Tenement - Knowledge

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space between buildings. This was amended by the Tenement House Act of 1879, known as the Old Law, which required lot coverage of no more than 65 percent. As of 1869, New York State law defined a “tenement house” as “any house or building, or portion thereof, which is rented, leased let or hired out, to be occupied, or is occupied as the home or residence of three families or more living independently of each other, and doing their cooking upon the premises, or by more than two families upon any floor, so living and cooking, but having a right in the halls, stairways, yards, water-closets or privies, or some of them.” L 1867, ch 908. The

455:, known as the New Law, which implemented the Tenement House Committee's recommendation of a maximum of 70 percent lot coverage and mandated strict enforcement, specified a minimum of 12 feet for a rear yard and 6 feet for an air and light shaft at the lot line or 12 feet in the middle of the building (all of these being increased for taller buildings), and required running water and water closets in every apartment and a window in every room. There were also fire-safety requirements. These rules are still the basis of New York City law on low-rise buildings, and they have made single-lot development uneconomical. 113: 54: 590:. The buildings are almost always five stories high because of the mandated maximum height. The blocks are large because the streets were required to be able to handle heavy traffic, and the lots are therefore also large: required to have courtyards large enough for a fire truck to turn around, the buildings have front, rear, and cross buildings enclosing several courtyards. Buildings within the courtyards were the location of much of Berlin's industry until the 1920s, and noise and other nuisances affected the apartments, only the best of which had windows facing the street. 382: 38: 486: 505:, when the city's population boomed to more than 1 million people. Edinburgh's tenements are much older, dating from the 17th century onwards, and some were up to 15 storeys high when first built, which made them among the tallest houses in the world at that time. Glasgow tenements were generally built no taller than the width of the street on which they were located; therefore, most are about 3–5 storeys high. Virtually all Glasgow tenements were constructed using red or blonde sandstone, which has become distinctive. 651: 178: 776:, developed from subdividing one- or two-story houses built around courtyards for well-off families. These were long and narrow, three to six times as long as they were wide, and the size of the patios was reduced until as many as 350 people could be living on a lot that had originally housed 25. Purpose-built tenements copied their form. By 1907 there were some 2,500 conventillos, with 150,000 occupants. El conventillo de la Paloma was particularly famous and is the title of a play by 953: 314: 789: 240:. Tenement houses were either adapted or built for the working class as cities industrialized, and came to be contrasted with middle-class apartment houses, which started to become fashionable later in the 19th century. Late-19th-century social reformers in the United States were hostile to both tenements (for fostering disease, and immorality in the young) and apartment houses (for fostering "sexual immorality, sloth, and divorce"). 150:, overcrowded houses with poor sanitation gave tenements a reputation as shanty towns. The expression "tenement house" was used to designate a building subdivided to provide cheap rental accommodation, which was initially a subdivision of a large house. Beginning in the 1850s, purpose-built tenements of up to six stories held several households on each floor. Various names were introduced for better dwellings, and eventually modern 941:. Some kamienice in some areas have a reputation for being inhabited by poor people and families that depend on government money and welfare programs to support them; kamienice are often used as public housing. Those areas are often considered dangerous. The buildings are often neglected, in bad shape (both the exteriors and the interiors), in need of general renovations, sometimes without access to heating or hot water. 254: 2295: 754: 551:, where virtually all the tenements were demolished to make way for tower blocks, many of which have in turn have been demolished and replaced with newer structures. The Gorbals is an area of approximately 1 km and at one time had an estimated 90,000 people living in its tenements, leading to very poor living conditions. The population now is roughly 10,000. 1261: 1344: 1311: 1287: 105:, which replaced the old Law of the Tenement and created a new system of common ownership and procedures concerning repairs and maintenance of tenements. Tenements with one- or two-room flats provided popular rented accommodation for workers, but in some inner-city areas, overcrowding and maintenance problems led to 701:

Having visited a large number of these houses in all parts of the city, we have no hesitation in saying that it is no uncommon thing to find halls and landings, yards and closets of the houses in a filthy condition, and, in nearly every case, human excreta is to be found scattered about the yards and

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A typical chawl tenement consists of one all-purpose room, which functions both as a living and sleeping space, and a kitchen which also serves as a dining room. A frequent practice is for the kitchen to also serve as a bedroom for a newly married couple in order to give them some degree of privacy.

