433:, living inside submerged timber, pilings, driftwood, and in the hulls of wooden boats. It is found in brackish waters as well as the open sea, and tolerates salinities ranging from five to thirty-five parts per thousand. It is also tolerant of a wide range of temperatures. Individuals have survived temperatures as high as 30 °C (86 °F) and as low as 1 °C (34 °F), though growth and reproduction are restricted to the range from 11 to 25 °C (52 to 77 °F). It can also live without air for about six weeks, using up its stored glycogen reserves. Dispersal to new habitats occurs both during the free-living larval stage, by floating timbers carried along by currents, and, historically, from the hulls of wooden vessels. In the Baltic Sea, there were several mass occurrences in the 1930s and 1950s.
399:, and have rough ridges. The mollusc uses them to grasp the wood and slowly enlarges the burrow in which it lives. It has retractable inhalant and exhalant siphons which project through a small hole in the horny septum which blocks the opening of the burrow. When the animal is threatened, the siphons can be drawn inside the burrow and protected by a pair of calcareous oar-like pallets. The tunnel is circular in cross section and is lined with calcareous material extruded by the mollusc. It can be up to 60 cm (24 in) long and 1 cm (
46:
534:
568:, and to prevent erosion of the dikes and subsequent flooding disasters the revetments had to be replaced with heavy stones, at great expense. The shipworm's arrival in San Francisco Bay around 1920 heralded great destruction to the piers and wharves of harbours. It has spread in the Pacific Ocean where its greater tolerance of low salinity levels has caused damage in areas previously unaffected by native shipworms.
459:. All individuals start their adult life as males, becoming mature when they are a few centimetres long, releasing sperm into the sea. In warmer areas they change into females about eight to ten weeks after settling, but this change may take six months before it occurs in colder climates. The eggs are fertilised when sperm gets sucked into the burrow of a female through the inhalant
33:
502:
to soften the wood before starting to dig with its foot. When it has formed a hollow, it undergoes a rapid metamorphosis, shedding and consuming the velum and becoming a juvenile shipworm with small horny valves at the anterior end. It can then begin to dig more efficiently. It bores deeper into the
598:
was an effective deterrent, though to work best it had to be applied to soft, resinous woods like pine; in order to work on harder woods such as oak, special care had to be taken to ensure the wood was completely permeated by the creosote. Submerged wrecks have been protected by wrapping them in
428:
is found in temperate and tropical seas and oceans worldwide. It may have originated in the northeast
Atlantic Ocean, but it is difficult to establish where it originally came from because it has spread so efficiently around the world on debris and hulls of ships. It is found in the
560:
within 32 weeks, with whole trees 30 cm (12 in) in diameter being completely destroyed within a year. Ships' timbers are attacked, wrecks destroyed and sea defences damaged. Around 1730 in the
Netherlands, shipworms were found to be seriously weakening the wooden
494:, they search for suitable timber on which to settle. They seem to be able to detect rotting wood and are able to swim towards it when they are close enough. Each one then crawls around until it finds a suitable location, where it attaches itself with a
369:
This species may have originated in the northeast
Atlantic Ocean, but has spread around the world. It tunnels into underwater piers and pilings and is a major cause of damage and destruction to submarine timber structures and the hulls of wooden boats.
516:
bacterium which converts nitrogen (dinitrogen) from the water into a form usable by its host, essential for survival on nitrogen-poor diet of wood. The same bacteria produce cellulase, which allows the host to digest the
845:"Teredinibacter turnerae gen. nov., sp. nov., a dinitrogen-fixing, cellulolytic, endosymbiotic gamma-proteobacterium isolated from the gills of wood-boring molluscs (Bivalvia: Teredinidae)"
663:. Constituting the Commons: Crafting Sustainable Commons in the New Millennium, the Eighth Biennial Conference of the International Association for the Study of Common Property.
381:
has an elongated, reddish, wormlike body which is completely enclosed in a tunnel it has made in floating or submerged timber. At the front end of the animal are two triangular,
441:
Food particles, mostly timber raspings but also some microalgae, are extracted from the water passing through the gills where gas exchange also takes place. Waste, reproductive
878:
Trindade-Silva, Amaro E; Machado-Ferreira, Erik; Senra, Marcus V.X.; Vizzoni, Vinicius F; Yparraguirre, Luciana A.; Leoncini, Orilio; Soares, Carlos A.G. (March 23, 2009).
508:
594:. They also attempted covering wooden pylons with precisely arranged iron nails, but this too had no lasting effect. In 1878, it was discovered that
586:
has been completely successful. Experiments by the Dutch in the 19th century proved the inefficacy of linseed oil, metallic paint, powdered glass,
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480:
1225:
107:
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to provide a physical barrier to the larvae or by reburying them in the sediment. No permanent solution has been found.
1121:
395: in) long and correspond to the valves of other bivalve molluscs. They are white, with a covering of pale brown
1290:
1230:
1147:
636:
487:
and disperse with the current for two to three weeks. During further larval stages they develop siphons and gills.
