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161:
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38:
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scoured across the land pushing soft soil aside but being split by harder crags of volcanic rock. The hilltop crag was the earliest part of the city to develop, becoming fortified and eventually developing into the current
Edinburgh Castle. The rest of the city grew slowly down the tail of land from
628:
In 1999 and 2000, archaeologists found part of the medieval boundary ditch under St Mary's Street. Work in the
Canongate has also found parts of the boundary ditch, as well as in the Cowgate. In 2015, excavations by AOC Archaeology at East Market Street found the north/ north-east portion of the
569:
Due to the space restrictions imposed by the narrowness of the "tail", and the advantages of living within the defensive wall, the Old Town became home to some of the world's earliest "high rise" residential buildings. Multi-storey dwellings became the norm from the 16th century onwards. Many of
594:
and reconstruction in the 1950s, thereafter becoming an area largely of
Council housing. From 1990 to 2010, major new housing schemes appeared throughout the Canongate. These were built to a much higher scale than the older buildings and have greatly increased the population of the area.
612:
found the remains of a 16th-century tenement and rare 12th/13th century deposits (which were usually removed by later building construction). The artefacts found showed the expansion of the area in 16th and 17th centuries, as well as the decline during the later 17th and early 18th
742:
An area directly to the north of the
Canongate has seen a large redevelopment project originally named Caltongate, but since rebranded as New Waverley. The scheme involved building of a mix of residential, hotel, retail and office buildings on the site of the former
624:
plots; the construction of multi-storey tenement buildings that characterise much of the Old Town 16th century and their later demolition; as well as a tannery that was established on part of the site by the 1830s and expanded to cover much of the site by the
433:. These rectilinear forms were complemented from the mid-19th century with more serpentine forms, starting with Cockburn Street, laid out by Peddie and Kinnear in 1856, which specifically improved access between the Royal Mile and the newly built
747:
bus depot in New Street, developing the arches under
Jeffrey Street, redeveloping other surrounding sites and creating a pedestrian link from the Royal Mile to Calton Hill. The proposals were criticised by commentators including the author
492:
455:
Leith Wynd which descended from the High Street to the Low Calton was demolished. Jeffrey Street started from Leith Wynd's junction with the High Street, opposite St Mary's Street, but bent west on arches to join Market
420:
The original strong linear spine of the Royal Mile only had narrow closes and wynds leading off its sides. These began to be supplemented from the late 18th century with wide new north–south routes, beginning with the
756:
MP who regard the modern design as incompatible with the existing older architectural styles of the Old Town and inappropriate for a UNESCO World
Heritage site. The Caltongate development was also opposed by the
574:
in 1824; the rebuilding of these on the original foundations led to changes in the ground level and the creation of numerous passages and vaults under the Old Town. The construction of new streets including
769:
have stated that the completed development will be a "vibrant, exciting" place. The plans were approved by the City of
Edinburgh Council in January 2014 with construction taking place in the late 2010s.
603:
Archaeological work is usually required to be undertaken in advance of development work in the Old Town and this work has shed light on aspects of the Old Town's past. Some recent excavations have been:
375:
No part of the street is officially called The Royal Mile in terms of legal addresses. The actual street names (running west to east) are
Castlehill, Lawnmarket, High Street, Canongate and Abbey Strand.
1113:"Vol 10 (2004): Conservation and change on Edinburgh's defences:archaeological investigation and building recording of the Flodden Wall, Grassmarket 1998-2001 | Scottish Archaeological Internet Reports"
910:"Vol 67 (2017): Where There's Muck There's Money: The Excavation of Medieval and Post-Medieval Middens and Associated Tenement at Advocate's Close, Edinburgh | Scottish Archaeological Internet Reports"
935:"Vol 58 (2014): Excavations at Jeffrey Street, Edinburgh: the development of closes and tenements north of the Royal Mile during the 16th-18th centuries | Scottish Archaeological Internet Reports"
2226:
1138:"Vol 55 (2013): Marlin's Wynd: new archaeological and documentary research on Post-medieval settlement below the Tron Kirk, Edinburgh. | Scottish Archaeological Internet Reports"
766:
790:
2219:
1453:
384:
The street layout, typical of the old quarters of many northern
European cities, is made especially picturesque in Edinburgh, where the castle perches on top of a
1063:"Vol 40 (2010): Artefactual, environmental and archaeological evidence from the Holyrood Parliament Site excavations | Scottish Archaeological Internet Reports"
160:
1010:"Vol 42 (2011): Through the Cowgatelife in 15th-century Edinburgh as revealed by excavations at St Patrick's Church | Scottish Archaeological Internet Reports"
2212:
122:
2235:
1035:"Vol 78 (2018): The Excavation of a Medieval Burgh Ditch at East Market Street, Edinburgh: Around the Town | Scottish Archaeological Internet Reports"
2621:
2467:
1291:
218:
1181:
349:
824:
705:
1321:
1439:
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The excavations at the new
Parliament building found over a thousand years of development and changes to the southern tip of the Old Town.
