Read, Piers (February 2013).
11191:"J'Accuse! The Sins of the Artist"
10152:. Vol. 22. pp. 116â120.
8871:"Secret military file â Digitized"
8844:, but not from military tribunals.
7788:
7759:Reid, Piers Paul (February 2013).
7708:
7653:Idier, Antoine (23 October 2012).
6946:Leila Schneps and Coralie Colmez,
6913:. History and Collections, Paris.
6036:
5779:Bibliography of the Dreyfus Affair
5643:In 1983, the lawyer and historian
5428:In October 2021, French President
5147:Consequences of the Dreyfus affair
4994:Given these developments, General
4642:
4575:The appeal on the judgment of 1894
3848:de Boulancy, published letters in
3691:"in the interest of the service".
1556:Working definition of antisemitism
318:Working definition of antisemitism
25:
12147:
11989:
11751:"A Small Country with a Congress"
11457:Journal of The Historical Society
10711:(2011) pp. 113â14, 119, 121, 137.
9948:, Editions Perrin, 2007, p. 254.
7121:Journal of The Historical Society
7075:"Not just a Jew in a French jail"
6867:Thierry LĂ©vy, Jean-Pierre Royer,
6645:The Dreyfus Affair, The Discovery
4751:
4551:attempted to force a coup at the
4310:1898 antisemitic riots in Algiers
3881:Res judicata pro veritate habetur
3612:, Chief of the General Staff and
3254:The trial: "Closed Court or War!"
3051:, to inform the Minister of War,
2763:in 1896, the president appointed
2675:, one of the founding fathers of
2494:, 1898, Poster, 65 Ă 48 cm,
1536:Union of Councils for Soviet Jews
92:Georges Picquart's investigations
12088:
12076:
11974:
11958:
11949:
11940:Dictionary of the Dreyfus Affair
11932:
11919:
11902:
11773:
11743:
11735:Dictionary of the Dreyfus affair
11728:
11711:
11694:
11681:
11665:
11649:
11641:The Dreyfus Affair and the Press
11633:
11617:
11601:
11585:
11573:
11556:
11543:
11530:
11513:
11496:
11479:
11462:
11449:
11436:
11403:
11395:Dictionary of the Dreyfus affair
11387:
11371:
11362:
11346:
11330:
11305:
11261:
11245:
11229:
11213:
11197:
11182:
11166:
11150:
11139:
11123:
11094:
11065:
11049:
11033:
11017:
11001:
10985:
10969:
10953:
10937:
10919:
10903:
10887:
10872:
10856:
10843:
10828:
10813:
10797:
10789:The Dreyfus Affair and the Press
10781:
10765:
10746:
10730:
10714:
10701:
10693:France in the nineteenth century
10685:
10669:
10653:
10634:
10615:
10599:
10583:
10567:
10551:
10523:
10507:
10489:
10473:
10453:
10437:
10418:
10405:
10389:
10373:
10357:
10327:
10310:
10293:
10277:
10258:
10242:
10229:
10221:Dictionary of the Dreyfus Affair
10213:
10185:. In Strauss, Herbert A. (ed.).
10121:
10105:
10089:
10069:
10054:
10042:Edgar Demange and Fernand Labori
10034:
10018:
10002:
9986:
9970:
9954:
9938:
9922:
9906:
9890:
9874:
9856:
9824:
9816:Dictionary of the Dreyfus Affair
9790:
9755:
9739:
9723:
9707:
9692:
9672:
9648:
9632:
9619:
9601:
9585:
9569:
9555:
9539:
9521:
9486:
9466:
9450:
9430:
9413:
9394:
9378:
9362:
9345:
9321:
9298:
9282:
9274:The Dreyfus Affair and the Press
9266:
9250:
9232:
9214:
9179:
9161:
9145:
9129:
9113:
9056:, Ăd. L'Harmattan, 2006, p. 40.
8664:The Dreyfus Affair and the Press
8632:The Dreyfus Affair and the Press
8616:The Dreyfus Affair and the Press
8423:On Justice in the Dreyfus Affair
7997:The Dreyfus Affair and the Press
7396:Daughton, James Patrick (2006).
7221:, ed Godet et Cie, Paris, 240 p.
7129:10.1111/j.1540-5923.2012.00362.x
7112:, Paris, Stock, pp. 213â227
7051:Ronald Schechter (7 July 2006),
6760:The Dreyfus Affair and the Press
6571:Was the French Army Antisemitic?
6560:The France of the Dreyfus Affair
6330:The Accused: The Dreyfus Trilogy
6012:
6002:
5990:
5981:
5972:
5963:
5954:
5945:
5920:
5903:
5886:
5877:
5858:
5670:
5566:The Precis of the Dreyfus Affair
5510:Museum of Jewish Art and History
5349:The Austro-Hungarian journalist
4895:
4871:Resolution of the Dreyfus affair
3828:Trial and acquittal of Esterhazy
3431:Museum of Jewish Art and History
2505:
1674:
1621:
1620:
249:
70:
32:The Dreyfus Affair (film series)
11812:Henley, Jon (30 October 2021).
11253:Justice From the Dreyfus Affair
11237:Justice From the Dreyfus Affair
11074:"Humanisten Grieg fram i lyset"
10961:Justice From the Dreyfus Affair
10864:Justice From the Dreyfus Affair
10851:Justice From the Dreyfus Affair
10773:Justice From the Dreyfus Affair
10738:Justice From the Dreyfus Affair
10046:Justice From the Dreyfus Affair
9994:Justice from the Dreyfus Affair
9844:Narewska, Elli (2 March 2018).
9097:
9078:
9062:
9046:
9018:
8999:
8984:
8968:
8954:
8938:
8922:
8906:
8888:
8863:
8847:
8823:
8807:
8790:
8774:
8758:
8742:
8723:
8715:Justice From the Dreyfus Affair
8707:
8688:
8672:
8656:
8640:
8624:
8608:
8592:
8576:
8558:
8542:
8526:
8518:Justice From the Dreyfus Affair
8510:
8494:
8486:Justice From the Dreyfus Affair
8465:
8447:
8431:
8415:
8397:
8381:
8365:
8353:
8334:
8318:
8299:
8279:
8263:
8246:
8223:
8207:
8191:
8175:
8158:
8142:
8126:
8107:
8091:
8075:
8059:
8021:
8005:
7981:
7964:
7948:
7930:
7917:
7901:
7885:
7866:
7841:
7825:
7809:
7777:
7752:
7736:
7609:
7584:
7562:
7384:Justice from the Dreyfus Affair
7339:, Flammarion, Folio Histoire, (
7134:
7073:Stanley Meisler (9 July 2006),
7016:, Spécial Dreyfus, January 1994
6617:, PĂ€perback, coll. "references"
6318:(New York: Palgrave Macmillan).
5848:
5839:
5829:
5820:
5802:
5116:Obusier de 120 mm C modĂšle 1890
4769:decree was signed by President
4474:published a eulogy of Henry in
3453:, as it had been abolished for
2807:the army ignored the Republic.
2516:needs additional citations for
945:Protocols of the Elders of Zion
10881:The Origins of Totalitarianism
7528:
7512:
7496:
7480:
7460:
7428:
7389:
7372:
7053:"The Ghosts of Alfred Dreyfus"
7004:Revue Les Cahiers Naturalistes
6628:, Flammarion, reprinted 2006 (
6417:Why the Dreyfus Affair Matters
6395:The History of Captain Dreyfus
6296:(Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's)
6193:, George Braziller, New York,
5892:"He had already intervened in
5790:
5245:French League for Human Rights
4004:...; collection Fritz Lachmund
3985:Alfred Dreyfus in his room on
3977:by Ămile Zola, 13 January 1898
3668:authority of the principle of
3224:
2713:near-coup of Georges Boulanger
901:Hunter (William Luther Pierce)
13:
1:
11691:. New York: Grove Weidenfeld.
10755:History of the Dreyfus affair
10643:History of the Dreyfus affair
10624:History of the Dreyfus affair
10427:History of the Dreyfus affair
10307:In 1894 there were only four.
10267:History of the Dreyfus affair
9609:History of the Dreyfus Affair
9529:History of the Dreyfus Affair
9403:History of the Dreyfus affair
9307:History of the Dreyfus Affair
9008:History of the Dreyfus Affair
8976:Justice in the Dreyfus Affair
8832:History of the Dreyfus Affair
8732:History of the Dreyfus Affair
8697:History of the Dreyfus Affair
8343:History of the Dreyfus Affair
8288:History of the Dreyfus Affair
8030:History of the Dreyfus Affair
7875:History of the Dreyfus Affair
7365:
7089:"The Most Shameful of Stains"
7037:Kim Willsher (27 June 2006),
6911:The Artillery of the campaign
6888:Justice in the Dreyfus Affair
6626:The Dreyfus Affair Dictionary
6391:History of the Dreyfus Affair
6147:History of the Dreyfus Affair
6111:Debates of the Supreme Court.
6102:Enquiry of the Supreme Court.
5896:in May 1896, in the article "
4969:saw the victory of the left.
4882:History of the Dreyfus Affair
4825:Lord Chief Justice of England
4017:. The first great Dreyfusard
3557:The truth emerges (1895â1897)
3415:Maximilian von Schwartzkoppen
3147:
3029:Maximilian von Schwartzkoppen
2874:Maximilian von Schwartzkoppen
1495:Campaign Against Antisemitism
603:during the Gaza War (2008-09)
190:Maximilian von Schwartzkoppen
12126:Political scandals in France
11397:, entry "Picquart", p. 263.
10866:, and Royer Ozaman, p. 211.
10575:The Century of intellectuals
10543:The Century of intellectuals
10515:The Century of intellectuals
10365:The Century of intellectuals
10237:The Century of intellectuals
10097:The Century of intellectuals
10061:See the whole debate of 1898
10010:The Century of intellectuals
9962:The Century of Intellectuals
9930:The Century of Intellectuals
9627:The Century of Intellectuals
9241:The Affair That I Have Lived
9223:The Affair That I Have Lived
9170:The Affair that I have lived
8475:, who killed the Republican
7301:The Affair that I have lived
7087:Adam Kirsch (11 July 2006),
6976:Précis of the Dreyfus Affair
6871:, Louis Audibert Ăditions, (
6685:, Librairie Artheme Fayard,
6577:, Editions du Seuil, Paris,
6463:
6056:Enquiry of the Supreme Court
5755:Human Rights League (France)
5503:but the Minister of Defense
4789:
4776:Universal Exhibition of 1900
3706:General Jean-Baptiste Billot
3022:Discovery of the "bordereau"
2687:
2628:resulted in several deaths.
2370:French artillery officer of
1813:Second Industrial Revolution
1484:Anti-antisemitism in Germany
976:Antisemitism on the Internet
764:Jewish war conspiracy theory
7:
11944:Biography of Alfred Dreyfus
11338:Biography of Alfred Dreyfus
11189:Litlove (3 February 2018).
10945:Biography of Alfred Dreyfus
10895:Biography of Alfred Dreyfus
10853:, and Royer Ozaman, p. 210.
10131:, Gallimard, 1965, p. 472.
9834:, 18 and 25 September 1898.
8855:Biography of Alfred Dreyfus
8766:Biography of Alfred Dreyfus
8680:Biography of Alfred Dreyfus
8389:Biography of Alfred Dreyfus
8134:Biography of Alfred Dreyfus
7470:, Ăditions du Seuil, coll.
7303:, Bernard Grasset, Paris. (
7014:Revue in L'Histoire n o 173
6886:Supreme Court, collective,
6527:The School of Intellectuals
6445:, Jefferson, NC: McFarland.
6350:, Palgrave Macmillan 2006,
5913:of 1 December 1897 and the
5731:
5623:Biography of Alfred Dreyfus
5524:On 12 July 2006, President
4322:riots took place in Algeria
3870:Newspaper showing Esterhazy
3845:Georges-Gabriel de Pellieux
3139:, the inventor of forensic
2937:officer, was killed by the
2771:
2682:
1993:She: A History of Adventure
1521:Southern Poverty Law Center
680:COVID-19 pandemic incidents
165:Georges-Gabriel de Pellieux
10:
12152:
10285:The Affair Without Dreyfus
9763:The Affair Without Dreyfus
9731:The Affair Without Dreyfus
9593:The Affair Without Dreyfus
9438:The Affair Without Dreyfus
9425:The Affair Without Dreyfus
9386:The Affair Without Dreyfus
9337:The Affair Without Dreyfus
9313:The Affair Without Dreyfus
9290:The Affair Without Dreyfus
9260:, Brussels, November 1896
8799:The Affair Without Dreyfus
8373:The Affair Without Dreyfus
8254:The Affair Without Dreyfus
8099:The Affair Without Dreyfus
7972:The Affair Without Dreyfus
7956:The Affair Without Dreyfus
7893:The Affair Without Dreyfus
7696:(in French). 26 March 2008
7167:Letters of an Innocent man
6272:Cambridge University Press
6257:Princeton University Press
6201:Plunkett Lake Press Ebooks
6158:The Affair Without Dreyfus
6028:
5799:in a speech in the Senate.
5608:The Affair Without Dreyfus
5326:
4868:
4398:On 4 April, the newspaper
3956:
3623:
3608:request of his superiors,
3404:French Ministry of Defence
3231:Military governor of Paris
3006:
2671:. These factors persuaded
2593:Ferdinand Walsin Esterhazy
2482:
2399:Ferdinand Walsin Esterhazy
1958:The Picture of Dorian Gray
931:On the Jews and Their Lies
155:Ferdinand Walsin Esterhazy
29:
11888:Jewish Telegraphic Agency
11595:403#5 (1971): 1085â1106.
10181:Wilson, Stephen (2007) .
10144:Sjzakowski, Zosa (1961).
8914:Journal of Modern History
7987:"This wimp Mercier" said
7155:â available on Wikisource
7094:29 September 2007 at the
6907:Guns of Victory 1914â1918
5551:List of documents in the
5342:after the Dreyfus affair.
5229:Socialist Party of France
4865:Rehabilitation, 1900â1906
4618:in the same character as
2996:No. 35 Amnistie populaire
2901:No. 35 Amnistie populaire
2891:
2492:Dreyfus affair board game
2088:Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec
1506:Fundamental Rights Agency
939:Undisputed Over The World
754: Jewish conspiracy
30:For the film series, see
11356:, Perrin, 2008, p. 287.
11118:Report to Queen Victoria
10883:. Harcourt. p. 119.
10740:, Royer-Ozaman, p. 182.
9684:The Age of intellectuals
9656:Chez L'Illustre Ecrivain
8172:Also reported elsewhere.
7925:"Jewish Encyclopedia.com
7872:See especially Reinach,
7853:Duke Digital Collections
7723:Duke Digital Collections
6529:, Le Seuil, coll. Points
6382:(Henry Holt and Company)
5797:Auguste Scheurer-Kestner
5784:
5593:A Miscarriage of Justice
5553:French National Archives
5536:French National Assembly
5520:Centennial commemoration
5455:collaborationist leader
5253:Auguste Scheurer-Kestner
4829:Lord Russell of Killowen
4659:The trial in Rennes 1899
4652:Paris Exposition of 1900
4231:among others, published
3785:Ăcole normale supĂ©rieure
3754:Auguste Scheurer-Kestner
3713:Auguste Scheurer-Kestner
3483:made a similar comment.
2723:threat (reduced by the "
2604:Auguste Scheurer-Kestner
1972:Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam
1567:Three Ds of antisemitism
1551:Wiener Holocaust Library
1501:Community Security Trust
1363:Black Death persecutions
878:The Dearborn Independent
851:Antisemitic publications
82:Investigation and arrest
12012:19 January 2013 at the
12002:(in English and French)
11687:Beller, Steven (1991).
10322:Oxford University Press
9187:The Affair That I Lived
9038:The Start of the Affair
8567:The Affair That I Lived
8473:Prince Pierre Bonaparte
8456:The Affair that I lived
8406:The Affair that I lived
7404:Oxford University Press
7292:, Secker & Warburg.