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a towering testament to tenement life in Edinburgh's Old Town. It was once owned by merchant Thomas Gladstone, who extended and remodelled the building to create opulently decorated apartments. Gladstone attracted wealthy tenants including William Struther, Minister of St Giles' Cathedral, and Lord

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Most of these houses have yards at the back, some of which are a fair size, while others are very small, and some few houses have no yards at all. Generally, the only water supply of the house is furnished by a single water tap, which is in the yard. The yard is common and the closet accommodation

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The Tenement House Act of 1866, the state legislature's first comprehensive legislation on housing conditions, prohibited cellar apartments unless the ceiling was 1 foot above street level; required one water closet per 20 residents and the provision of fire escapes; and paid some attention to

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Tenement demolition was to a significantly lesser extent in Edinburgh, thus making its later World Heritage designations in 1985 possible. Largely, such clearances were limited to pre-Victorian buildings outside the New Town area and were precipitated by the so-called "Penny Tenement" incident of

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The New York State Assembly Tenement House Committee report of 1894 surveyed 8,000 buildings with approximately 255,000 residents and found New York to be the most densely populated city in the world, at an average of 143 people per acre, with part of the Lower East Side having 800 residents per

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Any house, building, or portion thereof, which is rented, leased, let, or hired out to be occupied or is occupied, as the home or residence of more than three families living independently of one another and doing their own cooking upon the premises, or by more than two families upon a floor, so

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on which streets were laid out, and the economic practice of building on individual 25- by 100-foot lots, combined to produce high land coverage. Prior to 1867, tenements often covered more than 90 percent of the lot, were five or six stories high, and had 18 rooms per floor, of which only two

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were the sites of notorious rookeries that the city worked for decades to clear. In both rookeries and purpose-built tenements, communal water taps and water closets (either privies or "school sinks," which opened into a vault that often became clogged) were squeezed into the small open spaces

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Many apartments in the Wilhelmian Ring were very small, only one room and a kitchen. Also, apartments were laid out with their rooms reached via a common internal corridor, which even the Berlin Architects' Association recognized was unhealthy and detrimental to family life. Sanitation was

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As the United States industrialized during the 19th century, immigrants and workers from the countryside were housed in former middle-class houses and other buildings, such as warehouses, which were bought up and divided into small dwellings. Beginning as early as the 1830s in

1725: 875:), and the other designed as multi-family housing, which emerged in the 19th century and was the basic type of housing in cities. From the architectural point of view, the word is usually used to describe a building that abuts other similar buildings forming the street 627:

Between 1901 and 1920, a Berlin clinic investigated and documented in photographs the living conditions of its patients, revealing that many lived in damp basements and garrets, spaces under stairs, and apartments where the windows were blocked by courtyard businesses.

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quotes an Italian mason contrasting the better accommodations for the poor built in New York in response to a 1901 law with tenements: "We didn't call them tenements ... we called them apartment houses, because that's what they really were. To us, a tenement was a

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Most of the purpose-built tenements in New York were not slums, although they were not pleasant to be inside, especially in hot weather, so people congregated outside, made heavy use of the fire escapes, and slept in summer on fire escapes, roofs, and sidewalks.

883:. The ground floor often consists of shops and other businesses, while the upper floors are apartments, oftentimes spanning the entire floor. Kamienice have large windows in the front, but not in the side walls, since the buildings are close together. 689:

The entrance to all tenement houses is by a common door off either a street, lane or alley, and, in most cases, the door is never shut, day or night. The passages and stairs are common and the rooms all open directly either off the passages or landings.

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There are many tenement houses with seven or eight rooms that house a family in each room and contain a population of between 40 and 50 souls. We have visited one house that we found to be occupied by 98 persons, another by 74 and a third by 73.

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inadequate: in a survey of one area in 1962, only 15 percent of apartments had both a toilet and a bath or shower; 19 percent had only a toilet, and 66 percent shared staircase toilets. Heating was provided by stoves burning charcoal briquettes.

674:'s fifteen buildings housed 835 people. In 1911 nearly 26,000 families lived in inner-city tenements, and 20,000 of these families lived in a single room. Disease was common, with death rates of 22.3 per thousand (compared with 15.6 for 447:. It used both charts and photographs, the first such official use of photographs. Together with the publication in 1895 by the US Department of Labor of a special report on housing conditions and solutions elsewhere in the world, 921:, large apartments would be divided into several smaller flats due to general lack of habitable space caused by vast destruction of cities, thus lowering the generally high standard of living in so-called grand city tenements ( 697:

The closet accommodation is common not only to the occupants of the house, but to anyone who likes to come in off the street, and is, of course, common to both sexes. The roofs of the tenement houses are, as a rule, bad . . .

