Textile industry in Bangladesh

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as of 2006. This was due to their high stability in light and washing as well as resistance to microbial activity. The toxic effects of these dyes include hypersensitivity and irritant effects such as contact dermatitis and asthma, as well as exposure related concerns for such malignancies as bladder, nasal, esophagus, stomach, colon, rectal, nasopharyngeal and lung cancers. Studies have postulated that hypersensitivity effects may be due to alterations in neutrophil function and sensitization, contributing to chronic inflammatory diseases of the skin and respiratory tract. Once this sensitization has occurred, an individual becomes more susceptible to developing allergic disease on subsequent contact with the offending agent. Exposure from these chemicals typically occurs via direct contact with the skin or inhalation of dye particles. While as of 2006 there was no evidence to suggest that most dyestuffs then in use in these industries were harmful at the levels workers were generally exposed to, there was concern with long term or accidental over-exposure. This long term or excessive exposure can sensitize the worker's immune system, leading to hypersensitivity reactions such as asthma and atopic dermatitis on subsequent exposure as mentioned above. Additionally, studies have demonstrated concerns regarding exposure to textile dyes and occupational bladder cancer due to aniline dye intermediates such as beta-naphthylamine and benzidine, which has long been identified as a human urinary carcinogen. The latency period between exposure and diagnosis has been estimated at up to 23 years. As of 2006, screening recommendations for detection of long-term health effects from dye exposure included hematologic testing to look for microcytic anemia and leukopenia. However, many females working in this industry did not have access to such screening and surveillance due to lack of quality medical care.

82:(EBA) and the US 2009 Tariff Relief Assistance in the global clothing market have benefited entrepreneurs in Bangladesh's ready-made garments (RMG) industry. In 2012 the textile industry accounted for 45% of all industrial employment in the country yet only contributed 5% of the Bangladesh's total national income. After several building fires and collapses, resulting in the deaths of thousands of workers, the Bangladeshi textile industry and its buyers have faced criticism. Many are concerned with possible worker safety violations and are working to have the government increase safety standards. The role of women is important in the debate as some argue that the textile industry has been an important means of economic security for women while others focus on the fact that women are disproportionately textile workers and thus are disproportionately victims of such accidents. Measures have been taken to ensure better working conditions, but many still argue that more can be done. Despite the hurdles, riding the growth wave, Bangladesh apparel making sector could reach 60 percent value addition threshold relying on the strong backwardly linked yarn-fabric making factories directly from imported raw cotton, reaching a new height of exports worth of US$ 30.61 billion in the fiscal year 2018. The garments industry in Bangladesh has achieved a remarkable feat, emerging as the leading global player and surpassing China. This sector has not only propelled the country's economy but has also generated employment opportunities for hundreds of thousands of rural women. Over the years, the female labor force participation rates have witnessed significant growth, surging from 26% in 1991 to an encouraging 42.68% by 2022. 1022:, built an additional two floors beyond his approved permit for a six-floor building. Rana, associated with the ruling Awami League, used "shoddy building materials, including substandard rods, bricks and cement, and did not obtaining the necessary clearances" and constructed the building on a "pond filled with sand". An engineer raised safety concerns after noticing cracks in the Rana Plaza complex the day before its collapse. In spite of this factories stayed open to fill overdue orders. Despite the awareness of cracks throughout the building, labourers were instructed to return to work the following day. When generators were restarted after a power blackout the building caved in. Six garment factories also in Rana Plaza were cleared to re-open on 9 May 2013 after inspectors allegedly issued safety certificates. Nine people were arrested including four factory owners, the owner of the complex and the engineer who warned of the crack in the building. Several prominent transnational companies had their products linked to the factories within the Rana Plaza building including retail giants "Wal-Mart, Mango, Dutch retailer C & A, Benetton Fashions, Cato Fashions, and the popular British chain Primark." While the incident raised international concern about the structural integrity and safety of many Bangladeshi textile factors, the industry actually saw a significant rise. Over the time from the collapse to March 2014, exports increased by over 16% resulting in $ 23.9 billion US dollars. 819:

among manufacturing workers by damaging sensory hair cells in the inner ear. These two points illustrate how NIHL is a significant occupational health risk. Asia has, over the last 50 years, seen a significant growth in the manufacturing of both primary products and finished products. The increase in manufacturing has led to an increased exposure to high levels of noise and has contributed to increased NIHL among workers. In Bangladesh, occupations which have the greatest exposure to noisy work environments are automobile drivers, traffic police, shopkeepers, road-side hawkers, and garment workers. Garment workers in Bangladesh face noise levels of 96-100 Decibels Adjusted (dBA), which is a significant contributor to NIHL among women textile workers in Bangladesh. There are options available to protect workers from chronic exposure to high noise levels in the textile industry. Some simple measures which could be implemented on machinery would include such actions as decreasing noise and creating noise barriers. For workers, the use of personal protective equipment, as well as the establishing maximum daily exposures, can go a long way to mitigate worker exposures to chronic noise.

806:. It is an odorless, dark purple, sand-like oxidizing agent. It is used to lighten the color of denim in specific areas. In the process of sand blasting, a worker sprays the potassium permanganate on a specific area on the denim garment with a hose or a brush. It is then washed off, leaving the chemical treated area a lighter color than the surrounding untreated area. When the potassium permanganate dries, bleach is sprayed on top of the previously treated area to neutralize potassium permanganate and is then washed a second time. There are multiple exposure routes for potassium permanganate to cause serious adverse reactions to the worker, these are: dermal contact, contact with the eye, inhalation and ingestion. When potassium permanganate comes in contact with the skin, it can cause irritation, deep burns, rashes and even dying of the skin. If potassium permanganate is exposed to the eye, severe irritation as well as permanent eye damage is possible. Inhalation of potassium permanganate can irritate the respiratory tract and can even lead to chronic lung diseases such as asthma, silicosis, and 698:

the neck and back, and eventually to pain. A case study conducted by Habib M. among sewing machines operators in Bangladesh, found that the high risk of developing musculoskeletal disorders was related to working in a sitting position bending the neck more than 30° for more than 6 to 7 hours. Additionally, sitting in a forward flexed posture causes the lumbar spine to flatten that leads to an imbalanced disc pressure and a static contraction of the extensor muscles of the back. The flattened lumbar spine may cause back fatigue, disc degeneration and back injuries. But it is not only related to posture, design of the workstation can also worsen the problem. Sarder and colleagues found that seats in garment factories were devoid of a backrest, which would allow intermittent short breaks for resting the upper body from bending. Also, many seats are hard and wooden, without the cushion to prevent compression at the area of the

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hired additional labor, fire, and building inspectors, implemented additional training programs for inspectors, and created a database of all factories to facilitate inspections. Many factories have been inspected since these changes were made, but there are still about 1,000 factories that have not been checked either because they are not registered with any organization or they have listed the wrong address which takes time away from inspectors. Pointing to the slow development of the regulation of this industry particularly after such a major human disaster, Dr Mia Rahim opines that Bangladesh should more focus on the challenges and opportunities of local regulation of this industry. He suggests that the RMG manufacturing and supply industry should not only depend on the prescriptions of the global buyers but also adopt a 'new governance' approach in the local regulation framework of this industry.

1040:(BGMEA) is a recognised trade body that represents export-oriented garment manufacturers and garment exporters of the country. The fundamental objective of BGMEA is to establish a healthy business environment for a close and mutually beneficial relationship between manufacturers, exporters and importers, thereby ensuring steady growth in the foreign exchange earnings of the country. After the Savar collapse, the BGMEA assembled an 11-member committee to investigate the causes of the tragedy. In its final report BGMEA pinned the blame on inspection officials who granted permits to factory owners to install heavy machinery on the two floors not authorized to exist in the first place and on local officials for neglecting to ensure proper oversight of building plans. The report also indicated that building owner Sohel Rana may have been able to corrupt municipal officials by offering bribes. 732:

15 cm above elbow height for everyone. It should also have tilted 10° to 15° towards the operator and the needle at 20° backward inclination and the pedal position should be placed forward and adjusted per user's comfort. The adjustable desk height, inclined slope of the table, needle angle and the pedal position should induce a more upright position of the head, neck and trunk. Adjustment of the sewing machine table alone does not ensure good posture; adjustment of the chair is also an important factor. The chair should adjust between 51 cm and 61 cm; the backrest distance should adjust horizontally by about 5 cm and the backrest height should be fixed at 25 cm. Studies also show significant reduction of physical discomfort experienced by the sewing machine operators by changing the angle of seat pan and backrest of the chair.

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manufacturing and export industry in Bangladesh, accounting for 75 per cent of the country's earnings in that year. Bangladesh's export trade is now dominated by the ready-made garments (RMG) industry. In 2012 Bangladesh's garment exports – mainly to the US and Europe – made up nearly 80% of the country's export income. By 2014 the RMG industry represented 81.13 percent of Bangladesh's total export. Much of the tremendous growth of the sector and its role as an economic powerhouse for the country is attributed to the availability of "cheap" labor. Of the four million workers employed by the RMG industry, 85% are illiterate women from rural villages. The working environments and conditions of the factories that produce ready-made garments has undergone criticism in recent years concerning worker safety and fair wages.

557: 544:(MFA) period, only 21 out of 52 firms exported to a third market, but post-MFA, 66 out of 69 have exported to a third market, which indicates a diversification in the Bangladeshi garment industry. Bangladesh ranked as the second leading exporter in the world after China in 2015 according to an estimate by Khurram Shahzad who applied data derived from the World Trade Organization to Balassa's revealed comparative advantages (RCA) index. Shazad found that Bangladesh fell between Pakistan and India in regards to comparative advantages in textiles, but held the highest RCA for clothing. Private actors maintain a positive outlook on the industry, as the clothing sector has seen a positive growth in terms of RCA. Despite rating highly, Bangladesh's 828:

communities in which they operate. Despite these failings, authors Quddus and Salim argue that the success of the industry is largely attributable to these entrepreneurs. Bangladesh successfully competes in the manufacturing industry by maintaining "lowest labor costs in the world." Garment workers' minimum wage was set at roughly $ 37 a month in 2012 but since 2010 Bangladesh's double-digit inflation with no corresponding rise in minimum wage and labor rights, has led to protests. Following labour disputes in 2013, the minimum wage was raised to the equivalent of $ 68 a month. Many workers profited from the increase, but it was also expected to attract more young girls to factories.

1115:(ILO) launched the "Improving Working Conditions in the Ready-Made Garment Sector" (RMGP) Program, a US$ 24.21 million, three-and-a-half-year initiative. The United Kingdom and the Netherlands jointly contributed US$ 15 million. "Rana Plaza and Tazreen became the symbols of what is wrong in the RMG sector." Ms. Sarah Cook, UK's Department for International Development (DFID) Head in Bangladesh said that the RMGP was a "key part of the UK's approach to help ensure safe working conditions and improved productivity" in the RMG sector and that the "sustainability of the ready-made garment industry has a pivotal role to play in Bangladesh's continued social and economic development." 357: 254:, enacted the Bangladesh Industrial Enterprises (Nationalization) Order, taking over privately owned textile factories and creating a state-owned enterprise (SOE) called Bangladesh Textile Mills Corporation (BTMC). President Rahman promoted democracy and a socialist form of capitalism. The BTMC never managed to match the pre-1971 output and in every year after the 1975–1976 fiscal year, lost money. Until the early 1980s the state owned almost all spinning mills in Bangladesh and 85 percent the textile industry's assets (not including small businesses). Under the 1982 New Industrial Policy (NPI) a large number of these assets including jute mills and 35: 644: 995:, Walmart played a significant role in blocking reforms to have retailers pay more for apparel in order to help Bangladesh factories improve safety standards. Walmart director of ethical sourcing, Sridevi Kalavakolanu, asserted that the company would not agree to pay the higher cost, as such improvements in electrical and fire safety in the 4,500 factories would be a "very extensive and costly modification" and that "it is not financially feasible for the brands to make such investments." As well, Walmart was the client for five of Tazreen apparel factory's 14 production lines. In response Walmart donated over a million dollars to the 652: 623:

now probably lies over the 3 million mark. Traditionally the participation of women in Bangladesh's formal economy was minimal. Bangladesh's flagship export-oriented ready-made garment industry, however, with female labor accounting for 90 percent of the work force, was "built to a large extent, on the supply of cheap and flexible female labor in the country." By 2001 the textile industry employed about 3 million workers of whom 90% were women. In 2004 garment sector remained the largest employer of women in Bangladesh. By 2013, there were approximately 5,000 garment factories, employing about 4 million people, mostly women.

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The reasons may be the scarcity of relevant professionals and additional cost for implementations on which majority of the owners are less interested. Thus, there are high rate of musculoskeletal symptoms in different body parts among sewing machine operators which points out for proper interventions. To reduce awkward posture for the neck, back and shoulders, the sewing machine table, chair and paddle positions should be adjusted considering the worker's body height in a sitting position. The workers should be educated about the significance of postures on their health so that they do not neglect the instructions.

