580:). The Netherlands completed the transition in December 2006, and some EU member states decided to complete their switchover as early as 2008 (Sweden), and (Denmark) in 2009. While the UK began to switch off analog broadcasts, region by region, in late 2007, it was not completed until 24 October 2012. Norway ceased all analog television transmissions on 1 December 2009. Two member states (not specified in the announcement) expressed concerns that they might not be able to proceed to the switchover by 2012 due to technical limitations; the rest of the EU member states had stopped analog television transmissions by the end 2012.
29:
55:
46:
500:
418:
640:
2934:
256:(CATV). CATV was, initially, only a re-broadcast of over-the-air signals. With the widespread adoption of cable across the United States in the 1970s and 1980s, viewing of terrestrial television broadcasts has been in decline; in 2018, it was estimated that about 14% of US households used an antenna. However, in certain other regions terrestrial television continue to be the preferred method of receiving television, and it is estimated by
2944:
2923:
2954:
280:
342:(DTT). While Mexico has ended all its analog television broadcasts and the United States and Canada have shut down nearly all of their analog TV stations, the NTSC standard continues to be used in the rest of Latin American countries except for Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay where PAL-N standard is used while testing their DTT platform.
404:
translator stations in the United States. Channels 52 through 69 are still used by some existing stations, but these channels must be vacated if telecommunications companies notify the stations to vacate that signal spectrum. By convention, broadcast television signals are transmitted with horizontal
353:
for digital high-definition terrestrial transmission. This standard was eventually adopted by many
American countries, including the United States, Canada, Dominican Republic, Mexico, Argentina, El Salvador, Guatemala and Honduras; however, the four latter countries reversed their decision in favor
333:
standard was introduced in 1941. This standard defined a transmission scheme for a black-and-white picture with 525 lines of vertical resolution at 60 fields per second. In the early 1950s, this standard was superseded by a backward-compatible standard for
590:, has mandated that all analog transmissions will cease by 2012. Mandated digital conversion started early in 2009 with a graduated program. The first centre to experience analog switch-off was the remote Victorian regional town of
320:
The success of analog terrestrial television across Europe varied from country to country. Although each country had rights to a certain number of frequencies by virtue of the ST61 plan, not all of them were brought into service.
312:
color). Television broadcasting in the 405-line system continued after the introduction of four analog programs in the UHF bands until the last 405-line transmitters were switched off on
January 6, 1985.
1057:
764:
535:
739:
924:
605:
were all granted digital transmission licenses and are each required to broadcast at least one high-definition and one standard-definition channel into all of their markets.
769:
1153:
1120:
621:
464:(Nippon Television Network Corporation), the first commercial television broadcaster in Asia was launched. Meanwhile, in the Philippines, Alto Broadcasting System (now
1219:
774:
393:
and signal boosters can be used to rebroadcast a terrestrial television signal using an otherwise unused channel to cover areas with marginal reception. (see
1048:
902:
971:
2198:
709:
749:
624:(CRTC) set 31 August 2011 as the date that terrestrial analog transmission service ceased in metropolitan areas and provincial capitals. In Mexico, the
724:
389:
is defined as part of the ATSC stream metadata so that a station can transmit on any frequency but still show the same channel number. Additionally,
202:, reception is generally limited by the visual horizon to distances of 64–97 kilometres (40–60 mi), although under better conditions and with
260:
as of 2020 that at least 1.6 billion people in the world receive at least some television using these means. The largest market is thought to be
949:
587:
2906:
2878:
2873:
1898:
1212:
317:
Band III was used in other countries around Europe for PAL broadcasts until the planned phase-out and switch over to digital television.
1116:
1646:
916:
835:
1205:
1566:
616:(FCC) set the final deadline for the switch-off of analog service for 12 June 2009. All television receivers must now include a
2900:
546:
545:
The introduction of digital terrestrial television in the late 1990s and early years of the 21st century led the ITU to call a
2895:
2885:
2865:
2667:
1676:
609:
346:
233:, either commercial (in the US) or government-controlled (in Europe), which provided content. Television broadcasts were in
625:
2032:
2957:
2890:
2736:
734:
394:
2662:
1231:
2756:
759:
613:
225:
with the advent of electronic scan television technology. The television broadcasting business followed the model of
538:
convened the "Chester '97" conference to agree on means by which digital television could be inserted into the ST61
2541:
2089:
1891:
744:
729:
448:
Terrestrial television broadcast in Asia started as early as 1939 in Japan through a series of experiments done by
2983:
2652:
1561:
1414:
1410:
982:
894:
754:
704:
217:. However, these early experimental systems had insufficient picture quality to attract the public, due to their
2978:
2647:
1725:
489:
187:
1082:"FCC regulations CFR 47 Part 74 Subpart L: FM Broadcast Translator Stations and FM Broadcast Booster Stations"
36:
antenna often used for terrestrial television reception. This model also has a loop antenna for UHF reception.