914:(stone) and dates from the 15th century. Late 19th century and early 20th century kamienice often took form of city palaces with ornamental facades, high floors and spacious, representative and heavily decorated interiors. 1402: 208:

to house workers in the rapidly industrializing area. The castle's location was hazardous and impractical and many workers preferred to live in individual cottages. As such, the tenement was abandoned in the 1850s.

2074: 417:" became the standard: this had a "dumbbell" shape, with air and light shafts on either side in the center (usually fitted to the shafts in the adjacent buildings), and it typically covered 80 percent of the lot. 1258: 216:

originally referred to tenancy and therefore to any rented accommodation. The New York State legislature defined it in the Tenement House Act of 1867 in terms of rental occupancy by multiple households, as

1619: 582:(Stony Berlin) referred to the city in its subtitle as "the largest tenement city in the world." They were built during a period of great increases in population between 1860 and 1914, particularly after 363:

to rise, and the cellar dwellings flooded. Early housing reformers urged the construction of tenements to replace cellars, and beginning in 1859 the number of people living in cellars began to decline.

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Many tenements in Glasgow were demolished in the 1960s and 1970s because of slum conditions, overcrowding and poor maintenance of the buildings. Perhaps the most striking case of this is seen in the

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in Scotland. Glasgow tenements were built to provide high-density housing for the large number of people immigrating to the city in the 19th and early 20th century as a result of the

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Apartments in tenement buildings in both cities are now often highly sought after, due to their locations, often large rooms, high ceilings, ornamentation and period features.

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is a type of building shared by multiple dwellings, typically with flats or apartments on each floor and with shared entrance stairway access. They are common on the

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in 1845, less than a quarter of workers were housed in tenements. One reason New York had so many tenements was the large number of immigrants; another was that the

1611: 1830: 827:, where chawls were constructed by the thousands to house people migrating to the large city because of its booming cotton mills and overall strong economy. 694:

is to be found there, except in some few cases in which there is no yard, when it is to be found in the basement where there is little light or ventilation.

410: 1013: 1889: 293:," so called because the rooms were linked together like the cars of a train, with windowless internal rooms. The adapted buildings were also known as " 2192: 1030: 1308: 681:

The collapse of 65–66 Church Street in 1913, which killed seven residents, led to inquiries into housing. A housing committee report of 1914 said,

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Such tenements were particularly prevalent in New York, where in 1865 a report stated that 500,000 people lived in unhealthy tenements, whereas in

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area of Glasgow preserves the interior, fittings and equipment of a well-kept, upper middle-class tenement from the late 19th century.

1910: 1341: 871:, with at least two floors. There are two basic types: one designed as a single-family residence, which existed until the 1800s (a 1171: 467: 1336:

Fairbanks, Robert B. "From Better Dwellings to Better Neighborhoods: The Rise and Fall of the First National Housing Movement,"

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Magazine to find the most practical improved tenement design, in which profitability was the most important factor to the jury.

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Notices of the most remarkable fires in Edinburgh, from 1385 to 1824, including an account of the great fire of November, 1824

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living and cooking and having a common right in the halls, stairways, yards, water-closets, or privies, or some of them.

93:). Over hundreds of years, custom grew to become law concerning maintenance and repairs, as first formally discussed in 1127: 2253: 2219: 2202: 2168: 2153: 2125: 2110: 2086: 2045: 1750: 1718: 1697: 1395: 1098: 452: 324: 2299: 147: 2105:, ed. John F. Bauman, Roger Biles, and Kristin M. Szylvian, University Park: Pennsylvania State University, 2000, 1822: 670:

townhouses of upper-class families, neglected and subdivided over the centuries to house dozens of Dublin's poor.

2049: 1005: 463: 1722: 89:, tenements were developed with each apartment treated as a separate house, built on top of each other (such as 1150: 344: 264: 17: 2267: 1881: 1801: 355:

Early in the 19th century, many of the poor were housed in cellars, which became even less sanitary after the

848: 102: 2226: 1447:"Judge Declines to Extend Definition of "Tenement House" by Andrew Fraser, Esq. | MOULINOS & ASSOCIATES" 1027: 474: 839: 731: 2144:

Plunz, Richard A. "On the Uses and Abuses of Air: Perfecting the New York Tenement, 1850–1901,"

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From Tenements to the Taylor Homes: In Search of an Urban Housing Policy in Twentieth-Century America

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Girouard, pp. 337–38 says that the blocks had been intended to be subdivided with side streets.