7058:18 October 2006 at the
6983:Articles and newspapers
6243:excerpt and text search
6212:, Fayard, Paris, 2006 (
5582:Henri Giscard d'Estaing
5476:Commission of sculpture
4932:The semi-rehabilitation
4922:In 1953, the newspaper
4742:Pierre Waldeck-Rousseau
3782:, the librarian of the
3540:and was transferred to
3129:Judicial Police Officer
2804:Franco-Russian Alliance
2235:Conservative Revolution
1965:Reflections on Violence
1516:Simon Wiesenthal Center
1268:Corneliu Zelea Codreanu
1042:The Occidental Observer
1005:Europa: The Last Battle
953:Between Blacks and Jews
951:The Secret Relationship
12045:Dreyfus Affair Archive
11981:The Island of Penguins
11942:, p. 586 and Duclert,
10115:, Belfond, 1996. 779.
10083:, Plon, 1912, p. 149.
9442:The romance of a cheat
9427:p. 231, are sceptical.
8240:, pp. 60, 149 and 157
7592:"Trial of the Century"
7337:Memories of The Affair
6974:Henri Dutrait-Crozon,
6931:, Corsaire Ăditions, (
6624:Michel Drouin (dir.),
6368:(2007) 194#1 175â211.
6133:Reference bibliography
5874:in mid-September 1896.
5701:In Search of Lost Time
5689:The Island of Penguins
5603:
5556:
5492:
5424:21st century aftermath
5413:
5397:First Zionist Congress
5377:
5343:
5282:
5225:French Socialist Party
5183:
5161:Political consequences
5158:
5075:Fort Neuf de Vincennes
5069:
5057:
5038:
4985:
4962:
4919:
4838:
4807:
4761:
4760:Dreyfus's reconviction
4732:
4705:
4676:
4587:
4467:
4422:
4381:
4312:
4302:
4296:riots in a print from
4183:
4006:
3978:
3880:
3871:
3840:
3741:
3702:
3654:Major Walsin-Esterhazy
3644:
3575:
3533:
3503:
3433:
3398:
3395:Max von Schwartzkoppen
3337:"; while for Judet in
3267:
3196:
3119:
3100:
3085:
3044:
3018:
2908:
2784:
2498:
2469:miscarriage of justice
2450:
2415:
2407:
2342:
2024:Thus Spoke Zarathustra
1888:The Brothers Karamazov
1808:Scientific romanticism
1526:Stephen Roth Institute
1489:Anti-Defamation League
140:Armand du Paty de Clam
48:
12007:Dreyfus Rehabilitated
11910:Jewish Social Studies
11706:Jewish Social Studies
11146:Five years of my life
11112:, Guy Carnivet, 2006
10537:, and ironically one
10335:"Wilde & Dreyfus"
9458:A secret well guarded
9423:, p. 144 and Thomas,
9137:Five Years of my life
7669:10.4000/lectures.9588
7520:A Secret well guarded
7474:, 2003, pp. 151â165.
7197:Cinq années de ma vie
7178:Five Years of My Life
6965:Anti-Dreyfusard works
6952:, Basic Books, 2013.
6784:, Le Seuil, 225 pp. (
6421:Yale University Press
6266:Alfred S. Lindemann,
5738:Menahem Mendel Beilis
5599:published in 1896 in
5590:
5550:
5486:HĂŽtel de Saint-Aignan
5483:
5418:emancipation movement
5405:
5372:
5334:
5269:
5168:
5153:
5127:Montparnasse Cemetery
5125:and he was buried in
5067:
5055:should be pronounced.
5052:
5017:
4980:
4944:
4917:
4884:and JaurĂšs published
4833:
4797:
4759:
4720:Dreyfus's defense in
4719:
4703:
4671:
4582:
4457:
4416:
4404:Lettre d'un Diplomate
4379:
4308:
4292:
4182:, oil on canvas, 1898
4174:
3984:
3966:
3935:I wrote the bordereau
3869:
3835:
3739:
3697:
3633:
3571:
3528:
3501:
3428:
3393:
3261:
3180:
3117:
3105:Major du Paty de Clam
3097:Major du Paty de Clam
3095:
3072:
3042:
3016:
2899:
2878:Alessandro Panizzardi
2779:
2727:" of July 1894). The
2490:
2360:Third French Republic
2351:[afÉËÊdÊÉfys]
1766:Historical recurrence
1233:William Luther Pierce
911:The International Jew
823:Stab-in-the-back myth
806:Rootless cosmopolitan
42:
12131:Wrongful convictions
11108:6 March 2016 at the
10466:20 July 2011 at the
10287:, Volume 2, p. 262.
9765:, Volume 2, p. 245.
9733:, Volume 2, p. 244.
9680:Ferdinand BrunetiĂšre
8199:The enigma EsterhĂĄzy
7784:The Jews in the army
7325:, Librairie SĂ©guier.
7288:Maurice Paléologue,
7264:Georges Clemenceau,
7253:Georges Clemenceau,
7246:, Tresse & Stock
7153:La Petite RĂ©publique
6848:Général André Bach,
6799:Philippe-E. Landau,
6771:The EsterhĂĄzy Enigma
6459:, Bloomsbury, London
6237:Sowerwine, Charles.
6234:(1992) pp. 3â12
5774:Henry Ossian Flipper
5717:An Officer and a Spy
5705:Roger Martin du Gard
5471:Other related events
5123:Place de la Concorde
4937:Legal rehabilitation
4798:Cover of the weekly
4664:Conduct of the trial
4557:Longchamp Racecourse
4476:La Gazette de France
4335:Roger Martin du Gard
4260:and Catholic jurist
4132:, and the historian
4066:On 15 January 1898,
4009:On 13 January 1898,
3762:Mr. Scheurer-Kestner
3088:Expertise in writing
2567:, a graduate of the
2559:At the end of 1894,
2525:improve this article
2014:The Cult of the Self
1610:Zionist antisemitism
1417:Martyrdom in Judaism
1143:Richard Girnt Butler
896:Hitlers Zweites Buch
482:textbook controversy
97:Other investigations
87:Trial and conviction
11912:40.1 (1978): 25â40
11761:on 11 November 2013
11725:, 26 February 2014.
11678:, 2003, pp. 29, 34.
11553:, 26 November 1900.
10928:The Affair ...
9666:, 1991, pp. 43â49.
8717:, Duclert, p. 107.
8520:, Duclert, p. 103.
8236:The Trial at Rennes
8201:, Volume 1, p. 99.
7744:The Army of Dreyfus
7468:La France politique
7023:Special edition of
6314:Martin P. Johnson,
6285:, New York: Harper.
6230:McMillan, James F.
6225:Other general works
6189:Jean-Denis Bredin,
5917:of 5 December 1897.
5814:[bÉÊ.dÉ.Êo]
5697:In the Penal Colony
5512:, which houses the
5497:François Mitterrand
5495:In 1985, President
5262:Social consequences
4738:Gaston de Galliffet
4466:on 14 February 1898
4213:, among others, in
4145:Chamber of Deputies
4024:Les Rougon-Macquart
3857:, in the newspaper
3634:Lieutenant Colonel
3614:Major-General Gonse
3532:(27 September 1896)
3470:Chamber of Deputies
3376:Hubert-Joseph Henry
3163:Cherche-Midi prison
3063:Ăcole polytechnique
2842:, an Alsatian from
2812:Ăcole Polytechnique
2750:Jean Casimir-Perier
2648:. He died in 1935.
2612:Chamber of Deputies
2569:Ăcole Polytechnique
2263:The Marching Morons
2168:Degeneration theory
2103:Friedrich Nietzsche
2043:Gabriele D'Annunzio
2007:Studies on Hysteria
1916:The Flowers of Evil
1845:Western Esotericism
1818:Social cycle theory
1741:Degeneration theory
1459:Spanish Inquisition
1358:Rhineland massacres
868:Culture of Critique
722:Cultural Bolshevism
170:Hubert-Joseph Henry
11609:The Dreyfus Affair
11564:The Dreyfus Affair
11536:Robert L. Fuller,
11521:The Dreyfus Affair
11504:The Dreyfus Affair
11470:The Dreyfus Affair
11415:The New York Times
11379:The Dreyfus Affair
11314:The Dreyfus Affair
11289:The Dreyfus Affair
11269:The Dreyfus Affair
11255:, Becker, p. 267.
11239:, Becker, p. 262.
11221:The Dreyfus Affair
11205:A well kept secret
11057:The Dreyfus Affair
10993:A Well Kept secret
10977:The Dreyfus Affair
10805:The Dreyfus Affair
10722:The Dreyfus Affair
10707:Robert L. Fuller,
10677:The Dreyfus Affair
10661:The Dreyfus Affair
10607:The Dreyfus Affair
10559:The Dreyfus Affair
10501:, pp. 181 et seq.
10481:The Dreyfus Affair
10445:the Dreyfus Affair
10397:the Dreyfus Affair
10026:The Dreyfus Affair
9978:The Dreyfus Affair
9898:The Dreyfus Affair
9798:The Dreyfus Affair
9747:The Dreyfus Affair
9664:The Dreyfus Affair
9613:, p. 603 and 644.
9547:A well kept secret
9370:The Dreyfus Affair
9315:by Marcel Thomas.
8978:, Duclert, p. 92.
8946:The Dreyfus Affair
8930:A well kept secret
8900:The New York Times
8782:A well kept secret
8750:A well kept secret
8425:, Duclert, p. 51.
8185:, pp. 111 et seq.
8150:The Dreyfus Affair
8115:Maurice Paléologue
8067:The Dreyfus Affair
8051:The Dreyfus Affair
7938:A well kept secret
7833:The Dreyfus Affair
7817:The Third Republic
7761:The Dreyfus Affair
7631:on 2 November 2014
7569:Bremner, Charles.
7536:Chapentier, Armand
7504:The Dreyfus Affair
7323:The Dreyfus Affair
7275:Maurice Paléologue
7244:Towards Reparation
7240:Georges Clemenceau
7228:Paschal Grousset,
6725:, Ăd. L'Harmattan.
6647:, reprinted 2006 (
6615:The Dreyfus Affair
6575:The Dreyfus Affair
6562:, Gallimard, Paris
6494:The Third Republic
6475:The Dreyfus Affair
6457:The Dreyfus Affair
6441:Robert L. Fuller,
6332:, Inter Nationes,
5761:The Dreyfus Affair
5604:
5591:First brochure of
5578:Maurice Paléologue
5557:
5493:
5344:
5287:Boulangisme affair
5283:
5217:Georges Clemenceau
5184:
5139:The New York Times
5136:On July 21, 1935,
5070:
5043:Alphonse Bertillon
5039:
5009:Court of Cassation
4963:
4920:
4808:
4762:
4733:
4711:Emperor Wilhelm II
4706:
4677:
4674:Valerian Griboedov
4588:
4468:
4423:
4419:Godefroy Cavaignac
4393:Godefroy Cavaignac
4382:
4313:
4303:
4211:Georges Courteline
4184:
4180:Zola faces the mob
4128:, the sociologist
4038:in the form of an
4007:
3979:
3898:Fort Mont-Valérien
3872:
3855:Georges Clemenceau
3841:
3799:), the authors of
3742:
3740:Ămile Zola in 1898
3645:
3610:General Boisdeffre
3534:
3504:
3474:Georges Clemenceau
3451:sentenced to death
3449:. Dreyfus was not
3434:
3399:
3367:Alphonse Bertillon
3268:
3266:(23 December 1894)
3197:
3137:Alphonse Bertillon
3120:
3101:
3045:
3019:
2991:Musée des Horreurs
2909:
2905:Musée des Horreurs
2848:Maurice Paléologue
2824:Models 1890 Baquet
2785:
2740:aligning with the
2608:Georges Clemenceau
2499:
2442:Georges Clemenceau
2203:Literary modernism
2083:Arthur de Gobineau
2018:(trilogy; 1888-91)
1937:The King in Yellow
1427:Pale of Settlement
1333:Gamal Abdel Nasser
1253:Kevin Alfred Strom
1238:Richard B. Spencer
1081:Triple parentheses
964:The Turner Diaries
937:Our Race Will Rule
906:1988 Hamas Charter
700:Antisemitic tropes
586:Christian Identity
519:Conservative Party
135:Alphonse Bertillon
49:
18:The Dreyfus Affair
11968:(2005): 335â349.
11838:. 30 October 1986
11836:Los Angeles Times
11780:Richarz, Monika.
11323:978-1-4088-3057-4
11298:978-1-4088-3057-4
10931:, p. 206 et seq.
10759:, p. 397 et seq.
10647:, p. 358 et seq.
10431:, p. 183 et seq.
10339:www.oscholars.com
10198:978-1-8003-4099-2
10129:Journal 1887â1910
10048:, p. 273 et seq.
10044:, Supreme Court,
9996:, Pages, p. 143.
9640:Fight for Dreyfus
9549:, p. 109 et seq.
9238:Mathieu Dreyfus,
9220:Mathieu Dreyfus,
9189:, Fayard, p. 47.
8875:L'Affaire Dreyfus
8453:Mathieu Dreyfus,
8136:, p. 115 et seq.
7895:, p. 140 et seq.
7770:978-1-4088-3057-4
7619:(13 March 2013).
7359:Fight for Dreyfus
7299:Mathieu Dreyfus,
7186:978-3-945831-19-9
7079:Los Angeles Times
7027:on 12 July 2005,
6958:978-0-465-03292-1
6937:978-2-910475-12-3
6814:, Albin Michel, (
6769:Henri Guillemin,
6758:Patrice Boussel,
6749:Specialised works
6699:Vincent Duclert,
6681:Vincent Duclert,
6662:Vincent Duclert,
6643:Vincent Duclert,
6569:Pierre Birnbaum,
6558:Pierre Birnbaum,
6510:, Points Seuil, (
6434:(Alfred A. Knopf)
6430:Frederick Brown,
6403:978-2-234-06080-7
6356:978-0-230-20285-6
6346:George R. Whyte,
6307:New York: Longman
6208:Vincent Duclert,
6168:Jean-Denis Bredin
5909:According to the
5645:Jean-Denis Bredin
5445:Jean-Marie Le Pen
5356:Neue Freie Presse
5131:Brigadier general
5060:Subsequent career
4989:Kaiser Wilhelm II
4967:elections of 1902
4800:Le Monde illustré
4592:Criminal Division
4509:General Zurlinden
4427:National Assembly
4421:, Minister of War
4299:Le Petit Parisien
4285:Antisemitic riots
4249:Stéphane Mallarmé
4167:The trial of Zola
4005:
3780:Lucien LĂ©vy-Bruhl
3756:gained momentum.