2672:
1696:
1525:
429:
339:
385:). Unlike with analog transmission, ATSC channel numbers do not correspond to radio frequencies. Instead, a
2947:
2708:
2605:
2148:
1943:
1915:
1768:
1469:
1239:
779:
694:
171:
300:
Following the ST61 conference, UHF frequencies were first used in the UK in 1964 with the introduction of
2937:
2444:
1884:
1666:
876:
2796:
2718:
2657:
2364:
1504:
1292:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1247:
714:
595:
305:
268:
238:
155:
594:, in 2010. The government supplied underprivileged houses across the nation with free digital set-top
2568:
2529:
2374:
2274:
2203:
2136:
1963:
1479:
940:
199:
28:
2927:
2169:
2104:
2057:
2017:
213:
began broadcasting in 1929 and by 1930 many radio stations had a regular schedule of experimental
2766:
2751:
2595:
2546:
2469:
2369:
2047:
1933:
1928:
1798:
1671:
1081:
684:
664:
390:
147:
1193:
54:
2688:
2474:
2289:
2234:
2229:
2042:
2007:
1720:
1681:
1641:
1494:
1434:
401:
138:
is more common in Europe and Latin
America, while in Canada and the United States it is called
1102:
2590:
2394:
2359:
2279:
2259:
2181:
2069:
1990:
1855:
1592:
689:
218:
76:
1923:
2504:
2464:
2434:
2191:
2126:
1948:
1834:
1819:
1730:
1582:
1556:
1464:
1124:
669:
659:
374:
203:
195:
151:
1050:
ATSC Standard: Program and System
Information Protocol for Terrestrial Broadcast and Cable
400:
Analog television channels 2 through 6, 7 through 13, and 14 through 51 are only used for
338:. The NTSC standard was exclusively being used in the Americas as well as Japan until the
8:
2514:
2454:
2213:
2175:
1973:
1958:
1773:
1735:
1636:
1596:
795:
719:
465:
362:
314:
191:
111:
1197:
513:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
248:
There was no other method of television delivery until the 1950s with the beginnings of
158:
or DBS television), in which the signal is transmitted to the receiver from an overhead
2741:
2698:
2629:
2499:
2429:
2404:
2339:
2186:
1907:
1661:
1611:
1145:
602:
568:
television transmissions by 2012 and switch all terrestrial television broadcasting to
531:
284:
230:
214:
183:
131:
123:
20:
1342:
612:
has become the standard for digital terrestrial television. In the United States, the
586:
Australia has adopted the DVB-T standard and the government's industry regulator, the
209:
Terrestrial television was the first technology used for television broadcasting. The
2781:
2703:
2617:
2600:
2563:
2409:
2239:
2208:
2074:
1968:
1788:
1745:
1606:
1601:
1228:
805:
790:
674:
645:
583:
Many countries are developing and evaluating digital terrestrial television systems.
179:
2449:
2786:
2746:
2726:
2693:
2622:
2580:
2494:
2349:
2334:
2309:
2284:
2244:
2094:
1953:
1938:
1715:
1656:
1499:
1449:
335:
249:
242:
163:
856:
2414:
2269:
2037:
2012:
2000:
1814:
1706:
1631:
1587:
1454:
699:
679:
628:(IFT) discontinued the use of analog terrestrial television on 31 December 2015.
386:
361:
The Pan-American terrestrial television operates on analog channels 2 through 6 (
288:
1117:"The Commission establishes a new approach for Canadian conventional television"
1027:
2612:
2484:
2459:
2419:
2389:
2264:
2099:
2052:
2027:
1985:
1793:
1621:
1535:
1424:
810:
557:
539:
469:
457:
350:
127:
45:
2972:
2761:
2534:
2524:
2439:
2329:
2324:
2314:
2299:
2121:
1980:
1509:
1459:
1338:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1286:
1266:
573:
569:
226:
167:
1006:
553:
the ST61 plan and to put a new plan for DTT broadcasting only in its place.