341:(alleyways), often no more than a few feet wide, lead steeply downhill to both north and south of the main spine which runs west to east.
762:
2626:
2616:
2398:
2363:
2282:
1604:
640:
190:
1088:"Vol 22 (2006): Archaeological excavations in St Giles' Cathedral Edinburgh, 1981-93 | Scottish Archaeological Internet Reports"
856:
All about Edinburgh. The Royal Mile, Edinburgh : Castlehill, Lawnmarket, High Street, Canongate, Abbey Strand, Horse Wynd
682:, destroyed most of the buildings on the south side of the High Street section between St. Giles Cathedral and the Tron Kirk.
2454:
863:
468:
was created, replacing N College Street and removing Brown Square (west) and Adam Square (east). It was named after the then
1347:
591:
357:
1378:
2562:
700:
destroyed a small but dense group of old buildings on the Cowgate and South Bridge. It destroyed the famous comedy club,
2585:
2577:
720:
In the 1990s the Old Town Renewal Trust in conjunction with the City of Edinburgh developed an action plan for renewal
440:
The Edinburgh City Improvement Act of 1866 further added to the north south routes. This was devised by the architects
434:
323:" is a name coined in the early 20th century for the main street of the Old Town which runs on a downwards slope from
2277:
1432:
805:
795:
686:
337:
1407:
48:
643:
may have converted the kitchen of Queensberry House into a workshop to illegally skim money from the Royal mint.
462:
Blackfriars Street was created by the widening of Blackfriars Wynd, removing all the buildings on the east side.
2462:
372:. The area contains underground vaults and hidden passages that are relics of previous phases of construction.
2353:
1417:
985:"Vol 56 (2013): Excavations in the Canongate Backlands, Edinburgh | Scottish Archaeological Internet Reports"
960:"Vol 56 (2013): Excavations in the Canongate Backlands, Edinburgh | Scottish Archaeological Internet Reports"
800:
1163:
83:
2606:
501:
473:
369:
115:
657:
Excavations from the 1970s through till the 2000s has shed light on the tenements that existed before the
2611:
1425:
1266:
1242:
1218:
512:
In addition to the Royal Mile, the Old Town may be divided into various areas, namely from west to east:
465:
365:
353:
1299:
1590:
1194:
308:
27:
590:
Traditionally buildings were less dense in the eastern, Canongate, section. This area underwent major
2434:
2256:
832:
690:
620:
conducted excavations between the High Street and Jeffrey Street and found evidence of the medieval
469:
452:
St Mary's Wynd was demolished and replaced by the much wider St Mary's Street with all new buildings.
2567:
2320:
107:
413:, on the north. Access to the town was restricted by means of various gates (called ports) in the
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2273:
1736:
744:
709:
679:
580:
576:
571:
426:
422:
385:
361:
345:
1273:, Edinburgh Old Town Renewal Trust : City of Edinburgh District Council Planning Department
1249:, Edinburgh Old Town Renewal Trust : City of Edinburgh District Council Planning Department
1225:, Edinburgh Old Town Renewal Trust : City of Edinburgh District Council Planning Department
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1711:
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647:
505:
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1112:
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library. The site was redeveloped 2013-2014 with a single new building, largely in hotel use.