2855:counter-espionage
2729:elections of 1893
2719:in 1892, and the
2557:
2556:
2549:
2413:in the newspaper
2358:that divided the
2356:political scandal
2331:
2330:
2290:Philosophy portal
2135:Lasting influence
2068:Fyodor Dostoevsky
1951:Poems and Ballads
1944:Le Morte d'Arthur
1923:The Great God Pan
1660:
1659:
1442:Russian Civil War
1383:Ghettos in Europe
1213:Ernest G. Liebold
1112:Prominent figures
993:The Daily Stormer
883:Ethnic Cleansing
863:The Barnes Review
742:Franklin Prophecy
228:
227:
16:(Redirected from
12143:
12093:
12092:
12091:
12081:
12080:
12079:
12072:
12024:
12003:
11983:
11978:
11972:
11962:
11956:
11953:
11947:
11936:
11930:
11927:Revue Historique
11923:
11917:
11906:
11900:
11899:
11897:
11895:
11880:
11874:
11873:
11871:
11869:
11854:
11848:
11847:
11845:
11843:
11828:
11822:
11821:
11809:
11800:
11799:
11797:
11795:
11786:
11777:
11771:
11770:
11768:
11766:
11757:. Archived from
11747:
11741:
11740:
11732:
11726:
11715:
11709:
11700:Cohn, Henry J.,
11698:
11692:
11685:
11679:
11669:
11663:
11662:
11653:
11647:
11646:
11637:
11631:
11630:
11621:
11615:
11614:
11605:
11599:
11589:
11583:
11577:
11571:
11569:
11560:
11554:
11547:
11541:
11534:
11528:
11526:
11517:
11511:
11509:
11500:
11494:
11492:
11483:
11477:
11475:
11466:
11460:
11453:
11447:
11445:
11440:
11434:
11433:
11431:
11429:
11407:
11401:
11400:
11391:
11385:
11384:
11375:
11369:
11366:
11360:
11359:
11350:
11344:
11343:
11334:
11328:
11327:
11309:
11303:
11302:
11284:
11275:
11274:
11265:
11259:
11258:
11249:
11243:
11242:
11233:
11227:
11226:
11217:
11211:
11210:
11201:
11195:
11194:
11186:
11180:
11179:
11170:
11164:
11163:
11154:
11148:
11143:
11137:
11136:
11127:
11121:
11116:, Quoting from:
11115:
11098:
11092:
11091:
11089:
11087:
11069:
11063:
11062:
11053:
11047:
11046:
11037:
11031:
11030:
11021:
11015:
11014:
11005:
10999:
10998:
10989:
10983:
10982:
10973:
10967:
10966:
10963:, Joly, p. 231.
10957:
10951:
10950:
10941:
10935:
10934:
10925:Mathieu Dreyfus
10923:
10917:
10916:
10909:Jean JaurĂšs, in
10907:
10901:
10900:
10891:
10885:
10884:
10876:
10870:
10869:
10860:
10854:
10847:
10841:
10840:
10832:
10826:
10817:
10811:
10810:
10801:
10795:
10794:
10785:
10779:
10778:
10769:
10763:
10762:
10750:
10744:
10743:
10734:
10728:
10727:
10718:
10712:
10705:
10699:
10698:
10689:
10683:
10682:
10673:
10667:
10666:
10657:
10651:
10650:
10638:
10632:
10631:
10619:
10613:
10612:
10603:
10597:
10596:
10587:
10581:
10580:
10571:
10565:
10564:
10555:
10549:
10548:
10527:
10521:
10520:
10511:
10505:
10504:
10493:
10487:
10486:
10477:
10471:
10457:
10451:
10450:
10441:
10435:
10434:
10422:
10416:
10409:
10403:
10402:
10393:
10387:
10386:
10377:
10371:
10370:
10361:
10355:
10354:
10352:
10350:
10341:. Archived from
10331:
10325:
10316:Maguire, Robert
10314:
10308:
10306:
10297:
10291:
10290:
10281:
10275:
10274:
10262:
10256:
10255:
10246:
10240:
10233:
10227:
10226:
10217:
10211:
10210:
10178:
10167:
10161:
10150:Historia Judaica
10141:
10135:
10134:
10125:
10119:
10118:
10109:
10103:
10102:
10093:
10087:
10086:
10081:What my eyes saw
10073:
10067:
10066:
10058:
10052:
10051:
10038:
10032:
10031:
10022:
10016:
10015:
10006:
10000:
9999:
9990:
9984:
9983:
9974:
9968:
9967:
9958:
9952:
9951:
9942:
9936:
9935:
9926:
9920:
9919:
9910:
9904:
9903:
9894:
9888:
9887:
9878:
9872:
9871:
9860:
9854:
9853:
9841:
9835:
9828:
9822:
9821:
9813:
9804:
9803:
9794:
9788:
9787:
9778:
9769:
9768:
9759:
9753:
9752:
9743:
9737:
9736:
9727:
9721:
9720:
9711:
9705:
9704:
9696:
9690:
9689:
9676:
9670:
9669:
9652:
9646:
9645:
9636:
9630:
9623:
9617:
9616:
9605:
9599:
9598:
9589:
9583:
9582:
9573:
9567:
9559:
9553:
9552:
9543:
9537:
9536:
9525:
9519:
9518:
9509:
9500:
9499:
9490:
9484:
9483:
9470:
9464:
9463:
9460:, p. 24 et seq.
9454:
9448:
9447:
9434:
9428:
9417:
9411:
9410:
9398:
9392:
9391:
9382:
9376:
9375:
9366:
9360:
9358:
9349:
9343:
9342:
9334:
9325:
9319:
9318:
9302:
9296:
9295:
9286:
9280:
9279:
9270:
9264:
9263:
9254:
9248:
9247:
9236:
9230:
9229:
9218:
9212:
9211:
9202:
9193:
9192:
9185:Mathieu Dreyfus
9183:
9177:
9176:
9165:
9159:
9158:
9149:
9143:
9142:
9135:Alfred Dreyfus,
9133:
9127:
9126:
9117:
9111:
9110:
9101:
9095:
9094:
9082:
9076:
9075:
9066:
9060:
9059:
9050:
9044:
9043:
9022:
9016:
9015:
9003:
8997:
8988:
8982:
8981:
8972:
8966:
8958:
8952:
8951:
8942:
8936:
8935:
8926:
8920:
8919:
8910:
8904:
8903:
8892:
8886:
8885:
8883:
8881:
8867:
8861:
8860:
8851:
8845:
8839:
8827:
8821:
8820:
8811:
8805:
8804:
8794:
8788:
8787:
8778:
8772:
8771:
8762:
8756:
8755:
8746:
8740:
8739:
8727:
8721:
8720:
8711:
8705:
8704:
8692:
8686:
8685:
8676:
8670:
8669:
8660:
8654:
8653:
8644:
8638:
8637:
8628:
8622:
8621:
8612:
8606:
8605:
8596:
8590:
8589:
8580:
8574:
8573:
8564:Mathieu Dreyfus
8562:
8556:
8555:
8546:
8540:
8539:
8530:
8524:
8523:
8514:
8508:
8507:
8498:
8492:
8491:
8482:Marquis de Mores
8469:
8463:
8461:
8451:
8445:
8444:
8435:
8429:
8428:
8419:
8413:
8412:
8403:Mathieu Dreyfus
8401:
8395:
8394:
8385:
8379:
8378:
8369:
8363:
8362:
8357:
8351:
8350:
8338:
8332:
8331:
8322:
8316:
8314:
8303:
8297:
8295:
8283:
8277:
8276:
8267:
8261:
8259:
8250:
8244:
8243:
8227:
8221:
8220:
8211:
8205:
8204:
8195:
8189:
8188:
8179:
8173:
8171:
8162:
8156:
8155:
8146:
8140:
8139:
8130:
8124:
8123:
8111:
8105:
8104:
8095:
8089:
8088:
8079:
8073:
8072:
8063:
8057:
8056:
8047:
8038:
8037:
8025:
8019:
8018:
8009:
8003:
8002:
7985:
7979:
7977:
7968:
7962:
7961:
7952:
7946:
7943:
7940:, p. 55 et seq.
7934:
7928:
7921:
7915:
7914:
7905:
7899:
7898:
7889:
7883:
7882:
7870:
7864:
7863:
7861:
7859:
7845:
7839:
7838:
7829:
7823:
7822:
7813:
7807:
7806:
7795:
7786:
7781:
7775:
7774:
7756:
7750:
7749:
7740:
7734:
7733:
7731:
7729:
7715:
7706:
7705:
7703:
7701:
7690:
7681:
7680:
7658:
7650:
7641:
7640:
7638:
7636:
7627:. Archived from
7613:
7607:
7606:
7604:
7602:
7588:
7582:
7581:
7579:
7577:
7566:
7560:
7559:
7542:. Translated by
7540:The Dreyfus case
7532:
7526:
7525:
7516:
7510:
7509:
7500:
7494:
7493:
7484:
7478:
7477:
7464:
7458:
7457:
7455:
7453:
7447:
7441:. Archived from
7440:
7432:
7426:
7425:
7393:
7387:
7376:
7353:
7331:
7317:
7298:
7287:
7273:
7263:
7252:
7238:
7227:
7215:Paschal Grousset
7213:
7195:Alfred Dreyfus,
7194:
7176:Alfred Dreyfus,
7175:
7161:
7143:
7118:
7107:
7100:The New York Sun
7086:
7072:
7050:
7036:
7022:
7012:
7001:
6991:
6973:
6945:
6927:Georges Joumas,
6926:
6904:
6885:
6869:Labori, a lawyer
6866:
6847:
6833:, L'Harmattan, (
6828:
6809:
6798:
6779:
6768:
6757:
6736:, Alma editor, (
6731:
6720:
6710:Francis DĂ©mier,
6709:
6698:
6680:
6661:
6642:
6623:
6612:
6598:, Fayard, 1994 (
6590:
6568:
6557:
6535:
6524:
6502:
6491:
6472:
6451:
6440:
6429:
6411:
6389:Philippe Oriol,
6388:
6377:
6363:
6345:
6324:
6313:
6302:
6291:
6280:
6265:
6251:
6207:
6188:
6166:
6155:
6141:
6125:
6118:
6109:
6100:
6091:
6073:
6064:
6054:
6045:
6023:
6016:
6010:
6006:
6000:
5994:
5988:
5985:
5979:
5976:
5970:
5967:
5961:
5958:
5952:
5949:
5943:
5924:
5918:
5907:
5901:
5890:
5884:
5881:
5875:
5873:
5862:
5856:
5852:
5846:
5843:
5837:
5833:
5827:
5824:
5818:
5816:
5808:The French word
5806:
5800:
5794:
5461:Nazi death camps
5453:Second World War
5340:Zionist Congress
5205:Action Française
5196:Boulanger affair
5107:Legion of Honour
5099:Chemin des Dames
5087:Action Française
5036:
5033:
5005:Ludovic Trarieux
4956:
4953:
4585:Le Petit Journal
4565:Raymond Poincaré
4561:Waldeck-Rousseau
4514:General Chanoine
4484:faux patriotique
4258:Ludovic Trarieux
4203:Laurent Tailhade
4114:François Simiand
4029:General Pellieux
3991:
3932:
3883:
3802:La Revue Blanche
3649:Georges Picquart
3636:Georges Picquart
3530:Le Petit Journal
3455:political crimes
3340:Le Petit Journal
3264:Le Petit Journal
3184:Le Petit Journal
3125:Gabriel Hanotaux
3083:
2968:Le Petit Journal
2961:, as well as by
2949:. The launch of
2939:Marquis de MorĂšs
2838:, a graduate of
2797:traumatic defeat
2589:Georges Picquart
2552:
2545:
2541:
2538:
2532:
2509:
2501:
2455:
2420:
2412:
2391:Georges Picquart
2366:, a 35-year-old
2353:
2348:
2323:
2316:
2309:
2268:
2221:
2053:Aubrey Beardsley
2019:
1823:Social Darwinism
1721:Crowd psychology
1678:
1662:
1661:
1652:
1645:
1638:
1624:
1623:
1303:Nichifor Crainic
1248:Julius Streicher
1188:Heinrich Himmler
1053:Renegade Tribune
774:Judeo-Bolshevism
753:
747:Host desecration
727:Cultural Marxism
613:Holocaust denial
253:
230:
229:
220:
213:
206:
185:Ludovic Trarieux
160:Georges Picquart
74:
51:
50:
21:
12151:
12150:
12146:
12145:
12144:
12142:
12141:
12140:
12101:
12100:
12099:
12089:
12087:
12077:
12075:
12067:
12022:
12014:Wayback Machine
12001:
11992:
11987:
11986:
11979:
11975:
11963:
11959:
11954:
11950:
11937:
11933:
11924:
11920:
11907:
11903:
11893:
11891:
11890:. 6 August 1985
11882:
11881:
11877:
11867:
11865:
11856:
11855:
11851:
11841:
11839:
11830:
11829:
11825:
11810:
11803:
11793:
11791:
11784:
11778:
11774:
11764:
11762:
11749:
11748:
11744:
11738:
11733:
11729:
11716:
11712:
11699:
11695:
11686:
11682:
11670:
11666:
11660:
11654:
11650:
11644:
11638:
11634:
11628:
11622:
11618:
11612:
11606:
11602:
11590:
11586:
11578:
11574:
11567:
11561:
11557:
11551:The two methods
11548:
11544:
11535:
11531:
11524:
11518:
11514:
11507:
11501:
11497:
11490:
11484:
11480:
11473:
11467:
11463:
11454:
11450:
11443:
11441:
11437:
11427:
11425:
11409:
11408:
11404:
11398:
11392:
11388:
11382:
11376:
11372:
11367:
11363:
11357:
11351:
11347:
11341:
11335:
11331:
11324:
11310:
11306:
11299:
11285:
11278:
11272:
11266:
11262:
11256:
11251:Supreme Court,
11250:
11246:
11240:
11235:Supreme Court,
11234:
11230:
11224:
11218:
11214:
11208:
11202:
11198:
11187:
11183:
11177:
11171:
11167:
11161:
11155:
11151:
11144:
11140:
11134:
11128:
11124:
11113:
11110:Wayback Machine
11099:
11095:
11085:
11083:
11070:
11066:
11060:
11054:
11050:
11044:
11038:
11034:
11028:
11022:
11018:
11012:
11006:
11002:
10996:
10990:
10986:
10980:
10974:
10970:
10964:
10959:Supreme Court,
10958:
10954:
10948:
10942:
10938:
10932:
10924:
10920:
10914:
10908:
10904:
10898:
10892:
10888:
10877:
10873:
10867:
10862:Supreme Court,
10861:
10857:
10849:Supreme Court,
10848:
10844:
10838:
10833:
10829:
10818:
10814:
10808:
10802:
10798:
10792:
10786:
10782:
10776:
10771:Supreme Court,
10770:
10766:
10760:
10751:
10747:
10741:
10736:Supreme Court,
10735:
10731:
10725:
10719:
10715:
10706:
10702:
10696:
10690:
10686:
10680:
10674:
10670:
10664:
10658:
10654:
10648:
10639:
10635:
10629:
10620:
10616:
10610:
10604:
10600:
10594:
10588:
10584:
10578:
10572:
10568:
10562:
10556:
10552:
10546:
10528:
10524:
10518:
10512:
10508:
10502:
10497:Trial at Rennes
10494:
10490:
10484:
10478:
10474:
10468:Wayback Machine
10458:
10454:
10448:
10442:
10438:
10432:
10423:
10419:
10410:
10406:
10400:
10394:
10390:
10384:
10378:
10374:
10368:
10362:
10358:
10348:
10346:
10345:on 4 March 2016
10333:
10332:
10328:
10315:
10311:
10304:
10298:
10294:
10288:
10282:
10278:
10272:
10263:
10259:
10253:
10247:
10243:
10234:
10230:
10224:
10218:
10214:
10199:
10179:
10170:
10142:
10138:
10132:
10126:
10122:
10116:
10110:
10106:
10100:
10094:
10090:
10084:
10074:
10070:
10064:
10059:
10055:
10049:
10039:
10035:
10029:
10023:
10019:
10013:
10007:
10003:
9997:
9992:Supreme Court,
9991:
9987:
9981:
9975:
9971:
9965:
9959:
9955:
9949:
9943:
9939:
9933:
9927:
9923:
9917:
9911:
9907:
9901:
9895:
9891:
9885:
9879:
9875:
9869:
9861:
9857:
9842:
9838:
9829:
9825:
9819:
9814:
9807:
9801:
9795:
9791:
9785:
9779:
9772:
9766:
9760:
9756:
9750:
9744:
9740:
9734:
9728:
9724:
9718:
9712:
9708:
9702:
9697:
9693:
9687:
9677:
9673:
9667:
9658:, published in
9653:
9649:
9643:
9637:
9633:
9624:
9620:
9614:
9606:
9602:
9596:
9590:
9586:
9580:
9574:
9570:
9560:
9556:
9550:
9544:
9540:
9534:
9533:p. 517 et seq.