550:
308:
system, while UHF was used solely for 625-line broadcasts (which later used
2639:
2479:
2424:
2354:
2319:
2254:
2153:
2143:
1995:
1860:
1651:
1540:
1474:
1444:
1369:
800:
785:
654:
565:
561:
453:
222:
107:
271:(OTT) which is streamed via the internet had become a common alternative.
2839:
2489:
2399:
2384:
2344:
2304:
2163:
1829:
1824:
1763:
1489:
1429:
1419:
599:
460:(Japan Broadcasting Corporation) began broadcasting. On August 28, 1953,
119:
417:
2844:
2551:
2249:
2158:
2114:
2084:
2062:
1758:
1691:
1626:
1439:
639:
617:
369:
in Europe), 7 through 13 (VHF-high band, 174 to 216 MHz, known as
115:
104:
452:. However, these experiments were interrupted by the beginning of the
2829:
2294:
2109:
1876:
1865:
1850:
1783:
1778:
1753:
831:
461:
261:
234:
229:, with local television stations in cities and towns affiliated with
159:
765:
List of current Women's
National Basketball Association broadcasters
598:
boxes in order to minimize conversion disruption. Australia's major
287:
like these are required to receive analog terrestrial television in
206:, signals can sometimes be received hundreds of kilometers distant.
2824:
2814:
2731:
2556:
2379:
1616:
1484:
1334:
370:
257:
175:
2819:
2804:
2022:
1389:
591:
473:
378:
301:
221:
technology, and television did not become widespread until after
79:
in New York City for NBC's experimental 46.5 MHz TV station
740:
List of historical Major League
Baseball television broadcasters
2849:
2809:
2131:
1364:
472:, launched its first commercial terrestrial television station
382:
366:
355:
1177:
2834:
2771:
2079:
1530:
1394:
1384:
1379:
577:
80:
770:
List of television stations in North
America by media market
2776:
1359:
1154:
1121:
622:
330:
166:, in which the signal is carried to the receiver through a
279:
75:
One of the first television broadcasting antennas, on the
1374:
1227:
1188:
477:
449:
309:
210:
69:
A television broadcasting antenna in Muehlacker, Germany
1182:
917:"Deloitte: Terrestrial TV has surprising staying power"
775:
List of United States over-the-air television networks
264:, where 250 million people watch through terrestrial.
16:
Television content transmitted via signals in the air
969:
710:
Effects of time zones on North American broadcasting
635:
750:
List of current National Hockey League broadcasters
1185:(Terrestrial repeater and TV hobbyist information)
939:
608:In North America, a specification laid out by the
468:), the first commercial television broadcaster in
198:bands. Since radio waves in these bands travel by
150:is distinguished from newer technologies, such as
941:"Is OTT Eating Into OTA, While Killing Cable TV?"
857:"The Color Revolution: Television In The Sixties"
725:List of digital television deployments by country
2970:
377:television band, 470 to 698 MHz, elsewhere
304:. In the UK, VHF channels were kept on the old
182:. Terrestrial television stations broadcast on
340:introduction of digital terrestrial television
1892:
1213:
588:Australian Communications and Media Authority
19:"Air TV" redirects here. For the anime, see
2907:Global telecommunications regulation bodies
1103:"DVB – Digital Video Broadcasting – Norway"
2943:
1899:
1885:
1220:
1206:
895:"Nielsen: Broadcast Reliance Grew in 2012"
174:, in which the signal is received over an
1146:"Broadcasting Public Notice CRTC 2007–53"
1056:. Advanced Television Systems Committee.
190:between about 52 and 600 MHz in the
1647:Output power of an analog TV transmitter
937:
450:NHK Broadcasting Institute of Technology
278:
27:
1030:. Advanced Television Systems Committee
1009:. Advanced Television Systems Committee
892:
877:"OTA Homes Cross 16M Mark, Per Nielsen"
576:(all EU countries have agreed on using
365:-low band, 54 to 88 MHz, known as
345:In the late 1990s and early 2000s, the
2971:
1906:
946:Radio & Television Business Report
893:McAdams, Deborah D (14 January 2013).
883:, 13 February 2019, Michael Balderston
824:
547:Regional Radiocommunication Conference
476:on October 23, 1953, with the help of
1880:
1677:Direct-broadcast satellite television
1201:
1105:. Digital Video Broadcasting Project.