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with which to file a complaint. Almost none of the factories have any sort of human resources department and local officials often turn a blind eye to violations. Moreover, most of these workers are poor women. Without any structure like a formalized union, many lack the ability to speak of injustices either from lack of knowledge or fear of losing economic security. Historical associations of women's labour being "cheap" and "flexible" lead to disparities of unsafe working conditions that female labourers undergo. A typical work day for labourers can last 10-12 hours, with less than an hour worth of breaks.

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Sun Knitting. Major foreign buyers looking for outsourcing demand compliance-related norms and standards regarding a safe and healthy work environment which includes fire-fighting equipment, evacuation protocols and mechanisms and appropriate installation of machines in the whole supply-chain. RMG insiders in Bangladesh complain about the pressure to comply and argue that RMG factory owners are hampered by a shortage of space in their rental units. In spite of this the industry exports totaled $ 19 billion in 2011–2012. They expected export earnings to increase to $ 23 billion in 2012–2013.

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Bangladesh was expected to suffer the most from the ending of the MFA, as it was expected to face more competition, particularly from China. However, this was not the case. It turns out that even in the face of other economic giants, Bangladesh's labor is "cheaper than anywhere else in the world." While some smaller factories were documented making pay cuts and layoffs, most downsizing was essentially speculative – the orders for goods kept coming even after the MFA expired. In fact, Bangladesh's exports increased in value by about $ 500 million in 2006.

295: 1644: 1668: 1608: 1596: 514:(LDC), as defined by the United Nations and the US State Department, eligible for "duty-free access for apparel assembled in those countries and exported to the U.S." from 2009 through 2019. The Bangladesh Garment Manufacturers and Exporters Association (BGMEA), an industry lobby group, claimed that in 2008 alone Bangladesh paid US$ 576 million as duty against its export of nearly $ 3 billion, mainly consisting of woven and knitwear. However, this act was temporarily suspended for Bangladesh by President Obama after the 1620: 1065:- an association of 26 American companies including CAP and Wal-Mart" seeks to address these issues from an entrepreneurial standpoint, without participation of trade unions. Together the two groups "are responsible for inspecting around 2,100 factories over a period of five years." As of July 2014, progress had been made in inspecting about 600 factories. A spokesman stated that "Ten factories have been submitted to the Government Established Review Panel and most have been either closed completely or partially." 332:

Bangladesh's share in the world apparel exports was 2.8%. The US was the largest single market with US$ 3.23 billion in exports, a 30% share in 2007. Today, the US remains the largest market for Bangladesh's woven garments taking US$ 2.42 billion, a 47% share of Bangladesh's total woven exports. The European Union remains the largest regional destination - Bangladesh exported US$ 5.36 billion in apparel; 50% of their total apparel exports. The EU took a 61% share of Bangladeshi knitwear with US$ 3.36 billion exports.

592: 1242:(MBSTU) started B.Sc. in Textile Engineering from session 2005–2006, first in Bangladesh. The department had been awarded a sub-project entitled "Improving the undergraduate program and launching MS program in the Department of Textile Engineering (TE)" under Higher Education Quality Enhancement Project (HEQEP) funded by World Bank and University Grants Commission of Bangladesh. M.Sc. in Textile Engineering had inaugurated for the first time in Bangladesh by this department in 2011 under HEQEP project. 1572: 1632: 750: 6453: 112: 6997: 6395: 1560: 635:, the working environment is better than that of the majority of garment factories that operate outside the EPZs. But, pressure from buyers to abide by labor codes has enabled factories to maintain satisfactory working conditions. Three million women are currently employed in Bangladesh's thriving ready-made garment sector, which stands as the country's largest export industry. While there is a growing presence of women in small and medium enterprises. 6405: 1692: 7021: 1184: 1704: 898:, fearing the loss of contracts that represent 60 per cent of their textile industry exports, pleaded with the EU to not take tough, punitive measures or "impose any harsh trade conditions" on Bangladesh to "improve worker safety standards" that would hurt the "economically crucial textile industry" and lead to the loss of millions of jobs. Two dozen factory owners are also Members of Parliament in Bangladesh. 685:

drinking water. On the other hand, the physical hazards include exposures to toxic agents, awkward postures and repetitive motion. Exposure to sexual, verbal and psychological harassment and violence at their work places are some of the common mental health hazards. These hazards not only affect the female workers’ mental and physical being but also the quality of work and productivity of workforce nationwide.

7009: 1716: 1104:, a legally binding document, obligates retailers to cooperate with safety inspections and provide financial assistance to building owners in order to ensure that the standards of such inspections are met. Bangladesh amended the 2006 Bangladesh Labor Act to require employers to set aside 5% of profits for an "employee welfare fund" and to allow workers to unionize without management's authorization. 580:, one of the US Senators who proposed the bill). The act which banned "importation to the United States of products which are manufactured or mined in whole or in part by children" would have resulted in the loss of lucrative American contracts. Its impact on Bangladesh's economy would have been significant as the export-oriented ready-made garment industry represents most of the country's exports. 790:

installed in a stone crusher mill in India. This measure brought to light the effectiveness of reducing silica exposure through relatively inexpensive modifications. It may take time to get these factories to comply with the Permissible Exposure Limit for silica but at least some measures are being implicated, or suggested, to have a positive health impact for the sandblasting workers.

671:(ILO) since 1972 and the ILO been operating a Bangladeshi office since 1973. In that time Bangladesh has ratified 33 ILO agreements and eight "fundamental conventions," but there are still glaring gaps in protecting worker safety. Many experts then call on corporate organizations to take responsibility and place pressure on the government and factory owners to treat workers fairly. 1680: 847:(MSN) contacted many of the RMG international buyers and offered a set of recommendations regarding measures that should be taken. In 2012 the Bangladesh Garment Manufacturers and Exporters Association announced plans to expel 850 factories from its membership due to noncompliance with safety and labor standards. Members of the U.S. House of Representatives have also urged the 384:(MFA) (1974–2005) in the North American market and preferential market access to European markets, led to the "emergence of an export-oriented garment industry in Bangladesh in the late 1970s." It was uncertain what the phase out of the MFA meant for the Bangladeshi RMG industry. However, surpassing all doubts, the industry continued to succeed and dominate on a global level. 377:

Daewoo in production and marketing at Daewoo's state-of-the-art ready-made garment plant in Korea, 115 of the 130 left Desh Garments Ltd. and set up separate private garment export firms or began working for other newly formed export-oriented RMG companies with new garment factories in Bangladesh for much higher salaries than Desh Garments Ltd offered.

426:(ATC) was in effect, wherein more industrialized countries consented to export fewer textiles while less industrialized countries enjoyed increased quotas for exporting their textiles. Throughout the 10-year agreement, Bangladesh's economy benefited from quota-free access to European markets and desirable quotas for the American and Canadian markets. 1093:(USTR) "alleging a number of worker rights issues in export processing zones, the ready-made garments (RMG) sector, and the seafood processing sector." This investigated was expedited as concerns over labour rights and RMG factory safety concerns increased in 2012 with more deadly accidents and the unsolved killing in 2012 of prominent trade unionist 1029:, the building owner, Refat Ullah, mayor at the time of the incident along with owners of five garment factories located in the Rana Plaza, and "dozens of local council officials and engineers" were charged with culpable homicide, "which carries a maximum sentence of life in prison under Bangladeshi law." 1017:

On 24 April 2013 over 1045 textile workers factories making clothes for Western brands were killed when a garment factory collapsed. The 2013 Savar building collapse was in the Rana Plaza complex, in Savar, an industrial corner 32 kilometres (20 mi) northwest of Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh.

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One work environment health risk that often gets overlooked is noise induced hearing loss (NIHL). NIHL has recently become one of the biggest occupational disease risks with occupational NIHL contributing to 16% of global deafness. Chronic exposure to high decibels can lead to the development of NIHL

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There are a wide range of chemicals utilized in textile production for dyeing and printing, which these workers can be exposed to. These chemicals include but are not limited to bleaching agents and azo dyes. Azo dyes, such as aniline and benzadine, accounting for over 50% of dyes produced annually

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Promoting ergonomic practices at the factories can be one of the way to reduce ergonomic hazards among the workers. Proper storage and handling of heavy materials can play important role to reduce musculoskeletal issues. This intervention can include providing trolleys and wheeled multi-level rack to

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Most of the female workers in garments factories work as sewing operators, sewing operator helper, cutting personnel and finishing personnel. Sewing machines operators usually work in seated postures with forward flexion of the head, neck, and torso for long periods of time. This results in strain on

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The garment sector has provided employment opportunities to women from the rural areas that previously did not have any opportunity to be part of the formal workforce. This has given women the chance to be financially independent and have a voice in the family because now they contribute financially.

273:. Partly in response to the economic and political repercussions of the famine, the Bangladeshi government shifted public policy away from its concentration on a socialist economy, and began to denationalize, disinvest and reduce the role of the public sector in the textile industry while encouraging 789:

Exposing the dangers of sandblasting has forced government agencies to step in and attempt to contain and control the amount of dust exposure. One method of containing the silica dust is the addition of water. Average respirable particulate levels drastically declined after water spray controls were

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These risk factors have a negative impact not only on the musculoskeletal health, but also on the medical cost, efficiency, and optimal performance on activities of daily living. Minimizing ergonomic risk factors through ergonomic intervention for workers is often neglected in many of the countries.

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Musculoskeletal disorders have been identified as an important concern among textile workers. These complaints are related to highly repetitive movements, awkward postures in seated positions, repetitive hand and arm movements, prolonged working hours without adequate breaks and poorly designed work

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of South Korea was an early entrant in Bangladesh, when it established a joint venture on 27 December 1977 with Desh Garments Ltd. making it the first export oriented ready-made garment industry in Bangladesh. After only one year in which 130 Desh supervisors and managers received free training from

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is one of the fastest growing sectors in the Bangladeshi economy, with a growth rate of 55% from 2002 to 2012. Exports of textiles, clothing, and ready-made garments (RMG) accounted for 77% of Bangladesh's total merchandise exports in 2002. By 2005 the (RMG) industry was the only multibillion-dollar

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One of the main concerns after the crises is the structural integrity of RMG and textile factories. The Government of Bangladesh has made changes in this regard. Working with the ILO, the government has upgraded the Chief Inspector of Factories and associated Establishment office to a "department",

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The Alliance for Bangladesh Worker Safety officially began operations in Dhaka on 9 December 2013. It is a five-year independent and legally binding agreement between 26 North American companies that is still being enforced. So far, at least 25 cases have been brought to the alliance for review and

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Other major fires in 1990 and 2012, resulting in hundreds of accidental deaths, included those at That's It Sportswear Limited and the fire at Tazreen Fashions Ltd. Spectrum Sweater Industries, Phoenix Garments, Smart Export Garments, Garib and Garib, Matrix Sweater, KTS Composite Textile Mills and

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Moreover, workers experience excessive hand work that involves gripping and pinching with the arm in constrained postures which causes wrist pain. Sewing machine operators are involve in highly repetitive movements of the elbows and wrists. Researchers have found that doing activities for stitching

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After more than a century of industrial experience and development of national regulation and international conventions, workers in Bangladesh continue to lose their health and lives while contributing in the national enrichment. The scenario becomes worse when it comes to women workers. The female

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Post-liberation war, Bangladesh continued to focus on the agricultural sector to feed its rural and poor masses. Even in 1978, there were only nine "export-oriented" garment manufacturing units. That same year the first direct export of garments, 10,000 shirts to a Parisian firm, was shipped from a

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The overwhelming majority of workers, about two-thirds, in the textile and garment industries of Bangladesh are women. In fact, the birth of the industry essentially created the entryway for a "whole generation of young, unmarried females, mainly from rural areas, into the industrial labor force."

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on five sandblasting factories. They found workers inside poorly ventilated factories being exposed to respirable silica dust 20 times that of the recommended safety levels. This case study followed a sample of sandblasters from these factories, with a mean age of 23, and an employment duration of

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Many textile factories in Bangladesh often compromise worker health and safety because of the tough pressure from the ordering companies to make tight deadlines. Management will often push workers in order to ensure that an order is fulfilled. This poses a problem as workers have almost no avenues

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However, women workers face problems. Most women come from low income families. Low wage of women workers and their compliance have enabled the industry to compete with the world market. Women are paid far less than men mainly due to their lack of education. Women are reluctant to unionize because

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The structure of gender participation in the economy underwent a major shift with the rise of the ready-made garment industry in Bangladesh. Estimates from the World Bank put the number of female workers in the industry in the 1980s at 50,000; that number was brought up to 2.85 million by 2008 and

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Subcontracting is a major component of the RMG industry in Bangladesh. Many Western companies contract different factories, only requesting that certain quotas be met at certain times. Companies prefer subcontracting because the degree of separation presumably removes them of liability of wage and

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started functioning in 2000 and was affiliated to the National University, Bangladesh in 2001. BUFT is conducting a two-year MBA course in Apparel Merchandising and a four-year B.Sc. (Hons) course in Apparel Manufacture & Technology (AMT), B.Sc. (Hons) in Knitwear Manufacture & Technology

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The export of ready-made garments (RMG) increased from US$ 3.5 million in 1981 to $ 10.7 billion in 2007. Apparel exports grew, but initially, the ready-made garments RMG industry was not adequately supported by the growth up and down the domestic supply chain (e.g., spinning, weaving, knitting,

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In 1972, the World Bank approximated the gross domestic product (GDP) of Bangladesh at US$ 6.29 billion, and it grew to $ 368 billion by 2021, with $ 46 billion of that generated by exports, 82% of which was ready-made garments. As of 2016 Bangladesh held the 2nd place in producing garments just

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reflected on the country’s development, with the article "What’s next for Bangladesh’s garment industry, after a decade of growth?". The consulting firm affirms Bangladesh's textile sector will need to innovate, upgrade, and diversify, investing in flexibility, worker welfare, infrastructure and

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As of June 2014, efforts to improve safety were being coordinated under "an unprecedented comprehensive "Accord on Fire and Building Safety" ... Around 180 companies - mostly from Europe - international and local trade unions, Bangladeshi employers, exporters and government are part of this

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labor violations. It also makes it easier to distribute production across a variety of sources. The majority of the four million workers in the garment sector are women. There has also been notable progress in the rate of female entrepreneurship, particularly in smaller boutique-type industries.