9526:
9522:
9516:
9510:
9503:
9497:
9491:
9487:
9481:
9472:v. articles in
9471:
9467:
9461:
9455:
9451:
9445:
9435:
9431:
9418:
9414:
9408:
9399:
9395:
9389:
9383:
9379:
9373:
9367:
9363:
9356:
9350:
9346:
9340:
9332:
9326:
9322:
9316:
9303:
9299:
9293:
9287:
9283:
9277:
9271:
9267:
9261:
9255:
9251:
9245:
9237:
9233:
9227:
9219:
9215:
9209:
9203:
9196:
9190:
9184:
9180:
9174:
9166:
9162:
9156:
9150:
9146:
9140:
9134:
9130:
9124:
9118:
9114:
9108:
9102:
9098:
9092:
9087:Trial at Rennes
9083:
9079:
9073:
9067:
9063:
9057:
9052:MĂ©hana Mouhou,
9051:
9047:
9041:
9023:
9019:
9013:
9004:
9000:
8992:Trial at Rennes
8989:
8985:
8979:
8974:Supreme Court,
8973:
8969:
8959:
8955:
8949:
8943:
8939:
8933:
8927:
8923:
8917:
8911:
8907:
8902:. 7 March 2013.
8894:
8893:
8889:
8879:
8877:
8869:
8868:
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8858:
8852:
8848:
8837:
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8818:
8812:
8808:
8802:
8795:
8791:
8785:
8779:
8775:
8769:
8763:
8759:
8753:
8747:
8743:
8737:
8728:
8724:
8718:
8713:Supreme Court,
8712:
8708:
8702:
8693:
8689:
8683:
8677:
8673:
8667:
8661:
8657:
8651:
8645:
8641:
8635:
8629:
8625:
8619:
8613:
8609:
8603:
8597:
8593:
8587:
8581:
8577:
8571:
8563:
8559:
8553:
8547:
8543:
8537:
8531:
8527:
8521:
8516:Supreme Court,
8515:
8511:
8505:
8499:
8495:
8489:
8470:
8466:
8459:
8452:
8448:
8442:
8436:
8432:
8426:
8420:
8416:
8410:
8409:, p. 20 and s.
8402:
8398:
8392:
8386:
8382:
8376:
8370:
8366:
8360:
8358:
8354:
8348:
8339:
8335:
8329:
8323:
8319:
8312:
8307:Trial at Rennes
8304:
8300:
8293:
8284:
8280:
8274:
8268:
8264:
8257:
8251:
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8241:
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8131:
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8112:
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8096:
8092:
8086:
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8070:
8064:
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8041:
8035:
8026:
8022:
8016:
8010:
8006:
8000:
7986:
7982:
7975:
7969:
7965:
7959:
7953:
7949:
7941:
7935:
7931:
7922:
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7906:
7902:
7896:
7890:
7886:
7880:
7871:
7867:
7857:
7855:
7847:
7846:
7842:
7836:
7830:
7826:
7820:
7814:
7810:
7804:
7797:Frederick Viey
7796:
7789:
7782:
7778:
7771:
7757:
7753:
7747:
7741:
7737:
7727:
7725:
7717:
7716:
7709:
7699:
7697:
7692:
7691:
7684:
7651:
7644:
7634:
7632:
7617:Weber, Caroline
7614:
7610:
7600:
7598:
7590:
7589:
7585:
7575:
7573:
7567:
7563:
7550:. p. 259.
7533:
7529:
7523:
7517:
7513:
7507:
7501:
7497:
7491:
7485:
7481:
7475:
7465:
7461:
7451:
7449:
7445:
7438:
7434:
7433:
7429:
7414:
7394:
7390:
7377:
7373:
7368:
7351:
7329:
7315:
7296:
7285:
7271:
7261:
7250:
7236:
7232:. Paris, Stock.
7225:
7211:
7192:
7173:
7159:
7141:
7137:
7116:
7105:
7096:Wayback Machine
7084:
7070:
7060:Wayback Machine
7048:
7034:
7020:
7010:
6999:
6989:
6985:
6971:
6967:
6943:
6924:
6902:
6883:
6864:
6852:, Tallandier, (
6845:
6826:
6810:Armand Israël,
6807:
6796:
6777:
6766:
6755:
6751:
6729:
6721:MĂ©hana Mouhou,
6718:
6707:
6696:
6678:
6659:
6640:
6621:
6610:
6588:
6566:
6555:
6537:Pierre Birnbaum
6533:
6525:Michel Winock,
6522:
6500:
6492:Pierre Miquel,
6489:
6473:Pierre Miquel,
6470:
6466:
6453:Piers Paul Read
6449:
6438:
6427:
6409:
6386:
6375:
6370:in Project MUSE
6361:
6343:
6326:George R. Whyte
6322:
6311:
6300:
6292:Michael Burns,
6289:
6281:Michael Burns,
6278:
6263:
6252:Michael Burns,
6249:
6227:
6205:
6186:
6164:
6156:Marcel Thomas,
6153:
6139:
6135:
6123:
6116:
6107:
6098:
6089:
6071:
6062:
6052:
6043:
6039:
6037:Primary sources
6031:
6026:
6017:
6013:
6007:
6003:
5995:
5991:
5986:
5982:
5977:
5973:
5968:
5964:
5959:
5955:
5950:
5946:
5925:
5921:
5908:
5904:
5891:
5887:
5882:
5878:
5871:
5863:
5859:
5853:
5849:
5844:
5840:
5834:
5830:
5825:
5821:
5807:
5803:
5795:
5791:
5787:
5734:
5714:The 2013 novel
5673:
5545:
5531:Ăcole Militaire
5522:
5501:Ăcole Militaire
5478:
5473:
5457:Philippe PĂ©tain
5430:Emmanuel Macron
5426:
5362:Jewish question
5329:
5321:SĂ©bastien Faure
5312:La Libre Parole
5299:Ădouard Drumont
5291:Panama scandals
5279:Le Cri de Paris
5275:FĂ©lix Vallotton
5264:
5210:Charles Maurras
5163:
5149:
5112:Croix de Guerre
5095:First World War
5062:
5028:
5026:General Gillain
4948:
4939:
4934:
4898:
4873:
4867:
4855:First World War
4792:
4754:
4666:
4661:
4645:
4643:Fear of boycott
4637:esprit de corps
4596:Panama scandals
4577:
4504:
4488:Mathieu Dreyfus
4480:La Libre Parole
4472:Charles Maurras
4374:
4287:
4237:Henri Rochefort
4207:Pierre Quillard
4169:
3992:cropped from a
3990:
3961:
3955:
3950:
3930:
3906:
3830:
3791:(who convinced
3746:Mathieu Dreyfus
3684:
3628:
3622:
3567:Mathieu Dreyfus
3564:
3559:
3488:Military School
3423:
3388:
3369:, an eccentric
3303:interview with
3294:La Libre Parole
3273:La Libre Parole
3256:
3244:Edouard Drumont
3227:
3211:Ădouard Drumont
3206:La Libre Parole
3189:Fortuné Méaulle
3175:
3150:
3090:
3084:
3079:
3056:Auguste Mercier
3037:
3024:
3011:
3005:
2977:L'Intransigeant
2959:La Libre Parole
2951:La Libre Parole
2933:La Libre Parole
2917:Ădouard Drumont
2894:
2774:
2725:villainous laws
2717:Panama scandals
2690:
2685:
2646:First World War
2553:
2542:
2536:
2533:
2522:
2510:
2485:
2452:La Libre Parole
2446:Ădouard Drumont
2426:Sarah Bernhardt
2405:'s open letter
2346:
2343:affaire Dreyfus
2327:
2295:Politics portal
2277:
2276:
2266:
2240:Oswald Spengler
2219:
2151:H. P. Lovecraft
2136:
2128:
2127:
2038:
2030:
2029:
2017:
1868:
1860:
1859:
1781:New Imperialism
1686:
1656:
1615:
1614:
1595:Self-hating Jew
1585:
1577:
1576:
1497:
1479:
1469:
1468:
1353:
1343:
1342:
1318:Philippe PĂ©tain
1313:LĂĄszlĂł Ferenczy
1293:Gheorghe Buzatu
1228:Eustace Mullins
1223:Kevin MacDonald
1203:Osama bin Laden
1198:Arthur J. Jones
1183:Joseph Goebbels
1173:Theodor Fritsch
1163:Louis Farrakhan
1148:Ădouard Drumont
1138:James von Brunn
1113:
1105:
1104:
1059:The Right Stuff
977:
969:
968:
955:
952:
941:
938:
916:La Libre Parole
891:La France juive
853:
843:
842:
737:Finance control
702:
692:
691:
633:Nation of Islam
561:
553:
552:
460:Imperial Russia
333:
323:
322:
298:
269:
268:
224:
195:
194:
145:Auguste Mercier
125:
47:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
12149:
12139:
12138:
12133:
12128:
12123:
12121:1894 in France
12118:
12113:
12111:Dreyfus affair
12098:
12097:
12085:
12065:
12064:
12056:
12051:
12042:
12030:
12025:
12017:
12004:
11991:
11990:External links
11988:
11985:
11984:
11973:
11957:
11948:
11931:
11918:
11901:
11875:
11864:. 10 June 1988
11849:
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11122:
11093:
11082:(in Norwegian)
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10984:
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10812:
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10684:
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10598:
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10506:
10488:
10472:
10452:
10436:
10417:
10404:
10388:
10372:
10356:
10326:
10324:, 2013, p. 124
10309:
10292:
10276:
10257:
10241:
10228:
10212:
10197:
10168:
10136:
10127:Jules Renard,
10120:
10104:
10088:
10068:
10053:
10033:
10017:
10001:
9985:
9969:
9953:
9944:Michel Winock
9937:
9921:
9905:
9889:
9873:
9855:
9836:
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9805:
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9754:
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9671:
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8953:
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8887:
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8822:
8806:
8789:
8773:
8757:
8741:
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8509:
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8352:
8333:
8317:
8298:
8278:
8262:
8245:
8231:Casimir-Perier
8222:
8206:
8190:
8174:
8157:
8141:
8125:
8106:
8090:
8074:
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8039:
8020:
8004:
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7900:
7884:
7865:
7840:
7824:
7808:
7787:
7776:
7769:
7751:
7735:
7707:
7682:
7642:
7608:
7596:The New Yorker
7583:
7561:
7527:
7511:
7495:
7479:
7472:Points History
7459:
7448:on 14 May 2011
7427:
7412:
7388:
7370:
7369:
7367:
7364:
7363:
7362:
7348:
7345:978-2070327522
7326:
7319:Octave Mirbeau
7312:
7293:
7282:
7268:
7258:
7247:
7233:
7222:
7208:
7189:
7170:
7163:Alfred Dreyfus
7156:
7136:
7133:
7132:
7131:
7123:, 12 189â203.
7113:
7102:
7081:
7067:
7045:
7031:
7017:
7007:
6996:
6984:
6981:
6980:
6979:
6966:
6963:
6962:
6961:
6940:
6921:
6899:
6896:978-2213629520
6880:
6861:
6842:
6839:978-2738460257
6823:
6804:
6793:
6774:
6763:
6750:
6747:
6746:
6745:
6742:978-2362790430
6726:
6715:
6704:
6693:
6683:Alfred Dreyfus
6675:
6656:
6637:
6618:
6607:
6604:978-2213031323
6585:
6563:
6552:
6549:978-2070532773
6530:
6519:
6497:
6486:
6465:
6462:
6461:
6460:
6446:
6435:
6424:
6406:
6383:
6372:
6358:
6340:
6319:
6308:
6297:
6286:
6275:
6260:
6246:
6245:pp. 67â72
6235:
6226:
6223:
6222:
6221:
6202:
6183:
6161:
6150:
6143:Joseph Reinach
6134:
6131:
6130:
6129:
6120:
6113:
6104:
6095:
6086:
6068:
6059:
6049:
6038:
6035:
6030:
6027:
6025:
6024:
6020:Henri Poincaré
6011:
6001:
5997:Maurice BarrĂšs
5989:
5980:
5971:
5962:
5953:
5944:
5932:Saint-Pol-Roux
5919:
5902:
5885:
5876:
5857:
5847:
5838:
5828:
5819:
5801:
5788:
5786:
5783:
5782:
5781:
5776:
5771:
5766:
5757:
5752:
5746:
5744:Hilsner affair
5741:
5733:
5730:
5709:Maurice BarrĂšs
5685:Anatole France
5672:
5669:
5634:Stephen Wilson
5597:Bernard Lazare
5544:
5541:
5526:Jacques Chirac
5521:
5518:
5488:, home of the
5477:
5474:
5472:
5469:
5425:
5422:
5390:Land of Israel
5367:Der Judenstaat
5328:
5325:
5317:People's Daily
5263:
5260:
5200:Maurice BarrĂšs
5162:
5159:
5148:
5145:
5061:
5058:
4959:rehabilitation
4946:Manuel Baudoin
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4906:Anatole France
4897:
4894:
4890:Gospels: Truth
4869:Main article:
4866:
4863:
4850:German Emperor
4791:
4788:
4753:
4752:New conviction
4750:
4730:Fernand Labori
4682:Devil's Island
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4644:
4641:
4576:
4573:
4549:Paul DĂ©roulĂšde
4530:Paul DĂ©roulĂšde
4503:
4500:
4373:
4370:
4286:
4283:
4221:Fernand Labori
4199:Octave Mirbeau
4195:Cour d'Assises
4187:General Billot
4176:Henry de Groux
4168:
4165:
4130:Ămile Durkheim
4120:, the painter
4106:Charles Andler
4078:Anatole France
3987:Devil's Island
3957:Main article:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3943:
3905:
3902:
3829:
3826:
3815:Maurice BarrĂšs
3776:Anatole France
3772:Octave Mirbeau
3750:Joseph Reinach
3683:
3680:
3624:Main article:
3621:
3618:
3598:Bernard Lazare
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3542:Devil's Island
3422:
3419:
3387:
3384:
3356:Major Picquart
3255:
3252:
3226:
3223:
3174:
3171:
3149:
3146:
3089:
3086:
3081:Joseph Reinach
3077:
3036:
3033:
3023:
3020:
3007:Main article:
3004:
3001:
2893:
2890:
2863:sensationalism
2773:
2770:
2761:LĂ©on Bourgeois
2694:Third Republic
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2665:Russian Empire
2618:published his
2585:Bernard Lazare
2574:Devil's Island
2565:Alfred Dreyfus
2555:
2554:
2513:
2511:
2504:
2484:
2481:
2438:Henri Poincaré
2430:Anatole France
2380:Devil's Island
2372:Jewish descent
2364:Alfred Dreyfus
2335:Dreyfus affair
2329:
2328:
2326:
2325:
2318:
2311:
2303:
2300:
2299:
2298:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2285:History portal
2279:
2278:
2275:
2274:
2269:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2243:
2242:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2216:Might Is Right
2212:
2211:
2210:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2158:Counterculture
2155:
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2143:
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2134:
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2130:
2129:
2126:
2125:
2123:Otto Weininger
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2093:Bénédict Morel
2090:
2085:
2080:
2078:Francis Galton
2075:
2070:
2065:
2063:Arthur Desmond
2060:
2058:Gustave Le Bon
2055:
2050:
2048:Maurice BarrĂšs
2045:
2039:
2036:
2035:
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2031:
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2027:
2020:
2010:
2003:
1996:
1989:
1982:
1975:
1968:
1961:
1954:
1947:
1940:
1933:
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1912:
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1898:
1891:
1884:
1877:
1874:The Antichrist
1869:
1866:
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1862:
1861:
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1857:
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1800:
1793:
1791:Psychoanalysis
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1761:Gothic fiction
1758:
1753:
1751:Existentialism
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1731:Dreyfus affair
1728:
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1696:Antipositivism
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1584:Related topics
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1437:Russian Empire
1429:
1424:
1422:Nuremberg Laws
1419:
1414:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1391:
1390:
1385:
1378:Jewish quarter
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1354:
1349:
1348:
1345:
1344:
1341:
1340:
1338:Richard Wagner
1335:
1330:
1328:Stepan Bandera
1325:
1323:Symon Petliura
1320:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1158:Adolf Eichmann
1155:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1114:
1111:
1110:
1107:
1106:
1103:
1102:
1100:Veterans Today
1097:
1094:The Unz Review
1090:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1001:
996:
989:
984:
978:
975:
974:
971:
970:
967:
966:
961:
956:
949:
947:
942:
935:
933:
928:
923:
918:
913:
908:
903:
898:
893:
888:
880:
875:
870:
865:
860:
854:
849:
848:
845:
844:
841:
840:
838:ZOG conspiracy
835:
833:White genocide
830:
828:Well poisoning
825:
820:
819:
818:
813:
803:
798:
793:
788:
786:Judeo-Masonism
783:
782:
781:
771:
766:
761:
756:
749:
744:
739:
734:
729:
724:
719:
714:
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630:
625:
620:
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610:
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600:
595:
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588:
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573:
568:
562:
560:Manifestations
559:
558:
555:
554:
551:
550:
545:
544:
543:
538:
528:
527:
526:
521:
514:United Kingdom
511:
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491:
486:
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484:
474:
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467:
462:
452:
447:
442:
437:
432:
427:
422:
417:
412:
407:
402:
401:
400:
395:
393:Dreyfus affair
385:
380:
375:
370:
365:
360:
355:
350:
345:
340:
334:
329:
328:
325:
324:
321:
320:
315:
310:
308:Nexus Document
305:
299:
296:
295:
292:
291:
290:
289:
284:
279:
271:
270:
267:
266:
264:discrimination
260:Jewish history
255:
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246:
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239:
238:
226:
225:
223:
222:
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208:
200:
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196:
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137:
132:
130:Alfred Dreyfus
126:
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122:
119:
118:
117:
116:
111:
106:
99:
94:
89:
84:
76:
75:
67:
66:
64:Dreyfus affair
60:
59:
45:Alfred Dreyfus
43:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
12148:
12137:
12134:
12132:
12129:
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12124:
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12063:
12060:
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12034:
12031:
12029:
12026:
12021:
12018:
12015:
12011:
12008:
12005:
12000:
11999:
11994:
11993:
11982:
11977:
11971:
11967:
11961:
11952:
11945:
11941:
11935:
11928:
11922:
11915:
11911:
11905:
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11879:
11863:
11859:
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11837:
11833:
11827:
11819:
11815:
11808:
11806:
11790:
11783:
11776:
11760:
11756:
11752:
11746:
11736:
11731:
11724:
11720:
11717:Hoare, Liam,
11714:
11707:
11703:
11697:
11690:
11684:
11677:
11673:
11668:
11658:
11652:
11642:
11636:
11626:
11620:
11610:
11604:
11598:
11594:
11588:
11581:
11576:
11565:
11559:
11552:
11546:
11539:
11533:
11522:
11516:
11505:
11499:
11488:
11482:
11471:
11465:
11458:
11452:
11439:
11424:
11420:
11416:
11412:
11406:
11396:
11390:
11380:
11374:
11365:
11355:
11349:
11339:
11333:
11325:
11319:
11315:
11308:
11300:
11294:
11290:
11283:
11281:
11270:
11264:
11254:
11248:
11238:
11232:
11222:
11216:
11206:
11200:
11192:
11185:
11175:
11169:
11159:
11153:
11147:
11142:
11132:
11126:
11119:
11111:
11107:
11104:
11103:
11097:
11081:
11080:
11075:
11068:
11058:
11052:
11042:
11036:
11026:
11020:
11010:
11004:
10994:
10988:
10978:
10972:
10962:
10956:
10946:
10940:
10930:
10929:
10922:
10913:4 July 1899.