666:) were infamous, often described as the worst in Europe. Many tenement buildings were originally the 269: 31: 1969: 1524: 671: 587: 534: 434: 112: 2278:"What we talk about when we talk about food: Using food to teach history at the Tenement Museum," 1303:

Hutchison, Janet. "Shaping Housing and Enhancing Consumption: Hoover's Interwar Housing Policy",

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The first type of kamienica is most prevalent especially in centers of historical cities such as

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The Tenement: A Way of Life: A Social, Historical and Architectural Study of Housing in Glasgow

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Related to the width of the street, but generally the maximum, 72 feet: Girouard, p. 329.

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The last tenements were closed in the 1970s, families being rehoused in new suburbs such as

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was empowered to enforce these regulations, but it declined to do so. As a compromise, the "

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Repr. ed. Sam Bass Warner, Jr., Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap/Harvard University, 1970.

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in the floors of the closets and, in some cases, even in the passages of the house itself.

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city centre districts immediately surrounding them) are almost exclusively tenements. The

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Berlin/New York: Like and Unlike: Essays on Architecture and Art from 1870 to the Present

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Crichton, as well as the high-end grocer John Riddoch, who traded from the ground floor.

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brought running water to wealthier New Yorkers: the reduction in well use caused the

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Hinterhof, Keller und Mansarde: Einblicke in Berliner Wohnungselend 1901–1920

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Tenement life often appeared in fiction, such as the "Dublin trilogy" of plays by

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The Progressives and the Slums: Tenement House Reform in New York City, 1890–1917

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between buildings. In parts of the Lower East Side, buildings were older and had

297:," and these were a particular concern, as they were prone to collapse and fire. 282: 205: 2244: 574:, "rental barracks", and the city especially known for them is Berlin. In 1930, 165:, the word refers to an outshot, or additional projecting part at the back of a 2268:"Ivory Towers and Tenements: American Jewish History, Scholars and the Public," 958: 880: 721: 659: 294: 177: 166: 428:

Public concern about New York tenements was stirred by publication in 1890 of

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in 1871, in a broad ring enclosing the old city center, sometimes called the

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Topographies of Class: Modern Architecture and Mass Society in Weimar Berlin

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is credited with the design; he had won a contest the previous year held by

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received direct sunlight. Yards were a few feet wide and often filled with

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term describing a type of residential tenement building made of brick or

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Das steinerne Berlin: Geschichte der grössten Mietkasernenstadt der Welt

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Little Germany: Ethnicity, Religion, and Class in New York City, 1845-80

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Members of a tenants' collective in front of their tenement building in

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initially meant a large building with multiple small spaces to rent. As

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98 (2014) 41-47: how museums interpret the tenements in New York City.

966: 906:. City which is known for beautiful kamienice in Art Nouveau style is 895: 788: 310:, generally occupied by machine shops, stables, and other businesses. 1970:""The street was my playground": A journey back to the tenement days" 1045: 907: 872: 498: 466:, a five-story brick former tenement building in Manhattan that is a 232: 151: 86: 62: 1794:"14 Henrietta Street | Georgian townhouse to tenement dwelling" 1487:

New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation

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Tenement cities: from 19th century Berlin to 21st century Nairobi

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How the Other Half Lives: Studies among the Tenements of New York

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Why Glasgow is the only place in the UK protecting its tenements

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Bauman, John F. "Introduction: The Eternal War on the Slums,"

1612:"The 'Penny Tenement' collapse that changed Edinburgh forever" 1156: 972: 812: 806: 794: 493:

Tenements make up a large percentage of the housing stock of

201: 158: 938: 470:, is a museum devoted to tenements in the Lower East Side. 226:

In Scotland, it continues to be the most common word for a

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from the original on 14 May 2018 – via Google Books.

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Dublin Tenement Life: An Oral History of the Dublin Slums

2134:, New Haven, Connecticut/London: Yale University, 1985, 1853:"Dublin tenement life: 'I was born right there in 1939'" 1745:, ed. Gesine Asmus, Reinbek bei Hamburg: Rowohlt, 1982, 658:

By the 19th and early 20th century, Dublin's tenements (

1823:"Life in a single room tenement | Century Ireland" 289:, three- and four-story buildings were converted into " 2132:

Cities and People: A Social and Architectural History

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grew in the nineteenth century, there was increasing