697:
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2484:
2345:
2204:
2017:
1815:
1761:
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779:
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the Castle Rock. This was an easily defended spot with marshland on the south and a man-made
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1984:
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8:
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304:
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72:
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1979:
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701:
2480:
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2307:
2092:
1175:
892:
859:
636:
1267:
Edinburgh Old Town Renewal Trust; Edinburgh (Scotland). Planning Department (1994),
1243:
Edinburgh Old Town Renewal Trust; Edinburgh (Scotland). Planning Department (1993),
1219:
Edinburgh Old Town Renewal Trust; Edinburgh (Scotland). Planning Department (1992),
2547:
2495:
2473:
2315:
2296:
1845:
1522:
584:
528:
430:
324:
1195:
Edinburgh Old Town Renewal Trust; Edinburgh Old Town Trust. Annual report (1992),
689:
the High Street and Hunter Square become gathering points where performers in the
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609:
543:
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328:
263:
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508:. Etchings by A. Brunet-Debaines from drawings by S. Bough and W. E. Lockhart.
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2012:
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2002:
1992:
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1880:
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729:
320:
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Edinburgh: Mapping the City by Christopher Fleet and Danial MacCannell
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1935:
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East Market Street was built to connect Market Street and New Street.
288:
176:
Location of Old Town, Edinburgh in the City of Edinburgh council area
96:
76:
53:
392:, and the main street runs down the crest of a ridge from it. This "
2358:
2156:
2042:
1974:
1915:
1855:
1830:
1795:
1741:
1661:
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Action plan for the Old Town : second review : April 1994
479:
Guthrie Street was created, linking the new Chambers Street to the
410:
292:
284:
57:
2022:
1900:
1800:
1706:
621:
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in the 18th century also created underground spaces, such as the
480:
401:
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259:(orange), with the World Heritage Site indicated by the red line
247:
2047:
1865:
1835:
1810:
1572:
2234:
791:
List of Category A listed buildings in the Old Town, Edinburgh
646:
Various excavations since the 1980s have helped to understand
1997:
1527:
887:"Edinburgh revamp.(Scotland)(Cowgate site)(Brief Article)",
708:
of the University of Edinburgh, including the comprehensive
406:
251:
Map of the city centre, showing the Old Town (dark brown),
1412:
693:
advertise their shows, often through street performances.
552:
Croft-An-Righ, a group of buildings north-east of Holyrood
738:
The Jeffrey Street arches which were redeveloped in 2015
539:, a name correctly applied to the whole eastern district
1322:"Caltongate development approved by Edinburgh Council"
299:-era buildings. Together with the 18th/19th-century
283:) is the name popularly given to the oldest part of
891:(1639), UBM Information Ltd: 7(1), 27 August 2004,
533:
The Cowgate, the lower southern section of the town
2468:Castles and Town Walls of King Edward I in Gwynedd
635:Excavations, also for the Parliament Building, at
2598:
1246:Action plan for the Old Town : first review
350:General Assembly Hall of the Church of Scotland
1314:
344:Significant buildings in the Old Town include
180:Show map of the City of Edinburgh council area
2220:
1433:
417:, of which only fragmentary sections remain.
2568:Town of St George and Related Fortifications
1376:
519:, the old route out of Edinburgh to the west
1284:
1180:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
225:
197:
167:
2236:World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom
2227:
2213:
1440:
1426:
763:Architectural Heritage Society of Scotland
608:In 2012, AOC Archaeology's excavations in
36:
1296:Frameworks, masterplans and design briefs
715:
2622:Historic districts in the United Kingdom
2364:Stonehenge, Avebury and Associated Sites
2283:Cornwall and West Devon Mining Landscape
1408:Kincaid map showing the Old Town in 1784
853:
733:
669:
560:
556:
491:
262:
246:
233:Old Town, Edinburgh (the United Kingdom)
2599:
2516:The Slate Landscape of Northwest Wales
1403:UNESCO World Heritage Site Inscription
1162:at 09:36, Tim Richardson 12 Dec 2002.
570:these buildings were destroyed in the
476:, and his statue placed at its centre.
2208:
1421:
1057:
1055:
291:. The area has preserved much of its
42:The Old Town seen from Princes Street
1379:"Caltongate work to start in summer"
1161:
1298:. City of Edinburgh. Archived from
13:
2586:Liverpool Maritime Mercantile City
2386:
1603:
1201:, Edinburgh Old Town Renewal Trust
1164:"Fire guts Edinburgh's AI library"
1052:
674:A replica gas lamp in the Old Town
396:" landform was created during the
14:
2638:
1396:
2627:World Heritage Sites in Scotland
2617:Tourist attractions in Edinburgh
1377:David McCann (30 January 2014).