10912:
10906:
10896:
10890:
10882:
10875:
10865:
10859:
10852:
10846:
10836:
10831:
10824:
10823:
10816:
10806:
10800:
10790:
10784:
10774:
10768:
10758:
10756:
10749:
10739:
10733:
10723:
10717:
10710:
10704:
10694:
10688:
10678:
10672:
10662:
10656:
10646:
10644:
10637:
10627:
10625:
10618:
10608:
10602:
10592:
10586:
10577:, pp. 63â65.
10576:
10570:
10560:
10554:
10544:
10540:
10539:Paul LĂ©autaud
10536:
10532:
10526:
10516:
10510:
10500:
10498:
10492:
10482:
10476:
10469:
10465:
10462:
10456:
10446:
10440:
10430:
10428:
10421:
10414:
10408:
10398:
10392:
10382:
10376:
10367:, pp. 49â51.
10366:
10360:
10344:
10340:
10336:
10330:
10323:
10319:
10313:
10302:
10296:
10286:
10280:
10270:
10268:
10261:
10251:
10245:
10238:
10232:
10222:
10216:
10208:
10204:
10200:
10194:
10190:
10189:
10184:
10177:
10175:
10173:
10165:
10164:Wilson (2007)
10162:as quoted in
10159:
10155:
10151:
10147:
10140:
10130:
10124:
10114:
10108:
10099:, pp. 39â41.
10098:
10092:
10082:
10078:
10072:
10062:
10057:
10047:
10043:
10037:
10027:
10021:
10011:
10005:
9995:
9989:
9979:
9973:
9963:
9957:
9947:
9941:
9932:, pp. 29â31.
9931:
9925:
9915:
9909:
9899:
9893:
9883:
9877:
9867:
9865:
9859:
9851:
9847:
9840:
9833:
9827:
9817:
9812:
9810:
9799:
9793:
9783:
9777:
9775:
9764:
9758:
9748:
9742:
9732:
9726:
9716:
9710:
9700:
9695:
9685:
9681:
9675:
9665:
9661:
9657:
9651:
9641:
9635:
9628:
9622:
9612:
9610:
9604:
9594:
9588:
9578:
9572:
9565:
9558:
9548:
9542:
9532:
9530:
9524:
9514:
9508:
9506:
9495:
9489:
9479:
9475:
9469:
9459:
9453:
9443:
9439:
9436:see: Thomas,
9433:
9426:
9422:
9416:
9406:
9404:
9397:
9387:
9381:
9371:
9365:
9354:
9348:
9338:
9330:
9324:
9314:
9310:
9308:
9301:
9291:
9285:
9275:
9269:
9259:
9253:
9243:
9242:
9235:
9225:
9224:
9217:
9207:
9201:
9199:
9188:
9182:
9172:
9171:
9164:
9154:
9148:
9138:
9132:
9122:
9116:
9106:
9100:
9090:
9088:
9081:
9071:
9065:
9055:
9049:
9039:
9035:
9031:
9030:New Caledonia
9027:
9021:
9011:
9009:
9002:
8995:
8993:
8987:
8977:
8971:
8964:
8957:
8947:
8941:
8931:
8925:
8915:
8909:
8901:
8897:
8891:
8876:
8872:
8866:
8856:
8850:
8843:
8835:
8833:
8826:
8816:
8810:
8800:
8793:
8783:
8777:
8767:
8761:
8751:
8745:
8735:
8733:
8726:
8716:
8710:
8700:
8698:
8691:
8681:
8675:
8665:
8659:
8649:
8643:
8633:
8627:
8617:
8611:
8601:
8595:
8585:
8579:
8569:
8568:
8561:
8551:
8545:
8535:
8529:
8519:
8513:
8503:
8497:
8487:
8483:
8478:
8474:
8468:
8458:
8457:
8450:
8440:
8434:
8424:
8418:
8408:
8407:
8400:
8390:
8384:
8374:
8368:
8356:
8346:
8344:
8337:
8327:
8321:
8310:
8308:
8302:
8291:
8289:
8282:
8272:
8266:
8255:
8249:
8239:
8237:
8232:
8226:
8216:
8210:
8200:
8194:
8184:
8178:
8167:
8161:
8151:
8145:
8135:
8129:
8120:
8116:
8110:
8100:
8094:
8084:
8078:
8068:
8062:
8052:
8046:
8044:
8033:
8031:
8024:
8014:
8008:
7999:, pp. 43â44.
7998:
7994:
7993:Intransigeant
7990:
7984:
7973:
7967:
7958:, pp. 60â70.
7957:
7951:
7939:
7933:
7926:
7920:
7910:
7904:
7894:
7888:
7879:, pp. 40â42.
7878:
7876:
7869:
7854:
7850:
7844:
7834:
7828:
7818:
7812:
7803:
7801:
7794:
7792:
7785:
7780:
7772:
7766:
7762:
7755:
7745:
7739:
7724:
7720:
7714:
7712:
7695:
7689:
7687:
7678:
7674:
7670:
7666:
7663:(in French).
7662:
7657:
7649:
7647:
7630:
7626:
7625:Bloomberg.com
7622:
7618:
7612:
7597:
7593:
7587:
7572:
7565:
7557:
7553:
7549:
7548:Geoffrey Bles
7545:
7544:May, J. Lewis
7541:
7537:
7531:
7521:
7515:
7505:
7499:
7489:
7483:
7473:
7469:
7463:
7444:
7437:
7431:
7423:
7419:
7415:
7413:0-19-530530-2
7409:
7406:. p. 8.
7405:
7401:
7400:
7392:
7385:
7381:
7380:Supreme Court
7375:
7371:
7360:
7356:
7349:
7346:
7342:
7338:
7334:
7327:
7324:
7320:
7313:
7310:
7309:2-246-00668-6
7306:
7302:
7294:
7291:
7283:
7280:
7276:
7269:
7267:
7259:
7256:
7248:
7245:
7241:
7234:
7231:
7223:
7220:
7216:
7209:
7206:
7202:
7198:
7190:
7187:
7183:
7179:
7171:
7168:
7164:
7157:
7154:
7150:
7146:
7139:
7138:
7130:
7126:
7122:
7114:
7111:
7103:
7101:
7097:
7093:
7090:
7082:
7080:
7076:
7068:
7065:
7061:
7057:
7054:
7046:
7044:
7040:
7032:
7030:
7026:
7018:
7015:
7008:
7005:
6997:
6994:
6987:
6986:
6977:
6969:
6968:
6959:
6955:
6951:
6950:
6941:
6938:
6934:
6930:
6922:
6920:
6919:2-35250-022-2
6916:
6912:
6908:
6900:
6897:
6893:
6889:
6881:
6878:
6877:2-226-11123-9
6874:
6870:
6862:
6859:
6858:2-84734-039-4
6855:
6851:
6843:
6840:
6836:
6832:
6824:
6821:
6820:2-226-11123-9
6817:
6813:
6805:
6802:
6794:
6791:
6790:2-02-021100-9
6787:
6783:
6775:
6772:
6764:
6761:
6753:
6752:
6743:
6739:
6735:
6727:
6724:
6716:
6713:
6705:
6702:
6694:
6692:
6691:2-213-62795-9
6688:
6684:
6676:
6673:
6669:
6666:, Larousse, (
6665:
6657:
6654:
6650:
6646:
6638:
6635:
6631:
6627:
6619:
6616:
6608:
6605:
6601:
6597:
6593:
6592:Michael Burns
6586:
6584:
6583:2-02-032848-8
6580:
6576:
6572:
6564:
6561:
6553:
6550:
6546:
6542:
6538:
6531:
6528:
6520:
6517:
6513:
6509:
6505:
6504:Michel Winock
6498:
6495:
6487:
6484:
6480:
6476:
6468:
6467:
6458:
6454:
6447:
6444:
6436:
6433:
6425:
6422:
6418:
6414:
6407:
6404:
6400:
6396:
6392:
6384:
6381:
6378:Ruth Harris,
6373:
6371:
6367:
6364:Ruth Harris,
6359:
6357:
6353:
6349:
6341:
6339:
6338:3-929979-28-4
6335:
6331:
6327:
6320:
6317:
6309:
6306:
6298:
6295:
6287:
6284:
6276:
6273:
6269:
6261:
6258:
6255:
6247:
6244:
6240:
6236:
6233:
6229:
6228:
6219:
6215:
6211:
6203:
6200:
6199:0-8076-1175-1
6196:
6192:
6184:
6181:
6180:2-260-00346-X
6177:
6173:
6169:
6162:
6159:
6151:
6148:
6144:
6137:
6136:
6128:
6121:
6114:
6112:
6105:
6103:
6096:
6094:
6087:
6085:
6081:
6077:
6069:
6067:
6060:
6057:
6050:
6048:
6041:
6040:
6034:
6021:
6015:
6005:
5998:
5993:
5984:
5975:
5966:
5957:
5948:
5941:
5940:Charles PĂ©guy
5937:
5933:
5929:
5928:Marcel Proust
5923:
5916:
5912:
5906:
5899:
5895:
5889:
5880:
5870:
5866:
5861:
5851:
5842:
5832:
5823:
5815:
5811:
5805:
5798:
5793:
5789:
5780:
5777:
5775:
5772:
5770:
5767:
5764:
5763:(film series)
5762:
5758:
5756:
5753:
5750:
5747:
5745:
5742:
5739:
5736:
5735:
5729:
5727:
5723:
5722:Robert Harris
5719:
5718:
5712:
5710:
5706:
5702:
5698:
5695:short story "
5694:
5693:Franz Kafka's
5690:
5686:
5682:
5678:
5671:In literature
5668:
5666:
5662:
5658:
5654:
5650:
5646:
5641:
5639:
5635:
5631:
5626:
5624:
5620:
5616:
5611:
5609:
5602:
5598:
5594:
5589:
5585:
5583:
5579:
5574:
5570:
5567:
5563:
5560:
5554:
5549:
5540:
5537:
5532:
5527:
5517:
5515:
5511:
5506:
5505:Charles Hernu
5502:
5498:
5491:
5487:
5482:
5468:
5464:
5462:
5458:
5454:
5450:
5446:
5442:
5437:
5435:
5431:
5421:
5419:
5412:
5410:
5404:
5402:
5398:
5393:
5391:
5386:
5382:
5376:
5371:
5369:
5368:
5363:
5358:
5357:
5352:
5351:Theodor Herzl
5347:
5341:
5337:
5336:Theodor Herzl
5333:
5324:
5322:
5318:
5313:
5307:
5305:
5300:
5296:
5295:Jewish France
5292:
5288:
5280:
5276:
5273:, woodcut by
5272:
5268:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5249:
5247:
5246:
5241:
5236:
5234:
5230:
5226:
5222:
5218:
5213:
5211:
5207:
5206:
5201:
5197:
5193:
5188:
5181:
5180:
5176:published in
5175:
5172:
5167:
5157:
5152:
5144:
5141:
5140:
5134:
5132:
5128:
5124:
5119:
5117:
5113:
5108:
5104:
5100:
5096:
5091:
5089:
5088:
5083:
5078:
5076:
5066:
5056:
5051:
5047:
5044:
5034:
5027:
5024:, talks with
5023:
5022:
5021:Les Invalides
5016:
5012:
5010:
5006:
5001:
4997:
4992:
4990:
4984:
4979:
4977:
4972:
4968:
4960:
4954:
4947:
4943:
4929:
4927:
4926:
4916:
4912:
4911:
4907:
4903:
4896:Death of Zola
4893:
4891:
4887:
4883:
4878:
4872:
4862:
4861:amnesty law.