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The garment industry has been praised by many as a major contributor to poverty reduction in Bangladesh. Proponents of this view argue that entry-level wages were enough to keep workers above the local poverty line, even if they were paid much less than other textile and garment factory workers

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Even though there are labor laws maintaining occupational health and safety, the overall standards are low due to the laxity of labor laws enforcement, and the owners not taking responsibility for maintaining and optimizing working conditions. The foremost initiative is the establishment of the

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report, that the WTO's Multi Fibre Arrangement, the Agreement on Textiles and Clothing (ATC), phase-out would shut down the textile and clothing (T&C) industry, the Bangladesh textile sector actually grew tremendously after 2004 and reached an export turnover of US$ 10.7 billion in FY 2007.

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brands. Sixty percent of the export contracts of Western brands are with European buyers and about thirty percent with American buyers and ten percent to others. Only 5% of textile factories are owned by foreign investors, with most of the production being controlled by local investors. In the

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Mohammad Yunus and Tatsufumi Yamagata, researchers in international development, state that "the garment industry was the main driver of the globalization of Bangladesh". Throughout the 1980s and continuing into modern day, the increase in total exports matched the increase in garment exports,

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Scott Nova of the Worker Rights Consortium, a rights advocacy group, claimed that auditors, some of whom were paid by the factories they inspect, sometimes investigated workers right issues such as hours or child labor but did not properly inspect factories’ structural soundness or fire safety

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Workstation design is important to reduce awkward posture for the neck, back and shoulders. The sewing machine table, chair and paddle positions should be adjusted considering the worker's body height in a sitting position. Sewing machine table heights should be adjusted between 10 cm and

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was second largest ready-made garments (RMG) manufacturer after China, by the next five years Bangladesh will become the largest ready-made garments manufacturer. Bangladesh was the sixth largest exporter of apparel in the world after China, the EU, Hong Kong, Turkey and India in 2006. In 2006

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Bangladesh, like many other textile hubs worldwide, needs to make a fundamental shift toward a demand-driven and more sustainable sourcing model. There is an increasing consumer demand for environmentally friendly products, and concerns about climate change are shedding a light on the country

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such as work environment hazards, physical hazards and mental hazards. The work environment hazards include long working hours, absence of leave facilities, congested and overcrowded working conditions, absence of health facilities and safety measures, absence of staff amenities, lack of safe

372:, but had exceptions, most notably the state of Bangladesh. Entrepreneurs from quota-restricted countries like South Korea began "quota hopping" seeking quota-free countries that could become quota-free manufacturing sites. The export-oriented readymade garment industry emerged at this time. 718:

Up to the mid-1990s there was little evidence available that suggested that improvement involving ergonomics principles have been implemented in garment factories in South East Asia. Even though, solutions such as work surface modification and the adoption of adjustable chairs have been well

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in Bangladesh. It graduated from a college to a full-flagged university on 22 December 2010 by an ordinance of Education Ministry. It has a glorious history starting as a weaving school under British colonial rule in 1921. Now the university offers graduation courses in Textile Engineering,

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In 2021, Bangladesh ranked 97 out of 115 countries in the World Economic Forum's Energy Transition Index. Like other emerging and developing Asian countries, Bangladesh has a fast transition rate compared to other regions but still needs to improve, and it will require strong investments in

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A limitation on poverty reduction effects provided by the textile industry is the obvious work hazards associated with working in a factory. Welfare of garment workers is compromised by "long working hours, insufficient sanitation and medical facilities, dust and heat, as well as abuse and

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As of 2000, garment entrepreneurs had a reputation for bribery, shirking custom duties, evading corporate taxes, making inadequate long-term investments in the industry, and avoiding social projects such as education, healthcare, and disaster relief that would benefit their workers and the

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On 9 May 2013 eight people were killed when a fire broke out at a textile factory in an eleven-story building in the Mirpur industrial district owned by Tung Hai Group, a large garment exporter. The president of the politically powerful textile industry lobby group, the Bangladesh Garment

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There are government and private textile engineering colleges under universities that offer B.Sc. in Textile Engineering courses including specialization in yarn manufacturing, fabric manufacturing, wet processing, garments manufacturing and fashion design. The institutions are as below:

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Approximately 29.3% of women in this sector are illiterate and many suggest that this is a better alternative to other options they may have. However, use of these women is seen as a justification for low wages (the national minimum was $ 37 a month before the Rana Plaza collapse).

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In 1985 the US and Canada actually imposed import quotas of their own, with no international agreement, on Bangladeshi textiles. However, Bangladesh was able to meet demand for every quota each year and was able to successfully negotiate for higher quotas for subsequent years.

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Chan, J; Janowitz, I; Lashuay, N; Stern, A; Fong, K; Harrison, R (2002). "Preventing musculoskeletal disorders in garment workers: Preliminary results regarding ergonomics risk factors and proposed interventions among sewing machine operators in the San Francisco bay area".

572:. This number may have been as high as 15 million children. In 1993 employers in Bangladesh' ready-made garment (RMG) industry dismissed 50,000 children (c. 75 percent of child workers in the textile industry) out of fear of economic reprisals of the imminent passage of the 530:

as the main contributor to the industry's growth in Bangladesh. Some Bangladeshi companies have purchased machinery and technology to increase efficiency, such as computerized cutting and spreading machinery, sewing machines, and barcode-enable inventory management systems.

890:, and retailers to respond by using their economic weight to enact change. No factory owner had ever been prosecuted over the deaths of workers. This changed with 41 murder charges filed relating to the 1,129 deaths which occurred during the 2013 Savar building collapse. 1003:(ISC), a U.S.-based nonprofit. In December 2013, factory owner Delwar Hossain and 12 other factory officials were charged with "culpable homicide" for the deaths in the factory fire. It was likely the first time any garment factory owner in Bangladesh had been charged. 194:

that restricted imports of Bengali cotton cloth to Britain. Britain imported raw cotton from Bengal, without taxes or tariffs, for British factories, which used it to manufacture textiles, many of which were exported back to Bengal. British economic policies led to

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is an often-fatal lung disease caused by the exposure to respirable silica dust. Silicosis often leads to more severe lung diseases such as; lung cancer, Bronchitis, and Tuberculosis. In 2003, Turkish investigators performed and published a case study in the

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It was the "world's deadliest industrial accident" since the Bhopal disaster in India in 1984. While some 2,500 were rescued from the rubble including many who were injured, the total number of those missing remained unknown weeks later. The building owner,

339:, 80 percent of American and European clothing companies planned to move their outsourcing from China, where wages had risen, and were considering Bangladesh as the "next hot spot" making it the "next China" offering 'the lowest price possible' known as the 490:

Since the early 1990s, the knit section expanded mainly producing and exporting shirts, T-shirts, trousers, sweaters and jackets. In 2006, 90 percent of Bangladesh's total earnings from garment exports came from its exports to the United States and Europe.

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violations. Nova argued that the cost of compliance to safety standards in all 5,000 clothing factories in Bangladesh is about $ 3 billion (2013). Immediately following 24 April deadly industrial accident, Mahbub Ahmed, the top civil servant in

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carry clothes and material (picture), reducing height difference to move materials manually, eliminating tasks requiring bending or twisting etc. This will prevent the workers to carry heavy loads manually and reduce back pains or muscle sprain.

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Bangladeshi firm. The Bangladeshi government began to realize potential for the industry to flourish and offered development stimulus such as "duty-free import machinery and raw materials, bonded warehouse facilities and cash incentives."

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has been part of the trade versus aid debate. The encouragement of the garment industry of Bangladesh as an open trade regime is argued to be a much more effective form of assistance than foreign aid. Tools such as quotas through the WTO

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industry in Bangladesh by capturing and directing post-production fashion waste back into the production of new fashion products. The initiative is led by Global Fashion Agenda, with the participation of brands and retailers such as

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The results of surveys varied on the demographics and size of the ready-made garments industry at the time of the Harkin Bill. One study estimated that there were 600,000 workers in the industry., BGMEA estimate was c. 800,000. The

57:(RMG) accounted for 77% of Bangladesh's total merchandise exports. Emerging as the world's second-largest exporter of ready-made garment (RMG) products, Bangladesh significantly bolstered employment within the manufacturing sector. 659:

Garment workers have protested against their low wages. The first protests broke out in 2006, and since then, there have been periodic protests by the workers. This has forced the government to increase minimum wages of workers.

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were the most export-oriented sectors. But with the constant threat of flooding, declining jute fiber prices and a significant decrease in world demand, the contribution of the jute sector to the country's economy deteriorated.

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documented, anecdotal information shows that there has been no improvement. The following recommendations can be implemented as solutions to reduce burden of musculoskeletal disorders among worker in the garment industries:

5640: 810:. Ingestion of potassium permanganate causes severe nausea and diarrhea and lastly, some rare cases, chronic exposure to potassium permanganate could adversely affect the liver and kidneys and may even decrease fertility. 277:

participation. The 1974 New Investment Policy restored the rights to both private and foreign investors. Bangladesh's development model switched from a state-sponsored capitalist mode of industrial development with mainly

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On 14 December 2010 thirty people died and another 200 were seriously injured in a fire at the garment factory, "That's It Sportswear Ltd", owned by Hameem Group. International buyers of this factories products included

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also have played a role in the growth of the Bangladeshi garment industry, as the country's garment exports are mainly concentrated in the United States and the European Union. Alam and Natsuda found that during the

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In addition, international pressure from human rights organizations, labor organizations, NGOs, and consumers from Western nations pushed corporate retailers to play a larger role in protecting worker safety. The

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financial year 2016-2017 the RMG industry generated US$ 28.14 billion, which was 80.7% of the total export earnings in exports and 12.36% of the GDP; the industry was also taking on green manufacturing practices.

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Alam, Shafiul; Alam, Rabiul; Islam, Manirul; Salek, Amin (February 2017). "Pattern of Injuries and Treatment Given to Victims of Rana Plaza Tragedy in a Level II Armed Forces Medical Facility in Bangladesh".

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became the main export sector and a major source of foreign exchange starting in 1980, and exported about US$ 5 billion in 2002. In 1980 an export processing zone was officially established in at the port of

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journalist by August 2012 the garment or textile industry which exports worth $ 18 billion a year, accounted for "80 percent of manufacturing exports and more than three million jobs". According to the 2014

702:. Even though some factories have sewing machines tables with height adjustability options 70 – 80 cm, workers rarely or never adjusted them because it takes between 10 and 15 minutes to adjust them. 4881: 2247: 6329: 735:

Since lack of knowledge about occupational diseases are found to be related with high musculoskeletal disorders, providing training to both employers and employees is a great way to address those issues.

5610: 2614: 6513: 6508: 6877: 6865: 6637: 6119: 5129: 1847: 4303:

Gottesfeld, P; Nicas, M; Kephart, J; Balakrishnan, K; Rinehart, R (2008). "Reduction of Respirable Silica Following the Introduction of Water Spray Application in Indian Stone Crusher Mills".

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A fire broke out on 24 November 2012, in the Tazreen Fashion factory in Dhaka killing 117 people and injuring 200. It was the deadliest factory fire in the history of Bangladesh. According to

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By 1981, 300 textile companies, many small ones had been denationalized often returned to their original owners. In 1982, shortly after coming to power following a bloodless coup, President

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Five deadly incidents from November 2012 through May 2013 brought worker safety and labor violations in Bangladesh to world attention putting pressure on big global clothing brands such as

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Until FY 1994, Bangladesh's ready-made garments (RMG) industry was mostly dependent on imported fabrics - the Primary Textile Sector (PTS) was not producing the necessary fabrics and yarn.

5670: 2995: 368:(MFA) in the North American market ensured that trade in textiles and garments remained the most regulated in the world. Among other things the MFA set quotas on garments exports from the 5520: 753:

Bangladeshi leather industry. About 0.5 million residents of the Bangladesh capital, Dhaka are at risk of serious health issues due to chemical pollution from tanneries near their homes.

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In June 2015 after a two-year investigation homicide charges were filed against 42 people in the 2013 collapse of a factory Rana Plaza that killed more than 1,136 people in April 2013.