2231:, Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1963, 948: 65:, featuring atypical decorative lintels, built 1880. 1249:, New York Transit Museum, New York: Norton, 2004, 2214:, Dublin: Gill & Macmillan, 1994, repr. 2006, 1911:"Buried alive on Church Street as houses collapse" 1247:The City Beneath Us: Building the New York Subways 2197:, Trenton, New Jersey: Africa World Press, 2011, 2161:The Children of the Poor: A Child Welfare Classic 1039: 2315: 1046:Kenneth G. C. Reid; Reinhard Zimmermann (2000). 917:Later in the 20th century, especially after the 2118:Berlin: The Spatial Structure of a Divided City 2040:, Kraków: International Cultural Centre, 1993, 999: 997: 902:, whereas the second type is most prominent in 204:. The castle was built sometime before 1775 by 192:One of the earliest examples of a tenement is 1052:. Oxford University Press. pp. 216–219. 101:. In Scotland, these are now governed by the 1761: 1759: 1006:"13 surprising things Glasgow is famous for" 994: 969:, tenements in Portuguese-speaking countries 738:serves as a museum of Dublin tenement life. 2036:Maria Bogdani-Czepita and Zbigniew Zuziak, 1940:"Life in the tenements was hard and brutal" 1713:, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, 2006, 1692:, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, 2008, 1480: 1373: 1371: 1369: 1359: 1357: 1145:, 6th ed. Oxford: Oxford University, 2007, 508:In Edinburgh, residential dwellings in the 1473: 1279: 1277: 1275: 1216:"Morris Castle, Swansea, Glamorgan, Wales" 1082: 1080: 601:in 1959 (the façade still pockmarked with 268:Side Sectional View of Tenement House, 38 1756: 473:Other famous tenements in the US include 1574: 1390:, Urbana: University of Illinois, 1990, 1366: 1354: 910:. The name derives from the Polish word 838: 823:'. Many chawl buildings can be found in 787: 752: 649: 592: 484: 480: 451:it ultimately led to the passage of the 392: 385:Tenements. Brooklyn, Gold Street, 1890. 380: 366: 323: 312: 263: 252: 176: 111: 52: 36: 2081:, Nelles guides, Munich: Nelles, 2001, 1272: 1077: 154:predominated in American urban living. 14: 2316: 1997: 1003: 609:One notorious Berlin Mietskaserne was 2248:, Glasgow: W. and R. Chambers, 1979, 1967: 1117: 1086: 566:In German, the term corresponding to 371:The airshaft of a dumbbell tenement, 27:Building shared by multiple dwellings 2334:Progressive Era in the United States 1049:A History of Private Law in Scotland 555:1959 in which a tenement collapsed. 489:Tenements in Dumbarton Road, Glasgow 352:. Interior rooms were unventilated. 2163:, Pittsburgh: TCB Classics, 2018 , 24: 2185: 2120:, London/New York: Methuen, 1988, 2116:Elkins, T. H. with Hofmeister, B. 1850: 1679:Elkins, pp. 20, 126, 164–67. 1338:From Tenements to the Taylor Homes 1305:From Tenements to the Taylor Homes 1016:from the original on 28 March 2019 243: 25: 2345: 2287: 2260: 1998:Thomas, Cónal (3 February 2019). 1968:Barry, Aoife (17 November 2013). 1882:"Exhibition - Poverty and Health" 1711:Growing Up Female in Nazi Germany 1143:Shorter Oxford English Dictionary 929:). Examples of kamienice include 2293: 1581:. Edinburgh: Smith. p. 11. 1174:from the original on 5 June 2022 1004:Watson, Alex (12 January 2018). 