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to a lesser extent India, would exert dominance over global markets in the post-quota era. In the liberalized categories, imports from China to the EU saw a near doubling in value during the initial three quarters of 2005, with an even steeper rise in volume due to substantial unit price declines. Chinese imports predominantly substituted exports from other developing nations, leaving the overall import value relatively stable. Between 2004 and 2005, United States imports exhibited a value surge of over 50 percent, while China's market share in textiles and clothing grew from 20 to 28 percent.
38:, and facilitated the gradual dismantling of quotas for world textile trade that the MFA had put into place. Thus, the Agreement on Textiles and Clothing (ATC) stipulated a systematic and progressive elimination of the Multi Fiber Arrangement (MFA) over a span of ten years. This process culminated on 1 January 2005.
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In the quota system, the fundamental unit was known as the restraint category or quota category. These categories were defined as consolidated subgroups of textile and apparel products that shared specific characteristics or raw materials. In addition to imposing comprehensive restrictions on imports
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Abolition of quota restrictions created vast opportunities for export expansion from developing countries, especially China, India, and
Pakistan, which were the most likely to benefit. Given the scale and competitive nature of China's manufacturing sector, numerous studies forecasted that China, and
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Various types of market access arrangements exist (including PTA, FTA, CECA, CEPA, Customs Union, Common Market, TIFA, BIT, and others), each characterized by its unique implementation framework and scope. Trade agreements can offer preferential market access, leading to diverse economic benefits
98:
On
January 1, 2005, the Agreement on Textiles and Clothing (ATC) and all the restrictions associated with it came to an end. This marked the conclusion of the ten-year period during which the ATC was put into practice. As a result, the trade in textile and clothing products was no longer limited
57:
Prior to 1939, there were no records of restrictions on the import of cotton textiles. However, following the Second World War, limitations on cotton textiles imports were first imposed through voluntary export restraints. Both the United States and United
Kingdom adopted this approach. Despite
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of Trade
Negotiations. It superseded the Arrangement Regarding International Trade in Textiles (Multi-Fibre Arrangement, or MFA), which had been established on 20 December 1973. The MFA was written specifically to control rapid changes in the textile trade. Textile products were among the most
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The ATC also had a significant impact on manufacturing countries. For instance, in Canada, which used quotas to protect its manufacturers from cheaper goods from developing countries, the ATC's tariff and quota reductions led to the closure of many local plants and layoffs of workers in
123:. Some companies relocated to countries with lower labor costs like Guatemala, Mexico, Bangladesh, and China. In the United States, following the termination of the Agreement on Textiles and Clothing the textile industry has tended to be concentrated in certain regions, such as
58:
certain West
European countries easing their balance-of-payments restrictions in 1958, they still maintained unwarranted restrictions on the import of cotton textiles from specific origins. Eventually, these were referred to as "residual restrictions" within the context of the
69:, there has been a distinct system in place governing international textile trade, which operates independently from standard multilateral trade regulations. The Agreement on Textiles and Clothing (ATC) was the outcome of negotiations during the
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based on special rules outside of the regular rules of the World Trade
Organization (WTO) and the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). Instead, it now adhered to the general rules and regulations of the global trading system.
303:
Brambilla, Irene; Khandelwal, Amit; Schott, Peter (August 2007). China's
Experience Under the Multifiber Arrangement (MFA) and the Agreement on Textiles and Clothing (ATC) (Report). Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.
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allows companies to sell goods and services in foreign markets, subject to conditions like tariffs or quotas. It is a more attainable goal in trade negotiations than achieving completely barrier-free trade.
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Following the expiration of the ten-year transition period of ATC implementation, trade in textile and clothing products ceased to be subject to quotas under a special regime outside the normal
81:/General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade rules. From this point onward, textile trade came under the governance of the general rules and disciplines embedded in the multilateral trading system.
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agreements involve three or more countries, and are more challenging to negotiate. FTAs play a pivotal role in fostering export growth for the exporting countries.
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from designated suppliers, this system also distributed market share among these suppliers through the implementation of country-specific quotas.
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Wahab, Yasmin Abdul; Jalil, Abdul (2017). "Post-Atc
Impacts on Product Intensive and Extensive Trade Margins: A Quantitative Analysis".
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Curran, Louise (6 March 2007). "Clothing's big bang: the impact of the end of the ATC on developing country clothing suppliers".
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WTO Analytical Index: Agreement on
Textiles and Clothing (Report). WTO Analytical Index. World Trade Organization. 2023-01-23.
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Barrett, Beth (15 November 2004). "GARMENT INDUSTRY SNAG 2005 TEXTILE AGREEMENT COULD HIT LOS ANGELES CLOTHING WORKERS HARD".
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Fugazza, Marco; Nicita, Alessandro (March 2013). "The direct and relative effects of preferential market access".
144:(FTA) is an international deal between cooperating states to form a free-trade area. There are two types:
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547:"What is economic integration and what are the different types of trade agreements? - Civilsdaily"
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425:"Not Totally Naked: Textiles and Clothing Trade in a Quota-Free Environment"
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The World Trade Organization: Legal, Economic and Political Analysis
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276:"The drafting history of the Agreement on Textiles and Clothing"
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Lester, Simon (2005). "The Agreement on Textiles and Clothing".
595:"Online Free Trade Agreement Certificate (FTAC) - ICC Academy"
474:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. 1086–1091.
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Nordås, Hildegunn Kyvik (2009). "Textiles and clothing".
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Srivastava, Ajay; Mathur, Vijay K. (9 February 2023).
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472:The Princeton Encyclopedia of the World Economy
373:"What Is Market Access in International Trade?"
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74:labor-intensive to make and easily shipped.
347:Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management
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136:such as trade creation, market expansion,
181:"WTO | legal texts - Marrakesh Agreement"
32:Agreement on Textiles and Clothing (ATC)
18:Agreement on Textiles and Clothing (ATC)
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246:. 2012. pp. 597–632.
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624:The Hindu BusinessLine
432:Journal of World Trade
67:post-World War II era
444:10.54648/TRAD2005030
423:Mayer, Jorg (2005).
332:10.30875/618fbe7e-en
244:WTO Analytical Index
213:. pp. 411–435.
146:bilateral agreements
142:Free trade agreement
138:capital accumulation
43:developing countries
599:www.edumaritime.net
104:international trade
49:from 1974 to 1994.
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156:References
53:Background
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