340: 6653: 6604: 6244: 6199: 5318: 4988: 6848: 6751: 6169: 6164: 6059: 4639: 5632: 484:

As the above table shows, the market shares for Bangladeshi textiles in the US and both textiles and clothing in the European Union have changed during the time period of the ATC.

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These popular books published in 2002 along with the Rhee 1990 journal article have contributed to making the phenomenal growth of the garment industry in Bangladesh widely known.

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Masilamani, Retneswari; Rasib, Abdul; Darus, Azlan; Su Ting, Anselm (2014). "Noise-Induced Hearing Loss and Associated Factors Among Vector Control Workers in a Malaysian State".

776: 5212: 4606: 6838: 6375: 6254: 6249: 5384: 6319: 6269: 6204: 6194: 6094: 5284: 3682: 6498: 6294: 6209: 6189: 6074: 6064: 5454: 6977: 6239: 6174: 6154: 6144: 6104: 6089: 6084: 4666: 2849: 6380: 6299: 6259: 6234: 6214: 6149: 2000: 1219:(USGBC) project in Bangladesh, there were 20 Gold, 13 Platinum, and 5 (five) Silver-certified RMG factories while around 78 factories were in the certification process. 667:

The lackluster enforcement of any safety mechanisms creates hazardous working conditions and negligible workers' rights even though Bangladesh has been a member of the

6219: 6184: 6139: 6134: 1037: 1272:. The school is a partnership between the "Bangladesh Textile Mills Association" and the Government of Bangladesh Ministry of Textiles and Jute. It provides B.Sc. in 6882: 6583: 6528: 5477: 4754: 4599:"31 die in Bangladesh factory fire as brands do too little, too late: Another garment factory fire in Bangladesh has left 31 workers dead and 200 seriously injured" 3987:

Habib, M (2015). "Ergonomic risk factor identification for sewing machine operators through supervised occupational therapy fieldwork in Bangladesh: A case study".

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Begum, N. (2001). "Enforcement of Safety Regulations in the Garment Sector of Bangladesh: Growth of Garment Industry in Bangladesh, Economic and Social Dimension".

6680: 6675: 614:, the Bangladeshi garments and textile industry still employs underage children as effective governmental measures are taking considerable time to be implemented. 548:

and clothing industries face several challenges that make access to their textile and clothing products unstable, such as a weak government and political turmoil.

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stations. These risk factors result in adverse health outcomes of the workers such as musculoskeletal complaints of neck, back, hands, shoulders and lower limbs.

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Furthermore, more than 1,500 Bangladeshi companies are certified by the Global Organic Textile Standard, the second highest number in any country in the world.

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agenda, for example through the Circular Fashion Partnership. The Circular Fashion Partnership is a cross-sectorial project to support the development of the

5120:"Bangladeshi Police Charge 42 With Homicide for 2013 Garment Factory Collapse: Rana Plaza collapse outside Dhaka killed more than 1,136 people in April 2013" 3820:"Work Stress: Its Components And Its Association With Self-Reported Health Outcomes In A Garment Factory In Bangladesh—Findings From A Cross-Sectional Study" 1081:(GSP), were suspended following the deadly 24 April 2013 collapse of Rana Plaza, considered to be the global garment industry's worst accident. In 2007, the 610: 403:

introduced the New Industrial Policy (NPI), most significant move in the privatization process, which denationalized much of the textile industry, created

4575: 3943:"The risk of developing repetitive stress injury in seamstresses, in the clothing industry, under the perspective of ergonomic work analysis: A case study" 3112: 706:

that involves wrist flexion of more than 45° wrist extension 10-12 times per minute, put the worker at higher risk of developing wrist and elbow problems.

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Mahmood, S.A. (2002). "How the Bangladesh garment Industry took off in the early eighties: The role of policy reforms and diffusion of good practices".

7846: 5119: 2878: 1323: 1239: 585: 3412: 3379: 1839: 4228:

Iram, L, Mohammad, A, Arshad, R and Arshad, N. "Exposure to Textile Chemicals leads to Microcytic Anemia and Hypersensitivity in Textile Workers.",

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Department of Labor (14 May 1994). Interview with Mr. Redwan Ahmed, President, Bangladesh Garment Manufacturers and Exporters Association (Report).

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Ansary, Mehedi; Barua, Uttama (2015). "Workplace safety compliance of RMG industry in Bangladesh: Structural assessment of RMG factory buildings".

1754: 1461: 1371: 1332: 1101: 1090: 6419: 5248: 3740: 781:

three years. When the study concluded, over one third of the sandblasters had lab-confirmed silicosis and two workers had died during the study.

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Yunus, Mohammad; Yamagata, Tatsufumi (2014). "Bangladesh: Market Force Supersedes Control". In Fukunishi, Takahiro; Yamagata, Tatsufumi (eds.).

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Yunus, Mohammad; Yamagata, Tatsufumi (2014). "Bangladesh: Market Force Supersedes Control". In Fukunishi, Takahiro; Yamagata, Tatsufumi (eds.).

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Yunus, Mohammad; Yamagata, Tatsufumi (2014). "Bangladesh: Market Force Supersedes Control". In Fukunishi, Takahiro; Yamagata, Tatsufumi (eds.).

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Yunus, Mohammad; Yamagata, Tatsufumi (2014). "Bangladesh: Market Force Supersedes Control". In Fukunishi, Takahiro; Yamagata, Tatsufumi (eds.).

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Md. Samsul Alam and Kaoru Natsuda's survey of Bangladeshi garment firms, conducted in 2012, found that they almost unanimously credited the low

8768: 8688: 8073: 5512: 4380: 1342: 5574: 5348: 3818:

Steinisch, Maria; Yusuf, Rita; Li, Jian; Rahman, Omar; Ashraf, Hasan M.; Strümpell, Christian; Fischer, Joachim E.; Loerbroks, Adrian (2013).

1655: 211:, were largely owned by West Pakistanis. During that period, in the 1960s, local Bengali entrepreneurs had set up their own large textile and 6972: 6493: 4980: 4629: 3503: 2078: 1533: 5310: 4502:

Salehin, S. K. M.; Islam, K. M. N.; Alam, M. S.; Hossain, M. M. (2014). "Industrial Noise Levels in Bangladesh; is Worker Health at Risk?".

7871: 5731: 5423: 1974: 1352: 1251: 564:

Of the millions of wage earning children in Bangladesh in 1990, almost all of them worked in the ready-made garment industry. Based on the

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factories. Following its separation from West Pakistan, the newly formed Bangladesh lost access to both capital and technical expertise.

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Lorch, Klaus (1991). "Privatization Through Private Sale: The Bangladeshi Textile Industry". In Ravi Ramarmurti; Raymond Vernon (eds.).

1948: 8045: 7994: 7909: 7724: 6685: 5196: 4598: 1433: 1304: 510:

The United States introduced the Tariff Relief Assistance for Developing Economies Act of 2009 designated Bangladesh as one of the 14

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is a technique used on denim to give the garment a worn look. The sand that is used is often composed of 95% quartz and 15% feldspar.

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was founded in 1765. British colonization forced open the Bengali market to British goods, while at the same time Britain implemented

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Caleca, Alexandra Rose. "The Effects Of Globalization On Bangladesh's Ready-Made Garment Industry: The High Cost Of Cheap Clothing".

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reported that in 1994 females constituted about "90 percent of all adult workers, and roughly 60 percent of all child workers."

7963: 7635: 7615: 7552: 7505: 7012: 2841: 5544:"Social Sustainability In Developing Country Suppliers An Exploratory Study In The Ready Made Garments Industry of Bangladesh" 4372: 4349: 3292: 1993: 1187:

The garment industry not only gives support to the economic status of the neglected women but also gives them a social status.

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Alam, Md. Samsul; Natsuda, Kaoru (2016). "The competitive factors of the Bangladeshi garment industry in the post-MFA era".

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Naila Kabeer and Simeen Mahmud. "Rags, Riches and Women Workers: Export – oriented Garment Manufacturing in Bangladesh."

1619: 8460: 8145: 8034: 7932: 6786: 3897:

Bhowmik, Bishwajit, et al. "Obesity And Associated Type 2 Diabetes And Hypertension In Factory Workers Of Bangladesh."

1412: 5692: 5022: 4938: 4395:

New Jersey Department of Health and Senior Service. Hazardous Substance Fact Sheet: Potassium Permanganate. March 1986

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Industrial Production Engineering, Textile Management & Fashion design,Textile Machinery Design & Maintenance.

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Rhee, Yung Whee (1990). "The Catalyst Model of Development: Lessons form Bangladesh's Success with Garment Exports".

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Adams, AM; Hutton, WC (September 1983). "The effect of posture on the fluid content of lumbar intervertebral discs".

2156: 1455: 1449: 1439: 1401: 1317: 1228: 1112: 1078: 895: 852: 668: 227: 7515: 3442: 2244: 2175:

About the Country Studies / Area Handbooks Program: Country Studies - Federal Research Division, Library of Congress

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Ullah, Anam (2015). "Is Neoliberal Globalization Grief For Labour? An Experience Of Bangladeshi Garment Industry".

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CSR in Private Enterprises in Developing Countries: Evidences From the Ready-made Garments Industry in Bangladesh

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Uddin, Mohammad Nazim (October 2014). "Role of Ready-Made Garment Sector in Economic Development of Bangladesh".

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and the United States are the biggest importers of Bangladeshi garments, making up 88.6% of export destinations.

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The sector’s participation in new industry initiatives regarding climate change and circularity has advanced the

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In March 2021, 10 years after their report "Bangladesh's ready-made garments landscape: the challenge of growth"

565: 4206:

Puvaneswari, M, J Muthukrishnan and P Gunasekaran. "Toxicity assessment and microbial degradation of azo dyes".

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Dhooge, Lucien J. (2016). "The Shirts On Our Backs: Teleological Perspectives On Factory Safety In Bangladesh".

3654: 3097: 8595: 8385: 8354: 8349: 8262: 8208: 8125: 8083: 8040: 7919: 7859: 7803: 7652: 7642: 7125: 7000: 6761: 6427: 4149:

Ahasn MR, Partanen T, lee K. "Occupational health and safety in the third world-a simple case of neglect". In:

4099:"An ergonomic study of women workers in a woolen textile factory for identification of health-related problems" 2207: 2177: 1795: 1508: 1483: 1427: 7876: 6624: 4904: 4808: 3922:

Ahmad, A.; et al. (2007). "Musculoskeletal disorders and ergonomics factors among the garments workers".

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Bhattacharya, D.; Rahman, M (2001). "Bangladesh's Apparel sector: Growth trends and the Post-MFA challenges".

2786:"Corporate Social Responsibility Oriented Compliances and SMEs Access to Global Market as First-tier Supplier" 1911: 999:, Environment, Health and Safety Academy (EHS+) to improve fire safety in RMG factories in Bangladesh by the 835:

In an effort to eliminate underlying problems and avoid further deadly tragedies in the RMG factories in 2010

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policies in the garments factories and monitor them by a committee represented by both employers and employee.

8758: 8668: 8663: 8633: 8560: 8455: 8287: 8282: 7851: 7510: 6129: 5370: 5208: 1094: 2889: 1643: 407:(EPZs) and encouraged direct foreign investment. Under the New Industrial Policy (NPI) 33 jute mills and 27 8257: 8175: 8170: 7881: 7830: 7778: 7672: 7667: 7657: 7500: 6929: 6224: 5934: 5023:"The Ready-Made Garment Industry: An Analysis of Bangladesh's Labor Law Provisions After the Savar Tragedy" 4939:"The Effects of Globalization on Bangladesh's Ready-Made Garment Industry: The High Cost of Cheap Clothing" 4839: 3404: 3371: 2336:"Cotton textiles and the great divergence: Lancashire, India and shifting competitive advantage, 1600-1850" 1082: 7024: 4153:, ed. By Sohn JY, Proc. Of the 5th International Congress on Physiological Anthropology, Seoul:pp. 247-252 4070:

Sarder, B; Imrhan, SN; Mandahawi, N (2006). "Ergonomic workplace evaluation of an Asian garment-factory".

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indicating that this sector is responsible for a significant portion of Bangladesh's economic growth. The

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Spinning the Chain: Lost in the Queue: International Restructuring and Bangladesh Women Garment Workers

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and PNC in Europe market." In February 2010 a deadly fire at the "Garib and Garib" factory killed 22.

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Remi Holdings highest scoring LEED-certified Garment factories in Bangladesh and highest in the world.

8329: 8275: 8220: 7942: 7495: 7453: 7420: 6791: 6729: 6614: 6518: 6124: 6114: 6099: 3163: 2467: 2167: 1216: 908: 848: 766: 651: 343:, the hallmark of China's incredibly cheap, ubiquitous manufacturers, much "dreaded by competitors." 262: 235: 5874: 1785:

Reproductive Health and Rights is Fundamental for Sound Economic Development and Poverty Alleviation

1571: 8433: 8022: 8000: 7753: 7542: 7532: 7465: 7385: 7370: 7137: 6843: 6818: 6796: 6051: 6029: 5543: 5369:

Porter, Cristina M.. International Labor Grants: U.S. Management and Monitoring Efforts. New York:

5340: 3597:. Global Trade Regime and Women Employment: Dynamics, Dilemmas and Downturns. Dhaka. Archived from 2713:

Rahim, Mia Mahmudur (2013). "Legal Regulation of 'Decent Work': Evidence from Two Big Industries".