951: 157:In parts of England, especially 144:separation between rich and poor 2095: 2062: 2030: 2021: 2010:from the original on 2020-02-20 1991: 1980:from the original on 2020-02-20 1961: 1950:from the original on 2020-02-20 1932: 1921:from the original on 2020-02-20 1903: 1892:from the original on 2017-03-11 1874: 1863:from the original on 2021-05-16 1844: 1833:from the original on 2020-02-20 1815: 1804:from the original on 2020-02-20 1786: 1777: 1768: 1735: 1703: 1682: 1673: 1664: 1655: 1646: 1633: 1622:from the original on 2019-03-28 1604: 1593:from the original on 2016-01-01 1568: 1559: 1550: 1541: 1532: 1513: 1504: 1464: 1453:from the original on 2017-09-26 1439: 1430: 1421: 1412: 1380: 1330: 1321: 1297: 1239: 1066:from the original on 2020-08-19 748: 464:Lower East Side Tenement Museum 184:is a tenement from 1617 in the 169:house, normally with its roof. 134:In the United States, the term 1886:www.census.nationalarchives.ie 1230: 1208: 1190: 1136: 1111: 449:The Housing of Working People, 398:A Sweltering Night in New York 146:. With rapid urban growth and 41:High-quality tenements in the 13: 1: 2173:Worbs, Dietrich. "The Berlin 1245:For example, Heller, Vivian. 983: 588:Wilhelmian or Wilhelmine Ring 423:Plumber and Sanitary Engineer 411:New York City Board of Health 372: 125: 2309:category at Polish Knowledge 1643:, Berlin: Kiepenheuer, 1930. 1481:Howe, Kathy (January 2004). 1087:Mauch, Jason (14 May 2018). 7: 1565:Girouard, pp. 312–13. 1168:National Trust for Scotland 944: 475:tenement housing in Chicago 248: 228:multiple-occupancy building 10: 2350: 1122:. Routledge. p. 665. 804: 654:Dublin slum dwellers, 1901 639: 453:Tenement House Act of 1901 330:The Condemned Tenement, NY 172: 29: 1575:Chambers, Robert (1824). 834: 783: 635: 561: 440:The Children of the Poor. 285:or possibly the 1820s on 32:Tenement (disambiguation) 2181:, pp. 144–57. 2156:, pp. 159–79. 2038:Managing Historic Cities 1510:Plunz, pp. 168–69. 1436:Plunz, pp. 167–68. 1236:Quoted in Plunz, p. 167. 1120:Encyclopedia of the City 988: 927:kamienice wielkomiejskie 438:, and in 1892 by Riis's 435:How the Other Half Lives 2271:American Jewish History 1093:. Infobase Publishing. 712:Oliver St. John Gogarty 334:National Gallery of Art 2113:, pp. 1–17. 1327:Bauman, pp. 5–6. 926: 851: 811:"Chawls" are found in 802: 772:the tenements, called 765: 732:adapted for television 704: 663: 655: 646:Tenement Museum Dublin 606: 490: 468:National Historic Site 405: 390: 378: 336: 321: 273: 261: 224: 189: 131: 66: 50: 2191:Huchzermeyer, Marie. 1118:Caves, R. W. (2004). 879:, in the manner of a 842: 791: 756: 683: 653: 596: 538:historic house museum 503:Industrial Revolution 488: 481:Glasgow and Edinburgh 396: 384: 370: 328:Charles Henry White, 327: 316: 267: 256: 219: 180: 115: 56: 40: 2302:at Wikimedia Commons 1946:. 25 November 2013. 1917:. 25 November 2013. 1798:14henriettastreet.ie 1170:. 27 November 2017. 580:Das steinerne Berlin 513:World Heritage Sites 259:Soundview, The Bronx 97:'s 1681 writings on 49:, built 1898 – 1910. 45:residential area of 30:For other uses, see 1218:. 25 September 2020 736:14 Henrietta Street 678:at the same time). 186:Old Town, Edinburgh 2283:34.2 (2012) 79-89. 2177:and Its Reforms," 2077:2018-05-14 at the 2055:2018-05-14 at the 1728:2018-05-14 at the 1639:Hegemann, Werner. 1405:2013-05-28 at the 1347:2014-06-27 at the 1314:2014-06-27 at the 1307:pp. 81–101, 1290:2014-06-27 at the 1264:2014-12-08 at the 1164:"Gladstone's Land" 1033:2019-03-28 at the 852: 803: 778:Alberto Vaccarezza 766: 656: 607: 603:1945 battle damage 584:German unification 491: 443:acre, denser than 406: 391: 379: 337: 322: 320:tenement buildings 274: 262: 233:apartment building 190: 132: 120:and 107th Street, 99:Scots property law 81:. In the medieval 77:, particularly in 67: 51: 2298:Media related to 2276:Steinberg, Adam. 2242:Worsdall, Frank. 