456:in the Pacific. On February 1, 1953,
347:Advanced Television Systems Committee
178:stream or on a network utilizing the
2953:
1189:TV Coverage maps and Signal Analysis
626:Federal Telecommunications Institute
493:
412:
331:National Television System Committee
1567:Vestigial sideband modulation (VSB)
735:List of Kentucky Derby broadcasters
395:Pan-American television frequencies
118:from the terrestrial (Earth-based)
13:
1178:TVRadioWorld TV stations directory
927:from the original on Jun 16, 2023.
905:from the original on Feb 21, 2014.
530:By the mid-1990s, the interest in
14:
2995:
1171:
760:List of World Series broadcasters
614:Federal Communications Commission
397:for frequency allocation charts)
2952:
2942:
2933:
2932:
2921:
2542:Free-space optical communication
952:from the original on Dec 6, 2020
745:List of current NFL broadcasters
730:List of Formula One broadcasters
638:
498:
416:
391:free-to-air television repeaters
53:
44:
1562:Quadrature amplitude modulation
1138:
1109:
1095:
1074:
1063:from the original on 2015-04-14
1041:
830:
755:List of Super Bowl broadcasters
705:Digital multimedia broadcasting
373:elsewhere), and 14 through 51 (
291:areas far from the transmitter.
1726:Television channel frequencies
1020:
999:
963:
931:
909:
886:
870:
849:
490:Digital terrestrial television
1:
1697:Digital television transition
1526:Multichannel television sound
970:Mick Hurbis-Cherrier (2007).
938:Jacobson, Adam (2019-04-25).
836:"Help receiving TV and radio"
817:
2928:Telecommunication portal
2709:Telecommunications equipment
1769:Field strength in free space
1470:Horizontal blanking interval
1123:. 2007-05-17. Archived from
780:Lists of television channels
695:Broadcast television systems
478:Radio Corporation of America
254:community antenna television
172:Internet Protocol television
7:
2445:Alexander Stepanovich Popov
1667:Superheterodyne transmitter
859:. TVObscurities. 2005-02-15
631:
534:across Europe was such the
324:
10:
3000:
2149:Telecommunications history
1505:Vertical blanking interval
972:"NTSC Broadcast Standards"
715:Emergency Broadcast System
487:
483:
269:over-the-top media service
241:) until the transition to
156:direct broadcast satellite
18:
2916:
2858:
2795:
2757:Public Switched Telephone
2717:
2681:
2638:
2579:
2569:telecommunication circuit
2530:Fiber-optic communication
2513:
2275:Francis Blake (telephone)
2222:
2070:Optical telecommunication
1914:
1843:
1807:
1744:
1705:
1575:
1549:
1518:
1480:Nominal analogue blanking
1403:
1352:
1238:
507:This section needs to be
295:
274:
2668:Orbital angular-momentum
2105:Satellite communications
1944:Communications satellite
1084:. Edocket.access.gpo.gov
979:Voice & Vision ed. 1
110:in which the content is
2547:Molecular communication
2370:Gardiner Greene Hubbard
2199:Undersea telegraph line
1934:Cable protection system
1799:Television interference
1672:Television receive-only
685:Broadcast relay station
665:Blackout (broadcasting)
408:
97:over-the-air television
2984:Television terminology
2689:Communication protocol
2475:Charles Sumner Tainter
2290:Walter Houser Brattain
2235:Edwin Howard Armstrong
2043:Information revolution
1721:Microwave transmission
1687:Terrestrial television
1682:Television transmitter
1642:Intermediate frequency
1435:Chrominance subcarrier
556:In December 2005, the
292:
93:Terrestrial television
37:
2979:Television technology
2663:Polarization-division
2395:Narinder Singh Kapany
2360:Erna Schneider Hoover
2280:Jagadish Chandra Bose
2260:Alexander Graham Bell
1991:online video platform
1593:Broadcast transmitter
690:Broadcast syndication
560:decided to cease all
282:
215:television programmes
77:Empire State Building
31:
2505:Vladimir K. Zworykin
2465:Almon Brown Strowger
2435:Charles Grafton Page
2090:Prepaid mobile phone
2018:Electrical telegraph
1835:Zero reference pulse
1820:Field strength meter
1557:Frequency modulation
1465:Horizontal scan rate
923:. 11 December 2019.