1108: 1026: 1019: 840: 219: 168: 53:

are the principal source of foreign exchange earnings. By 2002 exports of textiles, clothing, and

3507: 2056: 851:'s office to complete its review of Bangladesh's compliance with eligibility requirements for the 8580: 8515: 8450: 8443: 8342: 7971: 7797: 7766: 7620: 7603: 6914: 6766: 6009: 5124: 1169: 568:

Labor Force Survey estimated there were about 5.7 million 10- to 14-year-old children engaged in

541: 511: 423: 404: 400: 381: 365: 279: 5904: 5723: 5415: 2816: 8585: 8477: 8319: 8299: 8088: 8068: 8027: 8005: 7740: 7694: 7630: 6919: 6813: 6523: 5844: 4523:

Entrepreneurs and Economic Development: The Remarkable Story of Garment Exports from Bangladesh

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Uddin, Anam. "Garment Industry in Bangladesh: An Era of Globalization and Neo-Liberalization".

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Fernandes, Leela. Routledge Handbook of Gender in South Asia. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge, 2014.

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trades during the 16th to 18th centuries. During the Mughal era, the most important center of

42:

The textile and clothing industries provide a single source of growth in Bangladesh's rapidly

8718: 8711: 8678: 8492: 8309: 8304: 8292: 8187: 8113: 8015: 7790: 7560: 7395: 7080: 7072: 6909: 6739: 6708: 6668: 6599: 6457: 4701:"Improving Social Responsibility in RMG Industries Through a New Governance Approach in Laws" 4634: 3558: 2885: 2348: 2277: 1944: 1308:(KMT) and B.Sc. (Hons) in Fashion Design & Technology (FDT). It has some diploma courses. 1132: 336: 265:

in 1974, one million people died, mainly of starvation caused in part by the flooding of the

247: 46: 4168:"Ergonomic strategies for improving working conditions in some developing countries in Asia" 2572: 2566:

Competitiveness of the Bangladesh Ready-made Garment Industry in Major International Markets

964: 8530: 8472: 8467: 8225: 7987: 7270: 6833: 6771: 6609: 2684: 1473: 699: 2057:"Export Competitiveness of Bangladesh Readymade Garments Sector: Challenges and Prospects" 1813: 631:

factory owners threaten to fire them. Even though trade unionization is banned inside the

8: 8727: 8565: 8555: 8535: 8520: 8482: 8428: 7947: 7904: 7575: 7202: 6934: 6924: 6828: 6554: 6349: 6022: 3547:

AAFLI Bangladesh Report at 9 (Report). Asian-American Free Labor Institute (AAFLI). 1994.

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Global restructuring processes, including two non-market factors, such as quotas under

351: 302: 175: 54: 43: 3838: 3819: 3635:"The Rise of the Bangladesh Garment Industry: Globalization, Women Workers, and Voice" 3223: 3164:"The Global Textile and Clothing Industry post the Agreement on Textiles and Clothing" 2636: 294: 8732: 8683: 8525: 8062: 7585: 7400: 7390: 7334: 7110: 6690: 6404: 6004: 5997: 5984: 5967: 5963:

The Elusive Quest for Growth: Economists' Adventures and Misadventures in the Tropics

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The Elusive Quest for Growth: Economists' Adventures and Misadventures in the Tropics

2812: 2745: 2722: 2412: 2387: 2335: 2314: 2287: 1784: 1499: 1487: 1477: 1286: 1156: 369: 266: 231: 183: 179: 5181: 4485: 4437: 4332: 4053: 3786:"Global Women's Work: Historical Perspectives on the Textile and Garment Industries" 2432:

Spinanger, Dean (1986). "Will the Multi-fibre Arrangement Keep Bangladesh Humble?".

1032: 167:. Bengal produced more than 50% of textiles and around 80% of silks imported by the 8658: 8540: 8421: 8200: 8010: 7565: 7537: 7329: 7302: 7197: 6713: 6544: 5993: 5558: 5161: 4722: 4712: 4465: 4417: 4369: 4346: 4312: 4270: 4179: 4122: 4112: 4033: 3996: 3954: 3872: 3833: 3824: 3766: 3345: 3284: 2989:

Rags, Riches and Women Workers: Export-oriented Garment Manufacturing in Bangladesh

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after China. Bangladesh is the world's second-largest apparel exporter of Western

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Textile exports from Bangladesh to the United States did increase by 10% in 2009.

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Finance and Society in 21st Century China: Chinese Culture Versus Western Markets

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The role of textile and clothing industries in growth and development strategies

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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.

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More than 80% of the labor force in garment factories in Bangladesh are female.

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Fuente, Adrian; Hickson, Louise (2011). "Noise-induced hearing loss in Asia".

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Another popular chemical involved in an alternate sandblasting technique is

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Mosk, Matthew; Galli, Cindy; Ross, Brian; Schone, Mark (9 April 2012).

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T-shirt quality checking in a ready made garment factory of Bangladesh

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The End of Textiles Quotas: A Case Study of the Impact on Bangladesh

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Safe and healthy working conditions of Garment workers in Bangladesh

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1974 the Multi Fibre Arrangement (MFA) and the Daewoo of South Korea

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Bangladesh's ready-made garments landscape; the challenge of growth

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Hossain, Md. Sajib; Kabir, Rashedul; Latifee, Enamul Hafiz (2019).

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An Introduction to the Bangladesh Clothing Manufacturing Industry

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Bangladesh Garment Manufacturers and Exporters Association report

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are the finished textile product from clothing factories and the

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in 1971, the textile sector was primarily part of the process of

5385:"Fighting for Bangladesh Labor, and Ending Up in Pauper's Grave" 3617:

Proceedings of a National Seminar on Ready-made Garment Industry

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Proceedings of a National Seminar on Ready-made Garment Industry

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International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science

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From 1947 to 1971 the textile industry, like most industries in

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McKinsey report (2011): Bangladesh as next hot spot, next China

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International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health

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National Institute of Textile Engineering and Research (NITER)

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Tariff Relief Assistance for Developing Economies Act of 2009

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that "the Bangladeshi managing director of the company and a

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Huq, Fahian Anisul; Stevenson, Mark; Zorzini, Marta (2014).

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The Innovation Journal: The Public Sector Innovation Journal

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According to a 2011 report by international consulting firm

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Journal of Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness

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Hossain, Md. Sajib; Latifee, Enamul Hafiz (6 August 2017).

1912:"Bangladesh urges no harsh EU measures over factory deaths" 239: 212: 140: 1260:, is a Public Private Partnership (PPP) textile school in 1038:

Bangladesh Garment Manufacturers and Exporters Association

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announced that U.S. trade privileges for Bangladesh, the

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Nasrullah, Nakib Muhammad; Rahim, Mia Mahmudur (2014).

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Trench coat production in a ready made garments factory

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Machinery in a washing factory for ready made garments.

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CCC, the International Labour Rights Forum (ILRF), the

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During Designer's Visit at liaison office in Bangladesh

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were privatized and returned to their original owners.

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National Institute of Textile Engineering and Research

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Manufacturers and Exporters Association (BGMEA), told

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List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor

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fabric processing, and the accessories industries).

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Bangladesh: Child Labor in Export Industry: Garment