2208:Kearns, Kevin C. 2140:978-0-300-03502-5 2027:Girouard, p. 338. 1851:Falvey, Deirdre. 1340:pp. 21–42, 1255:978-0-393-05797-3 1202:Ancient Monuments 1059:978-0-19-826778-2 642:History of Dublin 57:Tenements in the 16:(Redirected from 2341: 2297: 2281:Public Historian 2266:Polland, Annie. 2130:Girouard, Mark. 2090: 2066: 2060: 2034: 2028: 2025: 2019: 2018: 2016: 2015: 1995: 1989: 1988: 1986: 1985: 1965: 1959: 1958: 1956: 1955: 1936: 1930: 1929: 1927: 1926: 1907: 1901: 1900: 1898: 1897: 1878: 1872: 1871: 1869: 1868: 1848: 1842: 1841: 1839: 1838: 1819: 1813: 1812: 1810: 1809: 1790: 1784: 1781: 1775: 1772: 1766: 1763: 1754: 1739: 1733: 1707: 1701: 1686: 1680: 1677: 1671: 1668: 1662: 1659: 1653: 1650: 1644: 1637: 1631: 1630: 1628: 1627: 1608: 1602: 1601: 1599: 1598: 1572: 1566: 1563: 1557: 1554: 1548: 1545: 1539: 1536: 1530: 1517: 1511: 1508: 1502: 1501: 1499: 1498: 1489:. Archived from 1477: 1471: 1468: 1462: 1461: 1459: 1458: 1443: 1437: 1434: 1428: 1425: 1419: 1416: 1410: 1386:Nadel, Stanley. 1384: 1378: 1375: 1364: 1361: 1352: 1334: 1328: 1325: 1319: 1301: 1295: 1281: 1270: 1243: 1237: 1234: 1228: 1227: 1225: 1223: 1212: 1206: 1205: 1194: 1188: 1187: 1181: 1179: 1160: 1154: 1140: 1134: 1133: 1115: 1109: 1108: 1084: 1075: 1074: 1072: 1071: 1043: 1037: 1025: 1023: 1021: 1001: 961: 956: 955: 954: 919:Second World War 672:Henrietta Street 619: 529:(as well as the 415:Old Law tenement 377: 374: 182:Gladstone's Land 130: 129: 1898–1910 127: 91:Gladstone's Land 21: 2349: 2348: 2344: 2343: 2342: 2340: 2339: 2338: 2314: 2313: 2300:Tenement houses 2290: 2263: 2188: 2186:Further reading 2179:Berlin/New York 2098: 2093: 2079:Wayback Machine 2068:Tomasz Torbus, 2067: 2063: 2057:Wayback Machine 2035: 2031: 2026: 2022: 2013: 2011: 1996: 1992: 1983: 1981: 1966: 1962: 1953: 1951: 1938: 1937: 1933: 1924: 1922: 1909: 1908: 1904: 1895: 1893: 1880: 1879: 1875: 1866: 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164. 1365: 1363:Plunz, p. 161. 1353: 1329: 1320: 1296: 1271: 1238: 1229: 1207: 1189: 1155: 1135: 1129:978-0415862875 1128: 1110: 1099: 1076: 1058: 1038: 992: 990: 987: 985: 982: 981: 980: 975: 970: 963: 962: 959:Housing portal 946: 943: 881:terraced house 836: 833: 805:Main article: 785: 782: 750: 747: 722:James Plunkett 637: 634: 563: 560: 535:Tenement House 482: 479: 291:railroad flats 250: 247: 245: 242: 238:block of flats 174: 171: 26: 18:Tenement house 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 2346: 2335: 2332: 2330: 2327: 2325: 2322: 2321: 2319: 2310: 2308: 2304: 2301: 2296: 2292: 2291: 2282: 2279: 2275: 2272: 2269: 2265: 2264: 2255: 2254:9780550203526 2251: 2247: 2246: 2241: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2229: 2225:Lubove, Roy. 2224: 2221: 2220:9780717140749 2217: 2213: 2212: 2207: 2204: 2203:9781592218578 2200: 2196: 2195: 2190: 2189: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2170: 2169:0-999-66040-3 2166: 2162: 2159:Riis, Jacob. 