670:Broadcast call signs
660:Audience measurement
618:DTT tuner using ATSC
204:tropospheric ducting
152:satellite television
2455:Johann Philipp Reis
2214:Wireless revolution
2176:The Telephone Cases
2033:Hydraulic telegraph
1774:Noise (electronics)
1637:Intercarrier method
1597:Transmitter station
1232:broadcasting topics
796:Public broadcasting
720:Independent station
603:television networks
466:ABS-CBN Corporation
285:television antennas
231:television networks
184:television channels
2653:Frequency-division
2630:Telephone exchange
2500:Charles Wheatstone
2430:Jun-ichi Nishizawa
2405:Innocenzo Manzetti
2340:Reginald Fessenden
2075:Optical telegraphy
1908:Telecommunications
1662:Split sound system
1612:Differential phase
532:digital television
428:. You can help by
293:
38:
21:Air (visual novel)
2966:
2965:
2704:Store and forward
2699:Data transmission
2613:Network switching
2564:Transmission line
2410:Guglielmo Marconi
2375:Internet pioneers
2240:Mohamed M. Atalla
2209:Whistled language
1874:
1873:
1789:Radiation pattern
1607:Differential gain
1229:Analog television
1150:Sections 50 to 80
1119:(Press release).
921:Broadband TV News
806:Television system
791:News broadcasting
782:for various lists
675:Broadcast license
646:Television portal
620:. In Canada, the
528:
527:
446:
445:
180:Internet Protocol
2991:
2956:
2955:
2946:
2945:
2936:
2935:
2926:
2925:
2924:
2797:Notable networks
2787:Wireless network
2727:Cellular network
2719:Types of network
2694:Computer network
2581:Network topology
2495:Thomas A. Watson
2350:Oliver Heaviside
2335:Philo Farnsworth
2310:Daniel Davis Jr.
2285:Charles Bourseul
2245:John Logie Baird
1954:Data compression
1949:Computer network
1901:
1894:
1887:
1878:
1877:
1716:Frequency offset
1657:Residual carrier
1602:Cavity amplifier
1500:Television lines
1222:
1215:
1208:
1199:
1198:
1165:
1164:
1162:
1161:
1142:
1136:
1135:
1133:
1132:
1113:
1107:
1106:
1099:
1093:
1092:
1090:
1089:
1078:
1072:
1071:
1069:
1068:
1062:
1055:
1045:
1039:
1038:
1036:
1035:
1028:"ATSC Standards"
1024:
1018:
1017:
1015:
1014:
1003:
997:
996:
994:
993:
987:
981:. Archived from
976:
967:
961:
960:
958:
957:
943:
935:
929:
928:
913:
907:
906:
890:
884:
874:
868:
867:
865:
864:
853:
847:
846:
844:
842:
828:
648:
643:
642:
523:
520:
514:
502:
501:
494:
441:
438:
420:
413:
336:color television
289:fringe reception
250:cable television
243:color television
164:cable television
57:
48:
2999:
2998:
2994:
2993:
2992:
2990:
2989:
2988:
2969:
2968:
2967:
2962:
2922:
2920:
2912:
2854:
2791:
2713:
2677:
2634:
2583:
2575:
2516:
2509:
2415:Robert Metcalfe
2270:Tim Berners-Lee
2218:
2038:Information Age
1910:
1905:
1875:
1870:
1839:
1815:Distortionmeter
1803:
1740:
1701:
1632:Frequency mixer
1588:Antenna (radio)
1571:
1545:
1514:
1455:Composite video
1399:
1348:
1234:
1226:
1174:
1169:
1168:
1159:
1157:
1144:
1143:
1139:
1130:
1128:
1115:
1114:
1110:
1101:
1100:
1096:
1087:
1085:
1080:
1079:
1075:
1066:
1064:
1060:
1053:
1047:
1046:
1042:
1033:
1031:
1026:
1025:
1021:
1012:
1010:
1005:
1004:
1000:
991:
989:
985:
974:
968:
964:
955:
953:
936:
932:
915:
914:
910:
891:
887:
875:
871:
862:
860:
855:
854:
850:
840:
838:
829:
825:
820:
815:
700:City of license
680:Broadcast range
644:
637:
634:
524:
518:
515:
512:
503:
499:
492:
486:
442:
436:
433:
426:needs expansion
411:
387:virtual channel
327:
298:
277:
239:black and white
219:mechanical scan
146:. This type of
103:) is a type of
90:
89:
88:
87:
86:
60:
59:
58:
50:
49:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2997:
2987:
2986:
2981:
2964:
2963:
2961:
2960:
2950:
2940:
2930:
2917:
2914:
2913:
2911:
2910:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2882:
2881:
2876:
2868:
2862:
2860:
2856:
2855:
2853:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2801:
2799:
2793:
2792:
2790:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2723:
2721:
2715:
2714:
2712:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2685:
2683:
2679:
2678:
2676:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2648:Space-division
2644:
2642:
2636:
2635:
2633:
2632:
2627:
2626:
2625:
2620:
2610:
2609:
2608:
2598:
2593:
2587:
2585:
2577:
2576:
2574:
2573:
2572:
2571:
2561:
2560:
2559:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2538:
2537:
2527:
2521:
2519:
2511:
2510:
2508:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2485:Camille Tissot
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2460:Claude Shannon
2457:
2452:
2450:Tivadar Puskás
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2420:Antonio Meucci
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2390:Charles K. Kao
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2365:Harold Hopkins
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2265:Emile Berliner
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2226:
2224:
2220:
2219:
2217:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2204:Videotelephony
2201:
2196:
2195:
2194:
2189:
2179:
2172:
2167:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2140:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2119:
2118:
2117:
2107:
2102:
2100:Radiotelephone
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2066:
2065:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2004:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1986:Internet video
1978:
1977:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1920:
1918:
1912:
1911:
1904:
1903:
1896:
1889:
1881:
1872:
1871:
1869:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1847:
1845:
1841:
1840:
1838:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1811:
1809:
1805:
1804:
1802:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1750:
1748:
1742:
1741:
1739:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1712:
1710:
1703:
1702:
1700:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1622:Dipole antenna
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1590:
1585:
1579:
1577:
1573:
1572:
1570:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1553:
1551:
1547:
1546:
1544:
1543:
1538:
1536:Sound-in-Syncs
1533:
1528:
1522:
1520:
1516:
1515:
1513:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1425:Blanking level
1422:
1417:
1407:
1405:
1401:
1400:
1398:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1356:
1354:
1350:
1349:
1347:
1346:
1332:
1290:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1244:
1242:
1236:
1235:
1225:
1224:
1217:
1210:
1202:
1196:
1195:
1191:
1186:
1180:
1173:
1172:External links
1170:
1167:
1166:
1137:
1108:
1094:
1073:
1040:
1019:
998:
962:
930:
908:
885:
869:
848:
822:
821:
819:
816:
814:
813:
811:Pay television
808:
803:
798:
793:
788:
783:
777:
772:
767:
762:
757:
752:
747:
742:
737:
732:
727:
722:
717:
712:
707:
702:
697:
692:
687:
682:
677:
672:
667:
662:
657:
651:
650:
649:
633:
630:
558:European Union
540:frequency plan
526:
525:
506:
504:
497:
488:Main article:
485:
482:
470:Southeast Asia
444:
443:
423:
421:
410:
407:
405:polarization.
349:developed the
326:
323:
297:
294:
276:
273:
245:in the 1960s.
227:radio networks
85:
84:
70:
63:
62:
61:
52:
51:
43:
42:
41:
40:
39:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2996:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2976:
2974:
2959:
2951:
2949:
2941:
2939:
2931:
2929:
2919:
2918:
2915:
2908:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2871:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2863:
2861:
2857:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2802:
2800:
2798:
2794:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2724:
2722:
2720:
2716:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2686:
2684:
2680:
2674:
2673:Code-division
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2658:Time-division
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2645:
2643:
2641:
2637:
2631:
2628:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2615:
2614:
2611:
2607:
2604:
2603:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2588:
2586:
2584:and switching
2582:
2578:
2570:
2567:
2566:
2565:
2562:
2558:
2555:
2554:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2536:
2535:optical fiber
2533:
2532:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2525:Coaxial cable
2523:
2522:
2520:
2518:
2512:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2440:Radia Perlman