4858:
4856:
4851:
4847:
4843:
4837:
4832:
4830:
4826:
4821:
4817:
4812:
4805:
4804:Court Martial
4801:
4796:
4787:
4783:
4781:
4777:
4772:
4766:
4758:
4749:
4747:
4743:
4739:
4731:
4727:
4726:Edgar Demange
4723:
4718:
4714:
4712:
4702:
4698:
4694:
4692:
4687:
4686:Port Haliguen
4683:
4675:
4670:
4656:
4653:
4649:
4648:Hannah Arendt
4640:
4638:
4632:
4628:
4624:
4621:
4617:
4613:
4607:
4604:
4599:
4597:
4593:
4586:
4581:
4572:
4570:
4566:
4562:
4558:
4554:
4553:ĂlysĂ©e Palace
4550:
4546:
4542:
4537:
4533:
4531:
4526:
4525:Charles Dupuy
4521:
4519:
4515:
4510:
4499:
4497:
4491:
4489:
4485:
4481:
4477:
4473:
4465:
4461:
4456:
4452:
4450:
4449:Henri Brisson
4445:
4444:Mont-Valérien
4439:
4436:
4432:
4428:
4420:
4415:
4411:
4409:
4405:
4401:
4396:
4394:
4390:
4388:
4378:
4369:
4367:
4363:
4359:
4355:
4351:
4347:
4342:
4340:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4323:
4317:
4311:
4307:
4301:
4300:
4295:
4291:
4282:
4280:
4275:
4269:
4267:
4263:
4259:
4254:
4250:
4244:
4240:
4238:
4234:
4230:
4226:
4222:
4218:
4216:
4212:
4208:
4204:
4200:
4196:
4192:
4188:
4181:
4177:
4173:
4164:
4162:
4158:
4154:
4150:
4146:
4142:
4141:Albert de Mun
4137:
4135:
4134:Gabriel Monod
4131:
4127:
4124:, the writer
4123:
4119:
4118:Georges Sorel
4115:
4111:
4110:Victor BĂ©rard
4107:
4103:
4099:
4098:Marcel Proust
4095:
4091:
4090:Fernand Gregh
4087:
4086:Daniel Halévy
4083:
4082:Ămile Duclaux
4079:
4075:
4071:
4070:
4064:
4062:
4057:
4053:
4051:
4050:
4045:
4042:to President
4041:
4037:
4032:
4030:
4026:
4025:
4020:
4016:
4012:
4003:
3999:
3995:
3988:
3983:
3976:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3947:
3946:J'Accuse ...!
3942:
3940:
3939:leader column
3936:
3929:
3925:
3924:
3919:
3918:
3913:
3909:
3901:
3899:
3893:
3891:
3885:
3882:
3877:
3868:
3864:
3862:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3839:
3838:Ădouard Manet
3834:
3825:
3823:
3818:
3816:
3812:
3808:
3804:
3803:
3798:
3794:
3790:
3787:
3786:
3781:
3777:
3773:
3769:
3768:
3763:
3759:
3755:
3751:
3747:
3738:
3734:
3732:
3731:
3724:
3720:
3718:
3714:
3709:
3707:
3701:
3696:
3692:
3690:
3679:
3677:
3673:
3672:
3666:
3661:
3657:
3655:
3650:
3643:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3617:
3615:
3611:
3605:
3603:
3599:
3595:
3590:
3588:
3584:
3580:
3574:
3570:
3568:
3554:
3552:
3551:double looped
3546:
3543:
3539:
3531:
3527:
3523:
3521:
3520:French Guiana
3517:
3516:New Caledonia
3513:
3512:French Guiana
3509:
3508:Ăles du Salut
3500:
3496:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3475:
3471:
3467:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3452:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3432:
3427:
3418:
3416:
3411:
3407:
3405:
3396:
3392:
3383:
3381:
3377:
3372:
3371:criminologist
3368:
3364:
3361:
3357:
3353:
3348:
3346:
3342:
3341:
3336:
3335:
3330:
3326:
3320:
3318:
3317:
3312:
3308:
3307:
3301:
3300:
3295:
3291:
3290:
3285:
3284:
3279:
3275:
3274:
3265:
3260:
3251:
3247:
3245:
3240:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3222:
3220:
3219:Edgar Demange
3214:
3212:
3208:
3207:
3201:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3185:
3179:
3170:
3168:
3164:
3158:
3156:
3145:
3142:
3141:anthropometry
3138:
3132:
3130:
3126:
3116:
3112:
3110:
3106:
3098:
3094:
3082:
3076:
3071:
3067:
3064:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3050:
3049:Jean Sandherr
3041:
3032:
3030:
3015:
3010:
3000:
2997:
2993:
2992:
2986:
2984:
2983:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2969:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2942:
2940:
2935:
2934:
2928:
2924:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2913:Jewish France
2906:
2902:
2898:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2879:
2875:
2870:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2851:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2836:Jean Sandherr
2831:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2808:
2805:
2800:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2782:
2778:
2769:
2766:
2762:
2757:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2733:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2715:in 1889, the
2714:
2710:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2698:16 May Crisis
2695:
2692:In 1894, the
2680:
2678:
2674:
2673:Theodor Herzl
2670:
2666:
2661:
2659:
2655:
2649:
2647:
2643:
2638:
2634:
2633:Supreme Court
2629:
2627:
2623:
2622:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2600:
2598:
2597:General Staff
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2577:
2575:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2551:
2548:
2540:
2530:
2526:
2520:
2519:
2514:This section
2512:
2508:
2503:
2502:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2480:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2465:
2463:
2459:
2454:
2453:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2434:Charles PĂ©guy
2431:
2427:
2422:
2419:
2418:
2411:
2410:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2387:
2385:
2384:French Guiana
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2352:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2324:
2319:
2317:
2312:
2310:
2305:
2304:
2302:
2301:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2282:
2281:
2280:
2273:
2270:
2265:
2264:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2241:
2238:
2237:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2218:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2206:
2205:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2183:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2152:
2149:
2148:
2147:
2146:Cosmic horror
2144:
2142:
2141:Camile Paglia
2139:
2138:
2132:
2131:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2113:Georges Sorel
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2073:Sigmund Freud
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2040:
2034:
2033:
2026:
2025:
2021:
2016:
2015:
2011:
2009:
2008:
2004:
2002:
2001:
1997:
1995:
1994:
1990:
1988:
1987:
1983:
1981:
1980:
1976:
1974:
1973:
1969:
1967:
1966:
1962:
1960:
1959:
1955:
1953:
1952:
1948:
1946:
1945:
1941:
1939:
1938:
1934:
1932:
1931:
1927:
1925:
1924:
1920:
1918:
1917:
1913:
1911:
1910:
1906:
1904:
1903:
1899:
1897:
1896:
1892:
1890:
1889:
1885:
1883:
1882:
1878:
1876:
1875:
1871:
1870:
1864:
1863:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1850:Will to power
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1840:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1798:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1771:Irrationalism
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1756:Expressionism
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1688:
1682:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1672:
1669:
1668:
1667:Fin de siĂšcle
1664:
1663:
1653:
1648:
1646:
1641:
1639:
1634:
1633:
1631:
1630:
1627:
1619:
1618:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1600:Weaponization
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1590:Philosemitism
1588:
1587:
1581:
1580:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1511:Philosemitism
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1496:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1481:
1478:
1473:
1472:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1434:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1412:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1395:The Holocaust
1393:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1380:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1355:
1352:
1347:
1346:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1288:Octavian Goga
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1273:Ion Antonescu
1271:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1243:Joseph Stalin
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1218:Martin Luther
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1123:Andrew Anglin
1121:
1119:
1116:
1115:
1109:
1108:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1095:
1091:
1089:
1088:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1043:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1006:
1002:
1000:
997:
995:
994:
990:
988:
985:
983:
982:4chan (/pol/)
980:
979:
973:
972:
965:
962:
960:
957:
954:
948:
946:
943:
940:
934:
932:
929:
927:
924:
922:
919:
917:
914:
912:
909:
907:
904:
902:
899:
897:
894:
892:
889:
887:
886:
881:
879:
876:
874:
873:Currency Wars
871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
859:
856:
855:
852:
847:
846:
839:
836:
834:
831:
829:
826:
824:
821:
817:
816:SlĂĄnskĂœ trial
814:
812:
811:Doctors' plot
809:
808:
807:
804:
802:
799:
797:
796:Media control
794:
792:
789:
787:
784:
780:
777:
776:
775:
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
760:
757:
755:
752:International
750:
748:
745:
743:
740:
738:
735:
733:
730:
728:
725:
723:
720:
718:
715:
713:
710:
708:
705:
704:
701:
696:
695:
686:
683:
681:
678:
677:
676:
673:
671:
668:
666:
663:
661:
658:
656:
653:
649:
646:
644:
641:
640:
639:
636:
634:
631:
629:
626:
624:
621:
619:
616:
614:
611:
609:
606:
604:
601:
599:
596:
594:
591:
587:
584:
583:
582:
579:
577:
574:
572:
569:
567:
564:
563:
557:
556:
549:
546:
542:
539:
537:
534:
533:
532:
529:
525:
522:
520:
517:
516:
515:
512:
510:
507:
505:
502:
500:
497:
495:
492:
490:
487:
483:
480:
479:
478:
475:
471:
468:
466:
463:
461:
458:
457:
456:
453:
451:
448:
446:
443:
441:
438:
436:
433:
431:
428:
426:
423:
421:
418:
416:
413:
411:
408:
406:
403:
399:
396:
394:
391:
390:
389:
386:
384:
381:
379:
376:
374:
371:
369:
366:
364:
361:
359:
356:
354:
351:
349:
346:
344:
341:
339:
336:
335:
332:
327:
326:
319:
316:
314:
311:
309:
306:
304:
301:
300:
294:
293:
288:
285:
283:
280:
278:
275:
274:
273:
272:
265:
261:
257:
256:
252:
248:
247:
244:
241:
240:
236:
232:
231:
221:
216:
214:
209:
207:
202:
201:
199:
198:
191:
188:
186:
183:
181:
180:Lucie Dreyfus
178:
176:
175:Jean Sandherr
173:
171:
168:
166:
163:
161:
158:
156:
153:
151:
148:
146:
143:
141:
138:
136:
133:
131:
128:
127:
121:
120:
115:
112:
110:
107:
105:
104:
100:
98:
95:
93:
90:
88:
85:
83:
80:
79:
78:
77:
73:
69:
68:
65:
62:
61:
57:
53:
52:
46:
41:
37:
33:
19:
12059:Fond Dreyfus
12049:marxists.org
12038:J'Accuse...!
12036:
11997:
11980:
11976:
11965:
11960:
11951:
11943:
11939:
11934:
11926:
11921:
11909:
11904:
11892:. Retrieved
11887:
11878:
11866:. Retrieved
11861:
11852:
11840:. Retrieved
11835:
11826:
11818:The Observer
11817:
11792:. Retrieved
11788:
11775:
11763:. Retrieved
11759:the original
11755:Herzl Museum
11745:
11734:
11730:
11722:
11713:
11705:
11696:
11688:
11683:
11675:
11672:Benny Morris
11667:
11656:
11651:
11640:
11635:
11624:
11619:
11608:
11603:
11592:
11587:
11580:Pierre Milza
11575:
11563:
11558:
11550:
11545:
11537:
11532:
11520:
11515:
11503:
11498:
11486:
11481:
11469:
11464:
11456:
11451:
11438:
11428:20 September
11426:. Retrieved
11414:
11405:
11394:
11389:
11378:
11373:
11364:
11353:
11348:
11337:
11332:
11313:
11307:
11288:
11268:
11263:
11252:
11247:
11236:
11231:
11220:
11215:
11204:
11199:
11184:
11173:
11168:
11157:
11152:
11145:
11141:
11130:
11125:
11117:
11101:
11096:
11084:. Retrieved
11077:
11067:
11056:
11051:
11040:
11035:
11024:
11019:
11008:
11003:
10992:
10987:
10976:
10971:
10960:
10955:
10944:
10939:
10927:
10921:
10910:
10905:
10894:
10889:
10880:
10874:
10863:
10858:
10850:
10845:
10830:
10821:
10815:
10804:
10799:
10788:
10783:
10772:
10767:
10754:
10748:
10737:
10732:
10721:
10716:
10708:
10703:
10695:pp. 384â85.
10692:
10687:
10676:
10671:
10660:
10655:
10642:
10636:
10623:
10617:
10606:
10601:
10590:
10585:
10574:
10569:
10558:
10553:
10542:
10535:Pierre LouĂżs
10525:
10514:
10509:
10496:
10491:
10480:
10475:
10455:
10444:
10439:
10426:
10420:
10412:
10407:
10396:
10391:
10380:
10375:
10364:
10359:
10347:. Retrieved
10343:the original
10338:
10329:
10317:
10312:
10300:
10295:
10284:
10279:
10266:
10260:
10249:
10244:
10239:, pp. 50â51.
10236:
10231:
10220:
10215:
10187:
10149:
10139:
10128:
10123:
10113:Zola, a life
10112:
10107:
10096:
10091:
10080:
10077:Arthur Meyer
10071:
10056:
10045:
10041:
10036:
10025:
10020:
10009:
10004:
9993:
9988:
9977:
9972:
9961:
9956:
9945:
9940:
9929:
9924:
9913:
9908:
9897:
9892:
9881:
9876:
9863:
9858:
9850:The Guardian
9849:
9839:
9832:The Observer
9831:
9826:
9815:
9797:
9792:
9781:
9762:
9757:
9746:
9741:
9730:
9725:
9714:
9709:
9694:
9683:
9674:
9663:
9659:
9655:
9650:
9639:
9634:
9629:, pp. 11â19.
9626:
9621:
9608:
9603:
9592:
9587:
9576:
9571:
9563:
9557:
9546:
9541:
9528:
9523:
9512:
9493:
9488:
9477:
9473:
9468:
9457:
9452:
9441:
9437:
9432:
9424:
9420:
9415:
9402:
9396:
9385:
9380:
9369:
9364:
9352:
9347:
9336:
9328:
9323:
9312:
9306:
9300:
9289:
9284:
9273:
9268:
9257:
9252:
9244:p. 54 et s.
9240:
9234:
9226:p. 48 et s.
9222:
9216:
9205:
9186:
9181:
9169:
9163:
9152:
9147:
9136:
9131:
9120:
9115:
9104:
9099:
9086:
9080:
9069:
9064:
9053:
9048:
9037:
9025:
9020:
9007:
9001:
8991:
8986:
8975:
8970:
8962:
8956:
8945:
8940:
8929:
8924:
8913:
8908:
8899:
8890:
8878:. Retrieved
8874:
8865:
8854:
8849:
8831:
8825:
8814:
8809:
8798:
8792:
8781:
8776:
8765:
8760:
8749:
8744:
8731:
8725:
8714:
8709:
8696:
8690:
8679:
8674:
8663:
8658:
8647:
8642:
8631:
8626:
8615:
8610:
8599:
8594:
8583:
8578:
8566:
8560:
8549:
8544:
8534:J'accuse...!
8528:
8517:
8512:
8501:
8496:
8485:
8467:
8455:
8449:
8438:
8433:
8422:
8417:
8405:
8399:
8388:
8383:
8372:
8367:
8355:
8342:
8336:
8325:
8320:
8306:
8301:
8287:
8281:
8270:
8265:
8253:
8248:
8235:
8225:
8214:
8209:
8198:
8193:
8182:
8177:
8165:
8160:
8149:
8144:
8133:
8128:
8118:
8109:
8098:
8093:
8083:a family....