1198:Edinburgh Old Town Renewal Trust
806:World Heritage Sites in Scotland
796:Scotland in the High Middle Ages
723:
687:Edinburgh International Festival
448:. It had quite radical effects:
379:
224:
217:
196:
189:
166:
159:
2511:Pontcysyllte Aqueduct and Canal
1370:
1340:
1260:
1236:
1212:
1188:
1155:
1130:
1105:
1080:
1027:
858:, Edinburgh G.L.G. Publishing,
825:"Edinburgh-World Heritage Site"
665:
307:, it forms part of a protected
2463:Blaenavon Industrial Landscape
1413:Edinburgh Old Town Association
1002:
977:
952:
927:
902:
880:
871:
847:
817:
598:
542:Holyrood, the area containing
236:Show map of the United Kingdom
205:Old Town, Edinburgh (Scotland)
1:
2421:Frontiers of the Roman Empire
2302:Frontiers of the Roman Empire
1608:Edinburgh's Old and New Towns
811:
801:Timeline of Edinburgh history
767:Artisan Real Estate Investors
641:Charles Maitland, Lord Hatton
314:
2541:British Overseas Territories
1348:"The Caltongate Development"
1222:Action plan for the Old Town
565:Buildings in the High Street
525:, the area to the south-west
502:Edinburgh: Picturesque Notes
370:Scottish Parliament Building
267:Cockburn Street in Edinburgh
16:The oldest part of Edinburgh
7:
773:
496:Image of the Old Town from
487:
354:National Museum of Scotland
10:
2643:
727:
678:In 1824 a major fire, the
309:UNESCO World Heritage Site
29:UNESCO World Heritage Site
2576:
2540:
2524:
2453:
2435:Heart of Neolithic Orkney
2397:
2384:
2331:Kew Royal Botanic Gardens
2257:Great Spa Towns of Europe
2242:
2190:
2142:
2135:
1970:
1963:
1791:
1784:
1622:
1615:
1601:
1468:
1461:
1448:Residential areas in the
470:Lord Provost of Edinburgh
153:
114:
102:
92:
82:
67:
47:
35:
26:
2321:Jodrell Bank Observatory
1692:Hillside and Calton Hill
1381:. Edinburgh Evening News
696:On 7 December 2002, the
500:taken from page 179 of '
138:55.9475722°N 3.1916306°W
1292:"Caltongate masterplan"
1142:journals.socantscot.org
1117:journals.socantscot.org
1092:journals.socantscot.org
1067:journals.socantscot.org
1039:journals.socantscot.org
1014:journals.socantscot.org
989:journals.socantscot.org
964:journals.socantscot.org
939:journals.socantscot.org
914:journals.socantscot.org
854:Marshall, Gary (2015),
710:artificial intelligence
680:Great Fire of Edinburgh
572:Great Fire of Edinburgh
362:University of Edinburgh
280:
88:Cultural: (ii)(iv)
2391:
1609:
765:. The site developers
750:Alexander McCall Smith
739:
716:Old Town Renewal Trust
706:Informatics Department
675:
566:
509:
506:Robert Louis Stevenson
268:
260:
143:55.9475722; -3.1916306
2548:Gorham's Cave Complex
2390:
2346:Palace of Westminster
1607:
1518:Great Junction Street
1168:www.theregister.co.uk
780:Banknotes of Scotland
737:
673:
564:
557:Residential buildings
495:
388:, the remnants of an
295:street plan and many
266:
255:(mid brown), and the
250:
2354:St Margaret's Church
2288:Derwent Valley Mills
2274:St Augustine's Abbey
2270:Canterbury Cathedral
1352:Cockburn Association
786:History of Edinburgh
782:(featured on design)
759:Cockburn Association
639:found evidence that
618:Headland Archaeology
474:Sir William Chambers
346:St. Giles' Cathedral
208:Show map of Scotland
2607:Old Town, Edinburgh
2558:Inaccessible Island
1302:on 19 February 2014
835:on 22 February 2013
287:'s capital city of
134: /
23:
22:Old Town, Edinburgh
2612:Areas of Edinburgh
2407:Edinburgh Old Town
2392:
2369:Studley Royal Park
2341:Maritime Greenwich
2278:St Martin's Church
2195:Areas of Edinburgh
1610:
1358:on 1 February 2014
1326:Scotland on Sunday
740:
704:, and much of the
702:The Gilded Balloon
676:
648:St Giles Cathedral
587:below the latter.