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Exports of textiles and 27:Textile arts of Bangladesh 24: 18: 8705: 8594: 8491: 8397: 8393: 8384: 8253:Natural gas and petroleum 8121: 8112: 7958: 7752: 7748: 7739: 7611: 7602: 7551: 7486: 7454:Bangladesh Liberation War 7345: 7241: 7160: 7156: 7088: 7079: 6991: 6950: 6722: 6701: 6646: 6623: 6592: 6537: 6514:Foreign exchange reserves 6509:Foreign direct investment 6464: 6389: 6348: 6308: 6050: 4718:10.1007/s10551-016-3131-9 3877:10.1080/10473220252826547 3096:Momen, Md. Nurul (2007). 2744:. Springer. p. 167. 2466:Momen, Md. Nurul (2007). 2266:. Retrieved 3 August 2017 2168:Federal Research Division 1293:in coordination with the 1268:in coordination with the 1217:US Green Building Council 1144:manufacturing processes. 849:U.S. Trade Representative 512:least developed countries 8023:President Guard Regiment 7533:Bangladesh Rifles revolt 7441:General election in 1970 7386:Prime Minister of Bengal 6110:East Timor (Timor-Leste) 6045:Textile industry in Asia 5195:Molla, Md Tuhin (2012). 4422:10.1177/1010539512444776 4317:10.1179/oeh.2008.14.2.94 4185:10.2486/indhealth.37.187 3905:Academic Search Complete 2613:. Ishwardi, Bangladesh. 2264:World History in Context 2250:18 November 2022 at the 1798:. Retrieved 9 June 2009. 1494:University of South Asia 1109:Government of Bangladesh 1007:Rana Plaza collapse 2013 841:Worker Rights Consortium 220:liberation of Bangladesh 171:from Asia, for example. 8516:Bangladeshi nationalism 8270:Export Processing Zones 6371:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 5125:The Wall Street Journal 5021:Rubya, Tamanna (2014). 4375:29 October 2016 at the 4352:30 October 2017 at the 4118:10.4103/0019-5278.40810 3258:The Hindu Business Line 3021:"History of Desh Group" 2074:10.20525/ijrbs.v8i3.205 2042:10.5742/MEJB.2015.92640 1697:Metal button production 1297:. It provides B.Sc. in 1170:Recover Textile Systems 1073:In June 2013 President 714:Policy and intervention 542:Multi-Fibre Arrangement 405:export processing zones 401:Hussain Muhammad Ershad 382:Multi Fibre Arrangement 366:Multi Fibre Arrangement 280:state-owned enterprises 8764:Industry in Bangladesh 8028:Special Security Force 7814:Presidential elections 7695:Chittagong Hill Tracts 7488:Republic of Bangladesh 7461:Provisional Government 7242:Classical and Medieval 6888:Science and technology 6824:Information technology 5098:Clean Clothes Campaign 3784:English, Beth (2013). 3105:The Innovation Journal 2888:. 2011. Archived from 2886:McKinsey & Company 2307:Junie T. Tong (2016). 2127:"World Bank Open Data" 1188: 1133:McKinsey & Company 1057:were among the dead." 997:North South University 837:Clean Clothes Campaign 800:Potassium Permanganate 794:Potassium permanganate 754: 656: 648: 596: 561: 361: 337:McKinsey & Company 307:Bangladeshi RMG Sector 299: 236:founding of Bangladesh 124: 97:Muslin trade in Bengal 39: 8679:Oriental magpie-robin 8238:Energy and resources: 8016:Village Defence Party 6458:Economy of Bangladesh 5728:Global Fashion Agenda 4580:The Financial Express 4276:10.1093/occmed/kqt079 4262:Occupational Medicine 4255:Hobson, John (2013). 3604:on 23 September 2007. 2349:University of Warwick 2105:The Business Standard 1979:The Financial Express 1790:24 March 2012 at the 1186: 1107:In October 2013, the 1055:senior police officer 785:Prevention strategies 752: 654: 646: 594: 559: 466:market share in 2004 449:market share in 1995 364:Starting in 1974 the 359: 297: 248:Sheikh Mujibur Rahman 114: 105:Further information: 37: 8759:Bangladeshi clothing 7933:Forced disappearance 7725:World Heritage Sites 6484:Ministry of Commerce 6285:United Arab Emirates 5697:World Economic Forum 5317:. Associated Press. 4605:. 23 December 2010. 3941:Melo, AS Jr (2012). 3743:4 March 2016 at the 2822:on 22 September 2017 2202:4 April 2023 at the 2159:11 July 2015 at the 2131:World Bank Open Data 1474:Primeasia University 1450:Southeast University 700:ischial tuberosities 7938:Freedom of religion 7905:High Court Division 7804:Election Commission 6686:Savings Certificate 6472:Ministry of Finance 6312:limited recognition 5847:on 28 February 2017 5207:(Second ed.). 5166:10.1017/dmp.2016.82 3685:5 June 2011 at the 3563:Department of Labor 3510:on 31 January 2013. 3465:"World Development" 3169:. WTO Secretariat. 2689:2015IJDRR..14..424A 2165:Library of Congress 1844:www.exportgenius.in 1816:. WTO Secretariat. 1436:, Dhaka, Bangladesh 1320:, Dhaka, Bangladesh 1299:Textile Engineering 1295:University of Dhaka 1291:Textile Engineering 1274:Textile Engineering 1270:University of Dhaka 1266:Textile Engineering 1233:textile engineering 1069:Aftermath of crises 261:In the devastating 197:deindustrialization 80:Everything but Arms 55:ready-made garments 8604:Amar Shonar Bangla 8325:Telecommunications 7431:Six point movement 7376:Bengal Renaissance 7356:Portuguese Bengala 7261:Classical empires: 6900:Telecommunications 6593:Financial services 5451:The New York Times 5389:The New York Times 4878:The New York Times 4751:The New York Times 4635:Women's Wear Daily 4001:10.3233/wor-151991 3900:BMC Research Notes 3771:10.1111/jlse.12052 2922:. Bloomberg News. 2611:The New York Times 2605:(23 August 2012). 2578:on 18 October 2013 2170:(September 1988). 1876:. The Daily Star. 1511:, Dhanmondi, Dhaka 1458:, Dhanmondi, Dhaka 1189: 992:The New York Times 755: 657: 649: 639:Working conditions 597: 562: 522:Effects on exports 518:collapse in 2013. 362: 300: 176:East India Company 125: 40: 8741: 8740: 8701: 8700: 8697: 8696: 8439:Human trafficking 8380: 8379: 8201:Bangladeshi taka 8108: 8107: 8104: 8103: 7877:Upazila Parishads 7867:City corporations 7826:Foreign relations 7821:Political parties 7809:General elections 7735: 7734: 7598: 7597: 7594: 7593: 7421:Language Movement 7401:Direct Action Day 7391:Lahore Resolution 7335:Battle of Plassey 7249:Founding kingdom: 7035: 7034: 6477:Finance ministers 6417: 6416: 6354:other territories 5985:World Development 5973:978-0-262-05065-4 5826:978-1-137-38317-4 5798:978-1-137-38317-4 5773:978-1-137-38317-4 5347:. 5 August 2014. 4532:978-984-05-1501-1 4231:Pakistan J. Zool. 4172:Industrial Health 3903:2015; 8(1): 1-7. 3285:"S. 1141 (111th)" 3208:978-1-4518-9874-3 3148:978-1-137-38317-4 3083:Alochona Magazine 3067:978-0-262-05065-4 2951:Publishers Weekly 2751:978-3-319-02350-2 2434:The World Economy 2418:978-0-313-32967-8 2393:978-0-8213-1863-8 2320:978-1-317-13522-7 2293:978-0-415-64327-6 2224:The Mughal Empire 1649:Blazer production 1577:Fabric Production 1565:Fabric Production 1500:Uttara University 1208:discrimination." 1157:textile recycling 967:, Western Store, 689:Ergonomic hazards 482: 481: 267:Brahmaputra River 232:clothing industry 184:Bengal Presidency 180:Battle of Plassey 8776: 8721: 8714: 8395: 8394: 8391: 8390: 8263:Renewable energy 8209:Financial system 8204: 8196: 8193:Bangladesh Bank 8183:Finance sectors: 8119: 8118: 7920:Attorney General 7860:Local government 7841: 7831:Foreign policies 7750: 7749: 7746: 7745: 7636:Cities and towns 7609: 7608: 7543:Protests in 2013 7538:Battle of Begums 7349:and Pakistan era 7330:Nawabs of Bengal 7303:Bengal Sultanate 7158: 7157: 7086: 7085: 7062: 7055: 7048: 7039: 7038: 7023: 7022: 7011: 7010: 6999: 6998: 6545:Bangladeshi taka 6456: 6455: 6444: 6437: 6430: 6421: 6420: 6407: 6397: 6396: 6366:Christmas Island 6052:Sovereign states 6039: 6032: 6025: 6016: 6015: 6001: 5977: 5947: 5946: 5944: 5942: 5923: 5917: 5916: 5914: 5912: 5893: 5887: 5886: 5884: 5882: 5863: 5857: 5856: 5854: 5852: 5843:. Archived from 5837: 5831: 5830: 5812: 5803: 5802: 5784: 5778: 5777: 5759: 5753: 5750: 5744: 5743: 5741: 5739: 5719: 5713: 5712: 5710: 5708: 5689: 5683: 5682: 5680: 5678: 5659: 5653: 5652: 5650: 5648: 5629: 5623: 5622: 5620: 5618: 5599: 5590: 5589: 5587: 5585: 5579: 5548: 5539: 5533: 5532: 5530: 5528: 5509: 5498: 5497: 5495: 5493: 5473: 5467: 5466: 5464: 5462: 5442: 5436: 5435: 5433: 5431: 5411: 5405: 5404: 5402: 5400: 5380: 5374: 5367: 5361: 5360: 5358: 5356: 5337: 5331: 5330: 5328: 5326: 5306: 5297: 5296: 5294: 5292: 5270: 5261: 5260: 5258: 5256: 5234: 5225: 5224: 5222: 5220: 5192: 5186: 5185: 5148: 5142: 5141: 5139: 5137: 5115: 5109: 5108: 5106: 5104: 5090: 5084: 5083: 5081: 5079: 5058: 5049: 5048: 5046: 5044: 5018: 5001: 5000: 4998: 4996: 4976: 4963: 4962: 4960: 4958: 4934: 4925: 4924: 4922: 4920: 4900: 4894: 4893: 4891: 4889: 4869: 4860: 4859: 4857: 4855: 4835: 4829: 4828: 4826: 4824: 4804: 4798: 4797: 4795: 4793: 4773: 4767: 4766: 4764: 4762: 4742: 4733: 4732: 4730: 4720: 4696: 4687: 4686: 4684: 4682: 4663: 4652: 4651: 4649: 4647: 4625: 4619: 4618: 4616: 4614: 4595: 4584: 4583: 4571: 4565: 4564: 4562: 4560: 4543: 4537: 4536: 4518: 4512: 4511: 4499: 4490: 4489: 4453: 4442: 4441: 4405: 4396: 4393: 4384: 4363: 4357: 4343: 4337: 4336: 4300: 4289: 4288: 4278: 4252: 4235: 4226: 4211: 4204: 4198: 4197: 4187: 4163: 4154: 4147: 4141: 4140: 4130: 4120: 4094: 4088: 4087: 4067: 4058: 4057: 4019: 4013: 4012: 3984: 3973: 3972: 3962: 3938: 3932: 3931: 3919: 3908: 3895: 3889: 3888: 3858: 3852: 3851: 3841: 3825:Health and Place 3815: 3806: 3805: 3781: 3775: 3774: 3754: 3748: 3736: 3730: 3729: 3727: 3725: 3716:. 6 April 2023. 3706: 3700: 3695: 3689: 3676: 3667: 3666: 3664: 3662: 3630: 3621: 3620: 3612: 3606: 3605: 3603: 3596: 3585: 3579: 3578: 3576: 3574: 3555: 3549: 3548: 3544: 3538: 3537: 3533: 3527: 3526: 3518: 3512: 3511: 3500: 3485: 3484: 3482: 3480: 3461: 3455: 3454: 3452: 3450: 3431: 3425: 3424: 3422: 3420: 3401: 3392: 3391: 3389: 3387: 3368: 3362: 3361: 3333: 3322: 3321: 3315: 3307: 3302: 3300: 3280: 3274: 3273: 3271: 3269: 3264:on 9 August 2009 3250: 3244: 3243: 3241: 3239: 3219: 3213: 3212: 3192: 3186: 3185: 3183: 3181: 3175: 3168: 3159: 3153: 3152: 3134: 3128: 3127: 3125: 3123: 3117: 3102: 3093: 3087: 3086: 3078: 3072: 3071: 3047: 3041: 3040: 3038: 3036: 3017: 3011: 3010: 3008: 3006: 3000: 2993: 2984: 2973: 2972: 2964: 2955: 2954: 2942: 2936: 2935: 2933: 2931: 2911: 2905: 2904: 2902: 2900: 2895:on 7 August 2015 2894: 2883: 2875: 2862: 2861: 2859: 2857: 2838: 2832: 2831: 2829: 2827: 2821: 2815:. Archived from 2790: 2781: 2775: 2774: 2762: 2756: 2755: 2737: 2731: 2730: 2710: 2701: 2700: 2672: 2657: 2656: 2654: 2652: 2633: 2627: 2626: 2624: 2622: 2599: 2588: 2587: 2585: 2583: 2577: 2570: 2561: 2552: 2551: 2539: 2524: 2523: 2511: 2498: 2497: 2495: 2493: 2487: 2472: 2463: 2450: 2449: 2429: 2423: 2422: 2404: 2398: 2397: 2379: 2368: 2367: 2365: 2363: 2357: 2340: 2331: 2325: 2324: 2304: 2298: 2297: 2282:(4th ed.). 