8082:
8077:
8066:
8061:
8050:
8029:
8023:
8012:
8007:
7996:
7992:
7983:
7971:
7966:
7955:
7950:
7937:
7932:
7919:
7908:
7903:
7892:
7887:
7874:
7868:
7856:. Retrieved
7852:
7843:
7832:
7827:
7816:
7811:
7799:
7783:
7779:
7760:
7754:
7743:
7738:
7726:. Retrieved
7722:
7698:. Retrieved
7660:
7633:. Retrieved
7629:the original
7624:
7611:
7599:. Retrieved
7595:
7586:
7574:. Retrieved
7564:
7539:
7530:
7519:
7514:
7503:
7498:
7487:
7482:
7471:
7467:
7462:
7450:. Retrieved
7443:the original
7430:
7398:
7391:
7383:
7374:
7358:
7336:
7322:
7300:
7289:
7286:(in English)
7278:
7266:The Disgrace
7265:
7255:The Iniquity
7254:
7243:
7229:
7218:
7196:
7177:
7174:(in English)
7166:
7152:
7149:The Evidence
7148:
7135:Testimonials
7120:
7117:(in English)
7109:
7099:
7085:(in English)
7078:
7071:(in English)
7063:
7049:(in English)
7043:The Guardian
7042:
7035:(in English)
7028:
7024:
7013:
7003:
6992:
6975:
6947:
6944:(in English)
6928:
6910:
6909:, Volume 1,
6906:
6887:
6868:
6849:
6830:
6829:Collective,
6811:
6800:
6781:
6780:Jean Doise,
6770:
6759:
6733:
6722:
6711:
6700:
6682:
6663:
6644:
6625:
6614:
6595:
6574:
6570:
6559:
6540:
6526:
6507:
6493:
6474:
6456:
6450:(in English)
6442:
6439:(in English)
6431:
6428:(in English)
6416:
6413:Louis Begley
6410:(in English)
6394:
6390:
6379:
6376:(in English)
6365:
6362:(in English)
6347:
6344:(in English)
6329:
6323:(in English)
6315:
6312:(in English)
6304:
6301:(in English)
6293:
6290:(in English)
6282:
6279:(in English)
6267:
6264:(in English)
6253:
6250:(in English)
6238:
6231:
6209:
6190:
6187:(in English)
6171:
6157:
6146:
6124:(in English)
6058:(1898â1899).
6032:
6014:
6004:
5992:
5983:
5974:
5965:
5956:
5947:
5936:Jules Renard
5922:
5914:
5910:
5905:
5898:For the Jews
5897:
5893:
5888:
5879:
5868:
5860:
5850:
5841:
5831:
5822:
5809:
5804:
5792:
5760:
5715:
5713:
5700:
5688:
5680:
5674:
5664:
5660:
5656:
5652:
5648:
5642:
5637:
5629:
5627:
5622:
5618:
5614:
5612:
5607:
5605:
5592:
5575:
5571:
5565:
5564:
5561:
5558:
5523:
5514:Fond Dreyfus
5513:
5494:
5465:
5449:Ăric Zemmour
5438:
5427:
5414:
5409:Jewish State
5406:
5394:
5378:
5373:
5365:
5354:
5348:
5345:
5338:created the
5316:
5311:
5308:
5304:Vichy regime
5294:
5284:
5278:
5270:
5257:
5250:
5243:
5237:
5214:
5203:
5191:
5189:
5185:
5177:
5154:
5150:
5137:
5135:
5120:
5092:
5085:
5079:
5071:
5053:
5048:
5040:
5019:
5000:Ămile Combes
4993:
4986:
4981:
4964:
4923:
4921:
4910:J'accuse...!
4909:
4901:
4899:
4889:
4885:
4881:
4877:Ămile Loubet
4874:
4859:
4839:
4834:
4820:Edvard Grieg
4813:
4809:
4799:
4784:
4771:Ămile Loubet
4767:
4763:
4746:Jules Guérin
4734:
4707:
4695:
4678:
4646:
4636:
4633:
4629:
4625:
4620:J'accuse...!
4619:
4615:
4611:
4608:
4600:
4589:
4584:
4569:Jules MĂ©line
4545:Ămile Loubet
4538:
4534:
4522:
4505:
4496:Caran d'Ache
4492:
4483:
4479:
4475:
4469:
4463:
4460:Caran d'Ache
4440:
4434:
4430:
4424:
4417:Portrait of
4403:
4399:
4397:
4391:
4383:
4365:
4343:
4338:
4329:
4327:
4318:
4314:
4297:
4270:
4264:founded the
4262:Paul Viollet
4253:Jules Renard
4245:
4241:
4228:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4190:
4185:
4179:
4156:
4152:
4138:
4126:Jules Renard
4122:Claude Monet
4094:Félix Fénéon
4067:
4065:
4061:Assize Court
4056:J'Accuse...!
4055:
4054:
4049:J'Accuse...!
4047:
4035:
4033:
4022:
4019:intellectual
4014:
4008:
3997:
3974:J'Accuse...!
3972:
3968:
3967:Page one of
3959:J'accuse...!
3945:
3934:
3928:The Observer
3927:
3923:Sunday Times
3921:
3917:The Observer
3915:
3914:, editor of
3910:
3907:
3894:
3886:
3875:
3873:
3858:
3849:
3842:
3822:Jules MĂ©line
3819:
3800:
3783:
3765:
3761:
3743:
3728:
3725:
3721:
3710:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3685:
3671:res judicata
3669:
3662:
3658:
3646:
3639:
3606:
3591:
3581:, he met at
3576:
3572:
3565:
3550:
3547:
3535:
3529:
3505:
3485:
3480:
3477:
3462:
3438:
3435:
3412:
3408:
3400:
3379:
3365:
3360:Louis LĂ©pine
3358:and Prefect
3352:closed court
3349:
3344:
3338:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3321:
3314:
3311:Arthur Meyer
3304:
3297:
3293:
3287:
3281:
3277:
3271:
3269:
3263:
3248:
3241:
3238:
3235:
3228:
3215:
3204:
3202:
3198:
3193:Lionel Royer
3182:
3159:
3151:
3133:
3121:
3102:
3073:
3068:
3060:
3046:
3025:
2995:
2989:
2987:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2950:
2943:
2931:
2929:
2925:
2912:
2910:
2904:
2900:
2886:
2882:
2871:
2852:
2832:
2809:
2801:
2786:
2765:Jules MĂ©line
2758:
2734:
2691:
2662:
2650:
2642:Ămile Loubet
2630:
2621:J'accuse...!
2619:
2601:
2578:
2558:
2543:
2534:
2523:Please help
2518:verification
2515:
2491:
2473:antisemitism
2466:
2423:
2409:J'Accuse...!
2397:Major named
2388:
2376:penal colony
2334:
2332:
2261:
2214:
2098:Edvard Munch
2022:
2012:
2005:
1998:
1991:
1984:
1977:
1970:
1963:
1956:
1949:
1942:
1935:
1928:
1921:
1914:
1907:
1902:Degeneration
1900:
1893:
1886:
1879:
1872:
1855:Yellow Peril
1837:
1828:Spiritualism
1797:Race suicide
1730:
1691:Aestheticism
1665:
1605:Anti-Zionism
1464:Yellow badge
1409:
1405:Jewish quota
1308:Ioan Slavici
1263:Ernst ZĂŒndel
1193:Adolf Hitler
1178:Nick Fuentes
1118:Baked Alaska
1092:
1085:
1058:
1040:
1016:Goebbels Gap
1003:
991:
885:(video game)
884:
759:Jewish lobby
707:Andinia Plan
541:21st century
524:Labour Party
489:South Africa
477:Saudi Arabia
465:Soviet Union
398:21st-century
392:
243:Antisemitism
114:Bibliography
103:J'Accuse...!
101:
63:
36:
12116:1894 in law
12023:(in French)
11765:11 November
11739:(in French)
11723:The Forward
11661:(in French)
11645:(in French)
11629:(in French)
11613:(in French)
11568:(in French)
11525:(in French)
11508:(in French)
11491:(in French)
11474:(in French)
11444:(in French)
11399:(in French)
11383:(in French)
11358:(in French)
11352:M. Drouin,
11342:(in French)
11340:, p. 1009.
11273:(in French)
11257:(in French)
11241:(in French)
11225:(in French)
11209:(in French)
11178:(in French)
11162:(in French)
11135:(in French)
11114:(in French)
11061:(in French)
11045:(in French)
11029:(in French)
11013:(in French)
10997:(in French)
10981:(in French)
10965:(in French)
10949:(in French)
10933:(in French)
10915:(in French)
10899:(in French)
10868:(in French)
10839:(in French)
10809:(in French)
10793:(in French)
10777:(in French)
10761:(in French)
10742:(in French)
10726:(in French)
10697:(in French)
10681:(in French)
10665:(in French)
10649:(in French)
10630:(in French)
10611:(in French)
10595:(in French)
10579:(in French)
10563:(in French)
10547:(in French)
10531:Paul Valéry
10519:(in French)
10503:(in French)
10485:(in French)
10449:(in French)
10433:(in French)
10401:(in French)
10385:(in French)
10369:(in French)
10305:(in French)
10289:(in French)
10273:(in French)
10254:(in French)
10225:(in French)
10166: p. 541
10133:(in French)
10117:(in French)
10101:(in French)
10085:(in French)
10065:(in French)
10050:(in French)
10030:(in French)
10014:(in French)
9998:(in French)
9982:(in French)
9966:(in French)
9950:(in French)
9934:(in French)
9918:(in French)
9902:(in French)
9886:(in French)
9870:(in French)
9820:(in French)
9802:(in French)
9786:(in French)
9767:(in French)
9751:(in French)
9735:(in French)
9719:(in French)
9703:(in French)
9688:(in French)
9668:(in French)
9644:(in French)
9615:(in French)
9597:(in French)
9581:(in French)
9551:(in French)
9535:(in French)
9517:(in French)
9498:(in French)
9482:(in French)
9462:(in French)
9446:(in French)
9440:, Chap. 1,
9409:(in French)
9390:(in French)
9374:(in French)
9357:(in French)
9341:(in French)
9333:(in French)
9317:(in French)
9294:(in French)
9278:(in French)
9262:(in French)
9246:(in French)
9228:(in French)
9210:(in French)
9191:(in French)
9175:(in French)
9157:(in French)
9141:(in French)
9125:(in French)
9109:(in French)
9093:(in French)
9074:(in French)
9058:(in French)
9042:(in French)
9040:", p. 244.
9014:(in French)
8980:(in French)
8950:(in French)
8934:(in French)
8918:(in French)
8859:(in French)
8842:Jules Ferry
8838:(in French)
8819:(in French)
8803:(in French)
8786:(in French)
8770:(in French)
8754:(in French)
8738:(in French)
8719:(in French)
8703:(in French)
8684:(in French)
8668:(in French)
8652:(in French)
8636:(in French)
8620:(in French)
8604:(in French)
8588:(in French)
8572:(in French)
8554:(in French)
8538:(in French)
8522:(in French)
8506:(in French)
8490:(in French)
8477:Victor Noir
8460:(in French)
8443:(in French)
8427:(in French)
8411:(in French)
8393:(in French)
8377:(in French)
8361:(in French)
8349:(in French)
8330:(in French)
8313:(in French)
8294:(in French)
8275:(in French)
8258:(in French)
8242:(in French)
8219:(in French)
8203:(in French)
8197:Guillemin,
8187:(in French)
8170:(in French)
8154:(in French)
8138:(in French)
8122:(in French)
8103:(in French)
8087:(in French)
8071:(in French)
8055:(in French)
8036:(in French)
8017:(in French)
8001:(in French)
7995:, Boussel,
7976:(in French)
7960:(in French)
7942:(in French)
7913:(in French)
7897:(in French)
7881:(in French)
7837:(in French)
7821:(in French)
7805:(in French)
7748:(in French)
7524:(in French)
7508:(in French)
7492:(in French)
7476:(in French)
7352:(in French)
7330:(in French)
7316:(in French)
7297:(in French)
7272:(in French)
7262:(in French)
7251:(in French)
7237:(in French)
7226:(in French)
7212:(in French)
7193:(in French)
7160:(in French)
7145:Jean JaurĂšs
7142:(in French)
7106:(in French)
7064:The Forward
7021:(in French)
7011:(in French)
7000:(in French)
6990:(in French)
6972:(in French)
6925:(in French)
6903:(in French)
6890:, Fayard, (
6884:(in French)
6865:(in French)
6846:(in French)
6827:(in French)
6808:(in French)
6797:(in French)
6778:(in French)
6773:, Gallimard
6767:(in French)
6756:(in French)
6730:(in French)
6719:(in French)
6708:(in French)
6697:(in French)
6679:(in French)
6660:(in French)
6641:(in French)
6622:(in French)
6613:Ăric Cahm,
6611:(in French)
6589:(in French)
6567:(in French)
6556:(in French)
6534:(in French)
6523:(in French)
6501:(in French)
6490:(in French)
6471:(in French)
6387:(in French)
6303:Eric Cahm,
6206:(in French)
6165:(in French)
6154:(in French)
6140:(in French)
6117:(in French)
6108:(in French)
6099:(in French)
6090:(in French)
6072:(in French)
6063:(in French)
6053:(in French)
6044:(in French)
5872:(in French)
5836:fallacious.
5632:(1986) and
5580:(1955) and
5221:Lucien Herr
5029: [
4996:Louis André
4971:Jean JaurĂšs
4949: [
4541:FĂ©lix Faure
4494:cartoon by
4458:Drawing by
4408:Oscar Wilde
4294:Antisemitic
4277:France for
4102:Lucien Herr
4044:FĂ©lix Faure
4040:open letter
3994:stereograph
3912:Rachel Beer
3797:Jean JaurĂšs
3789:Lucien Herr
3778:, academic
3641:Tirailleurs
3596:journalist
3579:FĂ©lix Faure
3466:Jean JaurĂšs
3334:casus belli
3225:The enquiry
2955:boulangiste
2921:clericalism
2754:FĂ©lix Faure
2746:Sadi Carnot
2742:Legitimists
2658:Catholicism
2654:nationalism
2561:French Army
2462:World War I
2395:French Army
2272:W. B. Yeats
2257:Syndicalism
2198:Jack London
2118:Oscar Wilde
1786:Orientalism
1776:Medievalism
1716:Bohemianism
1711:Avant-garde
1701:Art Nouveau
1454:Segregation
1351:Persecution
1298:Nae Ionescu
999:Disclose.tv
712:Blood libel
648:Strasserism
430:New Zealand
378:Costa Rican
297:Definitions
12105:Categories
11946:, p. 1193.
11659:, p. 474.
11657:The Affair
11627:, p. 471.
11625:The Affair
11519:Birnbaum,
11489:, p. 475.
11487:The Affair
11468:Birnbaum,
11381:, p. 111.
11223:, p. 104.
11207:, p. 160.
11176:, p. 417.
11174:The Affair
11160:, p. 414.
11158:The Affair
11133:, p. 411.
11131:The Affair
11059:, p. 114.
11027:, p. 404.
11025:The Affair
11011:, p. 395.
11009:The Affair
10995:, p. 159.
10947:, p. 562.
10911:L'Humanité
10897:, p. 543.
10791:, p. 194.
10757:, Volume 4
10645:, Volume 4
10628:, p. 137.
10626:, Volume 1
10593:, p. 307.
10591:The Affair
10499:, Volume 1
10429:, Volume 4
10413:The Affair
10383:, p. 288.
10381:The Affair
10303:, p. 279.
10301:The Affair
10269:, Volume 4
10252:, p. 287.
10250:The Affair
10207:1253400456
10111:F. Brown,
9946:Clemenceau
9916:, p. 236.
9914:The Affair
9884:, p. 234.
9882:The Affair
9868:, p. 268.
9866:, Volume 1
9864:Zola trial
9784:, p. 227.
9782:The Affair
9717:, p. 207.
9715:The Affair
9686:, p. 29).
9660:Le Journal
9595:, p. 475.
9579:, p. 200.
9577:The Affair
9564:The Affair
9515:, p. 168.
9513:The Affair
9496:, p. 167.
9494:The Affair
9480:, p. 163.
9478:The Affair
9421:The Affair
9405:, Volume 2
9388:, p. 145.
9368:Birnbaum,
9355:, p. 144.
9353:The Affair
9331:, p. 142.
9329:The Affair
9292:, p. 276.
9208:, p. 117.
9206:The Affair
9155:, p. 132.
9153:The Affair
9123:, p. 125.
9121:The Affair
9107:, p. 103.
9105:The Affair
9072:, p. 107.
9070:The Affair
9026:La Justice
9012:, p. 468.
9010:, Volume 1
8944:Birnbaum,
8932:, p. 132.