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2330:Lee de Forest
2328:
2326:
2325:Thomas Edison
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2315:Donald Davies
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2300:Claude Chappe
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2227:
2225:
2221:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2184:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2177:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2144:Smoke signals
2142:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2124:
2123:
2122:Semiconductor
2120:
2116:
2113:
2112:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2064:
2061:
2060:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1983:
1982:
1981:Digital media
1979:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1956:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1921:
1919:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1902:
1897:
1895:
1890:
1888:
1883:
1882:
1879:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1848:
1846:
1842:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1812:
1810:
1806:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1751:
1749:
1747:
1743:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1704:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1580:
1578:
1574:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1554:
1552:
1548:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1523:
1521:
1517:
1511:
1510:White clipper
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1460:Frame (video)
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1412:
1409:
1408:
1406:
1402:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1357:
1355:
1353:Color systems
1351:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1333:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1291:
1288:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1268:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1230:
1223:
1218:
1216:
1211:
1209:
1204:
1203:
1200:
1194:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1175:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1141:
1127:on 2007-05-19
1126:
1122:
1118:
1112:
1104:
1098:
1083:
1077:
1059:
1052:
1051:
1044:
1029:
1023:
1008:
1002:
988:on 2017-09-05
984:
980:
973:
966:
951:
947:
942:
934:
926:
922:
918:
912:
904:
900:
896:
889:
882:
878:
873:
858:
852:
841:September 28,
837:
833:
827:
823:
812:
809:
807:
804:
802:
799:
797:
794:
792:
789:
787:
784:
781:
778:
776:
773:
771:
768:
766:
763:
761:
758:
756:
753:
751:
748:
746:
743:
741:
738:
736:
733:
731:
728:
726:
723:
721:
718:
716:
713:
711:
708:
706:
703:
701:
698:
696:
693:
691:
688:
686:
683:
681:
678:
676:
673:
671:
668:
666:
663:
661:
658:
656:
653:
652:
647:
641:
636:
629:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
606:
604:
601:
597:
593:
589:
584:
581:
579:
575:
574:digital video
571:
570:digital audio
567:
563:
559:
554:
552:
548:
543:
541:
537:
533:
522:
519:December 2014
510:
505:
496:
495:
491:
481:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
440:
437:November 2010
431:
427:
424:This section
422:
419:
415:
414:
406:
403:
398:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
359:
357:
352:
351:ATSC standard
348:
343:
341:
337:
332:
322:
318:
316:
311:
307:
303:
290:
286:
281:
272:
270:
265:
263:
259:
255:
251:
246:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
207:
205:
201:
200:line of sight
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
106:
102:
98:
94:
82:
78:
74:
71:
68:
65:
64:
56:
47:
35:
30:
26:
22:
2640:Multiplexing
2515:Transmission
2480:Nikola Tesla
2470:Henry Sutton
2425:Samuel Morse
2355:Robert Hooke
2320:Amos Dolbear
2255:John Bardeen
2174:
2154:Telautograph
2058:Mobile phone
2013:Edholm's law
1996:social media
1929:Broadcasting
1861:Hanover bars
1686:
1652:Pre-emphasis
1576:Transmission
1541:Zweikanalton
1445:Color killer
1370:Clear-Vision
1158:. Retrieved
1156:. 2007-05-17
1149:
1140:
1129:. Retrieved
1125:the original
1111:
1097:
1086:. Retrieved
1076:
1065:. Retrieved
1049:
1043:
1032:. Retrieved
1022:
1011:. Retrieved