567:
510:
269:
261:
21:
2594:
2593:
2505:
2498:
2487:
2481:Caernarfon Castle
2476:
2429:
2350:Westminster Abbey
2310:
2259:
2202:
2201:
2186:
2185:
2131:
2130:
1959:
1958:
1780:
1779:
1599:
1598:
1328:. 29 January 2014
865:978-0-9934903-2-3
637:Queensberry House
245:
244:
2634:
2563:Henderson Island
2532:Giant's Causeway
2525:Northern Ireland
2501:
2490:
2479:
2474:Beaumaris Castle
2472:
2425:
2389:
2316:Ironbridge Gorge
2306:
2254:
2229:
2222:
2215:
2206:
2205:
2140:
2139:
2033:Davidson's Mains
1968:
1967:
1789:
1788:
1620:
1619:
1466:
1465:
1442:
1435:
1428:
1419:
1418:
1391:
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1374:
1368:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1354:. Archived from
1344:
1338:
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1335:
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1318:
1312:
1311:
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868:
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831:. Archived from
821:
585:Edinburgh Vaults
529:Edinburgh Castle
435:Waverley Station
431:George IV Bridge
429:route, and then
366:Parliament House
325:Edinburgh Castle
237:
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20:
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2378:Tower of London
2373:Fountains Abbey
2265:Blenheim Palace
2238:
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2198:
2182:
2127:
1955:
1776:
1611:
1595:
1591:Western Harbour
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889:Building Design
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836:
823:
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776:
732:
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668:
629:boundary ditch.
610:Advocates Close
601:
559:
544:Holyrood Palace
490:
466:Chambers Street
390:extinct volcano
382:
331:and the ruined
329:Holyrood Palace
317:
241:
240:
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126:55°56′51.26″N
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2553:Gough Island
2492:Conwy Castle
2416:Forth Bridge
2406:
2192:
2136:East Lothian
2103:Silverknowes
2038:Dean Village
2013:Corstorphine
1851:Fairmilehead
1737:Prestonfield
1731:
1498:Craigentinny
1456:) urban area
1383:. Retrieved
1372:
1360:. Retrieved
1356:the original
1351:
1342:
1330:. Retrieved
1325:
1316:
1304:. Retrieved
1300:the original
1295:
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1269:
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1197:
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1145:. Retrieved
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1120:. Retrieved
1116:
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1070:. Retrieved
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1042:. Retrieved
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992:. Retrieved
988:
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942:. Retrieved
938:
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917:. Retrieved
913:
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855:
849:
837:. Retrieved
833:the original
819:
741:
719:
698:Cowgate fire
695:
684:
677:
666:Major events
602:
589:
581:South Bridge
577:North Bridge
568:
511:
504:' (1896) by
446:John Lessels
442:David Cousin
439:
427:South Bridge
423:North Bridge
419:
398:last ice age
383:
374:
343:
336:
318:
272:
270:
129:3°11′29.87″W
18:
2255:as part of
2165:Monktonhall
2147:Musselburgh
2113:Stockbridge
2083:Murrayfield
2053:East Craigs
2008:Comely Bank
1946:The Calders
1826:Clovenstone
1712:Morningside
1667:Dumbiedykes
1647:Burdiehouse
1642:Bruntsfield
1637:Braid Hills
1627:Alnwickhill
1553:Mountcastle
1533:Leith Docks
1513:Easter Road
1508:Duddingston
1503:Craigmillar
1044:4 September
839:10 February
685:During the
599:Archaeology
523:Grassmarket
498:Calton Hill
358:Old College
297:Reformation
141: /
116:Coordinates
106:1995 (19th
103:Inscription
2601:Categories
2496:Town Walls
2485:Town Walls
2440:New Lanark
2352:including
2193:See also:
2172:Stoneybank
2108:South Gyle
2073:Inverleith
2063:Gracemount
2058:Goldenacre
2028:Crewe Toll
2018:Craigleith
2003:Clermiston
1993:Canonmills
1964:North West
1896:Murrayburn
1891:Merchiston
1881:Kingsknowe
1816:Broomhouse
1785:South West
1762:The Grange
1747:Southhouse
1717:Mortonhall
1672:Fernieside
1616:South East
1587:Willowbrae
1578:Portobello
1563:Northfield
1548:Meadowbank
1483:Bonnington
1462:North East
1454:settlement
1385:31 January
1362:30 January
1332:30 January
1306:30 January
1277:10 October
1253:10 October
1229:10 October
1205:10 October
812:References
730:Caltongate
652:City Walls
613:centuries.