8880:17 January
8857:, p. 164.
8836:, p. 411.
8834:, Volume 1
8801:, p. 189.
8768:, p. 151.
8736:, p. 409.
8734:, Volume 1
8701:, p. 394.
8699:, Volume 1
8648:The Affair
8600:The Affair
8584:The Affair
8550:The Affair
8504:, p. 88.)
8502:The Affair
8488:, p. 274.
8439:The Affair
8391:, p. 118.
8375:, p. 208.
8347:, p. 107.
8345:, Volume 1
8326:The Affair
8311:, p. 322.
8290:, Volume 1
8271:The Affair
8256:, p. 141.
8215:The Affair
8166:The Affair
8148:Birnbaum,
8101:, p. 260.
8085:, p. 139.
8065:Birnbaum,
8049:Birnbaum,
8032:, Volume 1
8013:The Affair
7909:The Affair
7877:, Volume 1
7858:5 December
7819:, p. 391.
7746:, p. 534.
7728:5 December
7556:1171284758
7546:. London:
7366:References
7355:Ămile Zola
7205:2707148067
6672:203582639X
6653:2707147931
6634:2082105474
6516:2020098318
6483:2130532268
6397:, Stock, (
6393:â Vol 1 â
6218:2213627959
6172:The Affair
6022:was noted.
5724:, and the
5687:published
5677:Ămile Zola
5653:The Affair
5647:published
5179:Le PĂšlerin
5174:caricature
5171:Republican
4961:of Dreyfus
4925:Libération
4902:The Affair
4886:The Proofs
4780:secularism
4603:Protestant
4402:published
4274:Versailles
4157:Le Journal
4149:Clemenceau
4074:Ămile Zola
4015:The Affair
4011:Ămile Zola
3758:Ămile Zola
3538:Ăle Royale
3458:since 1848
3447:cashiering
3316:Le Gaulois
3283:Le Journal
3278:L'Autorité
3155:confession
3148:The arrest
3109:graphology
2738:Orléanists
2616:Ămile Zola
2458:exonerated
2403:Ămile Zola
2347:pronounced
2252:Surrealism
2247:Ezra Pound
2193:H.G. Wells
2182:Ecofascism
2108:Max Nordau
1986:The Scream
1839:Ăbermensch
1572:Yad Vashem
1477:Opposition
1449:Refuseniks
1400:Jewish hat
1373:Expulsions
1283:A. C. Cuza
1278:Horia Sima
1258:Rick Wiles
1208:David Lane
1168:Henry Ford
1153:David Duke
1128:Louis Beam
1076:Terrorgram
1071:Stormfront
926:Mein Kampf
791:Kosher tax
779:ƻydokomuna
717:Cohen Plan
593:Creativity
150:Ămile Zola
109:Resolution
12136:Injustice
11998:J'accuse!
11639:Boussel,
11611:, p. 95.
11607:Duclert,
11566:, p. 67.
11562:Duclert,
11523:, p. 95.
11506:, p. 93.
11502:Duclert,
11472:, p. 94.
11423:0362-4331
11377:Duclert,
11336:Duclert,
11267:Duclert,
11219:Duclert,
11079:Dagbladet
10979:, p. 60.
10975:Duclert,
10943:Duclert,
10893:Duclert,
10807:, p. 52.
10803:Duclert,
10787:Boussel,
10752:Reinach,
10724:, p. 91.
10679:, p. 53.
10675:Duclert,
10663:, p. 97.
10659:Duclert,
10640:Reinach,
10609:, p. 50.
10605:Duclert,
10561:, p. 92.
10545:, p. 57.
10517:, p. 52.
10483:, p. 80.
10479:Duclert,
10447:, p. 74.
10424:Reinach,
10415:, p. 301.
10399:, p. 48.
10395:Duclert,
10349:31 August
10264:Reinach,
10158:460467731
10028:, p. 44.
10024:Duclert,
10012:, p. 36.
9980:, p. 45.
9964:, p. 35.
9900:, p. 42.
9896:Duclert,
9800:, p. 40.
9796:Duclert,
9749:, p. 39.
9745:Duclert,
9642:, p. 44.
9407:, p. 26.
9400:Reinach,
9372:, p. 56.
9276:, p. 82.
9272:Boussel,
9091:, p. 73.
9005:Reinach,
8948:, p. 43.
8853:Duclert,
8829:Reinach,
8815:Revisions
8813:Picquart
8784:, p. 38.
8764:Duclert,
8729:Reinach,
8694:Reinach,
8682:, p. 147
8666:, p. 60.
8662:Boussel,
8650:, p. 85.
8634:, p. 58.
8630:Boussel,
8614:Boussel,
8602:, p. 85.
8586:, p. 83.
8570:, p. 24.
8552:, p. 89.
8441:, p. 80.
8387:Duclert,
8340:Reinach,
8328:, p. 87.
8292:, p. 92.
8285:Reinach,
8273:, p. 72.
8168:, p. 69.
8152:, p. 38.
8069:, p. 48.
8053:, p. 40.
8034:, p. 39.
8027:Reinach,
8015:, p. 65.
7989:Rochefort
7974:, p. 67.
7911:, p. 67.
7831:Duclert,
7700:30 August
7677:2116-5289
7635:17 August
7601:17 August
7576:17 August
7502:Duclert,
7422:644094069
7333:LĂ©on Blum
7025:Le Figaro
7006:, No. 62.
6703:, Private
6464:In French
5894:Le Figaro
5865:Cassagnac
5810:bordereau
5749:Leo Frank
5726:2019 film
5441:cashiered
5192:old order
4818:composer
4816:Norwegian
4790:Reactions
4464:Le Figaro
4400:Le SiĂšcle
4368:in Caen.
4362:Marseille
4233:shorthand
4225:Le Siecle
4000:, Altona-
3876:Le Figaro
3850:Le Figaro
3793:LĂ©on Blum
3767:Le Figaro
3730:Le Figaro
3715:(born in
3676:Zurlinden
3594:anarchist
3493:Ăle de RĂ©
3380:bordereau
3306:Le Figaro
3181:Cover of
2973:La Patrie
2859:espionage
2840:Saint-Cyr
2820:arms race
2816:Saint-Cyr
2721:anarchist
2709:royalists
2706:Orléanist
2688:Political
2537:July 2021
1881:Ă rebours
1833:Symbolism
1803:Racialism
1736:Dysgenics
1726:Decadence
1133:Don Black
1066:StoneToss
1036:Metapedia
1031:Jew Watch
921:The Light
675:Secondary
670:Religious
581:Christian
571:Alt-right
548:Venezuela
470:Stalinist
445:Palestine
343:Australia
338:Argentina
331:Geography
287:Reference
12010:Archived
11996:Text of
11894:13 March
11868:13 March
11842:13 March
11655:Bredin,
11643:, p. 92
11623:Bredin,
11485:Bredin,
11393:Drouin,
11271:p. 108.
11172:Bredin,
11156:Bredin,
11129:Bredin,
11106:Archived
11086:21 March
11055:Miquel,
11023:Bredin,
11007:Bredin,
10720:Miquel,
10621:Reinach,
10589:Bredin,
10573:Winock,
10557:Miquel,
10529:Of whom
10513:Winock,
10464:Archived
10411:Bredin,
10379:Bredin,
10299:Bredin,
10283:Thomas,
10271:, p. 5.
10248:Bredin,
9976:Miquel,
9960:Winock,
9912:Bredin,
9880:Bredin,
9780:Bredin,
9761:Thomas,
9729:Thomas,
9713:Bredin,
9611:Volume 2
9591:Thomas,
9575:Bredin,
9566:p. 262).
9531:Volume 2
9511:Bredin,
9492:Bredin,
9474:L'Ăclair
9351:Bredin,
9327:Bredin,
9309:Volume 2
9288:Thomas,
9256:Lazare,
9204:Bredin,
9151:Bredin,
9119:Bredin,
9103:Bredin,
9089:Volume 3
9068:Bredin,
8994:Volume 2
8618:, p. 55
8598:Bredin,
8548:Bredin,
8437:Bredin,
8324:Bredin,
8309:Volume 2
8269:Bredin,
8252:Thomas,
8238:Volume 1
8217:, p. 0.
8213:Bredin,
8097:Thomas,
8011:Bredin,
7970:Thomas,
7835:, p. 8.
7815:Miquel,
7661:Lectures
7538:(1935).
7522:, p. 9.
7506:, p. 5.
7452:5 August
7386:, p. 15.
7092:Archived
7056:Archived
6496:, Fayard
6084:Volume 3
6080:Volume 2
6076:Volume 1
5942:, et al.
5911:Syndicat
5732:See also
5679:(1902),
5649:L'Affair
5601:Brussels
5385:humanist
5289:and the
5235:(SFIO).
5082:Pantheon
4976:Pellieux
4612:L'Aurore
4438:prison.
4435:Le Temps
4354:Le Havre
4339:L'Aurore
4330:J'Accuse
4229:L'Ăurore
4215:L'Aurore
4191:L'Aurore
4161:Deputies
4153:L'Aurore
4069:Le Temps
4036:L'Aurore
3998:F. Hamel
3996:sold by
3989:in 1898,
3969:L'Aurore
3920:and the
3860:L'Aurore
3843:General
3717:Mulhouse
3602:Brussels
3587:hypnosis
3583:Le Havre
3345:La Croix
3329:L'Ăclair
3299:La Croix
3289:Le Temps
3078:â
3075:beliefs.
2982:La Croix
2963:L'Ăclair
2867:melinite
2844:Mulhouse
2828:75mm gun
2772:Military
2683:Contexts
2563:Captain
2417:L'Aurore
2368:Alsatian
2354:) was a
2188:Futurism
1746:Eugenics
1626:Category
1541:UN Watch
1411:Judensau
1368:Boycotts
1026:Groypers
769:Judensau
643:Neo-Nazi
628:Medieval
598:Economic
566:Academic
440:Pakistan
313:Three Ds
282:Timeline
258:Part of
235:a series
233:Part of
56:a series
54:Part of
12095:History
12069:Portals
11794:23 July
11540:(2012).
11203:Doise,
10991:Doise,
9545:Doise,
9456:Doise,
9034:Candide
8752:p. 87.
8748:Doise,
8532:Zola, "
8081:Burns,
7257:, Stock
7169:, Stock
6241:(2001)
6029:Sources
5915:Minutes
5381:Austria
5327:Zionism
5271:At Home
5182:in 1900
4842:Germany
4616:Victory
4518:Brisson
4431:députés
4387:Carmaux
4328:Zola's
4279:England
4143:at the
4002:Hamburg
3890:Reinach
3811:Georges
3689:Tunisia
3481:Justice
3325:grovels
3053:General
2947:Algeria
2903:of the
2793:Moselle
2702:Bourbon
2677:Zionism
2626:Algiers
2581:Mathieu
2483:Summary
2178:Fascism
2173:Fantasy
1909:Dracula
1706:Atheism
1432:Pogroms
1087:TruNews
1048:Red Ice
1021:GoyimTV
732:Deicide
685:Zionist
660:Olympic
618:Islamic
536:History
509:Ukraine
450:Romania
415:Hungary
405:Germany
373:Chilean
368:Chinese
358:Belgium
353:Belarus
348:Austria
277:History
12083:France
11970:online
11914:online
11789:un.org
11597:online
11593:Esprit
11459:p. 203
11421:
11320:
11295:
10205:
10195:
10156:
9638:Zola,
7767:
7742:Bach,
7675:
7554:
7420:
7410:
7343:
7307:
7281:, Plon
7203:
7184:
6956:
6935:
6917:
6894:
6875:
6856:
6837:
6818:
6788:
6740:
6689:
6670:
6651:
6632:
6602:
6581:
6547:
6514:
6481:
6401:
6354:
6336:
6216:
6197:
6178:
5751:affair
5740:affair
5103:Verdun
4722:Rennes
4691:Rennes
4352:, and
4346:Nantes
3931:'s
3807:Albert
3647:Major
3443:prison
3286:, and
3191:after
2892:Social
2789:Alsace
2637:Rennes
2595:. The
2339:French
2267:(1951)
2225:Nazism
2220:(1896)
2208:poetry
2037:People
1979:Salomé
1685:Themes
1558:(IHRA)
1388:Mellah
1061:(blog)
665:Racial
638:Nazism
623:Jewish
504:Turkey
499:Sweden
455:Russia
435:Norway
410:Greece
388:France
383:Europe
363:Canada
124:People
58:on the
11785:(PDF)
11689:Herzl
7446:(PDF)
7439:(PDF)
7350:2006
7328:1993
7314:1991
7295:1978
7284:1957
7270:1955
7260:1903
7249:1899
7235:1899
7224:1899
7210:1898
7191:1901
7172:1901
7158:1898
7140:1898
7115:2012
7104:2007
7083:2006
7069:2006
7047:2006
7033:2006
7019:2005
7009:1994
6998:1988
6988:1978
6970:1909
6942:2013
6923:2010
6901:2006
6882:2006
6863:2006
6844:2004
6825:2000
6806:2000
6795:1998
6776:1994
6765:1962
6754:1960
6728:2012
6717:2006
6706:2000
6695:2010
6677:2006
6658:2006
6639:1994
6620:1994
6609:1994
6587:1994
6565:1998
6554:1994
6532:1994
6521:1999
6499:1986
6488:1989
6469:1961
6448:2012
6437:2012
6426:2010
6408:2009
6385:2008
6374:2010
6360:2007
6342:2006
6321:2006
6310:1999
6299:1996
6288:1998
6277:1992
6262:1991
6248:1984
6204:2005
6185:1986
6163:1981
6152:1961
6138:1901
6122:2013
6115:1906
6106:1906
6097:1904
6088:1904
6070:1899
6061:1898
6051:1898
6042:1898
5869:Doubt
5785:Notes
5681:Truth
5434:MĂ©dan
5401:Basel
5035:]
4955:]
4846:Italy
4350:Lille
3665:Henry
3262:From
3167:Paris
2477:press
1867:Works
987:8chan
959:Siege
801:QAnon
494:Spain
425:Japan
420:Italy
11896:2019
11870:2019
11844:2019
11796:2018
11767:2013
11430:2024
11419:ISSN
11318:ISBN
11293:ISBN
11088:2022
10351:2016
10203:OCLC
10193:ISBN
10154:OCLC
9654:See
8882:2017
7860:2022
7765:ISBN
7730:2022
7702:2016
7673:ISSN
7637:2016
7603:2016
7578:2016
7552:OCLC
7454:2014
7418:OCLC
7408:ISBN
7341:ISBN
7305:ISBN
7201:ISBN
7182:ISBN
6954:ISBN
6933:ISBN
6915:ISBN
6892:ISBN
6873:ISBN
6854:ISBN
6835:ISBN
6816:ISBN
6786:ISBN
6738:ISBN
6687:ISBN
6668:ISBN
6649:ISBN
6630:ISBN
6600:ISBN
6579:ISBN
6545:ISBN
6512:ISBN
6479:ISBN
6399:ISBN
6352:ISBN
6334:ISBN
6214:ISBN
6195:ISBN
6176:ISBN
5707:and
5101:and
4965:The
4844:and
4728:and
4358:Caen
4227:and
4209:and
3948:1898
3809:and
3795:and
3752:and
3700:him.
3296:and
2979:and
2791:and
2704:and
2669:Pale
2471:and
2440:and
2333:The
2230:Punk
2163:Dada
576:Arab
262:and
12047:at
10820:v.
7991:in
7665:doi
7125:doi
5720:by
5399:in
5319:of
5297:by
5277:in
4840:In
4462:in
3764:in
3510:in
3476:in
3313:in
3165:in
2915:by
2527:by
2382:in
2378:on
1011:Gab
655:New
531:USA
12107::
11886:.
11862:AP
11860:.
11834:.
11816:.
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11787:.
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1795:"
1651:e
1644:t
1637:v
219:e
212:t
205:v
34:.
20:)
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