2273: 2267: 2260:John J. McCusker 2238: 2232: 2219:John F. Richards 2216: 2210: 2190: 2184: 2180:10 July 2012 at 2148: 2142: 2141: 2139: 2137: 2123: 2117: 2116: 2114: 2112: 2097: 2091: 2090: 2088: 2086: 2076: 2052: 2046: 2045: 2025: 2016: 2015: 2013: 2011: 2005: 1998: 1989: 1983: 1982: 1970: 1961: 1960: 1958: 1956: 1941: 1932: 1931: 1929: 1927: 1907: 1890: 1889: 1887: 1885: 1869: 1860: 1859: 1857: 1855: 1836: 1830: 1829: 1827: 1825: 1810: 1799: 1781: 1730: 1718: 1706: 1694: 1685:Local trims belt 1682: 1670: 1658: 1646: 1634: 1622: 1610: 1598: 1586: 1574: 1562: 1550: 1464:, Tejgaon, Dhaka 941:Charming Shoppes 740:Chemical hazards 429: 347:Trade agreements 238:(1971), tea and 182:in 1757 and the 71:textile industry 21:Textile industry 8784: 8783: 8779: 8778: 8777: 8775: 8774: 8773: 8744: 8743: 8742: 8737: 8724: 8717: 8710: 8693: 8664:National Emblem 8634:Government Seal 8590: 8561:Public holidays 8487: 8376: 8315:Infrastructure: 8216:Stock Exchange: 8202: 8194: 8100: 7954: 7839: 7731: 7616:Administrative: 7590: 7547: 7482: 7371:Sepoy Rebellion 7361:British Bengal: 7341: 7293:Delhi Sultanate 7237: 7152: 7075: 7066: 7036: 7031: 6987: 6958:Bangladesh Bank 6946: 6873:Pharmaceuticals 6718: 6697: 6642: 6633:COVID-19 impact 6619: 6588: 6567:Bangladesh Bank 6533: 6460: 6450: 6448: 6418: 6413: 6385: 6353: 6344: 6325:Northern Cyprus 6311: 6304: 6046: 6043: 5974: 5956: 5954:Further reading 5951: 5950: 5940: 5938: 5931:City University 5925: 5924: 5920: 5910: 5908: 5895: 5894: 5890: 5880: 5878: 5865: 5864: 5860: 5850: 5848: 5839: 5838: 5834: 5827: 5813: 5806: 5799: 5785: 5781: 5774: 5760: 5756: 5751: 5747: 5737: 5735: 5720: 5716: 5706: 5704: 5691: 5690: 5686: 5676: 5674: 5661: 5660: 5656: 5646: 5644: 5631: 5630: 5626: 5616: 5614: 5601: 5600: 5593: 5583: 5581: 5577: 5546: 5540: 5536: 5526: 5524: 5511: 5510: 5501: 5491: 5489: 5474: 5470: 5460: 5458: 5443: 5439: 5429: 5427: 5412: 5408: 5398: 5396: 5381: 5377: 5368: 5364: 5354: 5352: 5339: 5338: 5334: 5324: 5322: 5307: 5300: 5290: 5288: 5271: 5264: 5254: 5252: 5235: 5228: 5218: 5216: 5193: 5189: 5149: 5145: 5135: 5133: 5116: 5112: 5102: 5100: 5092: 5091: 5087: 5077: 5075: 5060: 5059: 5052: 5042: 5040: 5019: 5004: 4994: 4992: 4977: 4966: 4956: 4954: 4935: 4928: 4918: 4916: 4901: 4897: 4887: 4885: 4870: 4863: 4853: 4851: 4836: 4832: 4822: 4820: 4805: 4801: 4791: 4789: 4774: 4770: 4760: 4758: 4743: 4736: 4697: 4690: 4680: 4678: 4665: 4664: 4655: 4645: 4643: 4626: 4622: 4612: 4610: 4597: 4596: 4587: 4572: 4568: 4558: 4556: 4544: 4540: 4533: 4519: 4515: 4510:(5): 1719–1726. 4500: 4493: 4454: 4445: 4406: 4399: 4394: 4387: 4377:Wayback Machine 4364: 4360: 4354:Wayback Machine 4344: 4340: 4301: 4292: 4253: 4238: 4227: 4214: 4205: 4201: 4164: 4157: 4148: 4144: 4095: 4091: 4068: 4061: 4020: 4016: 3985: 3976: 3939: 3935: 3920: 3911: 3896: 3892: 3859: 3855: 3816: 3809: 3782: 3778: 3755: 3751: 3745:Wayback Machine 3737: 3733: 3723: 3721: 3708: 3707: 3703: 3696: 3692: 3687:Wayback Machine 3677: 3670: 3660: 3658: 3631: 3624: 3613: 3609: 3601: 3594: 3586: 3582: 3572: 3570: 3557: 3556: 3552: 3546: 3545: 3541: 3534: 3530: 3519: 3515: 3502: 3501: 3488: 3478: 3476: 3463: 3462: 3458: 3448: 3446: 3439:ftr.sagepub.com 3433: 3432: 3428: 3418: 3416: 3403: 3402: 3395: 3385: 3383: 3370: 3369: 3365: 3334: 3325: 3309: 3308: 3298: 3296: 3291:. GovTrack.us. 3281: 3277: 3267: 3265: 3252: 3251: 3247: 3237: 3235: 3220: 3216: 3209: 3193: 3189: 3179: 3177: 3173: 3166: 3160: 3156: 3149: 3135: 3131: 3121: 3119: 3115: 3100: 3094: 3090: 3079: 3075: 3068: 3048: 3044: 3034: 3032: 3019: 3018: 3014: 3004: 3002: 2998: 2991: 2985: 2976: 2965: 2958: 2944: 2943: 2939: 2929: 2927: 2912: 2908: 2898: 2896: 2892: 2881: 2877: 2876: 2865: 2855: 2853: 2840: 2839: 2835: 2825: 2823: 2819: 2788: 2782: 2778: 2763: 2759: 2752: 2738: 2734: 2711: 2704: 2673: 2660: 2650: 2648: 2635: 2634: 2630: 2620: 2618: 2600: 2591: 2581: 2579: 2575: 2568: 2562: 2555: 2540: 2527: 2512: 2501: 2491: 2489: 2485: 2470: 2464: 2453: 2430: 2426: 2419: 2405: 2401: 2394: 2380: 2371: 2361: 2359: 2355: 2338: 2332: 2328: 2321: 2305: 2301: 2294: 2274: 2270: 2252:Wayback Machine 2239: 2235: 2217: 2213: 2204:Wayback Machine 2191: 2187: 2161:Wayback Machine 2149: 2145: 2135: 2133: 2125: 2124: 2120: 2110: 2108: 2107:. 29 March 2023 2099: 2098: 2094: 2084: 2082: 2053: 2049: 2026: 2019: 2009: 2007: 2003: 1996: 1990: 1986: 1971: 1964: 1954: 1952: 1943: 1942: 1935: 1925: 1923: 1908: 1893: 1883: 1881: 1870: 1863: 1853: 1851: 1838: 1837: 1833: 1823: 1821: 1812: 1811: 1802: 1792:Wayback Machine 1782: 1778: 1773: 1741: 1734: 1731: 1722: 1719: 1710: 1707: 1698: 1695: 1686: 1683: 1674: 1671: 1662: 1659: 1650: 1647: 1638: 1635: 1626: 1623: 1614: 1611: 1602: 1599: 1590: 1587: 1578: 1575: 1566: 1563: 1554: 1551: 1542: 1517:, Uttara, Dhaka 1496:, Banani, Dhaka 1470:, Banani, Dhaka 1468:City University 1430:, Mirpur, Dhaka 1374:, Mirpur, Dhaka 1225: 1200:comparatively. 1181: 1179:Cultural shifts 1129: 1071: 1046: 1035: 1015: 1009: 987: 985:2012 Dhaka fire 981: 904: 843:(WRC), and the 825: 816: 808:pulmonary edema 805: 796: 787: 764: 747: 742: 716: 691: 677: 675:Workers' health 641: 620: 599:According to a 554: 524: 508: 438:USA (clothing) 354: 349: 325: 320: 292: 205: 147:production was 123:, 18th century. 109: 103: 95:Main articles: 93: 88: 30: 23: 17: 12: 11: 5: 8782: 8772: 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8116: 8110: 8109: 8106: 8105: 8102: 8101: 8099: 8098: 8097: 8096: 8091: 8086: 8081: 8076: 8071: 8060: 8059: 8058: 8056:Special Branch 8053: 8048: 8043: 8031: 8030: 8025: 8020: 8019: 8018: 8013: 8008: 8003: 7992: 7991: 7990: 7985: 7980: 7968: 7966: 7956: 7955: 7953: 7952: 7951: 7950: 7945: 7940: 7935: 7924: 7923: 7922: 7917: 7912: 7907: 7902: 7897: 7886: 7885: 7884: 7882:Union councils 7879: 7874: 7872:Municipalities 7869: 7856: 7855: 7854: 7849: 7847:Constituencies 7837:Jatiya Sangsad 7833: 7828: 7823: 7818: 7817: 7816: 7811: 7806: 7795: 7794: 7793: 7788: 7787: 7786: 7779:Prime Minister 7776: 7775: 7774: 7758: 7756: 7743: 7737: 7736: 7733: 7732: 7730: 7729: 7728: 7727: 7722: 7717: 7712: 7707: 7702: 7697: 7692: 7687: 7677: 7676: 7675: 7670: 7668:National parks 7665: 7660: 7655: 7645: 7640: 7639: 7638: 7633: 7628: 7623: 7612: 7606: 7600: 7599: 7596: 7595: 7592: 7591: 7589: 7588: 7583: 7578: 7573: 7568: 7563: 7557: 7555: 7549: 7548: 7546: 7545: 7540: 7535: 7530: 7525: 7520: 7519: 7518: 7513: 7508: 7501:Military coups 7498: 7496:Famine of 1974 7492: 7490: 7484: 7483: 7481: 7480: 7479: 7478: 7473: 7468: 7463: 7450: 7449: 7448: 7443: 7438: 7433: 7428: 7423: 7410: 7409: 7408: 7403: 7398: 7396:Famine of 1943 7393: 7388: 7383: 7378: 7373: 7368: 7366:Famine of 1770 7358: 7352: 7350: 7343: 7342: 7340: 7339: 7338: 7337: 7332: 7327: 7320:Mughal period: 7317: 7312: 7307: 7306: 7305: 7300: 7298:Khalji dynasty 7295: 7290: 7288:Islamic rulers 7280: 7279: 7278: 7273: 7268: 7258: 7257: 7256: 7245: 7243: 7239: 7238: 7236: 7235: 7230: 7225: 7220: 7215: 7210: 7205: 7200: 7195: 7190: 7185: 7180: 7175: 7170: 7164: 7162: 7154: 7153: 7151: 7150: 7145: 7140: 7135: 7134: 7133: 7128: 7123: 7118: 7113: 7100: 7095: 7089: 7083: 7077: 7076: 7065: 7064: 7057: 7050: 7042: 7033: 7032: 7030: 7029: 7017: 7005: 6992: 6989: 6988: 6986: 6985: 6980: 6975: 6970: 6965: 6960: 6954: 6952: 6948: 6947: 6945: 6944: 6939: 6938: 6937: 6932: 6927: 6922: 6912: 6907: 6902: 6897: 6896: 6895: 6885: 6880: 6878:Pulp and paper 6875: 6870: 6869: 6868: 6866:Iron and Steel 6863: 6853: 6852: 6851: 6846: 6841: 6836: 6826: 6821: 6816: 6811: 6806: 6801: 6800: 6799: 6794: 6789: 6784: 6779: 6769: 6764: 6759: 6754: 6749: 6744: 6743: 6742: 6737: 6726: 6724: 6720: 6719: 6717: 6716: 6711: 6705: 6703: 6699: 6698: 6696: 6695: 6694: 6693: 6688: 6678: 6673: 6672: 6671: 6661: 6656: 6650: 6648: 6644: 6643: 6641: 6640: 6638:Liberalisation 6635: 6629: 6627: 6621: 6620: 6618: 6617: 6612: 6607: 6602: 6596: 6594: 6590: 6589: 6587: 6586: 6581: 6580: 6579: 6574: 6564: 6563: 6562: 6557: 6552: 6541: 6539: 6535: 6534: 6532: 6531: 6526: 6521: 6516: 6511: 6506: 6501: 6496: 6491: 6486: 6481: 6480: 6479: 6468: 6466: 6462: 6461: 6447: 6446: 6439: 6432: 6424: 6415: 6414: 6412: 6411: 6401: 6390: 6387: 6386: 6384: 6383: 6378: 6373: 6368: 6363: 6357: 6355: 6346: 6345: 6343: 6342: 6337: 6332: 6327: 6322: 6316: 6314: 6306: 6305: 6303: 6302: 6297: 6292: 6287: 6282: 6277: 6272: 6267: 6262: 6257: 6252: 6247: 6242: 6237: 6232: 6227: 6222: 6217: 6212: 6207: 6202: 6197: 6192: 6187: 6182: 6177: 6172: 6167: 6162: 6157: 6152: 6147: 6142: 6137: 6132: 6127: 6122: 6117: 6112: 6107: 6102: 6097: 6092: 6087: 6082: 6077: 6072: 6067: 6062: 6056: 6054: 6048: 6047: 6042: 6041: 6034: 6027: 6019: 6013: 6012: 6007: 6002: 5992:(2): 333–346. 5979: 5972: 5955: 5952: 5949: 5948: 5918: 5888: 5858: 5832: 5825: 5804: 5797: 5779: 5772: 5754: 5745: 5714: 5684: 5654: 5624: 5591: 5557:(5): 610–638. 5534: 5499: 5468: 5437: 5406: 5375: 5362: 5332: 5298: 5280:Deutsche Welle 5262: 5244:Deutsche Welle 5226: 5201:Islam, Sirajul 5187: 5143: 5110: 5085: 5050: 5002: 4964: 4926: 4895: 4861: 4830: 4799: 4768: 4734: 4728:2027.42/146286 4711:(4): 807–826. 4688: 4673:. 4 May 2013. 4653: 4620: 4585: 4566: 4538: 4531: 4513: 4491: 4443: 4416:(6): 642–650. 4397: 4385: 4358: 4338: 4290: 4269:(5): 317–319. 4236: 4212: 4199: 4178:(2): 187–198. 4155: 4142: 4089: 4078:(1–2): 45–51. 4072:J. Human Ergol 4059: 4014: 3995:(3): 357–362. 3974: 3933: 3909: 3890: 3871:(4): 246–253. 3853: 3807: 3776: 3765:(2): 379–413. 3749: 3731: 3701: 3690: 3668: 3622: 3607: 3580: 3550: 3539: 3528: 3523:The Daily Star 3513: 3486: 3456: 3426: 3393: 3363: 3344:(3): 316–336. 3323: 3275: 3245: 3214: 3207: 3187: 3154: 3147: 3129: 3088: 3073: 3066: 3042: 3031:on 4 June 2013 3012: 2974: 2956: 2937: 2920:Financial Post 2906: 2863: 2833: 2776: 2757: 2750: 2732: 2702: 2658: 2628: 2589: 2553: 2525: 2499: 2451: 2424: 2417: 2399: 2392: 2369: 2326: 2319: 2299: 2292: 2286:. p. 97. 