415:city walls
386:rocky crag
321:Royal Mile
315:Royal Mile
2297:Cathedral
2178:Wallyford
2161:Levenhall
2152:Fisherrow
2123:Warriston
2098:Ravelston
2078:Muirhouse
1985:Blackhall
1941:Stenhouse
1936:Slateford
1931:Sighthill
1886:Longstone
1871:Greenhill
1767:Tollcross
1752:Southside
1727:Newington
1702:Marchmont
1687:Haymarket
1682:Greenbank
1677:Gilmerton
1652:Canongate
1632:Blackford
1583:Restalrig
1568:Piershill
1543:Magdalene
1493:Brunstane
1488:Broughton
1473:Abbeyhill
1450:Edinburgh
1147:26 August
1122:26 August
1097:26 August
1072:26 August
1019:26 August
994:26 August
969:26 August
944:26 August
919:30 August
897:0007-3423
659:Tron Kirk
616:In 2008,
537:Canongate
517:West Port
335:. Narrow
289:Edinburgh
281:Auld Toun
93:Reference
77:Edinburgh
73:New Towns
54:Edinburgh
2445:St Kilda
2411:New Town
2399:Scotland
2359:Saltaire
2157:Inveresk
2088:Newhaven
2043:Drumbrae
1975:Balgreen
1921:Saughton
1916:Roseburn
1911:Polwarth
1906:Parkhead
1856:Firrhill
1831:Colinton
1806:Bankhead
1796:Baberton
1772:West End
1757:The Inch
1742:Sciennes
1732:Old Town
1722:New Town
1697:Liberton
1662:Comiston
1176:cite web
774:See also
761:and the
650:and the
488:Sections
411:Nor Loch
402:glaciers
368:and the
305:West End
301:New Town
293:medieval
285:Scotland
273:Old Town
257:West End
253:New Town
84:Criteria
71:Old and
58:Scotland
49:Location
2243:England
2118:Trinity
2068:Granton
2023:Cramond
1989:Boswall
1980:Barnton
1926:Shandon
1901:Oxgangs
1821:Chesser
1801:Balerno
1707:Moredun
1558:Niddrie
1538:Lochend
1478:Bingham
622:burgage
481:Cowgate
456:Street.
360:of the
108:Session
68:Part of
2578:Former
2169:Pinkie
2093:Pilton
2048:Drylaw
1866:Gorgie
1836:Currie
1811:Bonaly
1573:Pilrig
895:
862:
691:Fringe
625:1880s.
409:, the
356:, the
352:, the
348:, the
338:closes
303:, and
2455:Wales
1998:Cammo
1846:Dalry
1528:Leith
1523:Joppa
319:The "
277:Scots
2494:and
2483:and
2409:and
2371:and
2348:and
2295:and
2276:and
2250:Bath
1387:2014
1364:2014
1334:2014
1308:2014
1279:2016
1255:2016
1231:2016
1207:2016
1182:link
1149:2021
1124:2021
1099:2021
1074:2021
1046:2021
1021:2021
996:2021
971:2021
946:2021
921:2021
893:ISSN
860:ISBN
841:2013
752:and
579:and
546:and
444:and
407:loch
271:The
745:SMT
327:to
97:728
75:of
2603::
2272:,
1350:.
1324:.
1294:.
1178:}}
1174:{{
1166:.
1140:.
1115:.
1090:.
1065:.
1054:^
1037:.
1012:.
987:.
962:.
937:.
912:.
827:.
472:,
437:.
364:,
311:.
279::
60:,
56:,
2228:e
2221:t
2214:v
1452:(
1441:e
1434:t
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1389:.
1366:.
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1310:.
1184:)
1170:.
1151:.
1126:.
1101:.
1076:.
1048:.
1023:.
998:.
973:.
948:.
923:.
843:.
661:.
654:.
483:.
425:/
275:(
110:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