170:
879:
843:
Distel, Daniel L; Morrill, Wendy; MacLaren-Toussaint, Noelle; Franks, Dianna; Waterbury, John (November 2002).
1308:
1212:
362:
because it resembles a worm in general appearance while at the anterior end it has a small shell with two
1074:
1069:
1056:
1356:
786:
1331:
1295:
624:
591:
417:. They're commonly described as tasting like clam or oyster, and are often prepared in similar ways.
1351:
1204:
449:
are discharged through the back of the burrow, which is open to the sea through a narrow aperture.
45:
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8:
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at a time are brooded in the gill chamber, after which they are released into the sea as
658:
409: in) in diameter. They are edible, and are traditionally consumed on the island of
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40:
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the bottoms of its ships in an attempt to prevent the damage caused by shipworm.
363:
1217:
856:
330:
590:(burning the outer layers of the wood), and any of the usual biocides such as
1325:
1047:
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533:
491:
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456:
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can become riddled with tunnels within 16 weeks of being in the water and
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1243:
1199:
1160:
661:
Land Tenure, Access to
Resources, and Food Security in the Amazon Estuary
344:
1139:
991:
962:
Harris, J. R. (1966). "Copper and
Shipping in the Eighteenth Century".
600:
572:
549:
382:
1165:
668:
1108:
1008:
The Teredo
Navalis, and the Means of Preserving Wood from Its Ravages
842:
733:"Teredo Navalis - Look Like Worms, Taste Like Clams (แกงเลียงเพรียง)"
659:
Siqueira, Andréa D.; Murrieta, Rui S. S.; Brondizio, Eduardo (2000).
565:
518:
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57:
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975:
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359:
117:
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1100:
849:
International
Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology
472:
468:
336:
333:
326:
1256:
937:"Molluscan Explosion: The Dutch Shipworm Epidemic of the 1730s"
499:
495:
442:
67:
358:. Like other species in this family, this bivalve is called a
562:
464:
446:
97:
1004:
553:
32:
557:
483:, and the rudiments of a straight-hinged shell. They eat
548:
is a very destructive pest of submerged timber. In the
503:
wood and spends the rest of its life as a tunneller.
880:"Physiological traits of the symbiotic bacterium
1323:
763:NOBANIS – Invasive Alien Species Fact Sheet
622:
521:in the wood. There is evidence to suggest that
998:
708:
706:
704:
702:
680:
678:
582:No treatment of timber to prevent attack by
471:larvae. By this time they have developed a
420:
699:
675:
366:, and it is adept at boring through wood.
31:
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750:
748:
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532:
618:
616:
1324:
961:
743:
649:
1023:
1022:
1005:Eduard Hendrik van Baumhauer (1878).
730:
718:Indian River Lagoon Species Inventory
525:may also have antibiotic properties.
1309:AC7C3A47-512A-4A87-9E46-EBA4FCD084BC
884:isolated from the mangrove shipworm
684:Palomares ML, Pauly D, eds. (2011).
613:
528:
385:plates. These are up to 2 cm (
13:
14:
1373:
737:Migrationology - Food Travel Blog
637:World Register of Marine Species
506:In their gills, shipworms house
44:
955:
928:
904:10.1590/S1415-47572009005000061
871:
836:
571:In the eighteenth century, the
490:When they are ready to undergo
1347:Molluscs of the Atlantic Ocean
892:Genetics and Molecular Biology
851:. 52 (pt6) (Pt 6): 2261–2269.
810:
802:[Shipworm lifecycle].
792:
775:
724:
373:
1:
935:Sundberg, Adam (2015-08-16).
606:
7:
1342:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
964:The Economic History Review
260:Teredo navalis var. occlusa
10:
1378:
1337:Molluscs described in 1758
924:– via SciElo Brazil.
857:10.1099/00207713-52-6-2261
731:Wiens, Mark (2014-11-27).
498:thread. It may secrete an
436:
1031:
592:chromated copper arsenate
184:
177:
156:
149:
41:Scientific classification
39:
30:
23:
623:Rosenberg, Gary (2010).
421:Distribution and habitat
882:Teredinibacter turnerae
787:Encyclopædia Britannica
523:Teredinibacter turnerae
509:Teredinibacter turnerae
542:
463:. More than a million
348:. This species is the
317:, commonly called the
696:. April 2011 version.
541:worm in a tree branch
536:
329:of saltwater clam, a
287:van der Hoeven, 1850
276:Teredo pocilliformis
867:– via Pubmed.