2268: 2245:Empire, Mughal 2233: 2211: 2185: 2143: 2118: 2092: 2047: 2017: 1984: 1962: 1933: 1891: 1861: 1831: 1800: 1775: 1774: 1772: 1769: 1768: 1767: 1762: 1757: 1752: 1747: 1740: 1737: 1736: 1735: 1732: 1725: 1723: 1720: 1713: 1711: 1708: 1701: 1699: 1696: 1689: 1687: 1684: 1677: 1675: 1672: 1665: 1663: 1660: 1653: 1651: 1648: 1641: 1639: 1636: 1629: 1627: 1624: 1617: 1615: 1612: 1605: 1603: 1600: 1593: 1591: 1588: 1581: 1579: 1576: 1569: 1567: 1564: 1557: 1555: 1552: 1545: 1541: 1538: 1537: 1536: 1531: 1524: 1518: 1512: 1506: 1497: 1491: 1481: 1471: 1465: 1459: 1453: 1447: 1437: 1431: 1425: 1416: 1410: 1404: 1399: 1390: 1384: 1375: 1369: 1360: 1350: 1340: 1330: 1321: 1310: 1309: 1302: 1280: 1255: 1249: 1243: 1237: 1224: 1221: 1194:European Union 1180: 1177: 1153:sustainability 1138:sustainability 1128: 1127:Sustainability 1125: 1111:(GoB) and the 1070: 1067: 1045: 1042: 1034: 1031: 1011:Main article: 1008: 1005: 983:Main article: 980: 977: 961:M & S Mode 909:American Eagle 903: 900: 888:Tommy Hilfiger 824: 823:Factory crises 821: 815: 812: 803: 795: 792: 786: 783: 763: 760: 746: 743: 741: 738: 737: 736: 733: 729: 725: 715: 712: 690: 687: 676: 673: 640: 637: 619: 616: 601:New York Times 553: 550: 523: 520: 507: 504: 480: 479: 476: 473: 470: 467: 463: 462: 459: 456: 453: 450: 446: 445: 444:EU (clothing) 442: 439: 436: 435:USA (textile) 433: 432:export market 353: 350: 348: 345: 324: 321: 319: 316: 291: 288: 275:private sector 204: 201: 121:Bengali muslin 92: 89: 87: 84: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8781: 8770: 8767: 8765: 8762: 8760: 8757: 8755: 8752: 8751: 8749: 8734: 8731: 8729: 8726: 8725: 8720: 8716: 8713: 8709: 8708: 8704: 8690: 8687: 8685: 8682: 8680: 8677: 8675: 8672: 8670: 8667: 8665: 8662: 8660: 8657: 8655: 8652: 8650: 8647: 8645: 8642: 8640: 8637: 8635: 8632: 8630: 8627: 8625: 8622: 8620: 8617: 8615: 8612: 8610: 8607: 8605: 8602: 8601: 8599: 8597: 8593: 8587: 8584: 8582: 8579: 8577: 8574: 8572: 8569: 8567: 8564: 8562: 8559: 8557: 8554: 8552: 8549: 8547: 8544: 8542: 8539: 8537: 8534: 8532: 8529: 8527: 8524: 8522: 8521:Bengalization 8519: 8517: 8514: 8512: 8509: 8507: 8504: 8502: 8499: 8498: 8496: 8494: 8490: 8484: 8481: 8479: 8476: 8474: 8471: 8469: 8466: 8462: 8459: 8457: 8454: 8453: 8452: 8449: 8445: 8442: 8440: 8437: 8435: 8432: 8431: 8430: 8427: 8423: 8420: 8418: 8415: 8414: 8413: 8410: 8408: 8407:Ethnic groups 8405: 8404: 8402: 8400: 8396: 8392: 8389: 8387: 8383: 8371: 8368: 8366: 8363: 8361: 8358: 8356: 8353: 8351: 8348: 8347: 8346: 8344: 8340: 8336: 8333: 8331: 8328: 8326: 8323: 8321: 8318: 8317: 8316: 8313: 8311: 8308: 8306: 8303: 8301: 8298: 8294: 8291: 8289: 8286: 8284: 8281: 8280: 8279: 8277: 8273: 8271: 8268: 8264: 8261: 8259: 8256: 8254: 8251: 8249: 8246: 8244: 8243:Energy policy 8241: 8240: 8239: 8236: 8232: 8229: 8227: 8224: 8222: 8219: 8218: 8217: 8214: 8210: 8207: 8205: 8199: 8197: 8191: 8189: 8186: 8185: 8184: 8181: 8177: 8174: 8172: 8169: 8167: 8164: 8162: 8159: 8157: 8154: 8152: 8149: 8147: 8144: 8142: 8139: 8137: 8134: 8133: 8132: 8129: 8127: 8124: 8123: 8120: 8117: 8115: 8111: 8095: 8092: 8090: 8087: 8085: 8082: 8080: 8077: 8075: 8072: 8070: 8067: 8066: 8064: 8061: 8057: 8054: 8052: 8049: 8047: 8044: 8042: 8039: 8038: 8036: 8033: 8032: 8029: 8026: 8024: 8021: 8017: 8014: 8012: 8009: 8007: 8004: 8002: 7999: 7998: 7996: 7993: 7989: 7986: 7984: 7981: 7979: 7976: 7975: 7973: 7970: 7969: 7967: 7965: 7961: 7957: 7949: 7946: 7944: 7941: 7939: 7936: 7934: 7931: 7930: 7928: 7925: 7921: 7918: 7916: 7915:Chief Justice 7913: 7911: 7908: 7906: 7903: 7901: 7900:Supreme Court 7898: 7896: 7893: 7892: 7890: 7887: 7883: 7880: 7878: 7875: 7873: 7870: 7868: 7865: 7864: 7863: 7861: 7857: 7853: 7850: 7848: 7845: 7844: 7843: 7838: 7834: 7832: 7829: 7827: 7824: 7822: 7819: 7815: 7812: 7810: 7807: 7805: 7802: 7801: 7799: 7796: 7792: 7789: 7785: 7782: 7781: 7780: 7777: 7773: 7770: 7769: 7768: 7765: 7764: 7763: 7760: 7759: 7757: 7755: 7751: 7747: 7744: 7742: 7738: 7726: 7723: 7721: 7718: 7716: 7713: 7711: 7708: 7706: 7703: 7701: 7698: 7696: 7693: 7691: 7688: 7686: 7685:Bay of Bengal 7683: 7682: 7681: 7678: 7674: 7671: 7669: 7666: 7664: 7661: 7659: 7656: 7654: 7651: 7650: 7649: 7646: 7644: 7641: 7637: 7634: 7632: 7631:Sub-districts 7629: 7627: 7624: 7622: 7619: 7618: 7617: 7614: 7613: 7610: 7607: 7605: 7601: 7587: 7584: 7582: 7579: 7577: 7574: 7572: 7569: 7567: 7564: 7562: 7559: 7558: 7556: 7554: 7550: 7544: 7541: 7539: 7536: 7534: 7531: 7529: 7526: 7524: 7523:1990 Uprising 7521: 7517: 7514: 7512: 7509: 7507: 7504: 7503: 7502: 7499: 7497: 7494: 7493: 7491: 7489: 7485: 7477: 7474: 7472: 7469: 7467: 7464: 7462: 7459: 7458: 7457: 7455: 7451: 7447: 7444: 7442: 7439: 7437: 7436:1969 Uprising 7434: 7432: 7429: 7427: 7424: 7422: 7419: 7418: 7417: 7415: 7414:East Pakistan 7411: 7407: 7404: 7402: 7399: 7397: 7394: 7392: 7389: 7387: 7384: 7382: 7379: 7377: 7374: 7372: 7369: 7367: 7364: 7363: 7362: 7359: 7357: 7354: 7353: 7351: 7348: 7344: 7336: 7333: 7331: 7328: 7326: 7323: 7322: 7321: 7318: 7316: 7313: 7311: 7308: 7304: 7301: 7299: 7296: 7294: 7291: 7289: 7286: 7285: 7284: 7281: 7277: 7274: 7272: 7269: 7267: 7264: 7263: 7262: 7259: 7255: 7254:Gauda Kingdom 7252: 7251: 7250: 7247: 7246: 7244: 7240: 7234: 7231: 7229: 7228:Kanva dynasty 7226: 7224: 7223:Shunga Empire 7221: 7219: 7218:Maurya Empire 7216: 7214: 7211: 7209: 7206: 7204: 7201: 7199: 7196: 7194: 7191: 7189: 7188:Suhma kingdom 7186: 7184: 7181: 7179: 7176: 7174: 7171: 7169: 7166: 7165: 7163: 7159: 7155: 7149: 7146: 7144: 7141: 7139: 7136: 7132: 7129: 7127: 7124: 7122: 7119: 7117: 7114: 7112: 7109: 7108: 7107: 7105: 7101: 7099: 7096: 7094: 7091: 7090: 7087: 7084: 7082: 7078: 7074: 7070: 7063: 7058: 7056: 7051: 7049: 7044: 7043: 7040: 7028: 7027: 7018: 7016: 7015: 7006: 7004: 7003: 6994: 6993: 6990: 6984: 6981: 6979: 6976: 6974: 6971: 6969: 6966: 6964: 6961: 6959: 6956: 6955: 6953: 6949: 6943: 6940: 6936: 6933: 6931: 6928: 6926: 6923: 6921: 6918: 6917: 6916: 6913: 6911: 6908: 6906: 6903: 6901: 6898: 6894: 6893:Biotechnology 6891: 6890: 6889: 6886: 6884: 6881: 6879: 6876: 6874: 6871: 6867: 6864: 6862: 6859: 6858: 6857: 6854: 6850: 6847: 6845: 6842: 6840: 6837: 6835: 6832: 6831: 6830: 6827: 6825: 6822: 6820: 6817: 6815: 6812: 6810: 6809:Entertainment 6807: 6805: 6802: 6798: 6795: 6793: 6790: 6788: 6785: 6783: 6780: 6778: 6775: 6774: 6773: 6770: 6768: 6765: 6763: 6760: 6758: 6755: 6753: 6750: 6748: 6745: 6741: 6738: 6736: 6733: 6732: 6731: 6728: 6727: 6725: 6721: 6715: 6712: 6710: 6707: 6706: 6704: 6700: 6692: 6689: 6687: 6684: 6683: 6682: 6679: 6677: 6674: 6670: 6667: 6666: 6665: 6662: 6660: 6657: 6655: 6652: 6651: 6649: 6645: 6639: 6636: 6634: 6631: 6630: 6628: 6626: 6622: 6616: 6613: 6611: 6608: 6606: 6603: 6601: 6598: 6597: 6595: 6591: 6585: 6582: 6578: 6575: 6573: 6570: 6569: 6568: 6565: 6561: 6558: 6556: 6553: 6551: 6548: 6547: 6546: 6543: 6542: 6540: 6536: 6530: 6527: 6525: 6522: 6520: 6517: 6515: 6512: 6510: 6507: 6505: 6504:Foreign trade 6502: 6500: 6499:External debt 6497: 6495: 6492: 6490: 6487: 6485: 6482: 6478: 6475: 6474: 6473: 6470: 6469: 6467: 6463: 6459: 6454: 6445: 6440: 6438: 6433: 6431: 6426: 6425: 6422: 6410: 6406: 6402: 6400: 6392: 6391: 6388: 6382: 6379: 6377: 6374: 6372: 6369: 6367: 6364: 6362: 6359: 6358: 6356: 6351: 6347: 6341: 6338: 6336: 6335:South Ossetia 6333: 6331: 6328: 6326: 6323: 6321: 6318: 6317: 6315: 6313: 6307: 6301: 6298: 6296: 6293: 6291: 6288: 6286: 6283: 6281: 6278: 6276: 6273: 6271: 6268: 6266: 6263: 6261: 6258: 6256: 6253: 6251: 6248: 6246: 6243: 6241: 6238: 6236: 6233: 6231: 6228: 6226: 6223: 6221: 6218: 6216: 6213: 6211: 6208: 6206: 6203: 6201: 6198: 6196: 6193: 6191: 6188: 6186: 6183: 6181: 6178: 6176: 6173: 6171: 6168: 6166: 6163: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6151: 6148: 6146: 6143: 6141: 6138: 6136: 6133: 6131: 6128: 6126: 6123: 6121: 6118: 6116: 6113: 6111: 6108: 6106: 6103: 6101: 6098: 6096: 6093: 6091: 6088: 6086: 6083: 6081: 6078: 6076: 6073: 6071: 6068: 6066: 6063: 6061: 6058: 6057: 6055: 6053: 6049: 6040: 6035: 6033: 6028: 6026: 6021: 6020: 6017: 6011: 6008: 6006: 6003: 5999: 5995: 5991: 5987: 5986: 5980: 5975: 5969: 5965: 5964: 5958: 5957: 5936: 5932: 5928: 5922: 5906: 5902: 5898: 5892: 5876: 5872: 5868: 5862: 5846: 5842: 5836: 5828: 5822: 5818: 5811: 5809: 5800: 5794: 5790: 5783: 5775: 5769: 5765: 5758: 5749: 5733: 5729: 5725: 5718: 5702: 5698: 5694: 5688: 5672: 5668: 5664: 5658: 5642: 5638: 5634: 5628: 5612: 5608: 5604: 5598: 5596: 5576: 5572: 5568: 5564: 5560: 5556: 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Bangladesh. 4581: 4577: 4570: 4554: 4550: 4542: 4534: 4528: 4524: 4517: 4509: 4505: 4498: 4496: 4487: 4483: 4479: 4475: 4471: 4467: 4463: 4459: 4452: 4450: 4448: 4439: 4435: 4431: 4427: 4423: 4419: 4415: 4411: 4404: 4402: 4392: 4390: 4382: 4378: 4374: 4371: 4367: 4362: 4355: 4351: 4348: 4342: 4334: 4330: 4326: 4322: 4318: 4314: 4311:(2): 94–103. 4310: 4306: 4299: 4297: 4295: 4286: 4282: 4277: 4272: 4268: 4264: 4263: 4258: 4251: 4249: 4247: 4245: 4243: 4241: 4233: 4232: 4225: 4223: 4221: 4219: 4217: 4209: 4203: 4195: 4191: 4186: 4181: 4177: 4173: 4169: 4162: 4160: 4152: 4146: 4138: 4134: 4129: 4124: 4119: 4114: 4110: 4106: 4105: 4100: 4093: 4085: 4081: 4077: 4073: 4066: 4064: 4055: 4051: 4047: 4043: 4039: 4035: 4032:(6): 665–71. 4031: 4027: 4026: 4018: 4010: 4006: 4002: 3998: 3994: 3990: 3983: 3981: 3979: 3970: 3966: 3961: 3956: 3953:(1): 1670–6. 3952: 3948: 3944: 3937: 3929: 3925: 3918: 3916: 3914: 3906: 3902: 3901: 3894: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3867: 3866: 3857: 3849: 3845: 3840: 3835: 3831: 3827: 3826: 3821: 3814: 3812: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3787: 3780: 3772: 3768: 3764: 3760: 3753: 3746: 3742: 3739: 3735: 3719: 3715: 3711: 3705: 3698: 3694: 3688: 3684: 3680: 3675: 3673: 3656: 3652: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3629: 3627: 3618: 3611: 3600: 3593: 3592: 3584: 3568: 3564: 3560: 3554: 3543: 3532: 3524: 3517: 3509: 3505: 3499: 3497: 3495: 3493: 3491: 3474: 3470: 3469:ScienceDirect 3466: 3460: 3444: 3440: 3436: 3430: 3414: 3410: 3406: 3400: 3398: 3381: 3377: 3373: 3367: 3359: 3355: 3351: 3347: 3343: 3339: 3332: 3330: 3328: 3319: 3313: 3306: 3294: 3290: 3286: 3279: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3249: 3233: 3229: 3225: 3218: 3210: 3204: 3200: 3199: 3191: 3172: 3165: 3158: 3150: 3144: 3140: 3133: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3099: 3092: 3085:. 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