2158: 2155: 2154:0-8478-1657-5 2151: 2147: 2143: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2127: 2126:0-416-92220-1 2123: 2119: 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Retrieved 1010:The Scotsman 1009: 916: 911: 885: 860: 855: 854: 853: 849:Market Place 829: 816: 810: 793: 774:conventillos 773: 770:Buenos Aires 767: 763:Buenos Aires 749:Buenos Aires 740: 725: 715: 708:Seán O'Casey 705: 700: 696: 692: 688: 684: 680: 657: 630: 626: 608: 579: 572:Mietskaserne 571: 567: 565: 557: 553: 546: 507: 492: 472: 461: 457: 448: 439: 433: 427: 422: 407: 397: 354: 338: 329: 275: 272:, N.Y., 1865 237: 231: 225: 220: 213: 211: 191: 156: 135: 133: 107:shanty towns 70: 68: 2329:House types 2050:p. 194 1944:independent 1915:independent 1538:Riis, 2018 1026:, links to 978:Urban decay 614: [ 599:East Berlin 578:'s polemic 376: 1900 361:water table 303:Five Points 287:Mott Street 148:immigration 118:Park Avenue 59:Morningside 2318:Categories 2014:2020-02-20 1984:2020-02-20 1954:2020-02-20 1925:2020-02-20 1896:2020-02-20 1867:2020-02-20 1837:2020-02-20 1827:www.rte.ie 1808:2020-02-20 1626:2019-03-28 1597:2017-09-15 1497:2011-01-12 1457:2016-10-07 1153:, p. 3804. 1151:0199206872 1070:2020-02-17 984:References 734:in 1980). 640:See also: 611:Meyers Hof 542:Garnethill 430:Jacob Riis 308:courtyards 152:apartments 2307:Kamienice 908:Bydgoszcz 861:kamienice 856:Kamienica 724:'s novel 664:tionóntán 531:Victorian 499:Edinburgh 345:grid plan 295:rookeries 212:The term 87:Edinburgh 63:Edinburgh 2075:Archived 2053:Archived 2008:Archived 1978:Archived 1948:Archived 1919:Archived 1890:Archived 1861:Archived 1831:Archived 1802:Archived 1726:Archived 1700:, p. 30. 1620:Archived 1591:Archived 1587:54265692 1451:Archived 1403:Archived 1345:Archived 1312:Archived 1288:Archived 1283:Bauman, 1262:Archived 1178:28 March 1172:Archived 1105:Archived 1064:Archived 1031:Archived 1020:28 March 1014:Archived 945:See also 877:frontage 859:(plural 743:Ballymun 714:'s play 668:Georgian 568:tenement 527:New Town 524:Georgian 520:Old Town 517:medieval 400:, 1883. 332:, 1906, 249:New York 214:tenement 167:terraced 163:Cornwall 136:tenement 83:Old Town 79:Scotland 71:tenement 61:area of 43:Hyndland 1222:27 July 967:Cortiço 896:Wrocław 863:) is a 759:La Boca 549:Gorbals 540:in the 515:of the 495:Glasgow 350:privies 198:Swansea 173:History 47:Glasgow 2252: 2237:233162 2235: 2218: 2201: 2167: 2152: 2138: 2124: 2109: 2085: 2071:Poland 2044: 1749: 1723:p. 165 1717: 1696: 1585: 1394: 1269:dump." 1253: 1149: 1126: 1097: 1056: 923:Polish 912:kamień 898:, and 892:Poznań 888:Kraków 865:Polish 835:Poland 825:Mumbai 817:kholis 800:Mumbai 784:Mumbai 720:, and 717:Blight 676:London 636:Dublin 562:Berlin 510:UNESCO 445:Bombay 341:Boston 140:cities 1400:p. 34 1342:p. 22 1309:p. 83 1259:p. 34 989:Notes 973:NIMBY 900:Toruń 869:stone 821:rooms 813:India 807:Chawl 795:chawl 660:Irish 618:] 202:Wales 159:Devon 95:Stair 85:, in 2250:ISBN 2233:OCLC 2216:ISBN 2199:ISBN 2165:ISBN 2150:ISBN 2136:ISBN 2122:ISBN 2107:ISBN 2083:ISBN 2042:ISBN 1747:ISBN 1715:ISBN 1694:ISBN 1583:OCLC 1392:ISBN 1285:p. 6 1251:ISBN 1224:2023 1180:2019 1147:ISBN 1124:ISBN 1095:ISBN 1054:ISBN 1022:2019 939:Lviv 933:and 904:Łódź 644:and 522:and 497:and 462:The 301:and 161:and 937:in 798:in 768:In 620:in 570:is 432:'s 281:'s 236:or 196:in 2320:: 2048:, 2006:. 2002:. 1976:. 1972:. 1942:. 1913:. 1888:. 1884:. 1859:. 1855:. 1829:. 1825:. 1800:. 1796:. 1758:^ 1721:, 1618:. 1614:. 1589:. 1522:, 1485:. 1449:. 1398:, 1368:^ 1356:^ 1274:^ 1257:, 1200:. 1182:. 1166:. 1103:. 1079:^ 1062:. 1012:. 1008:. 996:^ 925:: 894:, 890:, 847:, 792:A 780:. 761:, 745:. 710:, 662:: 616:de 373:c. 200:, 126:c. 124:, 69:A 2256:. 2239:. 2222:. 2205:. 2089:. 2059:. 2017:. 1987:. 1957:. 1928:. 1899:. 1870:. 1840:. 1811:. 1753:. 1732:. 1629:. 1600:. 1527:. 1500:. 1479:* 1460:. 1409:. 1351:. 1318:. 1294:. 1226:. 1204:. 1132:. 1073:. 1024:. 730:( 605:) 404:. 389:. 188:. 34:. 20:)

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