1007:"About ATSC"
1001:
990:. Retrieved
983:the original
978:
965:
954:. Retrieved
945:
933:
920:
911:
899:TVTechnology
898:
888:
881:TVTechnology
880:
872:
861:. Retrieved
851:
839:. Retrieved
826:
801:Superstation
786:Media market
655:Antenna farm
607:
585:
582:
566:analog video
562:analog audio
555:
544:
529:
516:
508:
454:World War II
447:
434:
430:adding to it
425:
399:
360:
344:
328:
319:
299:
266:
253:
247:
223:World War II
208:
148:TV broadcast
143:
140:over-the-air
139:
135:
108:broadcasting
100:
96:
92:
91:
72:
66:
33:
25:
2840:NPL network
2552:Radio waves
2490:Alfred Vail
2400:Hedy Lamarr
2385:Dawon Kahng
2345:Elisha Gray
2305:Yogen Dalal
2230:Nasir Ahmed
2164:Teleprinter
2028:Heliographs
1830:VIT signals
1825:Vectorscope
1764:Earth bulge
1746:Propagation
1709:& bands
1707:Frequencies
1490:Raster scan
1430:Chrominance
1420:Black level
1415:front porch
600:free-to-air
188:frequencies
136:terrestrial
134:. The term
128:TV receiver
120:transmitter
116:radio waves
112:transmitted
34:rabbit ears
2973:Categories
2886:Antarctica
2845:Toasternet
2767:Television
2250:Paul Baran
2182:Television
2166:(teletype)
2159:Telegraphy
2137:transistor
2115:Phryctoria
2085:Photophone
2063:Smartphone
2053:Mass media
1759:Distortion
1692:Transposer
1627:Dummy load
1583:Amplifiers
1550:Modulation
1440:Colorburst
1411:Back porch
1160:2007-05-17
1131:2007-05-17
1088:2017-09-04
1067:2017-09-04
1034:2017-09-04
1013:2017-09-04
992:2017-09-04
956:2020-07-25
863:2017-09-04
818:References
329:The first
142:or simply
130:having an
124:TV station
105:television
2870:Americas
2859:Locations
2830:Internet2
2591:Bandwidth
2295:Vint Cerf
2192:streaming
2170:Telephone
2110:Semaphore
2001:streaming
1866:Sparklies
1851:Dot crawl
1844:Artifacts
1784:Path loss
1779:Null fill
1754:Beam tilt
1495:Safe area
596:converter
462:Nippon TV
267:By 2019,
262:Indonesia
235:greyscale
160:satellite
144:broadcast
2938:Category
2825:Internet
2815:CYCLADES
2732:Ethernet
2682:Concepts
2606:terminal
2557:wireless
2380:Bob Kahn
2223:Pioneers
2048:Internet
1939:Cable TV
1856:Ghosting
1617:Diplexer
1485:Overscan
1450:Color TV
1343:System F
1339:System E
1335:819-line
1329:System N
1325:System L
1321:System K
1317:System I
1313:System H
1309:System G
1305:System D
1301:System C
1297:System B
1293:625-line
1287:System M
1283:525-line
1278:455-line
1273:441-line
1267:System A
1263:405-line
1258:375-line
1253:343-line
1248:180-line
1183:W9WI.com
1058:Archived
950:Archived
925:Archived
903:Archived
632:See also
551:abrogate
379:bands IV
371:band III
325:Americas
306:405-line
283:Rooftop
258:Deloitte
237:(called
176:Internet
83:in 1939.
2958:Commons
2948:Outline
2901:Oceania
2820:FidoNet
2805:ARPANET
2618:circuit
2187:digital
1916:History
1808:Testing
1390:PALplus
1240:Systems
592:Mildura
509:updated
484:Digital
480:(RCA).
474:DZAQ-TV
356:ISDB-Tb
132:antenna
73:(right)
32:Indoor
2896:Europe
2866:Africa
2850:Usenet
2810:BITNET
2747:Mobile
2623:packet
2132:MOSFET
2127:device
1924:Beacon
1365:NTSC-J
367:band I
296:Europe
275:Analog
170:; and
67:(left)
2879:South
2874:North
2835:JANET
2772:Telex
2762:Radio
2601:Nodes
2596:Links
2517:media
2095:Radio
2080:Pager
2008:Drums
1974:video
1969:image
1959:audio
1531:NICAM
1519:Sound
1404:Video
1395:SECAM
1385:PAL-S
1380:PAL-M
1061:(PDF)
1054:(PDF)
986:(PDF)
975:(PDF)
578:DVB-T
186:with
168:cable
126:to a
122:of a
81:W2XBS
2891:Asia
2777:UUCP
2737:ISDN
1794:Skew
1475:Luma
1413:and
1360:NTSC
843:2020
610:ATSC
572:and
564:and
536:CEPT
409:Asia
402:LPTV
381:and
302:BBC2
252:and
194:and
114:via
2782:WAN
2752:NGN
2742:LAN
2023:Fax
1964:DCT
1736:VHF
1731:UHF
1375:PAL
832:BBC
549:to
458:NHK
432:.
375:UHF
363:VHF
354:of
315:VHF
310:PAL
211:BBC
196:UHF
192:VHF
101:OTA
95:or
2975::
1341:,
1327:,
1323:,
1319:,
1315:,
1311:,
1307:,
1303:,
1299:,
1152:.
1148:.
977:.
948:.
944:.
919:.
901:.
897:.
879:,
834:.
542:.
358:.
162:;
2909:)
2905:(
1900:e
1893:t
1886:v
1595:/
1345:)
1337:(
1331:)
1295:(
1289:)
1285:(
1269:)
1265:(
1221:e
1214:t
1207:v
1163:.
1134:.
1091:.
1070:.
1037:.
1016:.
995:.
959:.
866:.
845:.
521:)
517:(
511:.
439:)
435:(
383:V
154:(
99:(
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