800:"Teredo Vermehrung"
543:
228:Teredo beaufortana
191:O. F. Müller, 1776
16:Species of bivalve
1357:Brazilian cuisine
1319:
1318:
1265:Open Tree of Life
1025:Taxon identifiers
822:Poseidon Sciences
455:is a protandrous
310:
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268:Teredo novangliae
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1332:Teredo (bivalve)
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1218:NHMSYS0021054674
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756:"Teredo navalis"
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714:"Teredo navalis"
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529:Economic effects
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1352:Edible molluscs
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629:Linnaeus, 1758"
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537:Destruction by
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479:locomotory and
439:
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387:
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300:Teredo vulgaris
292:Teredo sinensis
236:Teredo japonica
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142:T. navalis
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1062:Teredo_navalis
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1037:
1035:
1033:Teredo navalis
1029:
1028:
1015:
1014:
997:
970:(3): 550–568.
954:
927:
898:(3): 572–581.
870:
835:
824:. June 7, 2023
809:
804:Küstenbiologie
791:
774:
742:
723:
698:
688:Teredo navalis
674:
648:
627:Teredo navalis
611:
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584:Teredo navalis
546:Teredo navalis
539:Teredo navalis
530:
527:
453:Teredo navalis
438:
435:
426:Teredo navalis
422:
419:
379:Teredo navalis
375:
372:
319:naval shipworm
314:Teredo navalis
308:
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273:
265:
263:Jeffreys, 1865
257:
249:
247:Jeffreys, 1860
241:
233:
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217:
215:Spengler, 1792
212:Teredo batavus
209:
204:Teredo austini
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196:Serpula teredo
193:
182:
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175:
174:
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160:Teredo navalis
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25:Teredo navalis
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1011:. p. 19.
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818:"Teredo Worm"
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588:carbonization
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492:metamorphosis
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485:phytoplankton
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481:feeding organ
478:
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457:hermaphrodite
454:
450:
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444:
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431:littoral zone
427:
418:
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413:and parts of
412:
398:
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361:
357:
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352:of the genus
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347:
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335:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
315:
303:Lamarck, 1801
301:
298:
293:
290:
285:
284:Teredo sellii
282:
277:
274:
271:Bartsch, 1922
269:
266:
261:
258:
255:Bartsch, 1922
253:
252:Teredo morsei
250:
245:
244:Teredo marina
242:
239:Clessin, 1893
237:
234:
231:Bartsch, 1922
229:
226:
223:Bartsch, 1921
221:
220:Teredo beachi
218:
213:
210:
207:Iredale, 1932
205:
202:
199:DaCosta, 1778
197:
194:
189:
188:Pholas teredo
186:
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151:Binomial name
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1362:Thai cuisine
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826:. Retrieved
821:
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806:(in German).
803:
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766:. Retrieved
762:
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640:. Retrieved
632:
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583:
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575:resorted to
570:
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350:type species
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128:
24:
18:
1278:SeaLifeBase
1200:NatureServe
1161:iNaturalist
694:SeaLifeBase
601:geotextiles
374:Description
345:Teredinidae
118:Teredinidae
108:Pholadoidea
1326:Categories
768:2012-04-13
669:10535/2003
642:2012-04-13
607:References
573:Royal Navy
566:revetments
554:pine trees
550:Baltic Sea
383:calcareous
295:Roch, 1929
279:Roch, 1931
1205:2.1133806
984:0013-0117
949:2199-3408
828:April 17,
577:coppering
519:cellulose
514:symbiotic
136:Species:
64:Kingdom:
58:Eukaryota
1179:10913773
1101:46470786
1042:Wikidata
922:21637522
865:12508896
782:Shipworm
596:creosote
477:ciliated
415:Thailand
360:shipworm
179:Synonyms
167:Linnaeus
114:Family:
88:Bivalvia
78:Mollusca
74:Phylum:
68:Animalia
54:Domain:
1304:ZooBank
1140:2288847
1048:Q547125
992:2593163
941:Arcadia
913:3036054
784:at the
469:veliger
443:gametes
437:Biology
404:⁄
390:⁄
339:in the
337:mollusc
334:bivalve
327:species
325:, is a
124:Genus:
94:Order:
84:Class:
1296:141607
1270:325999
1257:141607
1231:263429
1166:209057
1114:TERDNA
1075:212481
990:
982:
947:
920:
910:
863:
500:enzyme
496:byssus
465:larvae
461:siphon
447:larvae
445:, and
411:Marajó
364:valves
355:Teredo
341:family
331:marine
129:Teredo
1291:WoRMS
1283:49126
1244:20064
1192:81862
1174:IRMNG
1127:61607
1122:EUNIS
1088:55F29
988:JSTOR
759:(PDF)
633:WoRMS
473:velum
98:Myida
1252:OBIS
1226:NCBI
1187:ITIS
1153:1935
1148:GISD
1135:GBIF
1109:EPPO
1070:BOLD
980:ISSN
945:ISSN
918:PMID
861:PMID
830:2023
563:dike
558:oaks
512:, a
475:, a
323:turu
171:1758
1213:NBN
1096:EoL
1083:CoL
1057:AFD
972:doi
908:PMC
900:doi
853:doi
692:in
665:hdl
321:or
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978:.
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